Weld Repair: Antonius P. Bramono

Weld Repair
Antonius P. Bramono
Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com
Introduction
If a weldment fails inspection, the welding inspector will

review it in order to determine the extent of damage that
may be caused by repairing the weld and whether the
weldment can fulfill its function if the defect is allowed to
remain in place.
If the function of the weldment is affected by the defect, the
weldment must be discarded and replaced. In some cases,
the defect may not affect the functionality of the weldment,
in which case it can be left. These determinations are made
on a case-by-case basis.
Introduction
If a part requires rework, a thorough welding procedure should be

established to minimize the effect of the repair on the remaining portion
of the weld.
This procedure must consider the procedure used to create the original
weld. It must also consider the following: the condition of the base
metal and weld
- the type of filler metal to be used in the repair
- the welding sequence
- any in-process inspection required during the repair
- tooling required for the repair
- the final welds mechanical properties
Introduction
Incomplete consideration of any of these factors may result

in further rejection of the weld repair and possible failure of
the weld when placed into service.
Weld Repair
Dimensional Repairs
Dimensional repairs are repairs that are required

because the weld is too small for the material
and joint type. These repairs involve the addition
of material to increase weld size and are usually
necessary due to the insufficient addition of filler
metal during the welding operation.
Dimensional Repairs
Conditions that require dimensional repairs are

as follows:
Crown height is too low, Figure 1. A low crown
does not provide adequate reinforcement of
the weld. Repair this type of defect with
stringer beads to minimize weld shrinkage. Add
only enough new filler metal to build the crown
to height requirements. Do not overweld.
Dimensional Repairs
Fig. 1. A groove weld crown with insufficient height.
Note: Add only enough new filler metal to build the crown to height requirements.
Do not overweld.
Dimensional Repairs
Surfacing or overlay type weld height is too

low, Figure 2. Surfacing or overlay that is not
high enough reduces the durability and service
life of the surfaced material. Repair this type of
defect with stringer beads to minimize dilution
and distortion.
Dimensional Repairs
Figure 2. An overlay weld deposit with insufficient height.

Dimensional Repairs
Fillet weld size is too small, Figure 3. A small

fillet weld does not provide adequate strength
in the joint. The weld is repaired by removing
the inadequate weld and rewelding to create
the proper size fillet weld.
Dimensional Repairs
Figure 3. Fillet weld leg length is satisfactory; however,

the weld is concave, which reduces the actual fillet weld size.
Surface Defect Repairs
Defects seen on the surface of the weld can

extend deep into the weld. For this reason, the
defect must be removed. After the defect has
been removed, the area must be re-inspected
before a repair can be attempted.
Common defects and factors to be considered

when repairing them are as follows:
Longitudinal, transverse, or crater cracks, Figure
4. On steel and steel alloys, use a small grinding
wheel like the one shown in Figure 5 to remove
cracks. Remove only the amount of metal
required to eliminate the crack.

Figure 4. Types of cracks that may be found
on groove and fillet welds.

Figure 5. A cutting or grinding wheel can be
used to remove cracks from the weld.
For all other types of metal, use small rotary

tungsten carbide tools to remove the crack.
Do not use grinding wheels on nonferrous
material. When repairing, add only sufficient
filler metal to match the adjacent weld contour.
Undercut at the edges of the weld, Figure 6. Dirt,

scale, and oxides may be present in the undercut
area. These impurities can cause further defects if
not removed prior to weld repair. Remove these
impurities by grinding or routing as previously
described.
Be careful not to remove base metal adjacent to the
undercut. Since the repair will widen the original
crown size, use lower currents and sufficient wire to
prevent additional undercuts and underfill.

Figure 6. Undercut on flat groove welds can
occur on either edge of the weld. Groove
and fillet welds made in the horizontal
position will usually have undercut on the
upper part of the weld.
Porosity, or pores in the weld, Figure 7. Remove

isolated or single pores with a rotary tool for weld
repair. Remove multiple and linear (aligned in a row)
pores by grinding or machining. Then re-inspect the
weld by radiographic or ultrasonic inspection to
ensure that the porosity has been completely
removed before repairs are started. For weld repair,
always fill the deepest part of the recessed area first.
Keep each layer of weld level until the area is filled.

Figure 7. Isolated pores can occur in any
portion of the weld. Linear (aligned) pores
usually are found near the bottom, along
the sidewall, or at weld intersections.
Cold laps, Figure 8, are areas of the weld that have not fused with the
base metal. Cold laps can occur on fillet welds or butt welds, usually
as a result of a travel speed that is too slow.
Since the extent of the overlap cannot be determined by NDT, remove
the entire area by grinding or routing. Use extreme care when
grinding into lap joints to prevent grinding into adjacent metal and
creating more problems.
When the overlap material has been removed, perform a penetrant
test to determine if the defect is entirely gone. Continue removing
material until the penetrant test is satisfactory. If weld repair is
required to satisfy crown height requirements, use low currents and
sufficient wire to match the crown with adjoining material.

Figure 8. Fillet weld cold laps are usually
located on the bottom side of the weld. Butt
weld cold laps can occur on either side of
the weld crown.
Incomplete penetration on the root side of butt welds.

