MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

TRAN VAN HAO VU TUAN

LE THI LIEN HUONG
NGUYEN TIEN TAI CAN VAN TUAT

ALGEBRA

12

EDUCATION EXPRESS
1

Chapter I

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVE TO SURVEY AND DRAW

GRAPH OF FUNCTION

Increase, decrease
Extreme
The biggest value, the smallest value
Asymptote
Survey of function

1. INCREASE, DECREASE OF FUNCTION

I. MONOTONY OF FUNCTION
?1 From graphs in figure 1 and figure 2, show increase interval, decrease
3
interval of function y = cos x on segment ; and of function y = x
2 2
on segment ( ; + ) .

1. Remind definitions
Sign K is interval, segment or half of interval. It is supposed that function
y = f ( x ) is defined on K, we say:
Function y = f ( x ) increases on K if with every pair of x1, x2 belongs
to K, but x1 is smaller than x2, then f ( x1 ) is smaller than y = f ( x2 ) , it
means:

x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) ;

Function y = f ( x ) decreases on K if with every pair of x1, x2 belongs

to K, but x1 is smaller than x2, then f ( x1 ) is larger than y = f ( x2 ) , it
means:

x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) .

Function increases or decreases on K, which is called monotonous function

on K.
Remarks. From above definition, we see:
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
a) f ( x ) increases on K
> 0, x1, x2 K (x1 x2);
x2 x1
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
< 0, x1, x2 K (x1 x2).
f ( x ) decreases on K
x2 x1
3

b) If function increases on K, the graph goes up from left to right (figure 3.a).
If function decreases on K, the graph goes down from left to right (figure
3.b).

2. Monotony and sign of derivative

? Examine following functions and their graphs:
x2
1
(figure 4a)
b) y = (figure 4b)
a) y =
2
x

Examine signs of each function and fill into the table.

Then, show remarks on the relationship between increase, decrease of
function and signs of derivative.
We admit the following theorem.

Theorem
Function y = f ( x ) has derivative on K.

a) If f ' ( x ) > 0 with every x belonging to K, function f ( x ) increases

on K.
b) If f ' ( x ) < 0 with every x belonging to K, function f ( x ) decreases
on K.
In brief, on K

Note

f ' ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) increases

f ' ( x ) < 0 f ( x ) decreases

If f ' ( x ) = 0 x K, f ( x ) is invariable on K.

Example 1. Find monotonous intervals of function:

b) y = sin x on the interval (0; 2).
a) y = 2 x 4 + 1 ;
Answer
a) The given function is defined with every x \ .
We have y ' = 8 x 3 . Variable table

Thus, function y = 2 x 4 + 1 decreases on interval (-; 0), increase on interval

(0; +).
b) Examine on interval (0; 2), we have y ' = cos x .
Variable table

Thus, function y = sin x increases on intervals 0; and ;2 ,

2
2

3
decreases on interval ; .
2 2

?3 Is the reverse affirmation of above theorem

correct? In the other words, if function increases
(decreases) on K, is its derivative necessary positive
(negative) on there?
For example, examine function y = x 3 , which has
graph in figure 5.

Notes
We have the expanded theorem:
It is supposed that function y = f ( x ) has derivative on K. If f ' ( x ) 0

( f ' ( x ) 0 x K and f ' ( x ) = 0 at only some limited number of points,

function increases (decreases) on K.
Example 2. Find monotonous intervals of function y = 2x3 + 6x2 + 6x 7
Answer. The given function is defined with every x \
We have y= 6x2 + 12x + 6 = 6 (x + 1)2
Therefore y = 0 x = -1 and y > 0 with every x -1
According to expanded theorem, the given function always increases.

II. THE RULES TO EXAMINE MONOTONY OF FUNCTION

1. Rules
1. Find the defined set
2. Calculate derivative f ' ( x ) . Find points xi (i = 1, 2, , n) where
derivative is equal to 0 or undefined.
3. Arrange points xi in increasing order and set up variable table.
4. Conclude on increase, decrease intervals of the function.
2. Application
Example 3. Examine increase, decrease of function
1
1
y = x3 x2 2 x + 2
3
2
Answer. The function is defined with every x \ . We have:
6

 x = 1
y ' = x 2 x 2, y ' = 0
x = 2

Variable table

Thus, function increases in intervals (-; -1) and (2; +), function decreases
in interval (-1; 2).

x 1
.
x +1
Answer. The function is defined with every x -1. We have:
( x + 1) ( x 1) = 2
y' =
2
2
( x + 1)
( x + 1)
Example 4. Find monotonous intervals of function y =

y ' is not defined at x -1.

Variable table

Thus, the function increases in the intervals (-; -1) and (-1; +).

Example 5. Prove that x > sin x in interval 0; by examination of
2
monotonous interval of function f ( x ) = x sin x .

Answer. Examine function f ( x ) = x sin x 0 x , we have:

2

f ' ( x ) = 1 cos x 0 ( f ' ( x ) = 0 is only at x = 0) therefore according to above

notes, we have: f ( x ) increase in half of interval 0; .
2

Therefore, with 0 < x <

in interval 0; .
2

, we have f ( x ) = x sin x > f ( 0 ) = 0 or x > sin x

EXERCISES
1. Examine increase, decrease of functions:

a) y = 4 + 3x x2
c) y = x4 2x2 + 3

1 3
x + 3x2 7x 2
3
d) y = -x3 + x2 5

b) y =

2. Find out monotonous intervals of functions:

3x + 1
x2 2x
;
b) y =
a) y =
1 x
1 x
2x
d) y = 2
c) y = x 2 x 20
x 9
x
3. Prove that function y = 2
increase in interval (-1; 1); decreases in
x +1
intervals (-; -1) and (1; +).
4. Prove that function y = 2 x x 2 increases in interval (0; 1) and decreases
in interval (1; 2).
5. Prove following inequalities:

a) tan x > x 0 < x < ;

2

b) tan x > x +

x3

0 < x <
3
2

Reference
MONOTONOUS PROPERTY OF FUNCTION
The efficient condition about monotonous property of function is proved
basing on the following theorem.
Lagrange theorem
If function y = f ( x ) is continuous in segment [ a; b ] and has derivative

in interval ( a; b ) , it is existence of a point c ( a; b ) in order to

f ( b ) f ( a ) = f ' ( c )( b a )

Or f ' ( c ) =

f (b) f ( a)
ba

Geometrical illustration:
If function f ( x ) satisfies the hypotheses of
Lagrange theorem, it is existence of point C
on the graph, where its tangent line is parallel
or coincides to arc AB (figure 6).

Consequence
If F ' ( x ) = 0 with every x belong to interval ( a; b ) , F ( x ) is equal to

constant in that interval.

Demonstration. Examine fixed point x0 ( a; b ) . With every x0 ( a; b ) and x

x0, hypotheses of Lagrange theorem are satisfied in segment [ x0 ; x ] (or

[ x; x0 ] ). Therefore, it is existence of at point c ( x0 ; x ) (or c ( x; x0 ) ) in

order to F ( x ) - F ( x0 ) = F ' ( c ) ( x x0 ) . Because c ( a; b ) , therefore F ' ( c ) =
0. Thus

F ( x ) - F ( x0 ) = 0 or F ( x ) = F ( x0 ) = constant

in interval ( a; b ) .

Theorem
Function y = f ( x ) has derivative in interval ( a; b ) .

a) If f ' ( x ) > 0 with every x ( a; b ) , function f ( x ) increases in that

interval.

b) If f ' ( x ) < 0 with every x ( a; b ) , function f ( x ) decreases in that

interval.
Demonstration. Take any two points x1, x2 (x1 < x2) in interval

( a; b ) .

Because f ( x ) has derivative in interval ( a; b ) , therefore f ( x ) is continuous

in segment [x1; x2] and it has derivative in interval (x1; x2).
According to Lagrange theorem, it is existence of a point c ( x1; x2 ) ( a; b )
in order to f ' ( c ) =

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
. Then, we infer:
x2 x1

a) If f ' ( x ) > 0 with every x ( a; b ) , f ' ( c ) > 0 therefore f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) .

Therefore, f ( x ) increases in interval ( a; b ) .

b) If f ' ( x ) < 0 with every x ( a; b ) , f ' ( c ) < 0 therefore f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) .

Therefore, f ( x ) decreases in interval ( a; b ) .

Do you know?
J. L. LAGRANGE
Lagrange is French mathematician. He is descended
in a rich family, but then he became poor, he believed
that he was going to inherit a property. However,
after that, he considered this disaster as the luck.
He said: If he is inherited a property, maybe I did
not save up my life for mathematics.
Lagranges grandfather is French and his grandfather
is Italian. His family located in Turin (Capital of
Piedmont, Italia).
Lagrange was assigned to be mathematics professor in Turin Royal Artillery
School when he was 19. All his students are older than him. Together with
his excellent students, Lagrange established Study Association, forerunner of
Turin Academy of Sciences. The first report magazine of the Association
established in 1759 when he was 23 years old. Almost greatest projects
promulgated in the first magazine are of Lagrange under different pennames.
When he was 23, Lagrange is considered as the mathematician on equal
terms with the greatest mathematicians at that age such as Euler and
mathematicians of Bernoulli Family.
10

By introduction of Euler, on October 02nd 1760, when Lagrange was 24 years

old, he was voted to be Foreign Academician of Berlin Academy of
Sciences. After that, Euler and dAlembert maneuvered King of Pho Nation
to invite Lagrange to Berlin to be scientist of the court.
In 1764, when he was 28, Lagrange got great award about moving problem
of the Moon (it is the answer the reason when it is moving, the Moon always
turns a side into the Earth).
In 1766, 1772, Lagrange received in consecutive the awards of Paris
Academy of Sciences about problems of 6 objects, 3 objects.
In November 6th 1776, Lagrange was welcomed warmly by King of Pho
Nation The Greatest King of Europe and he was assigned to be Director
of Mathematics Physics Department of Berlin Academy of Sciences.
In 1787, Royal and Paris Academy of Sciences welcomed the great
mathematician Lagrange came back and he was supplied a luxury apartment
in Louvre Palace.
In 1788, when he was 52, Lagrange promulgated piece of work of his life,
Algebra mechanics, the topic which he nurtured since he was 19 years old.
By his interruption, they did not admire 12 instead of 10 to make base of
meter system.
He married two times. The first wife passed over soon because she was ill.
In his age older than 50, he lived in lonely and boring, sad. When he was 56,
a girl, his friends daughter, his friend is astronomer Lemonier, loved and
wanted to marry him. Lagrange accepted. He used all her young, beautiful
life to care of him, get him out of sadness, and get his vitality up. He loved
her very much and felt very bad when he has to apart from her temporarily.
He affirmed that his young, gentle and dedicated wife is the most valuable in
all awards of his life.
Lagrange is respected by all French people. One time, Tallegrand, a great
leader of troop, told to Lagranges father: Your son, the son of French
people, was born in Piedmont, made honor for human by his talent.
Lagrange died on April 10th 1813, lived to be 77.

11

2. EXTREME OF THE FUNCTION

I. CONCEPTIONS OF MAXIMUM, MINIMUM
?1 Base on the graphs in figure 7 and figure 8, show the points, where each
following function has biggest value (smallest value):
a) y = -x2 + 1 in interval (-; +).
x
2
1 3
3
b) y = ( x 3 ) in intervals ; and ;4 .
3
2 2
2

Examine signs of derivative of the given functions and fill into the tables.

Definition
Function y = f ( x ) is defined and continuous in interval ( a; b ) (it could be a

is - ; b is +) and point x0 ( a; b )

a) If it is existence of number h > 0 in order to f ( x ) < f ( x0 ) with

every x (x0 h; x0 + h) and x x0, we say that function f ( x ) is

maximum at x0.
b) If it is existence of number h > 0 in order to f ( x ) > f ( x0 ) with
every x (x0 h; x0 + h) and x x0, we say that function f ( x ) is
minimum at x0.

12

Notes

1. If function f ( x ) is maximum (minimum) at x0, x0 is called

maximum point (minimum point) of the function; f ( x0 ) is called
maximum value (minimum value) of the function, it is signed fmax

( fmin ) , and point

M ( x0 ; f ( x0 ) ) is called maximum point (minimum

point) of graph of function.

2. Maximum and minimum points are called extreme point in
general. Maximum value (minimum value) is called maximum
(minimum) and called in general as extreme of the function.
3. It is easy to prove that, if function y = f ( x ) has derivative in

interval ( a; b ) and it is maximum or minimum at x0, f ( x0 ) = 0.

?2 It is supposed that f ( x ) is maximum at x0. Prove that affirmation 3. in

above notes by examining limit of ratio

cases x > 0 and x < 0.

f ( x 0 ++ x ) f ( x 0 )
when x 0 in
+x

II. EFFICIENT CONDITION FOR THE FUNCTION HAS EXTREME

?3
a) Use the graphs, examine that those following functions have extreme or
not.
* y = -2x + 1
x
2
* y = ( x 3)
3
b) Show the relationship between existence of extreme and sign of the
function.
We admit the following theorem.
Theorem 1
It is supposed that function y = f ( x ) is continuous in interval K = (x0

h; x0 + h) and has derivative on K or on K \ { x0 } , where h > 0.

a) If f ' ( x ) > 0 in interval (x0 h; x0) and f ' ( x ) < 0 in interval (x0; x0
+ h), x0 is a maximum point of function f ( x ) .
b) If f ' ( x ) < 0 in interval (x0 h; x0) and f ' ( x ) > 0 in interval (x0; x0
+ h), x0 is a minimum point of function f ( x ) .

13

Example 1. Find extreme points of the graph of function f ( x ) = -x2 + 1.

Answer. The function is defined with every x \ .
We have f ' ( x ) = -2x; f ' ( x ) = 0 x = 0

Variable table

From variable table, we infer x = 0 is maximum point of the function, and

graph of the function has a maximum point (0; 1) (figure 7).
Example 2. Find extreme points of function y = x3 x2 x + 3
Answer. The function is defined with every x \ .
We have
y = 3x2 2x 1
x = 1
y' = 0
x = 1
3

Variable table

From the variable table, we infer x =

minimum point of the given function.

1
is maximum point, x = 1 is
3

Example 3. Find out extreme of function y =

14

3x + 1
x +1

Answer. The function is defined at every x -1

2
> 0, x -1
We have y ' =
2
x
+
1
( )

Thus, the given function has no extreme (because according to affirmation 3.

in the above notes, if the function has extreme at x0, where y = 0).
?4 Prove that function y = x has no derivative at x = 0. Does function obtain

extreme value at that point?

III. RULES TO FIND EXTREME VALUES
Apply theorem 1, we have the rules to find extreme values as following.
Rule 1

1. Find defined set

2. Calculate f ' ( x ) . Find the points, where f ' ( x ) = 0 or f ' ( x ) is
undefined.
3. Set up variable table
4. From the variable table, infer extreme points.

?5 Apply rule 1, find extreme points of function

f ( x ) = x x2 3 .

We admit following theorem.

Theorem 2
It is supposed that function y = f ( x ) has quadratic derivative in

interval (x0 h; x0 + h), where h > 0. At that time:

a) If f ' ( x0 ) = 0, f '' ( x0 ) > 0, x0 is minimum point;

b) If f ' ( x0 ) = 0, f '' ( x0 ) < 0, x0 is maximum point.

Apply theorem 2, we have following rule to find extreme points of a
function.
Rule 2
1. Find defined set.
2. Calculate f ' ( x ) . Solve equation f ' ( x ) = 0 and sign xi (i = 1, 2, )
as its solutions.
3. Calculate f '' ( x ) and f '' ( xi ) .

