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Introduction
Complex numbers
Consider the equations
x 2 1 0
x 2 3 0
x 2 10 x 40 0
There is no real number x which satisfies these equations. To get solutions of these
equations the set of complex numbers was introduced.
Definition:- A complex number z is of the form z = x+iy where x and y are real
1
numbers and i =
. Here x is called the real part and y is called imaginary part
of the complex number z . These are denoted by x = Re z and y = Im z.
Equality:- To complex numbers Z1 = x1+i y1 and Z2 = x2+iy2 are said to be equal if
x1=x2, y1=y2
Addition:- Let
Multiplication:- Let
z x iy
Let
z1
z2
where
Z1 x1 iy1 , Z 2 x2 iy2
z x iy
then
then Z=
z x iy
x1 x2 y1 y2
x y x y
i 2 21 12 2
2
2
x2 y2
x2 y2
y
x
z x iy
Where
rei
then
denoted by
|z|
denoted by arg Z.
The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are represented is called the complex
plane or Argand diagram.
Curves and Regions in the complex plane:Equation of a circle C with center at z = a and radius r is given by
| z a | r
| z a | r
r1 | z a | r2 .
form
c : | z a | r.
r1
and
r2 , (r2 r1 )
is represented
r1 | z a | r2 . | Z | 1
z x iy
set of points
such that y > 0. Similarly y < 0 defines the lower half plane,
x > 0 defines the right half plane and x < 0 defines the left half plane.
Set:- A set of points in the complex plane we mean a collection of finitely or
infinitely many points.
Open set:- A set S is said to be open if every point of S has a neighborhood
consisting only of points of S.
Ex: Open circular disk
Closed set:- A set S is called closed if its complement is open.
Ex: Closed circular disk
Bounded set:- A set is called bounded if all of its points lie within a circle of
sufficiently large radius.
For example, the points inside a rectangle form a bounded set. The points on a
straight line do not form a bounded set.
Connected set:- An open set S is said to be connected if any two of its points can
be joined by a polygonal line of finitely many line segments , all of whose points
belong to S.
Domain:- An open connected set is called a domain.
COMPLEX FUNCTION
Definition:- Let S be a set of complex numbers. If to each complex number z in S
there corresponds a unique complex number w according to some rule then w is
w f (z)
w f (z)
where
zD
Limit of a function
A function
f ( z)
for all
z z0
where
| z z0 |
such that
lim f ( z ) l.
. This is written as
z z0
Remark:(1) Here z may approach z0 from any direction in the complex plane
(2) We say limit exists if it is unique and finite.
lim f ( z ) f ( z0 ).
z z0
z2,
0,
F ( z)
zi
z i
lim f ( z ) i 2 1
z i
f (i ) 0
lim f ( z ) f (i )
z i
Vz 0
f ( z Vz ) f ( z0 )
Vz
f ( z) z
f '( z0 )
( z Vz )2 z 2
2z
Vz 0
Vz
f '( z ) lim
Example2:- Let
f (z) z
f ( z Vz ) f ( z ) z Vz z
Vz
z
( x Vx ) i ( y Vy ) ( x iy ) Vx iVy
Vx iVy
Vx iVy
Vx iVy
lim
1
Vx 0 Vx iVy
Vx iVy
lim
1
V y 0 Vx iVy
Therefore
f (z) z
is not differentiable.
| z z0 | ,
where
z0 x0 y0
Geometrical meaning:- If
| z z0 | ( x x0 ) 2 ( y y0 ) 2
. Then
| z z0 | ( x x0 ) ( y y0 ) 2 2
2
Therefore
and radius
as the radius.
Analytic Functions:
Definition: A function f (z) is said to be analytic in a region R if f (z) is defined
and differentiable at all points of R.
A function f (z) is said to be analytic at a point
analytic in a neighborhood of
neighborhood of
z0
z0
z z0
in R if f (z) is
1, z , z 2
Examples: 1)
,.. and more generally polynomials are all analytic in the
entire complex plane.
