24/9/2016

LateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge:GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisUnderWindLoad

LateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge:
GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisUnderWindLoad
PostedinBridgeEngineering,ResearchPapers|

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Megusta

By
D.Ishihara,H.Yamada,H.Katsuchi,andE.Sasaki
YokohamaNationalUniversity
Abstract
ThereareplansofconstructingbridgeslongerspanlikeMessinastraitbridge.Thistrendcausesthenecessityofdiscussingontheproblemsofinstability
analysissuchaslateraltorsionalbuckling.However,lateraltorsionalbucklinganalysisoflongspanbridgeisnotsufficientlytakenyet.Forthatreason,we
applytheAbaqus/Standardtosolvethehighnonlinearproblem.TheanalysisobjectisAkashikaikyoBridgewhichisthelongestbridgeintheworld.This
paperpresentshowtoanalyzethelateraltorsionalbucklingoflongspanbridgeapplyingwindload.
Keywords
LateralTorsionalBuckling,SuspensionBridge,Aerodynamics
Introduction
Bynow,alotoflongspansuspensionbridgeshavebuiltandtheirlengthskeepgrowing.Asaresult,theirgirderstiffnessisrelativelyreducedandtheir
strengthsforwindforcearealsodecreasing.Therefore,numerousfutteranalysisandexperimentswereexecuted.Ontheotherhand,itisaswellasimportantto
investigatethelateraltorsionalbucklingstrengthsofsuspensionbridges,buttheinvestigationshaveneverbeenmadefordecades.Certainly,wejustuseHirai
Okauchiformulationthatwasproposedaround60stoconfirmthestabilityagainsttheproblem.Itcontainsatheoreticalequationandidealboundaryconditions
sotheapplicationoftheformulationislimited.Therefore,theneedofmodernexaminationoflateraltorsionalbucklingofsuspensionbridgeisincreasing.A
longspansuspensionbridgeshowsquitenonlinearbehaviorandshowsnonlinearitywhenitsinitialconditionandwindloadareapplied.Thereforeitneeds
sometechniques.Wepresentthewayofmodelingbridgesusingthestructuralelementsandmakinginitialconditionsundergravity.Afterthiswepresenthowto
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analyzethelateraltorsionalbucklingoflongspanbridgeapplyingwindload.Thewindloadiscalculatedbythestaticcoefficientofwindforce.Finally,the
resultisshowedandtheconclusionispresented.
Themainbackgroundofthisproblemandtheprocedureoftheanalysisareintroducedinthischapter.Themaintopicofthisanalysisisalateraltorsional
bucklingandlargedeformationanalysisofsuspensionbridge.
HiraiOkauchiformulation
Lateraltorsionalbucklingiscriticalforstructuresandcanleadsuddenlycollapseofthem.PreviousresearchwasconductedbyHirai(Hirai1942)andOkauchi
(Okauchi1967).Themaintheoryoftheirtheoryisshowedasfollows.

displacements,respectively.EI,GK,ECwarebendingstiffness,torsionalstiffnessandbendingtorsionalstiffness,respectively.Hwistensionforceofmaincable
applyingthedeadloadandMisthemomentofhorizontalcomponentoccurredbydragforce.CDisacoefficientofdrag,SandStrepresentthegradientoflift
forceandgradientofpitchingmoment.h1h2indicatetheincrementofcabletensioncausedbythedeformationoflateraltorsionalbucklingandeachofthem
canbecalculatedbythefollowingequations.

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Where,EcAcisthecablesstiffness,andrightsideofintegrationisappliedforwholelengthofthesuspensionbridge.yistheverticalcoordinateofcablebefore
deformation.HiraiaddedtheinertiaterminEquation1andinvestigatedonthestabilitycriteriaofstructuresbyarrangingthemulticoordinatevibration
equation.Intheseinvestigations,itwasfoundthatthecriteriaisthesameoftheoneoflateraltorsionalbuckling.Theimportanceoftheproblemoflateral
torsionalbucklingwasemphasizedatthattime.Thecriticalwindloadequationis

Becauseoftheassumedboundarycondition,theapplicationofthisequationisrestrictedtothesinglespansuspensionbridges.Theapplicationtothemulti
spansbridgeandthedifferentboundaryconditionsshouldhaveaproblem.AndalsointheEquation3,thetransitionofwindloadtocableisnotconsidered.As
thepitchingmomentisthemaincomponentoflateraltorsionalbuckling,thetransitionofwindloadmusthadbeenconsideredinordertoincreasetheaccuracy
oftheequation.
Theseassumptionsandignoranceshouldberemovedinthemodernanalysis,becausecivilengineershouldnotrelyonsucharestrictionofoldtheorybutrely
oncomprehensivedesignmethodlikeFiniteElementMethod.Inthisstudy,thecomplicateFEMmodelwasbuildandtheaboveassumptionandignoranceare
eliminated.Thereforeourstudymustbeimportanttodesignthefuturebridges.
Targetstructure
Theapplicationoflargedeformationandlateraltorsionalbucklinganalysestolongspansuspensionbridgesarefollowed.OneobjectoftheanalysisisAkashi
KaikyoBridgeitscenterspanis1991mandisthelongestintheworld.ThemodelisshowninFigure2.Inaddition,weassembledthemodelofmorelateral
torsionalbucklingsensitivesuspensionbridgetheverticalbracemadewidertwicethantheoriginalAkashiKaikyoBridge.Thetwomodelsaretheobjectsof
thischapterandwedescribethedetailsofthemandtheprocedureofanalysis.
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LateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge:GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisUnderWindLoad

AkashiKaikyobridge
AkashiKaikyobridgewascompletedin1998andistheworldslongestbridge.Themainspanis1991metersandthebridgehasthestiffeningtrussgirder.The
outlinesandsomesectionsareshowedinFigure2.

