Instrumentation and Systems EE 892

(3+0)
Objectives of todays lecture

Data acquisition.
ADC.
Sampling theory.

Block Diagram

Acquire, Process, and Output data

Conversion b/t analogue and digital signals

Input Filter

Sample
and Hold

ADC

DSP/Cont/
Comp
Output
Filter

DAC

Sampling
The definition of proper sampling is quite simple. Suppose
you sample a continuous signal in some manner. If you can
exactly reconstruct the analogue signal from the samples,
you must have done the sampling properly. Even if the
sampled data appears confusing or incomplete, the key
information has been captured if you can reverse the
process.
The main difference between analogue and digital data
acquisition is that digital systems sample the signal at
discrete times only, not continuously.
In a digital data acquisition system, no information is
recorded at times in between the discrete sampling times.

Sampling

Problems in sampling

Clipping

Aliasing

Aliasing

Aliasing

Aliasing

Aliasing

Aliasing

Sampling rate theorem

Sampling rate theorem

Sampling rate theorem

ADC

ADC

ADC

Quantization Error

ADC

Types of ADC

Flash ADC

Successive-approximation ADC

Delta-Sigma ADC

DAC
Types

Binary Weighted Resistor

Binary Weighted Current Source
R-2R Ladder
Inverted R-2R
Switched Capacitor
Multiplier DAC

The reference voltage is constant and is set by the manufacturer.

Non-Multiplier DAC

The reference voltage can be changed during operation.

Characteristics

Comprised of switches, op-amps, and resistors

Provides resistance inversely proportion to significance of bit

Binary Weighted Resistor

Rf = R

I
R

2R

4R

Vo

8R

MSB

LSB
-VREF

Binary representation

Binary representation

Binary Weighted Resistor

Binary Weighted Resistor

R-2R DAC

R-2R

R-2R

R-2R Ladder

R-2R Ladder

Pros and Cons

Example