4. Base on the sign of f '' ( xi ) to infer extreme property of point xi .

15

x4
Example 4. Find extreme value of function f ( x ) =
2x2 + 6
4
Answer. The function is defined with every x \
f ' ( x ) = x3 4x = x(x2 4); f ' ( x ) = 0 x1 = 0, x2 = -2, x3 = 2
f '' ( x ) = 3x2 4
f " ( 2 ) = 8 > 0 x = -2 and x = 2 are two minimum points;
f " ( 0 ) = -4 < 0 x = 0 is maximum point.

Conclusion
f ( x ) is minimum at x = -2 and x = 2; fmin = f ( 2 ) = 2.
f ( x ) is maximum at x = 0 and fmax = f ( 0 ) = 6

Example 5. Find the extreme points of function f ( x ) = sin 2 x .

Answer. The function is defined with every x \
f ' ( x ) = 2 cos2 x; f ' ( x ) = 0 2 x =

f '' ( x ) = 4sin 2x

+ l x =

+l

(l ])

4 if l = 2k
f " + l = 4sin + l =
(k ])
2
4
2
4 if l = 2k + 1
Conclusion

+ k ( k ] ) is maximum points of the function.

4
3
x=
+ k ( k ] ) is minimum points of the function.
4
x=

EXERCISES
1. Apply rule 1, find extreme points of following functions:
a) y = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 36 x 10 ;
b) y = x 4 + 2 x 2 3
1
2
d) y = x 3 + (1 x )
c) y = x +
x

e) y = x 2 x + 1
2. Apply Rule 2, find extreme points of following functions:
b) y = sin 2 x x
a) y = x 4 2 x 2 + 1 ;
16

c) y = sin x + cos x ;
3. Prove that function y =

d) y = x 5 x 3 2 x + 1
x has not derivative at x = 0 but it is still

minimum at that point.

4. Prove that with every value of parameter m, function y = x 3 mx 2 2 x + 1
has always a maximum point and a minimum value.
5. Find out a and b in order to extreme values of the function
5
y = a2 x 3 + 2ax 2 9 x + b
3
5
are all positive numbers and x0 = is maximum point.
9
6. Define value of parameter m in order to function y =

maximum at x = 2.

x 2 + mx + 1
is
x+m

3. THE BIGGEST VALUE AND

THE SMALLEST VALUE OF THE FUNCTION
I. DEFINITION
Function y = f ( x ) is defined in set D.
a) Number M is called the biggest value of function y = f ( x ) in set D
if f ( x ) M with every x D and it is existence of x0 D in order to
f ( x0 ) = M .

Sign M = max f ( x )
D

b) Number m is called the smallest value of function y = f ( x ) in set D

if f ( x ) M with every x D and it is existence of x0 D in order to
f ( x0 ) = m .

Sign m = min f ( x )
D

Example 1. Find out the smallest value and the biggest value of function
1
y = x 5 + in interval (0; +).
x
17

1 x2 1
Answer. In interval (0; +), we have y ' = 1 2 = 2
x
x
2
y ' = 0 x 1 = 0 x = 1
Variable table

From the variable table, we see that in interval (0; +), the function has the
sole minimum value; it is also the smallest value of the function.
Thus, min f ( x ) = -3 (at x = 1). It does not exist the biggest value of f ( x ) in
( 0;+ )

interval (0; +).

II. THE METHOD TO CALCULATE THE BIGGEST VALUE AND THE
SMALLEST VALUE OF FUNCTION IN AN INTERVAL
?1 Examine increase, decrease and the biggest value, the smallest value of
functions:
a) y = x 2 in interval [-3; 0]
x +1
in interval [3; 5]
b) y =
x 1
1. Theorem
All continuous functions in an interval have the biggest value and the
smallest value in that interval.
We admit this theorem.
Example 2. Calculate the biggest value and the smallest value of function
y = sin x
7
a) In interval ;
6 6

b) In interval ;2
6

18

Answer

From the graph of function y = sin x (figure 9), we see:

7
a) In interval D = ; , we have
6 6
1
1
7
y = ; y = 1; y
=
2
6 2 2
6
1
From that, max y = 1;min y =
D
D
2

b) In segment E = ;2 , we have
6

1
3
y = ; y = 1; y = 1, y ( 2 ) = 0
6 2 2
2
Thus, max y = 1;min y = 1
E

2. The rule to find out the biggest value, the

smallest value of continuous function in a
segment
x 2 + 2 if 2 x 1
?2 Function y =
has the
if
1<
3
x
x

graph as figure 10. Show the biggest value

and the smallest value of the function in
segment [-2; 3] and show the way to calculate.
Remarks
If derivative f ' ( x ) keeps intact the sign in segment

[ a; b] ,

the

function increases or decreases in entire the segment. Therefore,

f ( x ) obtains the biggest values and the smallest value at ends of the
segment.
19

If there is only a limited number of points xi ( xi < xi +1 ) , where f ' ( x )

= 0 or undefined, function y = f ( x ) is monotonous in each interval

( xi ; xi+1 ) . Clearly, the biggest value (the smallest value) in the values
of function at two ends a, b and at points xi mentioned as above.
Rules

1. Find points x1, x2, , xn in interval (a; b), where f ' ( x ) = 0 or f ' ( x )
is undefined.
2. Calculate f ( a ) , f ( x1 ) , f ( x2 ) ..., f ( xn ) , f ( b )
3. Find out the biggest number M and the smallest number m in above
numbers. We have:
M = max f ( x ) , m = min f ( x )
[ a ;b ]

[ a;b ]

Note

Function is continuous in each interval, which may have not the

biggest value and the smallest value in that interval. For example,
1
has no the biggest value, the smallest value in
function f ( x ) =
x
interval (0; 1). However, some functions have the biggest value and
the smallest value in an interval like in example 3 as following.

Example 3. A square aluminum board has side equal to a. They cut four
equal squares at four angles, and then fold the aluminum board like figure 11
to have a box without cover. Calculate the side of the square, which is cut, in
order to the volume of the box is biggest.

Answer. x is length of side of the square, which is cut.

a
Obviously, x must satisfy the condition 0 < x < .
2

20

Volume of the box is:

V ( x ) = x (a 2x )

0 < x <
2

a
We have to find x0 0; in order to V ( x0 ) has the biggest value.
2
2
V ' ( x ) = ( a 2 x ) + x.2 ( a 2 x ) . ( 2 ) = ( a 2 x ) . ( a 6 x )
We have
a
In interval 0; , we have
2

V '( x ) = 0 x =

Variable table

a
6

a
From above table, we see that in interval 0; , the function has a sole
2
a
extreme point, it is maximum point x = , where V ( x ) has the biggest
6
value:
2 a3
max V ( x ) =
a
27
0;

1
1 + x2
Then, infer the smallest value of f ( x ) in the defined set.
?3 Set up variable table of function f ( x ) =

EXERCISES
1. Find the biggest value, the smallest value of function:
a) y = x 3 3 x 2 9 x + 35 in segments [-4; 4] and [0; 5].
b) y = x 4 3 x 2 + 2 in segments [0; 3] and [2; 5]
2 x
in segments [2; 4] and [-3; -2]
c) y =
1 x
21

d) y = 5 4 x in segment [-1; 1].

2. In the rectangles have the same perimeter 16 cm, find the rectangle, which
has the biggest area.
3. In all rectangles have area 48 m2, define the rectangle, which has the
smallest perimeter.
4. Calculate the biggest values of the functions:
4
;
b) y = 4 x 3 3 x 4
a) y =
2
1+ x
5. Calculate the smallest values of the functions:

a) y = x

b) y = x +

4
x

( x > 0)

Reference
CONVEX ARC, CONCAVE ARC AND BENDING POINT
1. Conceptions about convex arc, concave arc and bending point
Examine graph ABC of function y = f ( x ) showed in figure 12. It is supposed

that the graph has tangential line at every point.

p , tangential line is always on top of AC

p . We
At every point of arc AC
p is a convex arc. If a is abscissa of point A, c is abscissa
say that AC
of point C, interval (a; c) is called a convex interval of the graph.
p , tangential line is always under of CB
p.
At every point of arc CB
p is a concave arc. Sign b is abscissa of point B,
We say that CB
interval (c; b) is called a concave interval of the graph.
22

The separating point between convex arc and concave arc is called
bending point of the graph. In figure 12, c is a bending point.
Notes

1. At bending point, tangential line crosses through the graph (figure

12).
2. In some syllabuses, especially in Algebra in university, they call
p in figure 12 is concave arc and CB
p is convex arc.
AC

2. Convex, concave signs and bending point

We have two theorems:
Theorem 1
Function y = f ( x ) has quadratic derivative in interval (a; b).

If f " ( x ) < 0 with every x ( a; b ) , the graph of function is convex in

that interval.
If f " ( x ) > 0 with every x ( a; b ) , the graph of function is concave in
that interval.
Theorem 2
Function y = f ( x ) has quadratic derivative in interval (a; b) and
x0 ( a; b ) . If f " ( x ) changes the sign when x crosses through x0, point

M 0 ( x0 ; f ( x0 ) ) is bending point of the function.

3. Application
Example 1. Find convex, concave intervals and bending point of graph of the
function:
b) y = sin x in segment [0; 2].
a) y = x 5 ;
Answer
a) Defined set: \
We have y ' = 5 x 4 , y " = 20 x 3
The table of examining the sign of y "

23

Thus, graph of the function is convex in interval (-; 0)

and concave in interval (0; +). Point O (0; 0) is
bending point of graph of the function (figure 13).
b) We have
y ' = cos x ,
y " = sin x
The table of examining the sign of y "

Thus, in segment [0; 2], graph of the function

is concave in interval (0; ) and convex in
interval (, 2). Point A (; 0) is bending point
of graph of the function (figure 14).

Example 2. Find convex, concave intervals and bending point of graph of the
function:
x +1
y=
x 1
Answer. The defined set: \ \ {1}

y' =
y" =

( x 1)

( x 1)

, it is defined with every x 1

, it is defined with every x 1

The table of examining the sign of y "

Thus, graph of the function is convex in interval (-; 1) and concave in

interval (1; +).
(The graph has no bending point because the function is not defined at point
x = 1) (figure 15).
24

4. ASYMPTOTE
I. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
2x 1
?1 Function y =
(figure 16) has
x 1
graph (C).
Remark on the distance from point M (x; y)
(C) to straight line y = -1 when
x + .
Example 1. Observe graph (C) of function
1
f ( x ) = + 2 (figure 17)
x
Remark on the distance from point M (x; y)
(C) to straight line y = 2 when x + and the limits
lim f ( x ) 2 , lim f ( x ) 2
x

x +

Answer. M, M is point belonging to (C) and straight line y = 2, which have

the same abscissa x (figure 17). When x is larger, points M, M in the graph

are closer.
We have
1
1

lim f ( x ) 2 = lim + 2 2 = lim = 0
x +
x x
x + x

Similarly, lim f ( x ) 2 = 0
x

25

Note

If lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = l , we write lim f ( x ) = l

x +

Definition
Function y = f ( x ) is defined in a infinite interval (which is the

interval in forms of (a; +), (-; b) or (-; +)). Straight line y = y0 is

horizontal asymptote of graph of function y = f ( x ) if one in
following conditions is satisfied at least
lim f ( x ) = y0 , lim f ( x ) = y0
x +

In example 1, straight line y = 2 is horizontal asymptote of hyperbole

1
y = +2.
x
1
+ 1 is defined in interval (0; +)
x
Graph of the function has horizontal y = 1 because
1

lim f ( x ) = lim
+ 1 = 1
x +
x +
x

Example 2. Function f ( x ) =

II. VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE

1

?2 Calculate lim + 2 and remark on the distance MH when x 0 (figure

x 0 x

17).

26

Definition
Straight line x = x0 is called vertical asymptote of graph of function
y = f ( x ) if one in following conditions is satisfied at least
lim f ( x ) = + , lim f ( x ) =

x x0+

x x0

x x0+

x x0

lim f ( x ) = , lim f ( x ) = +

Example 3. Find out vertical and horizontal asymptote of graph (C) of

x 1
.
function y =
x+2
x 1
x 1
= (or lim
= + ), therefore straight
x 2 x + 2
x 2 x + 2
line x = -2 is vertical asymptote of (C).
x 1
lim
Because
= 1 therefore
x x + 2
straight line y = 1 is horizontal
asymptote of (C).
Graph of the function is given in
figure 18.

Answer. Because lim

Example 4. Find out vertical

asymptote
of
graph
of
2
2x + x + 1
.
function y =
2x + 3
2x2 + x + 1
2x2 + x + 1
= + (or lim
Answer. Because lim
= ), therefore
3
3
2x + 3
2x + 3
x
x
+

straight line x =

3
is vertical asymptote of graph of the function.
2

27

EXERCISES
1. Find asymptotes of graph of the function:
x
;
b) y =
a) y =
x 2
2x 5
c) y =
;
d) y =
5x 2

x + 7
x +1
7
1
x

2. Find horizontal and vertical asymptotes of graph of the function:

2x
x2 + x + 1
;
b)
a) y =
y
=
9 x2
3 2 x 5x 2
x 2 3x + 2
x +1
c) y =
;
d) y =
x +1
x 1

5. SURVEY VARIATION AND DRAW GRAPH OF FUNCTION

I. DIAGRAM ABOUT SURVEY OF FUNCTION
1. Defined set
Find defined set of the function
2. Variation
* Examine variable trend of the function:
+ Calculate derivative y;
+ Find the points, where derivative y = 0 or y is undefined;
+ Examine sign of derivative y and then infer variable trend of the
function
* Find extreme values
* Find limits at infinite, infinite limits and find asymptotes (if any)
* Set up variable table (Record the answers into variable table).
3. Graph
Base on the variable and the factors defined as above to draw the graph.
Notes

1. If function circulates with cycle T, we only survey variation and

draw graph in a cycle, after that advance equally the graph parallel to
Ox axis.
28

2. We should calculate some more coordinates of some points,

especially coordinates of intersection points of the graph and
coordinate axes.
3. We should note about even, odd properties of the function and
symmetry of the graph to draw correctly.
II. SURVEY SOME POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONS
?1 Survey variation and draw graph of the functions y = ax + b ,
y = ax 2 + bx + c according to above diagram.
1. Function y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d (a 0).
Example 1. Survey variation and draw graph of function y = x 3 + 3 x 2 4
Answer
1) Defined set: \
2) Variation
* Variable trend
y ' = 3x 2 + 6 x = 3x ( x + 2 )
x = 2
y' = 0
x = 0
In intervals (-; -2) and (0; +), y is positive therefore the function
increases.
In interval (-2; 0), y is negative therefore the function decreases.
* Extreme values
The function obtains maximum value at x = -2; ymax = y (-2) = 0

The function obtains minimum value at x = 0; ymin = y (0) = -4.

* Limits at infinite

3
lim y = lim x 3 1 +
x
x
x

3
lim y = lim x 3 1 +
x +
x +
x

* Variable table

29

4
=
x3
4
= +
x3

3) Graph
We have x 3 + 3 x 2 4 = (x 1) (x + 2)2 = 0
x = 2

x = 0
Thus, (-2; 0) and (1; 0) are intersection points of
the graph and Ox axis.
Because y (0) = -4 therefore (0; -4) is
intersection point of the graph and Oy axis. That
point is also minimum point of the graph.
Graph of function is given in figure 19.
Note. Graph of the given cubic function has
symmetric center as point
I (-1; -2) (figure 19). Abscissa of point I is the
solution of equation y " = 0 .
?2 Survey variation and draw graph of function y = x 3 + 3 x 2 4 . Remark on
the graph of this function with the graph of the function surveyed in Example
1.
Example 2. Survey variation and draw graph of function
y = x 3 + 3x 2 4 x + 2
Answer
1) Defined set: \
2) Variation
* Variable trend
Because y = -3x2 + 6x 4 = -3 (x 1)2 1 < 0 with every x \ , therefore
the function decreases in interval (-; +). The function has no extreme
value.
* Limit at infinite
2
3 4
lim y = lim x 3 1 + 2 3 =
x +
x +
x x
x

2
3 4
lim y = lim x 3 1 + 2 3 = +
x
x
x x
x

* Variable table

30

3) Graph
Graph of the function intersects Ox axis at point
(1; 0), and intersects Oy axis at point (0; 2).
Graph of the function is given in figure 20.

