OPPOSITION

The reading passage and the lecture discuss...

The passage and the lecture both discuss X, which is...The specific type of X discussed is
called C.
The passage defines it as...

However, she expresses a strong difference of

opinion about X.

The author asserts that...

The speaker, however, suggests that...
The reading passage explains that
The speaker, in contrast, suggests that...
The professor, on the other hand, claims in her
lecture that
The author explains that...

The speaker presents a different point of view.

The author states that...

In addition, the speaker suggests that

The author discusses...

However, the professor offers the opposite

interpretation...

The author believes that...

He argues that...
The author offers support for X by saying
that...

The professor disputes this, by arguing that...

He defends this [state-centered interpretation]

by pointing out that...

However, the professor challenges this point by

claiming that...

The next point the author makes is that...

The professor disagrees by saying...

The author uses this point to show, once again,

that...

However, in her lecture, the professor

disagrees by stating that...

The author goes on to claim that...

She explains that...

The professor further argues that...
On the other hand, the professor believes
that... In fact, she believes...
Once again, the professor rejects this
technique. In contrast to the passage, she
says...
The speaker disagrees with these...He points
out that...
He cites a study that...
He mentions another study that...
Finally, the speaker emphasizes that

In summary, the author believes that...

However, the professor rejects this, and argues

that...

To summarize, the passage discusses...

However, it is the professor's opinion that...
The speaker has the opposite point of view. She
believes that...

PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

Both the reading passage and the professor's lecture offer...

The reading passage explains that...

The professor, on the other hand, claims in her

lecture that...

The author of the passage states that...

However, the professor offers a solution to

this problem, by explaining that...
She also adds that...

The passage also mentions...

The professor again provides a solution by

pointing out that...
She goes on to say that...
She feels that...

The final problem the passage discusses is...

The professor, on the other hand, says this

problem is already being solved.

The author states that...

She reports that...
As an example, the professor mentions that...
The reading concludes that...

The lecture offers solutions to these problems

outlined in the passage. According to the
lecture...

SUPPORT
The fact that X is addressed by both the author of the reading passage and the professor.
The author states that...

The professor explains that...

The author explains why..

Likewise, the speaker explains why...

In the same way, the speaker explains...
The speaker supports...He describes a study..

According to the reading passage, one reason

the X was that... Therefore, ...

While the author gives an overview of B, the

speaker specifically describes...

The author warns that...

Next, the passage says that..., another
reason....

The professor supports the author's claim by

offering the example of the inventor, Oliver
Evans. He explains that Evans invented... The
professor goes on to point out that...

As an example of these resources, the author

mentions the...

The professor adds to this point in the passage

by indicating that...

In addition, the author says that...

He further emphasizes...

Finally, the author explains that...

The professor makes two additional points

about...

The author gives an example of this by stating

that...

First, he discusses how...

The author explains that..

Second, he says that...

As..., there are a number of effecs.

In his lecture, the professor expands on this

fact by mentioning...

First...
He also adds that...
In addition,...
The professor explains that...

It can also...
Both the passage and the lecture conclude by stating that...
The professor ends his lecture by illustrating
this point. He mentions that...
He goes on to say that...