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LateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge:GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisUnderWindLoad

Themaingirderandtowerareassignedbeamelement(B31H).Themaincableandhangercableareassignedtrusselement(T3D2H).Theboundaryconditions
areshowedinFigure3.Thetowersandcableendarefixed,thegirderendsarefreeinbridgedirection(U1)butotherdegreesoffreedomarefixed.

Simulatedmodelofsuspensionbridgestiffenedhorizontally
Ananotheranalysiswasperformedinthisstudy.Themainpointofthisanalysisistoinvestigatehowwillactthesimulatedmodelofsuspensionbridge
stiffenedhorizontallyagainstwindforce.Thesuspensionbridgemodelwasmodifedbyincreasingthestiffnessofupperandlowerchordsbywideningthe
widthofelements.TheupperandlowerchordswidthwasmadetwiceaswideasAkashiKaikyomodel.ThedrawingofmodelisshowninFigure3.

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Exceptforthewidthofupperandlowerchordsmodification,otherparametersareallthesamesuchasmaterial,coordinates,andwindload.
Analysisprocedure
Theanalysisprocedurecanbedescribedasbridgeswereappliedthegravityatafirststep,andbridgeswereappliedthewindloadatasecondstep.Eachsteps
havehighnonlinearity,whichrequiredthestabilizationofdampingfactor.Thesedetailswillbedescribedafterward.
Gravityequilibrium
Atafrststep,suspensionbridgesshouldbeinequilibriumundergravity.Whilethisstepthemodelsareappliedwithgravityload,anddeformsasthenumberof
incrementisincreasing.Thedeformationissolargethatthenormalstaticanalysiscannotcompletesolvingthestep.Therefore,inthisstep,thedampingfactor
wasaddedtoaccomplishtheanalysis.Thisoptioncanbewritten,
*Static,stabilize=4e09
01,1.,1e40,1.0.
Ofcourse,ifthedampingfactorwasadded,theadditionalenergywillactasfactorwhichmakeanalysislessaccurate.Consequently,thecomparisonofALLIE
(totalinternalenergyofstructure)andALLSD(totalenergybydampingfactor)mustbedone.Thecomparisonisdoneinchapter5.
ApplyingWindload
Inthesecondstep,thewindloadisappliedtothemodel.Thethreecomponentsofwindfocepitchingmoment,dragforce,andliftforceareappliedtoelements.
EachcomponentisshowninFigure7.Thecomponentsofwindforcesperunitspanactiononthedeformeddeckcanbewritten,
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LateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge:GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisUnderWindLoad

Theaerodynamicforceappliedtothewindprojectedelements,whichreflectthesituationthatthewindflowsfromonesidehorizontally.Themagnitudesof
windforcesarecalculatedbytheEquation4andareappliedafterstaticanalysisundergravity.

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LateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge:GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisUnderWindLoad

Analysisresultsandconsiderations
Gravityanalysis
Inthefirststep,theenergybydampingfactorshouldbemuchlessthantheinternalenergy,aspreviouslymentioned.Thecomparisonsofthesefactorareshown
inFigure6andFigure7.Thesefiguresshowthattheadditionalenergybydampingfactorissufficientlylessthantheinternalenergyofstructure.Wecan
concludethattheeffectofadditionaldampingfactoriswellignorable.

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Analysisonthebehaviorsunderaerodynamicforces.
Thelargedeformationanalysiswasdoneafterundergravityanalysis.Thedeformationfigureandtherelationshipofrotationaldisplacementandwindspeedare
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shownFigure9andFigure10.Figure9showsthegradientincreaseofrotationofcenternode.TheresultrepresentsthefactthattheAkashiKaikyoBridge
doesnthavethepossibilityoflateraltorsionalbucklingbutlargedeformation.Iflateraltorsionalbucklingoccurs,therotationaldisplacementwillincrease
suddenly,butthisanalysisdoesntshowsuchaction.Thereasonofthisisprobablythesuspensionbridgesstiffnessofhorizontalcomponentisnotgreaterthan
otherstiffnesscomponents.Whilethesimplebeamanalysis,thedirectionofapplyingloadisthestrongaxesofthestructure,butthissuspensionbridgeis
appliedwindforcehorizontallyanditshorizontalstiffnessisnotsomuchstrong.
Ontheotherhand,themodifiedmodelsbehaviorwasdifferent.Figure10showstherotationaldisplacementwindspeedrelationship.Itincludesthelateral
torsionalbehaviorcharacterthattherotationaldisplacementincreasesuddenly.