1
1 z
except at z=1.
z
3) , ,
(i)
(ii)
u
x
u v
,
y x
v
y
,
and
are continuous in R;
Its real and imaginary parts satisfy Cauchy-Riemann Equations
u v
x y
Proof: (
Vz 0
Then
Vz 0
f ( z Vz ) f ( z )
Vz
Vx 0,Vy 0
Therefore
Vz 0
Vz Vx iVy
f ' ( z ) lim
Let
f ' ( z ) lim
Let
and
u v
y
x
Vy 0 Vx 0
u v
i
x
x
----- (2)
'
Therefore
----------- (3)
u v
x y
f ' ( z)
v u
i
y
y
and
u v
y
x
u u , v v
x y x y
and
u v u v
x y y
x
u ( x, y )
u
u
v
v
Vx Vy ..... i[v ( x, y ) Vx Vy .....]
x
y
x
y
f (z) (
u v
u v
i )Vx ( i )Vy
x
x
y
y
u v
v u
i
Vx ( i )Vy
f ( z Vz ) f ( z ) x
x
x x
=(
u v
u v
i
Vx iVy ( i )
x
x
x
x
=(
f ' ( z)
lim
Vz 0
u v
i
x
x (Vx iVy )
f ( z Vz ) f ( z )
Vz
u v
i
x
x
f ( z ) e z
f ( z ) e ( x iy ) e x .e iy
e x (cos y i sin y )
u e x cos y, v e x sin y
u
v
e x cos y; e x cos y
x
y
u
v
e x sin y; e x sin y
y
x
e x (cos y i sin y )
e x e iy
f ' ( z)
=
(2)
(3)
e ( x iy ) e z
f ( z) z 2
f ( z) z
is analytic function.
is nowhere analytic.
Proof:
f ( z ) log z
f ( z ) log r i
1
y
log( x 2 y 2 ) i tan 1
2
x
x iy
x iy
2
2
x y
( x iy )( x iy )
f ' ( z)
f ( z ) sin z
f ' ( z)
= cosxcoshy ;
v
y
= cosxcoshy ;
u
sin x sinh y
y
v
sin x sinh y
x
Since C-R equations are satisfied , f(z)= sinz is analytic everywhere in the complex
plane . Therefore
f ' ( z)
= cosz
Proof:
f ' ( z)
2
2
Therefore
(7) If f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) is analytic, prove that the family of curves u(x, y) =
is orthogonal to the family of curves v(x, y) =
c1 and c2
c2
c1
Proof: The slope of the tangent to the family of curves u(x, y) =c1is obtained by
differentiating u(x, y) =
dy
dx
=-
u
x m
1
u
y
c1
Therefore
=-
u dy
y dx
= 0,
---------------- (1)
c2
dy
dx
w.r.t. x ;
u
x
v
x m
2
v
y
v
x
v dy
y dx
=0, implies
---------------- (2)
m1.m2 1
2 A 2 A
0
x 2 y 2
Theorem: If f (z) = u+iv is analytic, then u and v are u and v are harmonic.
Proof: Since f (z) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.
u v
x y
u v
y
x
--------------- (2)
0
x 2 y 2
Similarly,
2v 2v
0
x 2 y 2
Note: (1) If f (z) is analytic, then u is called the conjugate harmonic function of v
and vice versa.
(2)u and v are harmonic does not implies that f (z) = u+iv is analytic.
x r cos , y r sin
. Then
f ( z ) u iv f (rei ) (1)
1 u 1 v
z x iy rei
u v
1 u 1 v
i i
r
r
r r
Therefore
u 1 v u
v
;
r
r r
r
f ' ( z ) e i (
And
u v
i )
r
r
Result:
f ( z ) u iv
If
is analytic where
equation in polar form).
z rei
then
2 u 1 u 1 2 u
0
r 2 r r r 2 2
(Laplace
Proof:
We have
u 1 v
r r
and
u
v
r
2u
1 v 1 2 v
r 2
r 2 r r
2u
2v
r
2
r
Thus
1 v 1 2v 1 u 1
2v
2
( r
)0
r r r r r r 2
r
Milne-Thomsons method:
Given a harmonic function u(x,y) to determine an analytic function
f ( z ) u x ( x, y ) iv x ( x, y ) u x ( x, y ) iu y ( x, y )
zz zz
zz zz
,
) iu y (
,
)
2
2i
2
2i
In particular for z =
Hence
zz
zz
and y Im z
2
2i
, we have
, we have
f ( z ) u x ( z, 0) iu y ( z , 0)
by
f ( z ) u x ( z ,0) iu y ( z , 0) dz c
If
f ( z)
and
g ( z)
f g , fg
f /g
are analytic if
g ( z) 0
f ( z)
ii.