Forms of graphs of cubic function

y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d (a 0).
a>0

a<0

Equation y = 0 has
two different
solutions

Equation y = 0 has
double solution

Equation y = 0 has
no solution

x3
?3 Survey variation and draw graph of function y =
x2 + x + 1
3
31

2. Function y = ax4 + bx2 + c (a 0)

Example 3. Survey variation and draw graph of function y = x4 + 2x2 3.
Answer
1) Defined set: \
2) Variation
* Variable trend
x = 1
y ' = 4 x 3 4 x = 4 x x 2 1 ; y ' = 0 x = 1
x = 0

In intervals (-1; 0) and (1; ), y > 0 therefore the function increases.

In intervals (-; -1) and (0; 1), y < 0 therefore the function decreases.
* Extreme values
The function is minimum at two points x = -1 and x = 1; ymin = y (1) = -4
The function is maximum at point x = 0; ymax = y (0) = -3.
* Limits at infinite

lim y = lim x 4 1
x
x

lim y = lim x 4 1
x +
x +

2
3

= +
x2 x4
2
3
4 = +
2
x
x

* Variable table

3. Graph
The given function is even function, because y (-x) =
(-x)4 2(-x)2 3 = x4 2x2 3 = y (x).
Therefore, the graph receives Oy axis to make
symmetric axis.
The graph intersects abscissa at points ( 3 ; 0) and (3 ; 0), intersects ordinate at point (0; -3) (figure
21).
?4 Survey variation and draw graph of function y = x4 + 2x2 + 3
By graph, argue according to m number of solution of equation
-x4 + 2x2 + 3 = m
32

x4
3
Example 4. Survey variation and draw graph of function y = x 2 + .
2
2
Answer
1) Defined set: \
2) Variation
* Variable trend
y = -2x3 2x = -2x (x2 + 1); y = 0 x = 0
In interval (-; 0), y > 0 therefore the function increases.
In interval (0; +), y < 0 therefore the function decreases.
* Extreme values
3
The function is maximum at x = 0, ymax = y (0) =
2
The function has no minimum point.
* Limit at infinite
3
1 1
lim y = lim x 4 + 2 4 =
x
x
2 x
2 x

* Variable table

3. Graph
The given function is even function, because
4
x )
(
3
x4
3
2
y (x) =
( x ) + = x2 + = y ( x )
2
2
2
2
Therefore, the graph receives Oy axis to make
symmetric axis.
On the other hand, y = 0 -x4 2x2 + 3 = 0
- (x2 1)(x2 + 3) = 0
x=1
The graph intersects abscissa at points (-1; 0) and
3
(1; 0) and intersects ordinate at point 0;
2
(figure 22).

33

Forms of graphs of function y = ax4 + bx2 + c (a 0)

a>0

a<0

Equation y = 0
has three
different
solutions

Equation y = 0
has one solution

?5 Make an example about function in form of y = ax4 + bx2 + c in order to

equation y = 0 has only one solution.
3. Function y =

ax + b
(c 0, ad bc 0)
cx + d

Example 5. Survey variation and draw graph of function y =

Answer
1) Defined set: \ \ {1}

2) Variation
* Variable trend y ' =

( x + 1) ( x + 2 )

( x + 1)

x + 2
.
x +1

( x + 1)

y ' is undefined when x = -1; y ' is always negative with every x -1.
Thus, the function decrease in intervals (-; -1) and (-1; +).
* Extreme values
The given function has no extreme values.
* Asymptote
x + 2
lim y = lim
=
x 1
x 1 x + 1
x + 2
lim y = lim
= +
x 1
x 1 x + 1

34

Therefore, straight line x = -1 is vertical asymptote

x + 2
lim y = lim
= 1
x
x x + 1
Thus, straight line y = -1 is horizontal asymptote
* Variable table

3. Graph
Graph intersects ordinate at point (0; 2)
and intersects abscissa at point (2; 0)
(figure 23).
Note. Intersection point of two
asymptotes is symmetric center of the
graph.

Example 6. Survey variation and draw graph of function y =

Answer

1
1) Defined set: \ \
2
2) Variation
* Variable trend
y' =

y is undefined when x = -

2x + 1 2 ( x 2)

( 2 x + 1)
1
2

y is always positive with every x

1
2
35

( 2 x + 1)

x2
2x + 1

Thus, function increases in intervals ; and ; + .

2

* Extreme values
The given function has no extreme values.
* Asymptote
x 2
lim y = lim
= +
1
1 2x + 1
x
x

lim y = lim

1
x
2

1
x
2

x 2
=
2x + 1

1
is vertical asymptote.
2
x 2 1
lim y = lim
=
x
x 2 x + 1
2

Therefore, straight line x =

Thus, straight line y =

* Variable table

1
is horizontal asymptote.
2

3. Graph
The graph intersects ordinate at
point (0; -2) and intersects abscissa
at point (2; 0) (figure 24).

36

Forms of graphs of function y =

ax + b
(c 0, ad bc 0)
cx + d

II. INTERRELATION OF GRAPHS

?6 Find coordinate of intersection point of graphs of two functions
y = x2 + 2x 3
y = -x2 x + 2
It is supposed that function y = f ( x ) has graph (C1) and function y = g ( x )
has graph (C2). To find abscissa of intersection point of (C1) and (C2), we
have to answer the equation f ( x ) = g ( x ) . It is supposed that the above
equation has solutions x0, x1, Then, intersection points of (C1) and (C2) are
M 0 ( x0 ; f ( x0 ) ) , M1 ( x1; f ( x1 ) ) ,
Example 7. Prove that graph of function y =

line (d): y = m x with every value of m.

x 1
always intersects straight
x +1

Answer. (C) always intersects (d) if equation

x 1
=mx
(1)
x +1
has solution with every value of m.
We have:
x 1 = ( x + 1)( m x )
x 1
=mx
x +1
x 1
x 2 + ( 2 m ) x m 1 = 0
(2)

x 1
Examine equation (2), we have = m2 + 8 > 0 with every value of m and
37

x = -1 does not satisfy (2), therefore the equation have always two solutions
different from -1. Thus, (C) and (d) always intersect at two points.
Example 8
a) Draw graph of function y = x3 + 3x2 - 2
b) Use the graph, argue according to parameter m number of solution of
(3)
equation x3 + 3x2 2 = m
Answer
a) y = 3x2 + 6x
y = 0 x = 0, x = -2
The graph has maximum point (-2; 2) and
minimum point (0; -2).
Graph of function y = x3 + 3x2 2 is performed
in figure 25.
b) Number of solution of equation (3) is equal to
number of intersection point of graph of
function y = x3 + 3x2 2 and straight line y = m.
Base on the graph, we infer result of argument
about number of solution of equation (3).
m > 2: Equation (3) has one solution
m = 2: Equation (3) has two solutions
-2 < m < 2: Equation (3) has three solutions
m = -2: Equation (3) has two solutions
m < -2: Equation (3) has three solutions

EXERCISES
1. Survey variation and draw graph of the cubic function:
b) y = x 3 + 4 x 2 + 4 x
a) y = 2 + 3 x x 3 ;
d) y = 2 x 3 + 5
c) y = x 3 + x 2 + 9 x ;
2. Survey variation and draw graph of the function:
b) y = x 4 2 x 2 + 2
a) y = x 4 + 8 x 2 1
1
3
d) y = 2 x 2 x 4 + 3
c) y = x 4 + x 2
2
2

38

3. Survey variation and draw graph of the function:

x +3
1 2x
x + 2
;
b) y =
;
c) y =
a) y =
x 1
2x 4
2x + 1
4. By survey of function, find number of solution of the equations:
b) 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 2 = 0 ;
c) 2 x 2 x 4 = 1
a) x 3 3 x 2 + 5 = 0 ;
5. a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function y = -x3 + 3x + 1
b) Base on graph (C), argue about number of solution of the following
equation according to parameter m
x3 - 3x + m = 0
mx 1
6. There is function y =
2x + m
a) Prove that with every value of parameter m, the function always increases
in each its defined interval.
b) Define m in order to vertical asymptote of the graph crosses through
A 1; 2 .

c) Survey variation and draw graph of the function when m = 2.

1 4 1 2
x + x +m
4
2
a) Which value of parameter m does graph of function cross through point (1; 1)?
b) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function when m = 1.
7
c) Write tangent equation of (C) at the point, which has ordinate .
4
7. There is function y =

8. Function y = x3 + (m + 3)x2 + 1 m (m is parameter) has graph ( Cm ) .

a) Define m in order to the function has maximum point x = -1

b) Define m in order to the graph ( Cm ) intersects abscissa at x = -2.
9. Function y =

( m + 1) x 2m + 1

(m is parameter) has graph (G).

x 1
a) Define m in order to the graph (G) crosses through point (0; -1).
b) Survey variation and draw graph of the function with m, which has just
defined.
c) Write tangent equation of the graph at its intersection point and ordinate.

39

REVIEW CHAPTER I
1. State the conditions in order to the function increases, decreases. Find
monotonous intervals of the functions
y = x3 + 2 x2 x 7
x 5
y=
1 x
2. Show the ways to find maximum, minimum values of function by
derivative. Find extreme values of function y = x4 2x2 + 2.
3. Show the ways to find horizontal asymptote and vertical asymptote of
graph of function. Apply them to find asymptotes of graph of function
2x + 3
y=
2 x
4. Recall the diagram about survey of variation and draw graph of function.
5. Function y = 2x2 + 2mx + m 1 has graph ( Cm ) , m is parameter.

a) Survey variation and draw graph of the function when m = 1.

b) Define m in order to function:
i) Increases in interval (-1; +)
ii) Has extreme value in interval (-1; +)
c) Prove that ( Cm ) always intersects abscissa at two different points with
every m.
6. a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function
f(x) = -x3 + 3x2 + 9x + 2
b) Solve inequation f(x 1) > 0
c) Write tangent equation of graph (C) crossing the point, which has abscissa
x0, known that f " ( x0 ) = 6 .
7. a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function y = x3 + 3x2 + 1.
b) Base on graph (C), argue number of solution of following equation by m
m
x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 =
2

40

c) Write equation of straight line crossing through maximum point and

minimum point of graph (C).
8. There is function f ( x ) = x 3 3mx 2 + 3 ( 2m 1) x + 1 , m is parameter.

a) Define m in order to the function increases in the defined set.

b) Which value of parameter m does the function has one maximum value
and one minimum value?
c) Define m in order to f " ( x ) > 6 x .
9. a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function
1
3
f ( x ) = x 4 3x 2 +
2
2
b) Write tangent equation of graph (C) at the point having abscissa, which is
solution of equation f " ( x ) = 0

c) Argue according to parameter m number of solution of equation

x4 6x2 + 3 = m.
10. Function y = -x4 + 2mx2 2m + 1 (m is parameter) has graph ( Cm ) .

a) Argue according to m number of extreme values of the function.

b) Which value of m does ( Cm ) intersect abscissa?

c) Define m in order to ( Cm ) has maximum value and minimum value.

x +3
x +1
b) Prove that with every value of m, straight line y = 2x + m always intersects
(C) at two different points M and N.
c) Define m in order to length MN is the smallest.
d) Tangential point at an arbitrary point S of (C) intersects two asymptotes of
(C) at P and Q. Prove that S is central point of PQ.

11. a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function y =

1 3 1 2
x x 4x + 6
3
2
a) Solve equation f ' ( sin x ) = 0
12. There is function f ( x ) =

b) Solve equation f " ( cos x ) = 0

c) Write tangent equation of graph of given function at the point having
abscissa, which is solution of equation f " ( x ) = 0 .

41

MULTI-CHOICE EXERCISES

Choose correct answer

1
1. Number of extreme point of function y = x 3 x + 7 is:
3
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 3
(D) 2

2. Number of maximum point of function y = x4 + 100 is:

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
3. Number of asymptote of function y =

(A) 1
4. Function y =

(A) \

(B) 2
2x 5
increases in:
x +3
(B) (-; 3)

(D) 3

1 x
is:
1+ x
(C) 3

(D) 0

(C) (-3; )

(D) \ \ {3}

5. Tangential point at minimum point of graph of function

1
y = x 3 2 x 2 + 3x 5
3
(A) Parallel to straight line x = 1
(B) Parallel to abscissa
(C) Has positive angular coefficient
(D) Has angular efficient equal to -1

42

CHAPTER II

POWER FUNCTION, EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION AND

LOGARITHM FUNCTION

Power
Power function
Logarithm
Exponential function, logarithm function
Exponential equation and logarithm equation
Exponential inequation and logarithm inequation

43

1 POWER
I. CONCEPT OF POWER
1. Power with positive exponent
3

2
?1 Calculate (1,5) ; ;
3
4

( 3)

n is a positive integer.
Where a is an arbitrary real number, power level n of a is product of n
factors a
a n = a
.a 
......


a
n factors

With a 0
a0 = 1
1
an
In expression am, we call a is base, positive integer m is exponent.
a n =

Notes

00 and 0-n have no meaning.

Power with positive exponent has properties same as of power with
positive integer.

Example 1. Calculate value of expression

10
9
4
1
3
2
1 1
A = .27 + ( 0,2 ) .25 + 128 .
3
2
Answer
1
1
1
1 9
A = 310. 3 +
. 2+
.2 = 3 + 1 + 4 = 8
4
27 0,2 25 128
Example 2. Reduce the expression

a 2
2 2 a 3

B=
.

1 + a2 1 a 1 1 a 2

Answer
With a 0, a 1 , we have:

44

( a 0, a 1)

1
B = a 2 1 + a2 2 2a . 3

a 1 a 2

) a 1 a

= a 2 + a3 2 2a 2 .

)a

= a 2 a2 1 .

a2 1

= 2

2. Equation xn = b
?2 Base on graph of function y = x3 and y = x4 (figure 26, figure 27), argue
according to number of solution of equations x3 = b and x4 = b.

Graph of function y = x 2 k +1 is in form same as graph of function y = x3 and

graph of function y = x 2 k is in form same as graph of function y = x 4 . From
that, we have result of argument about number of solution of equation xn = b
as followings:
a) In case of n is odd
With every real number b, the equation has one sole solution
b) In case of n is even:
With b < 0, the equation has no solution
With b = 0, the equation has one solution x = 0
With b > 0, equation has two opposite solutions.
3. nth level root
There is positive integer n, equation an = b conducts two opposite problems:
* Knew a, calculate b.
* Knew b, calculate a.
The first problem is power product of a number. The second problem
conducts the concept of root of a number.