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Considerations
Intheproblemoflateraltorsionalbuckling,thebalanceofstiffnessisveryimportant.Ifthehorizontalstiffnessissmallcomparedwithotherdirectional
stiffness,thestructureoccursonlylargedeformationandiftheoneislargeoversomepoint,thestructureoccurslateraltorsionalbuckling.
Inadditiontothedescribedanalysis,wecalculatedthecriticalwindspeedbyHiraiOkauchiformulation.TheparametersareshowninTable1.Thistable
representsthegreatreductionofcriticalwindspeed.Thismeanstheprevioustheoryisindangersidejudgment.
Conclusions
InthispaperlateraltorsionalbucklinganalysisbyutilizingtheAbaqusstandardwasdemonstrated.Thebalanceofhorizontalstiffnessisveryimportantantthe
overstiffnessofthatleadsthestructurelateraltorsionalbuckling.However,itshouldbenotedthattheanalysisresultsneedmoreverificationsuchas
experiments:windtunneltest.Forcontinuingresearch,thecriticalbalanceofstiffnessandotherrealsuspensionbridgeanalysisshouldbeclassified.
References
1.MemonBashirAhmed,etal,Arclengthtechniquefornonlinearfniteelementanalysis,JournalofZhejiangUniversitySCIENCEVol.5(5),pp.618628
2.ViroteBoonyapinyo,T.Miyata,H.Yamada,Nonlinearbucklinginstabilityanalysisoflongspancablestayedbridgesunderdisplacementdependentwind
load,Journalofstructuralengineering,Vol.39AP923935,1993.
3.M.A.Crisfeld,AFastIncremental/IterativeSolutionProcedurethatHandlesSnapThrough,Computers&StructuresVol.13,pp5562.
4.M.A.Crisfeld,SnapThroughandSnapBackResponseinConcreteStructuresandtheDangersofUnderIntegration,InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,Vol.22pp.751767
5.M.Fafard,B.Massicotte,GeometricalInterpretationoftheArcLengthMethod,Computers&StructuresVol.46,No.4,pp603615.
6.A.Hirai,Thestabilityofsuspensionbridgesagainsttorsionalvibration,JournalofJapanSocietyofCivilEngineerssummeryvol.28pp769786,1942.
7.A.Hirai,Y.FujisawaTheeffectsoffrequencyofwindloadtotheelasticstabilityofsuspensionbridgesJournalofJapanSocietyofCivilEngineers
summeryvol.21pp851,852,1966.
8.A.Hirai,H.Takema,LateraltorsionalbucklingofsuspensionbridgeunderhorizontalwindloadJournalofJapanSocietyofCivilEngineerssummeryvol.13
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pp1920,1958.
9.JapansocietyofcivilengineeringandHonsyushikokubridgestechnologicalworkshop,Reportofhonsyushikokubridgetechnologicalsurvey
appendix.1,,1967.
10.J.H.Kweon,C.S.Hong,AnImprovedArcLengthMethodforPostbucklingAnalysisofCompositeCylindricalPanels,Computers&StructuresVol.53,
No.3,pp541549.
11.W.F.Lam,C.T.Morley,ArclengthMethodforPassingLimitPointsinStructuralCalculationJournalofstructuralengineeringVol.118No.1P169185.
12.Longpillarworkshop,Handbookofelasticstability,CoronaPublishing,1960.
13.MarkJ.Silver,etal,ModelingofSnapBackBendingResponseofDoublySlitCylindricalShells,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference,
AIAA20041820.
14.K.Okauchi,K.Nemoto,Lateraltorsionalbucklingofsuspensionbridgesunderwindpressure,JournalofJapanSocietyofCivilEngineerssummeryvol.22
pp1361,1364,1967.
15.G.Powell,J.Simons,ImprovedIterationStrategyforNonlinearStructures,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol17PP1455
1467.
16.E.RAMM,StrategiesforTracingNonlinearResponseNearLimitPointsNonlinearfiniteelementanalysisinstructuralmechanics,SpringerVerlag,New
York.
17.E.Riks,TheApplicationofNewtonsMethodtotheProblemofElasticStability,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol39PP10601065.
18.E.Riks,AnIncrementalApproachtotheSolutionofSnappingandBucklingProblem,InternationalJournalifSolidsStructures,Vol.15,pp529551.
19.H.Takema,K.Okauchi,Lateraltorsionalbucklingofsuspensionbridgesunderwindpressure,Conferenceofbridgeandstructureworkshopvol.11ppp26
39,1964.
20.Timocshenko,Gere,Theoryofelasticstability,McGrawHill,1961.
WearethankfultoSirMatthewLadzinskiforsubmittingthisreporttoengineeringcivil.comandalsograntingusrightstopublishitonweb.Thisreportwill
helpallcivilengineersstudytheLateralTorsionalBucklingofLongSpanSuspensionBridge.

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srinivasahnOctober13,2011at10:18am
itsnice..
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