If
is analytic then its continuous. (analytic
continuity)
Problems:
Let
f ( z ) u iv
2
2
) | f ( z ) |2 4 | f '( z ) |2
x 2 y 2
| f ( z ) |) 2 ( | f ( z ) |) 2 | f '( z ) |2
x
y
2
2
)log | f ( z ) | 0
x 2 y 2
1.
2.
3.
Solution:
Differentiability
f ( z ) u iv
Let
| f ( z ) |2 u 2 v 2
f '( z )
u v
i
x x
| f '( z ) |2 (
u 2 v 2
v
u
) ( ) ( )2 ( )2
x
x
y
y
u
v
2u
2v
x
x
x
2
u 2
2u
v 2
2v
2(
)
2
u
2(
)
2
v
x 2
x
x 2
x
x 2
Similarly
2 | f '( z ) |2
2
2 | f '( z ) |2
y 2
Adding we get
4. Show that
of V
Solution:
2
2
) | f ( z ) |2 4 | f '( z ) |2
x 2 y 2
V ( x, y ) sin x sinh y
Vx
u
cos x sinh y
y
is harmonic
u ( x, y ) cos x cosh y g ( x)
u
v
sin x cosh y g '( x)
x
y
Thus
u ( x, y ) cos x cosh y C
f ( z ) u iv
where
Solution:
u x e x (cos y x cos y y sin y ) 2cos x sinh y 3x 2 3 y 2
u y e x ( x sin y y cos y sin y ) 2sin x cosh y 6 xy 1
vx u y e x ( x sin y y cos y sin y ) 2sin x cosh y 6 xy 1
f '( z ) u x ivx e z (1 z ) 3z 2 i (2sin z 1)
Thus
f ( z ) ze z z 3 2i cos z iz C
u xy
6. If
then find v and hence f(z)
Solution:
u v
y
x y
v ( x, y )
y2
g ( x)
2
v
g '( x ) x
x
x2
g ( x) C
2
dv
v
v
dx dy
x
y
u
u
dx dy
y
x
xdx ydy
x2 y2
v ( x, y ) C
2
2
x2 y2
z2
f ( z ) xy i ( C ) i ( C )
2 2
2
Exercises:
7. Show that
1
u log( x 2 y 2 )
2
f ( z ) u iv
u v e x (cos y sin y )
f ( z ) u iv
1
u (cos sin )
r
cos 2
u
,r 0
r2
v r sin
iii.
cos
r
x 3 y 3 3xy ( x y )
f ( z ) u iv
iv.
v.
vi.
such that
1
v (r )sin
r
u r 2 cos 2 r sin
v r 2 cos 2 r cos 2
Solution:
i.
Given that
1
u (cos sin )
r
1
1 v
(cos sin )
2
r
r
1
v (cos sin )
r
1
v(r , ) (cos sin ) g (r )
r
v 1
1
2 (sin cos ) g '( r ) (sin cos )
r r
r
ur
v x2 y2
11. Let
x
x y2
2
f '( z ) U iV
, then
f ( z ) u iv
Re f '( z ) 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2
U 3x 2 4 y 3 y 2
U x Vy 6 x
U y Vx 4 6 y Vx 4 6 y (*)
V ( x, y ) 6 xy g ( x) (1)
Vx 6 y g '( x )
from(*) g '( x ) 4
g ( x) 4 x C
V ( x, y ) 6 xy 4 x C
Therefore
f '( z ) 3 x 2 4 y 3 y 2 i (6 xy 4 x C )
On integration
But
f '( z ) 3 z 2 i(4 z C )
f ( z ) z 3 i (2 z 2 Cz ) C 1
f (1 i ) 0
f (1 i ) (1 i )3 i (2(1 i) 2 C (1 i)) C1 0
1 i 3i 3 i (4i C Ci ) C1 0
2i 2 4i 2 Ci C C1 0
6 C C1 0
C1 4
f ( z ) z 3 i(2 z 2 2 z ) 4 z 3 4 2i( z 2 z )
Therefore
and
f (1 i ) 0
y2
u x v y 2e x
uy ex
u e x y cos 2 xy
y2
y2
cos 2 xy
( y sin 2 xy x cos 2 xy )
( sin 2 xy )(2 x) (2 y )e x
y2
cos 2 xy
u y 2e x y ( x sin 2 xy y cos 2 xy ) vx
v x 2e x
y2
( x sin 2 xy y cos 2 xy )
2
Therefore
By M.T rule
f '( z ) 2 ze z
f ( z ) 2 ze z dz 2et
2
On integrating
14.