45

a) Conception
There are real number b and positive integer n (n 2). Number a is
called
nth level root of number b if an = b

For example, 2 and -2 are the fourth level root of 16;

1
is fifth level root
3

1
.
243
From definition and result of argument about number of solution of equation
xn = b, we have:
With n is odd and b \ : There is only one nth level root of b; signed n b .
With n is even and:
* b < 0: There is not existence of nth level root of b;
* b = 0: There is one nth level root of b, it is number 0
* b > 0: There are two opposite signed roots, sign of positive value is
n
b , and sign of negative value is - n b .

of

b) Property of nth level root

From the definition, we have the following properties:
n
a . n b = n ab ;
n
n

a na
=
b
b

( a)
n

= n am

a, when n is odd
an =
a , when n is even

n k

?3 Prove the property

a = nk a
a . n b = n ab

Example 3. Reduce expressions:

a)

4. 5 8 ;

b)

Answer

a) 5 4. 5 8 = 5 32 =

( 2 )

= 2

46

3 3

b)

3 3=

( 3)

= 3

4. Power with rational exponent

m
, which
n
m ] , n `, n 2 . Power of a with exponent r is number ar , which
is defined by

There are positive real number a and rational number r =

m
n

a = a = n am
r

1 1
1
1
1 3
=
Example 4. = 3 = ;4 2 = 43 =
8 2
8
43 8
1
n

a =na

( a > 0, n 2 ) .

Example 5. Reduce the expression D =

5
4

5
4

x y + xy
4
x+4y

(x, y > 0).

Answer. With x and y are positive integers, according to definition, we have:

1
1

xy x 4 + y 4
= xy
D = 1
1
x4 + y4
5. Power with irrational exponent
In lower grade, we have known that 2 is an irrational number performed in
form of uncirculated decimal number:
2 = 1, 414 213 562
rn is rational number established from n first numbers to write 2 in form of

decimal number, n = 1, 2, , 10.

Use calculator, we could calculate 3r . We have table of chains of numbers
( rn ) and 3r , where n = 1, 2, , 10 as followings:
n

( )
n

47

They have proved that when n + , chain of numbers 3r come gradually

to a limit, which we call 3 2 .
Use pocket calculator, we have:
3 2 4, 728 804 388
a is a positive number, is a irrational number. We admit that there is
always a chain of rational numbers ( rn ) , which has limit and correlative
n

( )

chain of numbers ar , which its limit does not depend on the choice of
n

chain of number ( rn ) .

( )

We call limit of chain of numbers ar is power of a with exponent ,

n

it is signed a .
a = lim ar where = lim rn
n

n +

n+

Note. From definition, we have 1 = 1( \ )

II. PROPERTIES OF POWER WITH REAL EXPONENT

?4 Recall the properties of power with positive integer exponent
The power with real exponent have properties same as the power with
positive integer exponent.
a, b are positive real numbers; ; are arbitrary real numbers. Then, we
have:

48

a .b = a +
a
= a

(a )

( ab )

= a .
= a .b

a
a
=

b
b
If a > 1, a > a when and only when > .
If a < 1, a > a when and only when < .

Example 6. Reduce the expression E =

7 +1

.a2

(a )
2 2

(a > 0).

2 +2

Answer. With a > 0, we have:

a3
E=
= 2 = a5
( 2 2 )( 2 +2) a
a
a

?5 Reduce expression

(a )
3 1

5 3

7 +1+ 2 7

3 +1

.a 4

(a > 0).

Example 7. Do not use calculator, compare numbers 52

Answer. We have 2 3 = 12 , 3 2 = 18
Because 12 < 18, therefore 2 3 < 3 2 .

Because base 5 is bigger than 1, therefore 52

8

3
3
?6 Compare numbers and
4
4

49

< 53

and 53

EXERCISES
1. Calculate:
2
5

2
5

a) 9 .27
0.75
5

1
2
c)
+ 0,25
16

3
4

b) 144 : 9
d) ( 0,04 )

3
4

1,5

( 0,125)

2
3

2. a, b are positive real numbers. Write following expressions in form of

power with rational exponent:
1

a) a 3 . a

b) b 2 .b 3 . 6 b

c) a 3 : 3 a

d)

3. Write numbers in increasing order:

3
3,75
1 1
a) 1 ;2 ;
2

3
b) 98 ; ;32 5
7

b : b6

4. a, b are positive real numbers. Reduce the expressions:

4
2
1

1
a3 a 3 + a3

b 5 5 b 4 5 b 1

a) 1 3
b) 2
1

b 3 3 b 3 b 2
a 4 a 4 + a 4

)
)

(
(

c)

1
1

3
3

a b
3

1
3

a b

1
3

a2 3 b2

d)

1
3

1
3

b +b a
6
a6b

5. Prove that:
1
a)
3

2 5

1
<
3

3 2

b) 76

50

> 73

2. POWER FUNCTION
I. CONCEPT
1

1
We have known that function y = x ( n ` *) , y = = x 1 , y x = x 2 .
x

Now, we examine function y = x , where is a given real number.

n

Function y = x , where \ is called power function.

1

1
For example, functions y = x , y = x , y = 4 , y = x 3 , y = x 2 , y = x are
x
power functions.
2

?1 Draw graphs of following functions in a same coordinates and remark on

1
2

defined set of them: y = x , y = x , y = x 1 .

Notes
Defined set of power function y = x depends on the value of . Namely:
With is positive integer, defined set is \ .
With is negative integer or equal to 0, defined set is \ \ {0}

With is non-positive, defined set is (0; + )

II. DERIVATIVE OF POWER FUNCTION
In grade 11, we have known that derivatives of functions y = x n ( n `, n 1)
and y = x are:

( x ) ' = nx
n

n 1

( x \)

12 1 12 1
x '=
or x = x
(x > 0)
2 x
2
Generally, they have proved that power function y = x ( \ ) has

( )

derivative with every x > 0 and

( x )' = x

Example 1
34 3 14
3
a) x = x = 4 ( x > 0)
4 x
4

( )' =

b) x

51

3x

3 1

( x > 0)

?2 Calculate derivatives of functions:

2
3

y = x ,

y=x ,

Note

y=x

Formula to calculate derivative of combined function towards power

function is in form of
u ' = u 1 .u '

( )

Example 2
2

2
2
3 '=
x
x
2
1
2x2 + x 1
+

1
3

) (2x

+ x 1 ' =

?3 Calculate derivative of function y = 3 x 2 1

2 ( 4 x + 1)
33 2x2 + x 1

III. SURVEY POWER FUNCTION y = x

Defined set of power function y = x always contains interval (0; +) with
every \ . In general case, we survey function y = x in this interval
(called surveyed set).
y = x , > 0
y = x , < 0
1. Surveyed set: (0; +)
1. Surveyed set: (0; +)
2. Variation
2. Variation
1
y = x > 0, x > 0
y = x 1 < 0, x > 0
Special limit:
Special limit:

lim x = 0, lim x = +
lim x = +, lim x = 0
x 0+

x +

Asymptote: None

x 0+

x +

3. Variable table

Asymptote:
Ox axis is horizontal asymptote,
Oy axis is vertical asymptote of
graph
3. Variable table

4. Graph (figure 28 with > 0)

4. Graph (figure 28 with > 0)

52

Graph of function y = x always crosses through point (1; 1)

Figure 28 is the graph of power function in interval (0; +) corresponding to
different values of .
Note

When we survey power function with concrete exponent, we have to

examine the function in its entire defined set.

Following figures are forms of three functions: y = x3 (figure 29a), y = x-2

(figure 29b), y = x (figure 29c).

3
4

Example 3. Survey variation and draw graph of function y = x

1. Defined set: D = (0; +)
2. Variation
7
3
Variable trend:
y' = x 4
4
We have y < 0 in interval (0; +), therefore the given function decreases.
Asymptote:
lim y = +, lim y = 0
x 0+

x +

Horizontal asymptote of the graph is abscissa and vertical asymptote of the

graph is ordinate.
Variable table
53

3. Graph (figure 30)

Summary table of properties of power function y = x in interval (0; +)
>0
<0
1
Derivative
y' = x
y ' = x 1
Variable trend
The function always
The function always
increases
decreases
Asymptote
None
Horizontal asymptote is
Ox axis
Vertical asymptote is Oy
axis
Graph
The graph always crosses through point (1; 1)

EXERCISES
1. Find out defined set of functions:

a) y = (1 x )

c) y = x 2 1

1
3

(
d) y = ( x

b) y = 2 x

3
2 5

x 2

2. Calculate derivatives of functions:

a) y = 2 x x + 1

c) y = ( 3 x + 1) 2

1
3

b) y = 4 x x
d) y = ( 5 x )

3. Survey variation and draw graphs of functions:

a) y = x

4
3

b) y = x 3
54

1
2 4

4. Compare following numbers to 1:

2,7
a) ( 4,1)

c) ( 0,7 )

3,2

d)

5. Compare pairs of numbers:

a) ( 3,1)

7,2

b) ( 0,2 )

2,3

( )
3

0,3

0,4

2,3

10
12
b) and ;
11
11

7,2

and ( 4,3) ;

c) ( 0,3)

0,3

and ( 0,2 )

0,3

3. LOGARITHM
I. CONCEPT OF LOGARITHM
?1 Find x in order to:
1
1
a) 2 x = 8 ;
b) 2 x = ;
c) 3 x = 81 ;
d) 5x =
4
125

Number a and equation a = b conduct to the converse problem as

followings:
* Knew , calculate b
* Knew b, calculate
The first problem is calculation of power with real exponent of a number.
The second problem conducts to conception of calculating logarithm of a
number. They have proved that two positive numbers a, b, a 1 always exist
only one number in order to a = b.
1. Definition
There are two positive numbers a, b, a 1. Number satisfies
equality a = b, it is called logarithm base a of b and signed log a b .

= log a b a = b
Example 1
3

a) log2 8 = 3 because 2 = 8

1
b) log 1 9 = 2 because
3
3

55

=9

?2

a) Calculate log 1 4 , log3

2

1
27

b) Are there any numbers x, y in order to 3x = 0, 2y = -3?

Note

There is not logarithm of negative number and number zero.

2. Properties
There are two positive numbers a and b, a 0. We have following
properties:
loga 1 = 0,loga a = 1
a log

( )

= b,loga a =

?3 Prove above properties.

Example 2

a) 32 log 5 = 3log
3

5 2

= 52 = 25
3

1
b) log 1 8 = log 1 = 3
2
2
2

?4 Calculate
4

log2

1
7

1
.
25

log5

1
3

II. RULES TO CALCULATE LOGARITHM

?5
b1 = 23, b2 = 25

Calculate log2 b1 + log2 b2 ; log2 ( b1b2 ) and compare the results

1. Logarithm of a product
Theorem 1
There are three positive numbers a, b1, b2 with a 1, we have:
loga ( b1b2 ) = log a b1 + log a b2

Logarithm of a product is as sum of logarithms

56

Demonstration
Choose 1 = log a b1 , 2 = log a b2 , we have

(1)

1 + 2 = loga b1 + loga b2
1

On the other hand, because b1 = a , b2 = a , infer b1 .b2 = a .a = a +

1

1 + 2 = loga ( b1b2 )

Therefore
From (1), (2), infer

(2)

loga ( b1b2 ) = log a b1 + log a b2

Example 3. Calculate log6 9 + log6 4

Answer. log6 9 + log6 4 = log6 ( 9.4 ) = log6 36 = 2

Notes

Theorem 1 could be extended for product of n positive numbers:

loga ( b1b2 ...bn ) = loga b1 + loga b2 + ... + loga bn
(a, b1 , b2 ,..., bn > 0, a 1)

?6

Calculate log 1 2 + 2 log 1

2

1
3
+ log 1
3
8
2

2. Logarithm of a quotient
?7
b1 = 25 , b2 = 23 . Calculate log2 b1 log2 b2 , log2

b1
and compare the results.
b2

Theorem 2
There are three positive numbers a, b1, b2 where a 1, we have
b
loga 1 = log a b1 log a b2
b2

Logarithm of a quotient is s difference of logarithms.

1
Especially loga = log a b (a > 0, b > 0, a 1)
b
Theorem 2 is proved as same theorem 1
Example 4. Calculate log7 49 log7 343
49
1
Answer.
log7 49 log7 343 = log 7
= log7 = log7 7 = 1
349
7
3. Logarithm of a power
57

Theorem 3
There are two positive numbers a, b; where a 1, we have
loga b = loga b

Logarithm of a power is equal to product of exponent with logarithm of

base.
1
loga n b = log a b
Especially,
n
Demonstration. Choose = log a b , then b = a

( )

Therefore

b = a

= a

Infer

= loga b or loga b = loga b

Example 5. Calculate values of expressions:

1
7

1
b) log5 3 log5 15
2

a) log2 4 ;
Answer
1
7

2
7

2
2
a) log2 4 = log2 2 = log2 2 =
7
7
1
b) log5 3 log5 15 = log5 3 log5 15
2
1

3
1
1
= log5
= log5
= log5 5 2 =
2
15
5

III. CHANGE OF BASES

?8 a = 4, b = 64, c = 2 . Calculate loga b,logc a,logc b
Find a connecting relation between three results.
Theorem 4
There are three positive numbers a, b, c where a 1, c 1, we have
logc b
log a b =
logc a

Especially,

loga b =

1
logb a

(b 1)

58

loga b =

log a b

(a 0)

Demonstration. According to the property of logarithm and Theorem 3, we

have
logc b = logc a log b = log a b.logc a

Because a 0 therefore logc a 0 . Therefore

logc b
log a b =
logc a
IV. EXAMPLES
Example 6. Calculate:
log 1 2

a) 2log 15 ;
Answer

b) 3

27

1
log2 15 = log2 15
2
= 15 .

a) We have log4 15 = log2 15 =

2

Therefore 2 log4 15 = 2log

15

1
1
b) Because log 1 2 = log3 2 = log3 2 = log3 2 3 = log3 3
3
2
27
3

log 1 2

Therefore 3

27

1
log3 3
2

=3

1
2

Example 7. = log2 20 . Calculate log20 5 according to .

Answer. We have
= log2 20 = log2 22.5 = 2 log2 2 = log2 5 = 2 + log2 5

Infer
Thus

log2 5 = 2
log2 5 2
log20 5 =
=

log2 20

Example 8. Reduce expression

A = log 1 7 + 2 log9 49 log

Answer. We have

A = log3 7 + 2 log3 ( 7 ) log

1

59

1
2

1
7

(7 )
1

= log3 7 + 2 log3 7 + 2 log3 7 = 3log3 7

Example 9. Compare numbers log2 3 and log6 5
Answer. Choose = log2 3, = log6 5

We have 2 = 3 > 21 therefore > 1; 6 = 5 < 61 therefore < 1

Infer >
Thus log2 3 > log6 5

V. DECIMAL LOGARITHM, NATURAL LOGARITHM

1. Decimal logarithm
Decimal logarithm is logarithm of base 10
log10 b is often written log b or lg b .
2. Natural logarithm

1
They have proved that chain of numbers ( un ) where un = 1 + has limit
n
n
1
as an irrational number and the limit is called e, e = lim 1 + .
x +
n
Approximate value of e is e = 2,718 281 828 459 045.
Natural logarithm is logarithm of base e
loge b is written ln b

Note
To calculate loga b , where a 10 and a e by pocket calculator, we could

use the formula of changing base.

For example,
log3
log2 3 =
1,584962501
log2
ln 0,8
log3 0,8 =
0,203114013
ln 3

60

EXERCISES
1. Do not use calculator, calculate:
1
a) log2 ;
8

b) log 1 2
4

c) log3 3

d) log0,5 0,125

2. Calculate:
a) 4 log 3
log 2
c) 9

b) 27log 2
d) 4 log 27

3. Reduce expressions:
a) log3 6.log8 9.log6 2 ;

b) loga b2 + log a b2 + loga b 4

4. Compare pairs of numbers:

a) log3 5 and log7 4

b) log0,3 2 and log5 3

c) log2 10 and log5 30
5. a) a = log30 3, b = log30 5 . Calculate log30 1350 according to a, b.

b) c = log15 3 . Calculate log25 15 according to c.

