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M. Mizukoshi
Takamatsu National College of Technology, Kagawa, Japan
S. Matsui
Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
ABSTRACT: Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is useful to reduce the structural dead load. The
punching shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs using LWAC decreases in comparison to that using
normal-weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) due to the weakness of the aggregate in concrete. Therefore, a reduction factor for LWAC is specified in several international design codes/standards of JSCE, ACI, CEB-FIP, etc. In
the present study, a reduction factor for the punching shear strength of RC slabs using LWAC was investigated
using the experimental and analytical results. Consequently, the punching shear strength decreases with the
density of LWAC and the reduction factor is remarkably related to the characteristic length of concrete proposed
by Hillerborg et al. (1976).
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CODES/STANDARDS
AND PREDICTING EQUATION
2.1
(1)
fpc = 0.20 fc 1.2
(2)
d =
4
1/d 1.5
p =
3
100p 1.5
111
r = 1 +
(d : m)
1
1 + 0.25u/d
(3)
(4)
(5)
2.4
Vc =
Vc =
f
s d
+ 2 c b0 d
b0
12
1
fc b0 d
3
(6)
ft = 0.269fc 2/3
(12)
(13)
(7)
(8)
a
f cv
ft
45
C
t = 0.4 + 0.6
xm
2C d
(9)
dd
2200
xm
(10)
dd
Vc = 0.18t 1 +
200
(100pfc )1/3 b0 d
d
2C d
xd b xd
2C
2.3
f
2
c b0 d
Vc = 1 +
2C m
dm
dm
2Cm
112
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
3.1
Mixture proportions.
0.48
0.50
Ad
Material properties.
Material
Type
Properties
Cement
Fine
aggregate
Portland
River sand
Expansive
shale
Coarse
aggregate
Crushed stone
Expansive
shale
Table 2.
Figure 2.
Dist. bar
(mm)
Specimen
Mix
no.
Span
length
(mm)
Thickness
(mm)
Upper bar
Lower bar
Upper bar
Lower bar
LC-1
1000
100
LC-2
1000
100
LC-3
1000
150
LC-4
1000
150
LC-5
600
80
D10-ctc. 160
D10-ctc. 80
D10-ctc. 240
D10-ctc. 120
D10-ctc. 160
D10-ctc. 80
D10-ctc. 240
D10-ctc. 120
non
D6-ctc. 50
D10-ctc. 160
D10-ctc. 80
D10-ctc. 240
D10-ctc. 120
D10-ctc. 160
D10-ctc. 80
D10-ctc. 240
D10-ctc. 120
non
D6-ctc. 50
113
Effective depth
(mm)
Main bar
Dist. bar
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2 )
Concrete
density
(kg/m3 )
80.0
70.5
41.3
1810
80.0
70.5
41.3
1810
110.0
100.5
38.7
1840
110.0
100.5
38.7
1840
56.8
50.4
37.8
2084
2.0
1.5
1.5
Vexp / VACI
Vexp / VJSCE
2.0
1.0
Authors
Hamada et al.
JSCE
Ito et al.
0.5
0.0
1400
1600
1800
2000
1.0
0.0
1400
2200
2200
1.0
0.8
Vexp / VMatsui
Vexp / VFIB
2000
1.5
1.0
Authors
Hamada et al.
JSCE
Ito et al.
0.5
1600
1800
2000
0.6
0.4
Authors
Hamada et al.
JSCE
Ito et al.
0.2
0.0
1400
2200
1600
1800
2000
2200
3.2
1800
2.0
Figure 3.
1600
0.0
1400
Authors
Hamada et al.
JSCE
Ito et al.
0.5
4
4.1
ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Finite element analysis
114
t
w 3
w
exp c2 cr
= 1 + c1 cr
ft
wt
wt
w
1 + c13 exp(c2 )
wtcr
(14)
4.2
wtcr = 5.14
(15)
k = 0.4 + 0.6
c eq
p
c
fco =
2
f
3 c
(17)
cp =
fc
Ec
(18)
(16)
(20)
2400
(21)
2
c =
fco
fco
fc
Two types of RC slabs were determined as the analytical model as shown in Table 4. The thickness was
100 mm and 150 mm, the effective depth was 75
mm and 105 mm, and the reinforcement ratio was
1.19% and 1.17%. RC slabs were simply supported
along four sides with a span length of 1000 mm. The
analytical model is shown in Figure 5. The compressive strength of concrete was fixed at 40 N/mm2 .
The concrete density was varied from 1400 kg/m3 to
2200 kg/m3 . Furthermore, the tensile strength (Walraven 2000), the Youngs modulus (AIJ 1991), and
the fracture energy (Higashiyama et al. 2006) corresponding to the concrete density were determined by
the following equations:
ft, L = k ft, N
Gf
ft
Ec = 2.1 10
1.5
fc
200
(23)
Analytical models.
Span
Average
Average
length Thickness reinforcement effective
Specimen (mm) (mm)
ratio (%)
depth (mm)
Model-1
Model-2
1000
1000
100
150
1.19
1.17
Figure 5.
(19)
where c is the compressive stress, fc is the compressive strength, wc is the plastic displacement, and wccr is
the plastic displacement at the zero compressive stress
(=0.5 mm in this study).
The details of the finite element program are referred
to ATENA Program Documentation (Cervenka
Consulting 2002).
115
(22)
75
105
1.2
Reduction factor
1.0
0.8
= k 1 + k2
0.6
t = 150 mm
Experiment
0.0
1200
(24)
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
= k 1 + k2
2.95
(25)
1.2
Normalized punching
shear capacity
t = 100 mm
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
t = 100 mm
0.2
t = 150 mm
0.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
CONCLUSIONS
1.2
where Gf is the fracture energy (N/m), fc is the compressive strength (N/mm2 ), and is the concrete density (kg/m3 ).
4.3
lch, L
lch,N
REFERENCES
ACI 318R-05. 2005. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
AIJ. 1991. Standard for Structural Calculation of ReinforcedConcrete Structures, Architectural Institute of Japan (in
Japanese).
Cervenka Consulting. 2002. ATENA Computer Program for
Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Program Documentation.
Fib. 2001. Punching of Structural Concrete Slabs, Bulletin
12, Federation Internationale du Beton, Lausanne.
116
117