2
dt
et C e z C
2
u v ( x y )( x 2 4 xy y 2 )
Solution:
u x vx x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y )
x 2 4 xy y 2 2 x 2 4 xy 2 xy 4 y 2
3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
u y vy x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(4 x 2 y )
x 2 4 xy y 2 4 x 2 2 xy 4 xy 2 y 2
But
3 x 2 3 y 2 6 xy
ux vy
and
u y v x
u x u y 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
Therefore
u y u x 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
Adding, we get
2u y 6 x 2 6 y 2 u y 3 x 2 3 y 2
Substituting, We get
2u x 12 xy u x 6 xy
Therefore
From (*)
6 x2 y
u ( x, y )
g ( y)
2
u y 3x 2 g '( y )
g '( y ) 3 y 2
On integration, we get
Therefore
Now
g ( y) y3 C
u ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y y 3 C
v x 3 4 x 2 y y 2 x x 2 y 4 y 2 x y 3 3x 2 y y 3 C
x3 3 y 2 x C
v 3xy x 3 C
2
Therefore
f ( z ) u iv 3x 2 y y 3 C i (3xy 2 x 3 C )
=
Or
ux 6 xy
iz 3 C
u y 3 x 2 3 y 2 vx
f ' ( z ) u x ivx 6 xy i (3 y 2 3x 2 )
0 i ( 3 z 2 )
f ( z ) iz 3 c
3)
u v e x (cos y sin y )
u x vx e x (cos y sin y ) u y u x e x cos y e x sin y
u y v y e x ( sin y cos y ) u y u x e x cos y e x sin y
Adding,
2u y 2e x sin y
Subtract,
2u x 2e x cos y
u y e x sin y
But
u x e x cos y
f ' ( z ) u x ivx
u x iu y e x cos y ie x sin y
e x [cos y i sin y ]
e x .eiy e x iy e z
f ( z) ez c
4)
u v ( x y )( x 2 4 xy y 2 )
u x vx x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y )
3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2 u x u y
u y v y 3x 2 6 xy 3 y 2 u y u x
Adding,
2u x 6( x 2 y 2 )
u x 3x 2 3 y 2
f ' ( z ) u x ivx 3 x 2 3 y 2 i 6 xy
3z 2
f ( z) z3 c
5)
1
u (cos sin )
r
2u y 12 xy
u y 6 xy vx
ur
1
(cos sin )
r2
1
ur v
r
and
1
u ( sin cos )
r
and
1
vr u
r
1 1
1
vr [ (sin cos )] 2 (sin cos )
r r
r
f ' ( z ) e i [ur ivr ] e i
1
[ (cos i sin ) i (cos i sin )]
r2
e i
1
(sin cos i sin i cos )
r2
1 i
1
(1 i )
i
e
[
i
1]
e
(1
i
)
r2
r 2 e 2i
z2
1
(1 i )
f ( z ) (1 i )( ) c
c
z
z
v r sin
6)
vr sin
cos
r
cos
1
u
2
r
r
v r cos
sin
rur
r
u (r , ) r cos
ur r cos
sin
g (r )
r
sin
g ' (r )
r2
u rvr r sin
and
and
cos
r
1
sin
ur v cos 2
r
r
g ' (r ) 0
g (r ) c
u (r , ) r cos
f ( z ) r cos
sin
r
sin
cos
i[ r sin
]
r
r
i
r[cos i sin ] [cos i sin ]
r
i
i
i
rei e i rei i z
r
re
z
u
cos 2
,r 0
r2
ur
2 cos 2 1
v
r3
r
7)
v rur
2 cos 2
r2
v(r , )
2 sin 2
g (r )
r2 2
vr
1 2sin 2
2sin 2
vr [
]
2
r
r
r3
2
sin 2 g ' (r )
3
r
v( r , )
sin 2
c
r2
f ( z ) u iv
8)
1
1
(cos 2 i sin 2 ) 2
2
r
z
u r 2 cos 2 r sin
2sin 2
1
[ u vr ]
2
r
r
g ' (r ) 0
g (r ) c
1
ur 2r cos 2 sin v
r
v 2r 2 cos 2 r sin
vr 2 sin 2 cos
v (r , ) r 2 sin 2 r cos g (r )
vr 2r sin 2 cos g ' ( r )