Do you know?
WHO DID INVENT LOGARITHM?
John Napier is Scotland mathematician. He was born
in 1550 in Metiston Castle, near Edinburgh City and
he graduated Edinburgh Comprehensive University.
Napier invented logarithm. Logarithm term is
proposed by him, it is combined by two Creek words
(logos mean ratio) and (aritmos mean number).
In ancient mathematics, square, cube are called
double ratio, trio multiple. Napier considered
logarithm as support number to calculate ratio of two
numbers.

61

In the piece of work Some amazing logarithm tables (1614), Napier gave
definition and properties of logarithm. Napier considered that logarithm has
1
base equal approximately to .
e
Natural logarithm term are given by P. Mengoli (1659) and N. Mencator
(1668). In 1893, A.Pringshelm signed natural logarithm of number N as ln N .
Therefore, calling natural logarithm as Napier logarithm has not the base.
However, they often call like that because they have connected natural
logarithm to name of the person established the first logarithm table.
Besides, Napier is author of series of formula for answering spherical
triangles convenient for getting logarithm.
On April 04th 1617, Napier passed over in his mother land.

4. EXPONENT FUNCTION. LOGARITHM FUNCTION

I. EXPONENT FUNCTION
Example 1. Problem about double interest
A person sent one million dong into a bank with rate 7%/ year. If the person
does not withdraw the money, after each year, interest will be added into
initial fund (they call double interest). How much money does the person get
after n years n `* , if the person does not withdraw money and the

interest rate is unchanged?

Answer. It is supposed that n 2 . Calling initial fund is P, interest rate is r.
We have P = 1 (million dong), r = 0,07.
* After the first year:
Interest is T1 = Pr = 1. 0,07 = 0,07 (million dong)
Money is got (accumulated fund)
P1 = P + T1 = P + Pr = P (1 + r) = 1,07 (million dong)
* After the second year:
Interest is T2 = P1r = 1,07 . 1,07 = 0,0749 (million dong)
Accumulated fund is P2 = P1 + T2 = P1 + P1r = P1 (1 + r)
= P (1 + r)2 = (1,07)2 = 1,1449 (million dong)
* As same, accumulated fund after n years is:
Pn = P(1 + r)n = (1,07)n (million dong)
Thus, after n years, that person got (1,07) million dong
Example 2
In Physics, disintegration of radioactive substances is performed by formula
62

1 T
m ( t ) = m0
2
Where m0 is mass of initial radioactive substance (at time t = 0), m(t) is mass
of radioactive substance at time t, T is disintegrated cycle (it means time for
a half of atoms of radioactive subject changed into another substance).

Example 3. Population of the world are estimated according to formula

S = Ae ni , where A is population of the year made landmark, S is population
after n years, i is ratio of increase of population every year.
?1 In 2003, Vietnam has 80 902 400 people and ratio of increase of
population is 1,47%. How many people will Vietnam have in 2010, if ratio of
increase of population every year is unchanged?
The practical problems as above conduct us examination of functions in form
of y = a x .
1. Definition
There is positive real number a 1
Function y = a x is called exponent function with base a.
?2 In the following functions, which function is exponent function and how
much base is?

a) y =

( )

3 ;

c) y = x 4 ;

b) y = 5 3 ;

d) y = 4 x

2. Derivative of exponent function

et 1
We admit the formula lim
=1
t 0
t
Theorem 1

(1)

( )

Function y = a x has derivative at every x and e x ' = e x

Demonstration. It is supposed that x is adding number of x, we have
y = e x ++ x e x = e x e+ x 1

Therefore

Apply (1), we have

+y
e+ x 1
= ex
+x
+x

63

e+ x 1
lim
+ x 0 + x

Then, we infer

+y
= ex
+ x 0 + x

y ' = lim

Notes

Derivative formula of combined derivative towards function

eu = ( u = u ( x ) ) is eu ' = u '.eu .

( )

Theorem 2
Function y = a x (a > 0, a 1) has derivative at every x and

(a )' = a
x

ln a .

Demonstration. We have
x

a x = e ln a = e x ln a
Choose u ( x ) = x ln a , according to above note, we have

(a )' = (e )' = e
x ln a

x ln a

( x ln a ) ' = a x ln a

Note
u x
Towards combined function y = a ( ) , we have

(a )' = a
u

Example 4. Function y = 8x
y' = 8

x 2 + x +1

+ x +1

(x

ln a.u '

has derivative:

+ x + 1 'ln 8 = 8x

+ x +1

(2 x + 1)ln 8

3. Survey exponent function y = ax (a > 0, a 1)

y = ax , a > 1
y = ax , 0 < a < 1
1. Defined set: \
1. Defined set: \
2. Variation
2. Variation
x
y ' = a ln a > 0, x
y ' = a x ln a < 0, x
Special limit
Special limit
x
x
lim a = 0, lim a = +
lim a x = +, lim a x = 0
x

x +

Asymptote:
Ox axis is horizontal asymptote.

x +

Asymptote:
Ox axis is horizontal asymptote.

64

3. Variable table

3. Variable table

4. Graph (figure 31)

4. Graph (figure 32)

Summary table of properties of exponent function y = ax (a > 0, a 1)

Defined set
(-; +)
Derivative
y ' = a x ln a
a > 1: function always increases
Variable trend
0 < a < 1: function always decreases
Asymptote
Ox axis is horizontal asymptote
Crosses through points (0; 1) and (1; a), above abscissa
Graph
y = a x > 0, x \

II. LOGARITHM FUNCTION

1. Definition
There is positive real number a 1
Function y = loga x is called logarithm of base a.
Example 5. Functions y = log3 x , y = log 1 x , y = log

logarithm functions with bases 3,

1
,
4

x , y = ln x , y = log x are

5 , e and 10 respectively.
65

2. Derivative of logarithm function

We have the theorem
Theorem 3
Function y = loga x ( a > 0, a 1) has derivative at every x > 0 and

( loga x ) ' =
Especially,

( ln x ) ' =

1
x ln a

1
x

Note
Towards combined function y = log a u ( x ) , we have

( loga u ) ' =

u'
u ln a

Example 6. Function y = log2 ( 2 x + 1) has derivative

y ' = ( log2 ( 2 x + 1) ) ' =

( 2 x + 1) ' =
2
( 2 x + 1) ln 2 ( 2 x + 1) ln 2

?3 Calculate derivative of function y = ln x + 1 + x 2

3. Survey logarithm function y = loga x (a > 0, a 1)

y = log a x , 0 < a < 1

y = log a x , a > 1

1. Defined set: (0; +)

2. Variation
1
y' =
> 0, x > 0
x ln a
Special limit
lim log a x =
x 0+

1. Defined set: (0; +)

2. Variation
1
y' =
< 0, x > 0
x ln a
Special limit
lim log a x = +
x 0+

lim log a x = +

lim log a x =

x +

Asymptote:
Oy axis is vertical asymptote.

x +

Asymptote:
Oy axis is vertical asymptote.

66

3. Variable table

3. Variable table

4. Graph (figure 33)

4. Graph (figure 34)

Summary table of properties of exponent function y = log a x (a > 0, a 1)

Defined set
Derivative

(0; +)
1
y' =
x ln a
a > 1: function always increases
Variable trend
0 < a < 1: function always decreases
Asymptote
Oy axis is vertical asymptote
Crosses through points (0; 1) and (a; 1), in the right of
Graph
ordinate
Graphs of functions are as followings:

67

?4 Remark on the relationship between graphs of functions in figure 35 and

figure 36.
Remark
Graphs of functions y = ax and y = log a x (a > 0, a 1) are symmetric to each

other through straight line y = x

Derivative table of power, exponent and logarithm functions

EXERCISES
1. Draw graphs of functions:
1
b) y =
4

a) y = 4 ;

2. Calculate derivatives of functions:

b) y = 5 x 2 2 x cos x ;

a) y = 2 xe x + 3sin 2 x ;

3. Find defined sets of functions:

a) y = log2 ( 5 2 x )

c) y = log 1 x 2 4 x + 3
5

4. Draw graphs of functions:

a) y = log x ;

c) y =

b) y = log3 x 2 2 x
d) y = log0,4

3x + 2
1 x

b) y = log 1 x
2

68

x +1
3x

5. Calculate derivatives of functions:

a) y = 3 x 2 ln x + 4sin x

b) y = log x 2 + x + 1
c) y =

log3 x
x

5. EXPONENT EQUATION AND LOGARITHM EQUATION

I. EXPONENT EQUATION
Problem
A person sends money in the bank with interest rate 8.4%/ year and annual
interest rate is added into fund. How many years does the person have
double of the initial fund?
Answer. The initial fund is called P. After n years, the person has:
Pn = P(1 + 0,084)n = P(1,084)n
In order to Pn = 2P, it must (1,084)n = 2
Therefore
n = log1,084 2 8,59

Because n is natural number, therefore we choose n = 9.

Thus, to have double of initial fund, the person has to send 9 years.
* The practical problems as above conduct answering the equations
containing unknown in exponent of power. We call exponent equations.
x
4
1
x
For example, equations 3 = 8, x + 3 = 0 are exponent equations.
9 3
1. Basic exponent equation
Basic exponent equation is in form of
ax = b (a > 0, a 1)

To solve the above equation, we use definition of logarithm.

With b > 0, we have ax = b x = log a b
With b 0, the equation has no solution.
Illustration by graph
Intersection points on abscissa of graph with two functions y = ax and y = b is
solution of equation ax = b.
69

Number of solution of equation is number of intersection point of two graphs.

Obviously, if b 0, two equations do not intersect each other, therefore the
equation has no solution.
If b > 0, we have two graphs in figure 37 and 38. In each figure, two graphs
always intersect at a point; therefore the equation has only one solution.

Conclusion
b>0
b0

Equation ax = b (a > 0, a 1)
Equation has only one solution x = log a b
Equation has no solution

Example 1. Solve equation 22 x 1 + 4 x +1 = 5

Answer. Convert left side into same base 4, we have:
1 x
10
4 + 4.4 x = 5 or 4 x =
2
9
10
Thus, x = log4
9
2. Methods to solve some simple exponent equations
They often use the following methods to answer some exponent equations:
a) Convert into same base
?1 Solve equation 62 x 3 = 1 by convert to form of a A( x ) = a B( x ) and solve
equation A ( x ) = B ( x ) .
Example 2. Solve equation (1,5)

5 x 7

2
=
3

Answer. Convert two sides into same base

3

2

5 x 7

x +1

3
, we have:
2

3
=
2
70

x 1

Therefore 5x 7 = -x 1 x = 1
Thus, equation has sole solution x = 1
b) Choose auxiliary unknown
Example 3. Solve equation
9 x 4.3x 45 = 0
Answer. Choose t = 3x , t > 0, we have equation
t 2 4t 45 = 0
Answer this quadratic equation, we have two solutions t1 = 9 and t2 = -5.
Only solution t1 = 9 satisfies the condition t > 0.
Therefore 3x = 0. Thus, x = 2.
?2 Solve equation

t = 5 x.

1 2x
.5 + 5.5x = 250 by choosing of auxiliary unknown
5

c) Logarithmatization
Example 4. Solve equation 3x.2 x = 1
Answer. Get logarithm of two sides with base 3 (or logarithmatization), we
have:
2

log3 3x.2 x

Then, we have

) = log 1 log 3
3

+ log3 2 x = 0

x + x 2 log3 2 = 0 x (1 + x log3 2 ) = 0

Thus, the given equation has solutions:

x1 = 0 and x2 =

1
= log2 3
log3 2

II. LOGARITHM EQUATION

Logarithm equation is the equation containing unknown in the
expression under logarithm sign.
For example, equations log 1 x = 4 and log24 x 2 log 4 x + 1 = 0 are logarithm
2

equations.
1. Basic logarithm equation
?3 Calculate x, known that log3 x =

1
4

71

Basic logarithm equation is in form of

loga x = b (a > 0, a 1)
According to definition of logarithm, we have:
log a x = b x = a b
Illustration by graph
Draw graph of function y = loga x and straight line y = b in a same

coordinates (figures 39 and 40).

In both vases, we see that graphs of functions y = loga x and straight line
y = b always intersect each other at a point with every b \ .
Conclusion
Equation log a x = b (a > 0, a 1) always has a sole solution x = a b

with every b.
2. Methods to solve some simple logarithm equations
They often use the following methods to solve some logarithm equations.
a) Covert into the same base
?4 There is equation log3 x + log9 x = 6 . Convert logarithms in the left side

into the same base.

Example 5. Solve equation log3 x + log9 x + log27 x = 11
Answer. Convert terms in the left side into the same base 3, we have:
log3 x + log3 x + log3 x = 11
2

1
1
log3 x + log3 x + log3 x = 11 log3 x = 6
2
3
6
Thus, x = 3 = 729

72

b) Choose auxiliary unknown

?5 Solve equation log22 x 3log2 x + 2 = 0 by choosing auxiliary unknown
t = log2 x

Example 6. Solve equation

1
2
+
=1
5 log x 1 + log x
Answer. Conditions of the equation is x > 0, log x 5 and log x 1
Choose t = log x ( t 5, t 1) , we have equation

Then, we have equation

1
2
+
=1
5 t 1+ t
1 + t + 2 ( 5 t ) = ( 5 t )(1 + t )

t + 11 = t 2 + 4t + 5 t 2 5t + 6 = 0
Answer quadratic equation according to t, we have two solutions t1 = 2 and
t2 = 3, both solutions satisfy the conditions t 5 and t -1.
Thus, log x1 = 2,log x2 = 3 therefore x1 = 100, x2 = 1000.

?6 Solve equation log 1 x = log22 x = 2 .

2

c) Exponentiation
Example 7. Solve equation log2 5 2 x = 2 x

Condition of equation is 5 2x > 0

Answer. According to the definition, the given equation corresponds to the
( 5 2 )
equation 2log
= 22 x
(This change is often called exponentiation). From that, we have:
4
5 2 x = x 22 x 5.2 x + 4 = 0
2
x
Choose t = 2 (t > 0), we have quadratic equation t2 5t + 4 = 0 with two
positive solutions t = 2 and t = 4. Thus, solutions of the given equation are
x = 0 and x = 2.
x

73

EXERCISES
1. Solve exponent equations:

a) ( 0,3)
c) 2 x

3 x 2

3 x + 2

1
b) = 25
5
x +7
12 x
d) ( 0,5) . ( 0,5)
=2

= 1;

=4

2. Solve exponent equations:

a) 32 x 1 + 32 x = 108
c) 64 x 8x 56 = 0

b) 2 x +1 + 2 x 1 + 2 x = 28
d) 3.4 x 2.6 x = 9 x

3. Solve logarithm equations:

a) log3 ( 5 x + 3) = log3 ( 7 x + 5)

b) log ( x 1) log ( 2 x 11) = log 2

c) log2 ( x 5) + log2 ( x + 2 ) = 3

d) log x 2 6 x + 7 = log ( x 3)
4. Solve logarithm equations:
1
1
a) log x 2 + x 5 = log 5 x + log
2
5x
1
b) log x 2 4 x 1 = log8 x log 4 x
2
c) log 2 + 4 log4 x + log8 x = 13

6. EXPONENT INEQUATION AND LOGARITHM INEQUATION

I. EXPONENT INEQUATION
1. Basic exponent inequation
Basic exponent inequation is in form of ax > b (or ax b, ax < b, ax b)
where a > 0, a 0.
We have inequation in form of ax > b
* If b 0, set of solutions of the inequation is \ because ax > 0 b, x \
* If b > 0, the inequation is equivalent a x > a log b
Where a > 1, solution of inequation is x > loga b
a

Where 0 < a < 1, solution of inequation is x < log a b

74

Example 1
a) 3 x > 81 x > log3 81 x > 4
x

1
b) > 32 x < log 1 32 x < 5
2
2

Illustration by graph
Draw graph of function y = ax and straight line
y = b in a same coordinates.
In case of a > 1, we recognize that:
* If b 0, ax > b with every x
* If b > 0, ax > b with x > log a b (figure 41)

In case of 0 < a < 1, we have:

* If b 0, ax > b with every x
* If b > 0, ax > b with x < log a b (figure 42)

Conclusion. Set of solutions of inequation ax > b is given in the following

table:
Set of solutions
ax > b
a>1
0<a<1
b0
\
\
b>0
( loga b; + )
( ;loga b )
?1 Set up the similar tables for inequations a x b , a x < b, a x b
2. Simple exponent inequation
Some examples about simple exponent inequation
Example 2. Solve inequation 3 x x < 9
Answer. The given inequation could write in form of
3x x < 32
Because base 3 is bigger than 1, therefore x2 x < 2
This is familiar quadratic inequation. Solve this inequation, we have
-1 < x < 2
Thus, set of solutions of the given equation is interval (-1; 2).
2

75

Example 3. Divide two sides of inequation to 10x, we have:

x
x
2
5
2 < 1
5
2
x

2
Choose t = (t > 0), we have inequation
5
2
t2 t 2
t < 1 or
<0
t
t
Solve this equation with the condition t > 0, we have 0 < t < 2. Therefore
x
2
0< <2
5
2
Because base is smaller than 1, therefore x > log 2 2 .
5
5

Thus, set of solutions of the given inequation is log 2 2; + .