Other types of defects can also occur on the root side of
the weld, such as concave root surface, cracks, porosity,
melt-through, etc. See Figure 9. Remove all of these areas
by grinding or routing.
To ensure complete removal of all defects, perform a
penetrant test before repairing the weld.
Since oxides form in this area during welding, clean the
repair area to bright metal before re-welding. Use
stringer beads and add only enough wire to build a small
crown.

Figure 9. The defects shown can occur on
the root side of the weld.
Internal Defect Repairs
Internal defects, Figure 10, may or may not extend to the

surface and might not be found by surface inspection.
They are generally found by radiographic and ultrasonic
testing.
Once the defect has been located by a radiographic test,
the defect can be marked on the X-ray film. The film is
aligned over the weld, and a punch can be used to indent
the area over the defect. The next step is to determine
the depth of the defect from the top and root surface
using ultrasonic testing. Routing or grinding is done from
the surface nearest to the defect.
Finding the defect in the weld by grinding or routing

requires both skill and patience. Porosity and large
areas exhibiting lack of fusion are generally easy to
locate and remove. Cracks and small areas with
incomplete fusion are more difficult to locate.
If the crack is not found after removing metal
halfway through the part, re-weld the ground area.
Then work from the opposite surface to remove the
crack.
Never grind a slot or a hole through the part.

Repairing a slot causes excessive distortion in the
adjacent areas or shrinkage and the possibility of
more defects.
The removal of defects in fillet welds is difficult due
to limited access of the grinder. If the penetrant is
allowed to penetrate into the joint, it can cause
many problems during weld repair. For a fillet weld,
it is easier to use visual inspection or radiographic
tests to ensure that the defect has been removed.
Preparing for Repair
After the defect is removed, prepare the area for

welding by removing all rough edges on the
ground area. Any oil, grease, scale, or penetrant
residue must be removed with alcohol or
acetone. Do not use grit blasting in the grooved
area. Grit material can become embedded in the
ground area and become trapped in the weld
repair.
Welding for Repairs
If possible, use stringer beads with minimum amperage

for minimum shrinkage of the joint.
Whenever possible, use a current-tapering (crater fill)
control on amperage to prevent crater cracks.
Clean scale and oxides from each weld pass.
Visually inspect each weld pass after cleaning.
If the weld repair is deep, have an X-ray made after two
or three completed passes to confirm that new cracks
have not formed. This should also be done if there is any
doubt about removal of the original crack.
Welding for Repairs-contd
Always use a backing gas if the root of the weld may be

exposed to air.
Where possible, use the original parameters for preheat, interpass temperature, and post-heat.
Do not build the repair crown any higher than is required. Each
pass that is made stresses the base of the weld due to
shrinkage.
When the grain size must be controlled throughout the repair,
weld temper beads on top of the weld, as shown in Figure 10.
These beads reduce the surface grain size and are removed
after welding.
Welding for Repairs-contd

Figure 10. Temper beads are used to obtain
an even structure throughout the top area of
the weld. Since they add significant height to
the crown, they are usually removed after
welding.
Post-weld Inspection
All of the nondestructive testing (NDT) required for

final acceptance of the weld must be completed
after the weld repair is done. This means that even if
several inspections were satisfactory before the weld
was rejected, all of the inspections must be redone.
Repairs can cause new problems in a weld.
After a repair is made, the entire weldment must be
reinspected.
Repair Review
Repairs are expensive and often detract from the

appearance of the final weld. Everything within
reason should be done to eliminate defects that
require costly repairs.
Review every flaw and defect in the weld, regardless
of its severity, to determine its cause.
Plan the possible corrective action that can be taken
in the future to eliminate similar problems.
Repair Review-contd
Repair review should include the following areas:

base material
Tooling
preparation for welding
joint preparation
process application (welding variables)
welder training and skill
Feel free to contact:

Antonius P. Bramono
E: pbramono@gmail.com

Weld Repair: Antonius P. Bramono

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Weld Repair

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

If a weldment fails inspection, the welding inspector will

If a part requires rework, a thorough welding procedure should be

Incomplete consideration of any of these factors may result

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Dimensional repairs are repairs that are required

Conditions that require dimensional repairs are

Fig. 1. A groove weld crown with insufficient height.

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surfacing or overlay type weld height is too

Figure 2. An overlay weld deposit with insufficient height.

Fillet weld size is too small, Figure 3. A small

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Figure 3. Fillet weld leg length is satisfactory; however,

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Defects seen on the surface of the weld can

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Common defects and factors to be considered

Surface Defect Repairs

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

For all other types of metal, use small rotary

Surface Defect Repairs

Undercut at the edges of the weld, Figure 6. Dirt,

Surface Defect Repairs

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Porosity, or pores in the weld, Figure 7. Remove

Surface Defect Repairs

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Surface Defect Repairs

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Incomplete penetration on the root side of butt welds.

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Surface Defect Repairs

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Internal Defect Repairs

Internal defects, Figure 10, may or may not extend to the

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Internal Defect Repairs

Finding the defect in the weld by grinding or routing

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Internal Defect Repairs

Never grind a slot or a hole through the part.

Preparing for Repair

After the defect is removed, prepare the area for

Welding for Repairs

If possible, use stringer beads with minimum amperage

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

Welding for Repairs-contd

Always use a backing gas if the root of the weld may be

Welding for Repairs-contd

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com

All of the nondestructive testing (NDT) required for

Antonius P. Bramono - pbramono@gmail.com