g ' (r ) 0
g (r ) c
z 2 i ( z c)
9)
1
v (r )sin
r
vr (1
1
)sin
r2
u rvr
1
(r )sin
r
1
v (r ) cos
r
1
ur v
r
(1
1
) cos
r2
1
u (r , ) (r ) cos g (r )
r
ur (1
1
) cos g ' ( r )
2
r
g ' (r ) 0, g (r ) c
1
1
f ( z ) u iv (r ) cos c i (r )sin
r
r
1
r (cos i sin ) (cos i sin ) c
r
1
rei e i c
r
1
z c
z
10)
u v x 3 y 3 3xy ( x y ) x 3 y 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2
u x vx 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
and
u x u y 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
u y v y 3 y 2 3 x 2 6 xy
u y u x 3 x 2 6 xy 3 y 2
f ( z) z3 c
u
11)
1
log( x 2 y 2 )
2
ux
1 1
x
2x 2
vy
2
2
2x y
x y2
uy
y
vx
x y2
2
f ' ( z ) u x ivx
v ( x, y )
x iy
z 1
2
2
2
x y
z
z
dy tan 1
2
x y
y
g ( x)
x
vx
1 y
y
1
2
g ' ( x)
2
2
x y
x
x c
v( x, y ) tan 1 y
v x2 y2
12)
vx 2 x
x
x y2
2
( x2 y 2 ) 2 x2
y 2 x2
2
x
u y
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )0 2 xy
2 xy
v y 2 y
2y 2
ux
2
2 2
(x y )
( x y 2 ) 2
f ' ( z ) u x ivx
0 i (2 z ) z 4
z
2
f ( z) i z 2 1 c
13) Show that differentiability implies continuity but the converse is not true.
Solution: Let
derivative at
f ' ( a) lim
i.e,
z a
f (z)
za
be a differentiable function at
f ( z ) f (a)
za
, if
f ( a)
exists
za
and
f ' (a )
be its
Consider
za
lim f ( z ) lim
z a
z a
f ( z ) f (a )
( z a ) lim f ( a)
z a
za
f (a )
f ( z)
is continuous at
Differentiability
Consider
f (z) z
za
Continuity
then
f (0) 0
Now
z a
f ( z)
But
z 0
x , y 0
is continuous at
f ( z) z
z0
is not differentiable.
Continuity
Differentiability
14)
f ( z) z n
Put
z rei
Then,
u r n cos n
and
v r n sin n
u
nr n 1 cos n
r
and
v
nr n 1 sin n
r
and
CR Equations are,
u
nr n sin n
v
nr n cos n
u 1 v
r r
and
v
1 u
r
r
v
u
i e i
r
r
f ' (z)
n(rei ) n1 nz n 1
15)
f ( z ) cosh z
e x e x
e x e x
cos y i
sin y
2
2
e x eiy e x e iy e z e z
sinh z
2
2
are satisfied.
Problems:
1. Find
f ( z)
where
sin2 x
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
x
(cosh 2 y cos 2 x) 2
Sol:
2cosh2 ycos 2 x
(cosh2 y cos 2 x) 2
u
2 sinh 2 ysin 2 x
y (cosh 2 y cos 2 x ) 2
Since
f (z)
f ( z)
Therefore
u u
i
x
x
f ( z )
By MT method,
Integrating we get,
u
2. Given
2(cos 2 z 1)
2
2
cosec 2 z
2
2
(cos 2 z 1)
cos 2 z 1 2sin z
f ( z ) cotz C.
y
x y2
2
u
2 xy
2
x ( x y 2 ) 2
Sol:
u
x2 y 2
2
y ( x y 2 ) 2
f ( z )
Therefore,
u u 2 xy ix 2 iy 2 i
i
2
x
y
( x 2 y 2 )2
z
f ( z)
Integrating we get,
3. Given
i
C.
z
u e 2 x ( xcos 2 y -ysin 2 y )
u
e 2 x (2 xcos 2 y -2 ysin2 y cos 2 y )
x
Sol:
u
e 2 x ( 2 xsin 2 y sin 2 y 2 ycos 2 y )
y
f ( z )
Therefore,
u u
i
e 2 z (2 z 1)
x
y
Integrating we get,
4.
e2 z
e2 z
f ( z ) (2 z 1)
2 2 C ze 2 z C.