5

?2 Solve inequation 2 x + 2 x 3 < 0

II. LOGARITHM INEQUATION

1. Basic logarithm inequation
Basic logarithm inequation

is

in

form

of

log a x > b

(or

loga x b,log a x < b , loga x b ) with a > 0, a 1.

Examine inequation loga x > b

In case of a > 1, we have:

loga x > b x > a b

In case of 0 < a < 1, we have:

loga x > b 0 < x < a b
Example 4
a) log2 x > 7 x > 128
3

1
1
b) log 1 x > 3 0 < x < 0 < x <
8
2
2

Illustration by graph
Draw graph of function y = loga x and straight line y = b in a same a

coordinates (figure 43, figure 44).

76

Observe the graphs, we have:

In case of a > 1: loga x > b when and only when x > a b
In case of 0 < a < 1: log a x > b when and only when 0 < x < a b
Conclusion. Solutions of inequation log a x > b are given in following table:
log a x > b
a>1
0<a<1
b
Solution
x> a
0 < x < ab
?3 Set up the similar tables for inequations log a x b,loga x < b , log a x b )
2. Simple logarithm inequation
We examine an example about simple logarithm inequation.
Example 5. Solve inequation log0,5 ( 5 x + 10 ) < log 0,5 x 2 + 6 x + 8

Answer. Condition of the given inequation is:

5 x + 10 > 0
x > 2

x > 2
2
x
x
4
or
2
<

>

x
x
+
+
6
8

Because base 0,5 < 1, therefore with that condition, the given equation is
equivalent to inequation 5x + 10 > x2 + 6x + 8
x 2 + x 2 < 0 2 < x < 1
Combine with the condition, we have set of solutions of the given equation in
interval (2; 1).
Example 6. Solve inequation log2 ( x 3) + log2 ( x 2 ) 1
Answer. Condition of the inequation is x > 3. At that time, the given
inequation is equivalent to
log2 ( x 3)( x 2 ) log2 2

Because base 2 > 1, therefore (x 3)(x 2) 2

77

Answer this equation, we have 1 x 4. Combine with the condition x > 3,

we have solution of the given inequation 3 < x < 4.
?4 Solve inequation log 1 ( 2 x + 3) > log 1 ( 3 x + 1)
2

EXERCISES
1. Solve exponent inequations:
2 x 2 3 x

b) 3 x + 2 + 3x 1 28

9
7
b)

7
9
x
x
d) 4 + 3.2 + 2 > 0

2. Solve logarithm inequations:

a) log8 ( 4 2 x ) 2

b) log 1 ( 3 x 5) > log 1 ( x + 1)

a) 2

x 2 +3 x

<4

c) log0,2 x log5 ( x 2 ) < log 0,2 3

2
d) log x 5log3 x + 6 0
3

REVIEW CHAPTER II

1. Show properties of power with real exponent

2. Show properties of power function
3. Show properties of exponent function and logarithm.
4. Find out defined sets of functions:
1
x 11
a) y = x
b) y = log
2x 3
3 3
c) y = log x 2 x 12

d) y = 25x 5x

5. 4 x + 4 x = 23 . Calculate 2 x + 2 x
6. loga b = 3 , loga c = 2 . Calculate loga x with:
3 2

a) x = a b

a4 3 b
b) x = 3
c

7. Solve equations:
78

a) 3 x + 4 + 3.5x +3 = 5x + 4 + 3x +3
c) 4.9x + 12x 3.16x = 0

b) 25x 6,5x + 5 = 0
d) log7 ( x 1) log7 x = log 7 x

e) log3 x + log

g) log

x + log 1 x = 6
3

8. Solve inequations:
a) 22 x 1 + 22 x 2 + 22 x 3 448

c) log3 log 1 x 2 1
2

x +8
= log x
x 1

b) ( 0,4 ) ( 2,5)
x

) < 1

x +1

> 1,5

d) log20,2 x 5log0,2 x < 6

MULTI-CHOICE EXERCISES

1. Defined set of function y = log

(A) ( ;1) ( 2; + )

x 2
is:
1 x
(B) (1; 2)

(C) \ \ {1}

(D) \ \ {1;2}

2. Choose incorrect confirmation in the following affirmations:

(A) ln x > 0 x > 1
(B) log2 x < 0 0 < x < 1
(D) log 1 a > log 1 b a = b > 0

(C) log 1 a > log 1 b a > b > 0

3

3. There is function f ( x ) = ln ( 4 x x ) . Choose the correct affirmation in the

following affirmations:
(A) f ' ( 2 ) = 1

(B) f ' ( 2 ) = 0

(C) f ' ( 5) = 1,2

(D) f ' ( 1) = 1,2

4. There is function g ( x ) = log 1 x 2 5 x + 7 . Solution of inequation

g ( x ) > 0 is:

(A) x > 3
(C) 2 < x < 3

(B) x < 2 or x > 3

(D) x < 2

79

1
1 + sin x
1
, g ( x ) = ln
, h ( x ) = ln
, which
sin x
cos x
cos x
1
?
function does have derivative
cos x
(A) f(x)
(B) g(x)
(C) h(x)
(D) g(x) and h(x)

5. In the functions f ( x ) = ln

6. Number of solution of equation 22 x

(A) 0
(B) 1

7 x +5

= 1 is:
(C) 2

7. Solution of equation 10 log 9 = 8 x + 5 is:

1
5
(C)
(A) 0
(B)
2
8

80

(D) 3

(D)

7
4

CHAPTER III

PRIMITIVE INTEGRAL AND APPLICATIONS

Primitive
Integral
Application of integral in geometry

81

1. PRIMITIVE
I. PRIMITIVE AND PROPERTIES
1. Primitive
?1 Find out function F(x) in order to F ' ( x ) = f(x) if:
1

where x ;
2
cos x
2 2
Sign K is interval or segment or half of interval of \ .

a) f ( x ) = 3 x 2 where x ( +; )

b) f ( x ) =

Definition
Function f(x) is defined on K.
F(x) is called primitive of function f(x) on K if F(x) = f(x) with every x
K.
Example 1
a) Function F(x) = x2 is a primitive of function f(x) = 2x in interval (-; +)
because F(x) = (x2) = 2x , x ( ; + ) .

b) Function F ( x ) = ln x is a primitive of function f ( x ) =

+) because F ' ( x ) = ( ln x ) ' =

1
, x ( 0; + )
x

1
in interval (0;
x

?2 Find more other primitives of the functions showed in Example 1.

Theorem 1
If F(x) is a primitive of function f(x) on K, with every constant C,
function G ( x ) = F ( x ) + C is also a primitive of f(x) on K.
?3 Prove Theorem 1
Theorem 2
If F(x) is a primitive of function f(x) on K, every primitive of f(x) on K
is in form of F ( x ) + C , where C is a constant.
Demonstration. It is supposed that G(x) is a primitive of f(x) on K, it means
G ' ( x ) = f ( x ) , x K . At that time

( G ( x ) F ( x ) ) ' = G ' ( x ) F ' ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) = 0, x K

82

Thus, G ( x ) F ( x ) is a unchangeable function on K. We have

G ( x ) F ( x ) = C G ( x ) = F ( x ) + C, x K

Two above theorems showed that:

If F(x) a primitive of function f(x) on K, F ( x ) + C , C \ is group of all
primitives of f(x) on K. Sign

Note

f ( x )dx = F ( x ) + C

Expression f ( x ) dx is differential of primitive F(x) of f(x), because

dF ( x ) = F ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx

Example 2
a) With x ( ; + ) , 2 xdx = x 2 + C

1
b) With s ( 0; + ) , ds = ln s + C
s
c) With t ( ; + ) , cos tdt = sin t + C

2. Properties of primitive
Property 1

f ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C

This property is inferred directly from definition of primitive.

The following example illustrates for that property.
Example 3.
Property 2

( cos x ) 'dx = ( sin x ) dx = cos x + C

kf ( x )dx = k f ( x )dx

(k is constant 0)

Demonstration. F(x) a primitive of function kf ( x ) , we have

kf ( x ) = F ' ( x )

(*)
'

1
1

Because k 0, therefore f ( x ) = F ' ( x ) = F ( x ) .

k
k

From that, according to property 1, we have

83

'

k f ( x )dx = k F ( x ) dx = k F ( x ) + C1 = F ( x ) + kC1 ( C1 \ )
k

= F ( x ) + C (Because C1 \ and k 0, therefore C = kC1 \

= kf ( x )dx (because (*))

Property 3

f ( x ) g ( x )dx = f ( x )dx g ( x ) dx

?4 Prove Property 3.
Example 4. Find primitive of function f ( x ) = 3sin x +
Answer. With x ( 0; + ) , we have

2
in interval (0; +).
x

3sin x + x dx = 3 sin xdx + 2 x dx = 3cos x + 2 ln x + C

3. Existence of primitive
We admit following theorem
Theorem 3
Every function f(x) continuous on K have primitive on K.
Example 5
2
3

a) Function f ( x ) = x has primitive in interval (0; +) and

2

x 3 dx =
b) Function g ( x ) =
and

3 3
x +C
5

1
has primitive in each interval ( k ; ( k + 1) ) ( k ] )
sin 2 x
1

sin2 x dx = cot x + C
4. Table of primitives of some common functions
?5 Set up the table as the sample as following and then use table of
derivatives and in Algebra 11 to fill suitable functions into the right column.

84

f (x) + C

f '( x )

0
x 1
1
x
ex
a x ln a ( a > 0, a 1)
cos x
sin x
1
cos2 x
1
2
sin x

From table of derivatives, we have table of primitives as followings

Example 6. Calculate

1
a) 2 x 2 +
dx in interval (0; +)
3 2
x

b)

x 1
( 3cos x 3 )dx

in interval (-, +)

Answer
a) With x ( 0; + ) , we have

85

2
1
2
2 x + 3 x 2 dx = 2 x dx + x 3 dx

2 3
2
x + 3x 3 + C = x 3 + 3 3 x + C
3
3
b) With x ( ; + ) , we have

x 1
x
( 3cos x 3 )dx = 3 cos xdx 3 3 dx

= 3sin x

Note

1 3x
3x 1
+ C = 3sin x
+C
3 ln 3
ln 3

From here, when they ask to find out primitive of a function, we

understand that finding primitive in each its defined interval.

II. METHODS TO CALCULATE PRIMITIVE

1. Method of changing unknown
?6 a)

b)

10

( x 1)

10

dx . Choose u = x 1 , write ( x 1) dx according to u and du.

ln x
ln x
dx . Choose x = et , write
dx according to t and dt.
x
x

Theorem 1
f ( u )du = F ( u ) + C and u = u ( x ) is function, which has continuous

derivative, then

f ( u ( x ) )u ' ( x ) dx = F ( u ( x ) ) + C

Demonstration. According to the formula about derivative of combined

function, we have
F ( u ( x ) ) ' = F ' ( u ) .u ' ( x )

Because F ' ( u ) = f ( u ) = f ( u ( x ) ) therefore F ( u ( x ) ) ' = f ( u ( x ) ) u ' ( x )

Thus, formula

f ( u )du = F ( u ) + C

is correct when u is independent

unknown either when u is a function of independent unknown x.

Consequence
With u = ax + b ( a 0 ) , we have:

86

f ( ax + b )dx = a F ( ax + b ) + C
Example 7. Calculate sin ( 3 x 1)dx
Answer. Because sin udu = -cos u + C , therefore according to consequence,

we have:

sin ( 3x 1)dx = - 3 cos ( 3x 1) + C

Note

If we calculate primitive according to new unknown u ( u = u ( x ) ) ,

after calculate primitive, we must back to initial unknown x by change
u by u ( x ) .

Example 8. Calculate

( x + 1)5 dx

Answer. Choose u = x + 1 , then u = 1 and

At that time,

( x + 1)

dx =

Replace u = x + 1 , we have
x

( x + 1)

dx is written into

u 1
du .
u5

u 1
1 1
du = 4 5 du = u 4 du u 5du
5
u
u u

1 1 1 1
= . 3 + . 4 +C
3 u 4 u
1

( x + 1)5 dx = ( x + 1)3 4 . x + 1 3 + C

2. Method of calculating partial primitive

?7 We have ( x cos x ) ' = cos x x sin x
sin x = ( x cos x ) ' cos x

Or
Calculate

( x cos x ) 'dx

and cos xdx . Then, calculate x sin xdx .

