| | I Chapter One Heat Treatment Introduction Heat treatment may be defined as heating and cooling operations appl Jo metalyand alleye | solid state 40’as to obtain the desired properties, Sometimes, heat treatment Is done xdvortont! due to manufacturing processes that either heat or coo! the metal auch as welding oF forming. 1 heat treatment operations, the heating and cooling cycles oF th renee of KYO OF ME h operations applied to materials in order to modify His menurpls a atructinte In uch A Way {yal targeted physical, mechanical and chemical propertt arporated, Usually, ot ita ¢ holding at this temperature for 4 predertniine heating the material to some specific temperature time period and cooling to-room temperature ot below with a definite rate, FB 7 O Temperatui Time Figure 1; Schematic diagram showing the heat treatment eycle Heat treatment is often associated with increasing the strength of material, but itean also be used to refine the grain size, relieve internal stress, to improve machinability and formability and to restore ductility after a cold working process. Some of the objectives of heat treatment are summarized as follows: a) Improvement in ductility b) Relieving internal stiesses ©) Refinement of grain size d) Increasing hardness or tensile strength e) Improvement in machinability f) Alteration in magnetic properties g) Modification of electrical conductivity h) Improvement in toughness i) Tne se in corrasion resistance, ete.Bcc Time —— Figure 2: Allotropic behaviours of pure iron. Figure 3: BCC and FCC cells of iron, The discontinuities (temperature arrests) in this curve are caused by physical changes in the iron. ‘The first arrest at 1539°C marks the temperature at which the iron freezes, The other arrests (known as transformation temperatures or critical points) mark temperatures at which certain internal changes take place in the solid iron. Some of these temperatures are Very important in the heat treatment of steel. The atoms in all solid metals are arranged in some definite geometric (or crystallographic) pattern. The atoms in iron, immediately after freezing, are arranged in what is termed the body centered cubic (BCC) system. In this crystal structure the unit cell consists of ith an iron atom at each of the eight corners and anoth n the center (Fiy.3), Each of dual grain (crystal) that composes the solid metal is built up of a very large number of these unit cells, all oriented alike in the same grain. This high temperature form of iron is known as delta (6) iron.uuyjd go sovtadend pun soumonasozo(ul ue H2IP asuyd Uoqaa-wolt ylyouy | ay awawuyimaay Wau] JO Suupurmyssopuln ING JO} “OS \ ype Aq AUI0DI9A0 OF ajqqssod ase stuajqoud axoge 241 J9 SON 218 Og.tt a odluuay yarn Loot Joy BoUBIsISAY UO|SOLOS yood aany AOuLL jovdueyaoad! ay sjaans woque> wed (P choy avo} 8 9OUIDISISOL sgyoays payers) way JS Fuyyowrd pue UOHOIS|P pany inp 20y Azussnnau ave SaIed youand, pido © sayquuapzey, x4 aq, youuws suane9s 382077 (4 aumystses udu) wo KYL ody r roqueo osye 1 ‘soppedoud pias v 0) pogo 94 we sia018 JO isan sv jan se woRseD PIN P20 pais st foais amy Jo wueNS oyu uv sj joes eur AUN BAN SHUN > soupy, put (Heuans pou ot, “08 a0 St jouer pur VAL rnyesoduany woos Ye MHTUANS o|SH any jos AfpAtToyee S| UO sop ando.g LONE Wanp pl 9 « a 008 : sjonpoad yooys pur ‘go uorlonpoid 10} juaunyean yeoy fryasn AsDA v s} Buljeoue ssa901g ‘5 SI 11 05 ‘sseoosd jeisnpur Suunp pastorid st Suyjeouur jo oddy sip sy “pe Sif Jo fe 1soUre 950] sfeuormUT ip ‘BUIYIOM plod a1 ay) uy uonduunsuoo AB.i0u0 uoneuuoyap onseid aarstiasxo 2! ‘ypays uly so uorronpo.d 404 pasn fun) Sycivenen I ial dra 09 srr U0. 9) BAUD AONE ye SAN RO t ny Rajon enema v0) Hi a Ni shlsh> "5 densa in“pars uoque yo sonaadoud pre saumonaysozoquu Uo asmyeiaduser sssapoad pur 310% aa (9 aang pod gen PrileM= MO) paviok- 9 yaays pue a:Distortion in Welded Parts Processing may give rise to € problems such as stress ded to produce significant changes in material | properties and is, therefore, normally restricted to and alloy steels can be two forms of stress after hardening without el¢.), (2) treatment at s peak stresses st hardened components, bearing machining, Cr casting ete.) provides virtually fo-V added alloy cast steel and e shown in the Figs.38-39 below,