2
z
u y e x cosy
u
e x cosy
x
Sol:
f ( z )
Therefore,
u u
i
ez i
x
y
Integrating we get,
v
5. Given
and
u
1 e x siny
y
f ( z ) e z iz
x y
x2 y2
v x 2 y 2 ( x y )2 x x 2 y 2 2 xy
x
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )2
Sol:
v ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x y )( 2 y ) x 2 2 xy y 2
y
( x 2 y 2 )2
( x 2 y 2 )2
f ( z )
Therefore,
v v
i
y x
y 2 x 2 2 xy iy 2 ix 2 2ixy
( x2 y 2 )2
f ( z )
By MT method,
(1 i )
z2
f (z)
Integrating we get,
6. Given
1 i
C.
z
v e x ( xcosy ysiny )
v
e x ( xcosy -ysiny cosy )
x
Sol:
v
e x ( x sin y +siny ycosy )
y
v v
i
y x
e x ( xsiny siny ycosy ixcosy iysiny icosy )
f ( z )
Therefore,
By MT method,
Integrating,
7. Given
Sol:
f ( z ) e z i(1 z )
f ( z ) ize z ie z ie z C ize z C .
v e x siny
v
e x sin y
x
v
e x cosy
y
f ( z )
v v
i
y x
e x (i sin y cos y )
ez
Therefore,
Integrating,
8. Given
f ( z ) e z C.
v e x ( x sin y y cos y )
v
e x ( x sin y +y cos y sin y )
x
Sol:
v
e x ( x cos y +y sin y cos y )
y
v v
i
y x
e x ( x cos y y sin y cos y ix sin y iy cos y i sin y )
f ( z )
Therefore,
By MT method,
Integrating,
uv
9. Given
Sol:
f ( z ) e z ( z 1)
f ( z ) ze z C.
x y
x 4 xy y 2
2
x 2 4 xy y 2 ( x y )(2 x 4 y ) x 2 2 xy 5 y 2
u x vx
2
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
( x 4 xy y 2 )2
u y vy
Similarly,
-------(1)
(1)( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) ( x y )(4 x 2 y ) 5 x 2 2 xy y 2
2
( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) 2
( x 4 xy y 2 )2
5 x 2 2 xy y 2
-vx u x ( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
--------(2)
(1)+(2) gives,
v x
3( x 2 y 2 )
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
f ( z )
ux
and
2 x 2 2 y 2 2 xy
( x 2 4 xy y 2 ) 2
u
u 2 x 2 2 y 2 2 xy i3( x 2 y 2 )
i
x
x
( x 2 4 xy y 2 )2
Therefore,
f ( z )
By MT method,
f (z)
Integrating,
10.Given
Sol:
2 3i
z2
(2 3i )
C.
z
2u v e x (cosy siny )
2u x vx e x (cosy siny )
Gives,
vx
ex
(3cosy siny )
5
ux
From (1),
f ( z )
Therefore,
ex
(cosy 3siny )
5
u
u e x
i
(cosy 3siny i 3cosy isiny )
x
x 5
-----(1)
-----(2)
f ( z )
By MT method,
f (z)
ez
(1 3i )
5
ez
(1 3i ) C.
5
Integrating,
11.If
(
Sol:
f ( z ) u iv
is an analytic function of
, Show that
2
2 p
)u p ( p 1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2
x 2 y 2
p
u
u pu p 1
x
x
Similarly,
2 p
2u
p 2 u 2
u
p
(
p
1)
u
(
)
p
(
p
1)
y 2
y
y 2
Therefore,
and
2 p
2u
p 2 u 2
u
p
(
p
1)
u
(
)
p
(
p
1)
x 2
x
x 2
2
2 p
u
u
)u p( p 1)u p 2 (( ) 2 ( ) 2 ) p( p 1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2
2
2
y
x
y
x