Theorem 2
If two functions u = u ( x ) and v = v ( x ) have continuous derivative on

K, then

u ( x )v ' ( x ) dx = u ( x ) v ( x ) u ' ( x )v ( x ) dx
87

Demonstration. From the formula of derivative of product

( u ( x ) v ( x )) ' = u '( x ) v ( x ) + u ( x ) v ' ( x )
u ( x ) v ' ( x ) = ( u ( x ) v ( x ) ) ' u ' ( x ) v ( x )

Or
We have
Thus

u ( x )v ' ( x ) dx = ( u ( x ) v ( x ) ) 'dx u ' ( x )v ( x ) dx

u ( x )v ' ( x ) dx = u ( x ) v ( x ) u ' ( x )v ( x ) dx

Note
Because v ' ( x ) dx = dv, u ' ( x ) dx = du , therefore above equality is also written

in form of

udv = uv vdu
It is the formula to calculate partial primitive.
Example 9. Calculate
a) xe x dx

b) x cosxdx

c) lnxdx

Answer
a) Choose u = x and dv = e x dx , we have du = dx and v = ex. Therefore
x
x
x
x
x
xe dx = xe e dx = xe e + C

b) Choose u = x and dv = cos xdx , we have du = dx and v = sin x . Thus

x cosxdx = x sin x sin xdx

x cosxdx = x sin x + cos x + C

Or

1
dx and v = x. Therefore
x
ln xdx = x ln x dx = x ln x x + C

c) Choose u = ln x ,dv = dx , we have du =

?8 P(x) is polynomial of x. From example 9, set up the table as the same as

following and fill u and dv into blanks according to the method of calculating
partial primitive.
x
P ( x )e dx
P ( x ) cos xdx
P ( x ) ln xdx

P(x)

dv

e x dx

88

EXERCISES
1. In the following pairs of function, which function is a primitive of the
remaining function?
a) e x and e x
b) sin 2 x and sin 2 x
2
4
2 x
c) 1 e and 1 e x
x
x

2. Find the primitives of following functions:

x + x +1
2x 1
;
b) f ( x ) = x
a) f ( x ) =
3
e
x
1
c) f ( x ) = 2
d) f ( x ) = sin 5 x.cos3 x
sin x.cos2 x
e) f ( x ) = tan 2 x
g) f ( x ) = e32 x

h) f ( x ) =

1
(1 + x )(1 2 x )

3. Use method of changing unknown, calculate:

a)

(1 x ) dx

(Choose u = 1 x )

b) x 1 + x 2 2 dx

(Choose 1 + x 2 )

c) cos3 x sin xdx

(Choose t = cos x )

d)

dx

e x + e x + 2

(Choose u = e x + 1 )

4. Use method of calculating partial primitive, calculate:

a) x ln (1 + x )dx
b) x 2 + 2 x 1 e x dx

c) x sin ( 2 x + 1)dx

d)

89

(1 x ) cos xdx

2. INTEGRAL
I. CONCEPT OF INTEGRAL
1. Area of curved trapezium
?1 Sign T is the right trapezium limited by straight line y = 2 x + 1 , abscissa
and two straight lines x = 1, x = t (1 t 5) (figure 45)
1. Calculate area S of figure T when t = 5 (figure 46)
2. Calculate area S(t) of figure T when t [1;5]

3. Prove that S(t) is a primitive of f ( t ) = 2t + 1 , t [1;5] and area S = S(5)

S(1).
Function y = f ( x ) is continuous; it does not change the sign in segment
[a; b]. The plane figure, which is limited by graph of function y = f ( x ) ,
abscissa and two straight lines x = a and x = b, is called curved trapezium
(figure 47a).
In lower grade, we have known the method to calculate area of rectangle,
triangle. Now, we examine the problem of calculating plane figure D limited
by any curve (figure 47b).

Draw straight lines parallel to datum lines, we divide D into small figures,
which are curved trapeziums (figure 47a). Above problem is converted into
the problem of calculating area of curved trapezium.
90

Example 1. Calculate area of curved trapezium limited by curve y = x2,

abscissa and straight lines x = 0, x = 1.
Answer. With every x [0; 1], S(x) is area of the part of given curved
trapezium between two straight lines perpendicular to Ox axis at the point,
which has abscissa 0 and x (figure 48).

We prove

S ' ( x ) = x 2 , x [0; 1]

Indeed, with h > 0, x + h < 1, SMNPQ and SMNEF are areas of rectangles
MNPQ and MNEF respectively (figure 49), we have
SMNPQ S ( x + h ) S ( x ) SMNEF
Or

hx 2 S ( x + h ) S ( x ) h ( x + h )

S ( x + h) S ( x )
x 2 2 xh + h2
h
With h < 0, x + h > 0, with similar calculation, we have
S ( x + h) S ( x )
2 xh + h2
x2 0
h
In sum, with every h 0, we have
S ( x + h) S ( x )
x 2 2 x h + h2
h

Thus

S ( x + h) S ( x )
= x 2 , x ( 0;1)
h0
h
We could also prove S(0) = 0, S(1) = 1.
Therefore, S(x) is a primitive of function f ( x ) = x 2 in segment [0; 1].

We infer S ' ( x ) = lim

On the other hand, in that segment, F ( x ) =

f ( x ) = x 2 , therefore
91

x3
is also a primitive of
3

x3
+ C ,C \ .
S( x) =
3
From hypothesis S(0) = 0, we infer C = 0. Thus
x3
S( x) =
3

1
.
3
Now, we example the problem of finding area of arbitrary curved trapezium.
A curved trapezium is limited by straight lines x = a, x = b, (a < b), abscissa
and curve y = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) is continuous function and non-negative in

Replace x = 1 into above inequality, we have, area of the figure is S (1) =

segment [a; b].

With every x [a; b], sign S(x) is area of the
part of the curved trapezium limited by two
straight lines perpendicular to Ox at a and x
respectively (figure 50).
We could also prove that S(x) is a primitive of
f ( x ) in segment [a; b].
It is supposed that F(x) is also a primitive
of f ( x ) , there is a constant C in order to
S( x) = F ( x) + C

Because S(a) = 0, therefore F(a) + C = -F(a)

Thus, S(x) = F(x) F(a)
Replace x = b into above inequality, we have area of the trapezium:
S(b) = F(b) F(a)
2. Definition of integral
?2 It is supposed that f ( x ) is continuous function in segment [a; b], F(x) and

G(x) are two primitives of f ( x ) . Prove that F ( b ) F ( a ) = G ( b ) G ( a ) , (it

means that difference F ( b ) F ( a ) does not depend on choice of primitive).

f ( x ) is continuous function in segment [a; b]. It is supposed that F(x)

is a primitive of f ( x ) in segment [a; b].

Difference F ( b ) F ( a ) is called integral from a to b (or integral is
defined in segment [a; b]) of function f ( x ) , it is signed
b

f ( x )dx
a

92

We also use sign F ( x )

b
a

to express difference F ( b ) F ( a ) .

f ( x )dx = F ( x ) a = F ( b ) F ( a )

Thus

We call

is integral sign, f ( x ) dx is the expression under integral sign and

f ( x ) is the function under integral sign.

Note
In case of a = b or a > b, we make convention:
b

f ( x )dx = 0; f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx

Example 2
2

1) 2 xdx = x 2
2)

1
e

2
1

= 22 12 = 4 1 = 3

t dt = ln t 1 = ln e ln1 = 1 0 = 1
1

Remarks

a) Integral of function f from a to b could be signed by

f ( x )dx

or

f ( t )dt . The integral only depends on f and a, b; it does not depend

a

on unknown x or t.
b) Geometrical signification of integral. If function f ( x ) is continuous
and non-negative in segment [a; b], integral

f ( x )dx
a

is area S of the

curved trapezium limited by the graph of f ( x ) , Ox axis and two

straight lines x = a, x = b (figure 47a). Thus,
b

S = f ( x )dx
a

93

II. PROPERTIES OF INTEGRAL

Property 1
b

kf ( x )dx = k f ( x )dx

(k is constant)

Property 2
b

f ( x ) g ( x )dx = f ( x )dx g ( x )dx

?3 Prove properties 1 and 2.
Example 3. Calculate

(x

+ 3 x dx

Answer. We have
4

(x
1

1
2

+ 3 x dx = x dx + 3 x d x
1

3
2

2
x3
= 14 + 3 x
4
3

4
1

43 1
+ 2 23 1 = 35
3

Property 3
b

f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx

( a < c < b)

Demonstration. It is supposed that F ( x ) is a primitive of f ( x ) in segment

[a; b]. At that time, F ( x ) is also a primitive of f ( x ) in each segment [a; c]

and [c; b]. Therefore, we have
c

f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx = ( F ( c ) F ( a ) ) + ( F ( b ) F ( c ) )
b

= F ( b ) F ( a ) = f ( x )dx
a

Example 4. Calculate

1 cos2 x dx

Answer. We have
2

1 cos2 x dx =

2sin x dx = 2 sin x dx
0

94

sin x , if 0 x
Because sin x =
sin x ,if x 2
2
2

Therefore, 1 cos2 x dx = 2 sin x dx + sin x dx

0

= 2 sin xdx + sin xdx

= 2 ( cos x ) 0 + ( cos x ) 2 = 4 2

III. METHODS TO CALCULATE INTEGRAL

1. Method of changing unknown
2

?4 I = ( 2 x + 1) dx
0

1. Calculate I by expansion of ( 2 x + 1)

2. Choose u = 2 x + 1 . Convert expression ( 2 x + 1) dx into g(u)du.

3. Calculate

u(1)

g ( d )du and compare to I in 1.

u( 0 )

As same the method of changing unknown in calculation of primitive, we

have following theorem.
Theorem
Function f ( x ) is continuous in segment [a; b]. It is supposed that

function x = ( t ) has continuous derivative in segment [ ; ] (*) in

order to ( ) = a, ( ) = b and a ( t ) b with every t [ ; ] . At
that time
b

f ( x )dx = f ( ( t ) ) ' ( t ) dt
(*) If < , we examine segment [; ]

Example 5. Calculate

1 + x 2 dx
0

Answer. Choose x = tan t,

<t<

When x = 0, t = 0, when x = 1, t =

. We have x ' ( t ) =

4
Hypotheses of above theorem are satisfied. Therefore
95

1
cos2 t

4
1
1
dt

d
.
x
=
=
1 + x2
1 + tan2 t cos2t dt = 4
0
0
0
4

Notes
In many cases, we also use method of changing unknown in form of:
b

Function f ( x ) is continuous in segment [a; b]. To calculate f ( x )dx ,

a

sometimes we choose function u = u ( x ) to make new unknown, which in

segment [a; b], u ( x ) has continuous function and u ( x ) [ ; ] .

It is supposed that we can write
f ( x ) = g ( u ( x ) ) u ' ( x ) , x [ a; b]
where g ( u ) is continuous in segment [ ; ] .

At that time, we have

b

u( b )

u( b )

f ( x )dx = g ( u )du

Example 6. Calculate sin 2 x cos xdx

0

Answer. Choose u = sin x . We have u ' = cos x

When x = 0, u(0) = 0, when x = , then u = 1
2
2

sin

Thus

Example 7. Calculate

1
x cos xdx = u2 du = u3
3
0

1 + x2

1
0

1
3

dx

Answer. Choose u = 1 + x , we have u ' = 2 x , u ( 0 ) , u (1) = 2 , therefore

2

(1 + x )
2

dx =
3

12 1
1 1
du = . 2

3
21u
4 u

96

2
1

1 1
3
= 2 1 =
42
16

2. Method of calculating partial integral

?5

a) Calculate

( x + 1)e dx
x

by method of calculating partial primitive.

( x + 1)e dx

b) From that, calculate

Same as the method of calculating partial primitive, we have following

theorem
Theorem
If u = u ( x ) and v = v ( x ) are two functions, which have continuous

derivatives in segment [a; b], then

b

u ( x ) v ' ( x )dx = ( u ( x ) v ( x ) )

b
a

u ' ( x ) v ( x )dx
a

udv = uv a vdu

Or

Example 8. Calculate

x sin xdx
0

Answer. Choose u = x and dv = sin xdx , we have du = dx and v = cos x .

Therefore

x sin xdx = ( x cos x )

0

= ( x cos x )

2
0

2
0

+ cos xdx
0

+ ( sin x )

2
0

= 0 +1 = 1

ln x
dx
2
x
1
1
1
1
Answer. u = ln x and dv = 2 dx , we have du = dx and v = . Therefore
x
x
x
e
e
ln x
1
1 e
1
e
1
x 2 dx = x ln x 1 + x 2 dx = x ln x x 1
1
1

Example 9. Calculate

2
1 1
= ( 0 1) = 1
e
e e
97

DO YOU KNOW?
I. NEWTON
Newton is the great English mathematician,
physicist, mechanist and astronomer.
Newton was a weak child because he was born
prematurely. When he has grown up, he was not
a strong boy, too. He has to avoid active games of
friends in his age. Instead, he often invented
games for his own, and his experiment talent was
showed earlier. Sometimes, he made mechanical
toys, such as wood lock, sometimes he invented
windmill, and put a mouse inside in role of
builder. A time, at night, Newton flied a lighting
lantern made people scary. And when he was a
kid, he read books very hard and noted carefully
interesting things, which he has read in books.
In 1661, 18 years old, Newton entered Cambridge University. From that
time, Newton cared seriously about science. Newtons Mathematics teacher
admitted the excellent student better than him and in 1669, he ceded
professor position for that brilliant student. Newton was in this position till
1701.
Newtons great devotion towards mathematics is independently and at the
same time with G. Leibniz, he found differential and integral. In 1665
1666, when Newton was 22, 23 years old, Newton built up the basis of this
operation, which he called flux method, and he applied the method to
answer mechanical problems.
Newton and Leibniz discovered the profound relationship between
differential and primitive. Mathematics history showed that concept of
integral appeared independently with derivative and primitive. Therefore,
establishment of the relationship between integral and primitive is an
invention of Newton and Leibniz.
Newton has basic inventions about unlimited chain. Especially, he expanded
this theorem, or it is called Newtons binomial theorem for the case of
exponent is an arbitrary real number.
Newton has also great devotions in Algebra, Geometry, Mechanics and
Physics. He invented the great law about force of gravity.

98

EXERCISES
1. Calculate following integrals:

a)

1
2

(1 x )

c)

b) sin x dx
4

dx

1
2

1 3x
1 x ( x + 1)dx

e)

d) x ( x + 1) dx

1 3x

1 ( x + 1)

dx
2

g) sin 3 x cos5 xdx

2. Calculate following integrals:

b) sin 2 xdx

a) 1 x dx
c)

0
ln 2

2 x +1

+1
dx

d) sin 2 x cos2 xdx

0

3. Use method of changing unknown to calculate:

3
x2
a)
dx
(Choose u = x + 1 )
2
0 (1 + x )

b)

1 x 2 dx

(Choose x = sin t )

0
1

e x (1 + x )
dx
c)
x
1
+
xe
0

d)

a
2

1
2

a x

dx

(Choose u = 1 + xe x )
(a > 0)

(Choose x = a sin t )

4. Use method of calculating partial integral to calculate:

a)

( x + 1) sin xdx

0
1

c) ln (1 + x ) dx

b) x 2 ln xdx
d)

1
1

(x
0

99

2 x 1 e x dx

5. Calculate following integrals:

a)

(1 + 3x )

3
2

1
2

x3 1
b) 2 dx
0 x 1

dx

c)

ln (1 + x )
dx
x2
0

6. Calculate x (1 x ) dx by two methods:

0

a) Change unknown u = 1 x
b) Calculate partial integral

3. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRAL IN GEOMETRY

I. CALCULATE AREA OF TRAPEZIUM
?1 Calculate area of right trapezium limited by straight lines y = -2x, y = 0, x
= 1 and x = 5.
Compare to area of the right trapezium in ?1 of 2.
1. Plane figure is limited by a curve and abscissa
It is supposed that function y = f ( x ) is

continuous, receives non-negative values in

segment [a; b]. We havw known that the
curved trapezium, which is limited by graph
of f ( x ) , abscissa and two straight lines x =
a, x = b, has area S:
b

S = f ( x )dx

(1)

In case of f ( x ) 0 in segment [a; b], we

have - f ( x ) 0 and area of curved
trapezium aABb is equal to area of curved
trapezium aA ' B ' b , which is symmetric
figure of the given trapezium through abscissa (figure 51), therefore
b

S = SaABb = SaA ' B ' b = ( f ( x ) )dx

a

100

(2)

Generally, area S of the figure, which is limited by graph of continuous

function f ( x ) , abscissa and two straight lines x = a, x = b (figure 52), is
calculated according to the formula
b

S = f ( x ) dx

(3)

Example 1. Calculate area of the plane figure,

which is limited by graph of function y = x 3 ,
abscissa and two straight lines x = -1, x = 2
(figure 53).
Answer. We have x 3 0 in segment [-1; 0] and
x 3 0 on segment [0; 2]. Apply the formula
(3), we have:
S=

x dx = S =

x4
4

3
( x )dx + S = x dx
3

1
0
1

x4
4

2
0

17
4

2. Plane figure is limited by two curves

Two functions y = f1 ( x ) and y = f2 ( x )

are

continuous in segment [a; b]. D is plane figure

limited by graphs of these two functions and straight
lines x = a, x = b (figure 54).
Examine the case f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) with every x [a;
b]. S1, S2 are areas of two curved trapeziums limited
by abscissa, two straight lines x = a, x = b and curves
y = f1 ( x ) and y = f2 ( x ) respectively. At that time,
area S of figure D is:

101

S = S1 S2 = ( f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) )dx
a

In general case, they have proved the formula

b

S = f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) dx

(4)

Notes
When we apply formula (4), we need to reduce sign of absolute value of the
function under integral sign. To do that, we solve equation f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) = 0

in segment [a; b]. It is supposed that the equation has two solutions c, d (c <
d). At that time, f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) does not change sign in segments [a; c], [c; d],
[d; b]. In each segment, for example, in segment [a; c], we have:
c

f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) dx = f1 ( x ) f2 ( x )dx
Example 2. Calculate area of the plane figure
limited by two straight lines
x = 0 and x = and graphs of two functions
y = cos x and y = sin x (figure 55).
Answer. Choose f1 ( x ) = cos x , f2 ( x ) = sin x

We have f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) = 0
cos x sin x = 0

[ 0; ]
4
Thus, area of the given plane figure is:
x=

102

Example 3. Calculate area of the plane figure limited by two curves

y = x 3 x and y = x x 2 .
Answer. We have
f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) = x 3 x x x 2 = x 3 + x 2 2 x

) (

Equation f1 ( x ) f2 ( x ) = 0 has three solutions x1 = -2, x2 = 0 and x3 = 1.

Thus, area of the given plane figure is:

II. CALCULATE VOLUME

?2 Repeat the formula to calculate volume of prism block, which has area of
bottom equal to B and height equal to h.
1. Volume of object
Cut an object V by two planes (P) and (Q) perpendicular to Ox axis at x = a
and x = b (a < b) respectively. An arbitrary plane perpendicular to Ox at x
(a x b) intersects V according to the tangent surface, which has area S(x)
(figure 56). It is supposed that S(x) is continuous in segment [a; b].

They have proved that volume V of the part of object V, which is is limited
by two planes (P) and (Q), is calculated by formula:
c

V = S ( x )dx

(5)

Example 4. Calculate volume of prism, known that area of bottom equal to B

and height equal to h.
Answer. Choose Ox axis parallel to high line of the prism, and two bottoms
are in two planes perpendicular to Ox at x = 0 and x = h (figure 57).
103

Obviously, an arbitrary plane is perpendicular

to Ox axis, intersects the prism according to
tangent surface, which has invariable area
S(x) = B
(0 x h). Apply formula (5), we have
h
h
h
V = S ( x )dx = Bdx = Bx = Bh
0
0
0

2. Volume of pyramid and frustum of pyramid

a) There is pyramid, which its height is
equal to h and area of bottom is equal to B.
Choose Ox axis perpendicular to bottom
plane at point I in order to O coincides to
the top of the pyramid
JJG and its direction is
defined by vector OI . At that time, OI = h.
A plane () is perpendicular to Ox at x (0
x h) and intersects the pyramid according
to the tangent surface, which has area S(x)
(figure 58). We have:
x2
S( x) = B 2
h
At that time, volume V of the pyramid is:
h
x2
B x 3 h Bh
V = B 2 dx = 2 0 =
3
h
h 3
0

b) The frustum of pyramid, which is created by the pyramid has top S, has
areas of two bottoms equal to B, B respectively and height equal to h.
We choose Ox axis coincides to high line of the pyramid and O coincides to
top S. Two bottom planes of the frustum of pyramid intersect Ox at I and I
(figure 59). Choose OI = b, OI = a (a < b). V is volume of the frustum of
pyramid. We have

104

x2
B
V = B 2 dx = 2 b 3 a 3
h
3b
a

b a a2 + ab + b2
=B
.
3
b2
a2
Because B ' = B 2 and h = b a ,
b
h
therefore V = B + BB ' + B '
3

III. VOLUME OF ROTATING CIRCULAR BLOCK

?3 Repeat the concept of rotating circular surface and rotating circular block
in geometry.

Artisans of Bat Trang pottery village

Problem
It is supposed that a curved trapezium, which
is limited by graph of function y = f ( x ) , Ox

axis and two straight lines x = a and x = b (a

< b), rotates surrounding Ox axis to form a
rotating circular block (figure 60). Calculate
its volume V.
Answer. Tangent surface of the rotating
circular block is created by the plane
perpendicular to Ox axis at x [a; b], it is
the circle with radius equal to f ( x ) .
105

Therefore, area of tangent surface is S ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) . Thus, according to

formula (5), we have:
b

V = f 2 ( x )dx

(6)

Example 5. There is plane figure, which is

limited by curve y = sin x , abscissa and two
straight lines x = 0, x = (figure 61).
Calculate volume of rotating circular block
when this figure rotates surrounding Ox axis.
Answer. Apply formula (6), we have:

V = sin xdx =
0

2 0

= x sin 2 x
2
2

(1 cos2 x )dx
=

2
2

Example 6. Calculate volume of sphere with radius R.

Answer. Sphere with radius R is rotating circular block when half of circle,

which is limited by straight line y = R 2 x 2

( R x R)

and straight line

y = 0, rotates surrounding Ox axis (figure 62).

2

(
R

Thus, V =

R x

) dx

2
x3
R x dx = R x
3

R
R

4
= R3
3

EXERCISES

1. Calculate area of plane figure, which is limited by lines:

2
a) y = x 2 , y = x + 2 ;
b) y = ln x , y = 1 ; c) y = ( x 6 ) , y = 6 x x 2
2. Calculate area of plane figure, which is limited by curve y = x2 + 1 and
tangential line of this line at point M (2; 5) and Oy axis.

106

x2
3. Parabola y =
divides the circle, which has center at coordinate angle O
2
and radius 2 2 into two parts. Find out ratio of their areas.

4. Calculate volume of rotating circular block created by the plane figure,

which is following lines, rotates surrounding Ox axis:
a) y = 1 x 2 , y = 0
b) y = cos x , y = 0, x = 0, x =
c) y = tan x , y = 0, x = 0, x =

5. Right triangle OPM has side OP on Ox axis. Choose

n = , OM = R 0 , R > 0
POM

V is rotating circular block when the triangle

rotates surrounding Ox axis (figure 63).
a) Calculate volume of V according to and R
b) Find out in order volume of V is largest

DO YOU KNOW?
HISTORY OF INTEGRAL
Integral is used by scientists before century XVIII. In century XIX, Cauchy
(1789 1857) and Riemann (1826 1866) have built up the correct theory
about integral. After that, this theory is completed by Lebesgue (1875
1941) and Denjoy (1884 1974).
To define integral, mathematicians in centuries XVII and XVIII did not use
the concept of limit. Instead, they said sum of an extreme big number of
extreme small terms. For example, area of curved trapezium is sum of an
extreme big number of areas of extreme small rectangles. Base on this basis,
Kepler (1571 1630) calculated correctly many areas and volumes. Those
studies are developed continuously by Cavalierie (1598 1647).
In abstract form, integral is defined and brought sign by Leibniz. The
name integral is proposed by Bernoulli (1654 1705), student of Leibniz.

107

Thus, integral is born independently with derivative and primitive.

Therefore, establishment of the relationship between integral and primitive
is a great invention of Newton and Leibniz.
Modern concept about integral, which is considered as limit of sum of
integrals, is from Cauchy and Riemann.

Reference
CALCULATE AREA BY LIMIT
1. Calculate area of curved trapezium
Examine the curved trapezium, which is limited by lines x = a, x = b (a < b),
y = 0 and y = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) is continuous and non-negative function in

segment [a; b].

To define area of the curved trapezium, we use the methods of small
division and changing to the limit.
We divide segment [a; b] into n arbitrary parts by points x0 , x1 ,..., xn in order
to a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b .
From dividing points, draw straight lines parallel to Oy axis to divide the
curved trapezium into n small trapeziums (figure 64a).

At each curved trapezium xi 1 Ai Bi xi , we draw a rectangle, which has bottom

equal to segment [ xi 1; xi ] and height equal to f (i ) , which i is arbitrary in

segment [ xi 1; xi ] (figure 64b).

The rectangle xi 1Mi N i xi has area f (i )( xi xi 1 ) .

This number is approximate area of curved trapezium xi 1 Ai Bi xi .

Sign S is area of curved trapezium aABb , which we need to find out, we
have
108

S f (1 ) ( x1 x0 ) + f ( 2 )( x2 x1 ) + ... + f ( n )( xn xn1 )
n

S fi (i )( xi xi 1 )

Or

(1)

i =1

This approximation is more correct if all differences xi xi 1 are smaller.

This event reminds us about the changing through limit when max ( xi xi 1 )
1i n

comes to 0 gradually to have area of curved trapezium aABb .

Examine
n

lim fi (i )( xi xi 1 ) when max ( xi xi 1 ) 0

1i n

i =1

(2)

They have probed that of f ( x ) is continuous in segment [a; b], limit (2)
always exists non-dependence of the way to divide segment [a; b] and the
way to take point 1 [ xi 1; xi ] i = 1,2,..., n . We consider that area of the
given curved trapezium.
n

Thus lim f (i )( xi xi 1 ) when max ( xi xi 1 ) 0

1i n

i =1

This limit is

f ( x )dx .
a

2. Application
By limit in form (3), we could calculate
area of some plane figures.
Example 1. Calculate area of curved
trapezium, which is limited by straight
lines y = x2, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1.
Answer. We carry out according to above
method, but we divide segment
[a; b] into n equal parts, it means lengths
1
of segments [ xi 1; xi ] are equal to . Point
n
i is called left end of segment [ xi 1; xi ] , i = xi 1 . At that time
2

i 1
f (i )
, i = 1,2,..., n (figure 65)
n
We set up sum in form (1)
2
2
2
n
1 1 2
n 1
S f (i )( xi xi 1 ) = + + ... +

n n n
n
i =1
109

n ( n 1)( 2n 1)
1
2
2
1
+
2
+
...
+
n

1
=
(
)
n3
6n3
( n 1)( 2n 1)
=
6n2
n
( n 1)( 2n 1) = 1
Thus, S = lim f (i )( xi xi 1 ) = lim
n +
n +
3
6n 2
i =1
(Because we divide equally segment [a; b], therefore max ( xi xi 1 ) 0
=

1i n

n +).
Example 2. Calculate area of the circle with radius R
Answer. Because area of the circle does not depend on its position in plane
Oxy, therefore to define area of the circle, we suppose that center of the
circle coincides to center of coordinate angle. The circle is symmetric
through center, therefore we only need to calculate area of the part in the
first quarter angle of coordinate plane.
The circle, which is limited by circle, has equation x 2 + y 2 = R 2 . We could
write this equation in form of parameter
x = R cos t, y = R sin t,0 t 2
We calculate area of quarter of the circle,
which is limited by circular arc

x = R cos t, y = R sin t,0 t

and

two

datum lines x = 0 and y = 0.

We divide segment [O; R] in abscissa into
n parts by points xi ( i = 0,..., n ) in order to

correlative points Mi ( i = 0,..., n ) divide

circular arc into n equal parts. At that time,

measurements of small arcs are all equal
to

. Point i coincides to xi (right end

2n
of segment [ xi 1; xi ] ) (figure 66). We have

xi = R cos 2 i 2n

( i = 1,2,.., n )

y = R sin
i
i
2n
2
x0 = 0, y0 = R
Set up sum in form (1), we have:
110

Therefore the above sum is written into

3
sin ( 4n 1) sin

4n
4n
f (i )( xi xi1 ) = R2 cos 4n . ( n 1) sin 4n R2 sin 4n

2
i =1

2sin

4n

3
sin ( 4n 1) sin

4n
4n
= R 2 cos . ( n 1) sin
R2

4n
4n
4 cos
4n
Covert into limit of above inequality when n +
Because max ( xi xi 1 ) 0 n +, we have
S = lim

n +

1i n
n

f (i )( xi xi1 )
i =1

sin
sin ( 4n 1) sin
2
R2
1 4n
2
n
n
4
4
= lim R cos . 1
R
=
n +

n
n
4
4
4

4 cos
4n
4n

2
Thus, area of circle is equal to R

111

REVIEW CHAPTER III

1. a) State definition of primitive of function f ( x ) in an interval.

b) Show the methods to calculate partial primitive. Make example to

illustrate.
2. a) State definition of integral of function f ( x ) in a segment.

b) Show properties of integral. Make example to illustrate.

3. Find out primitives of following functions:
a) f ( x ) = ( x 1)(1 2 x )(1 3 x )
b) f ( x ) = sin 4 x cos2 2 x

c) f ( x ) =

1
;
1 x2

d) f ( x ) = e x 1

4. Calculate:

( x + 1)

a)

( 2 x ) sin xdx

b)

c)

e3 x + 1
e x + 1 dx

d)

( sin x + cos x )2 dx

e)

g)

(1 + x )( 2 x )dx

x
dx
1+ x + x

5. Calculate:
3
x
a)
dx
1
+
x
0

b)

dx

64

(1 + x )( 2 x )dx
1

c) x 2 e3 x dx

d)

1 + sin 2 x dx

6. Calculate:

a)
c)

2
cos2 x sin xdx

0
2

e)

( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)dx
x

b)
d)

1
2

2 x dx
1

x 2 2 x 3dx
0

( sin x + cos x ) dx

g)

( x + sin x ) dx
0

112

7. Examine plane figure D, which is limited by y = 2 1 x 2 and y = 2 (1 x ) .

a) Calculate area of figure D.

b) Rotate figure D surrounding Ox axis. Calculate volume of the rotating
circular block formed.

MULTI-CHOICE EXERCISES
1. Calculate

dx
, answer is:
1-x

C
1 x

(A)

(B) C 1 x ;

2. Calculate 2
x +1

(A) 2

(C) 2 2

(C) 2 1 x + C

ln 2
dx , the incorrect answer is:
x

(B) 2 2

+C

+1 + C

(D) 2

(D)

2
+C
1 x

1 + C

+C

3. Integral cos2 x sin xdx is:

0

2
(A)
3

(B)

2
3

4. There are two integrals

(C)

3
2

(D) 0

2
sin xdx and
0

cos xdx ,

show the correct

affirmation:

(A) sin xdx > cos xdx

0

(C) sin 2 xdx = cos2 xdx

(B) sin xdx < cos2 xdx

0

(D) It is impossible to compare

5. Area of plane figure, which is limited by curves

a) y = x 3 and y = x 5 , is:
113

(A) 0

(B) -4

1
6

(D) 2

(C) 0

(D) 1

(C)

b) y = x + sin x and y = x ( 0 x 2 ) is:

(A) 4

(B) 4

6. The plane figure, which is limited by lines y = x and y = x, rotates

surrounding Ox axis. Volume of rotating circular block, which is formed, is:

(A) 0

(B) -

(C)

114

(D)

CHAPTER IV

COMPLEX NUMBER
Complex number
Addition, subtraction of complex numbers
Division of complex numbers
Quadratic equation of real numbers system

115

1. COMPLEX NUMBER
1. Number i
We have known that quadratic equations with negative discriminants have
not real solution. The simplest quadratic equation, which has no real solution,
is equation
x2 + 1 = 0
To expand set of real numbers in order to every level nth equation has
solution, they introduced a new number, it is signed i and it is considered as
solution of the above equation. Thus
i 2 = 1
2. Definition of complex number
Each expression in form of a + bi , where a, b \ , i 2 = 1 is called a
complex number.
Towards complex number z = a + bi , we say that a is real part, b is
virtual part of z.
Set of complex numbers is signed ^ .
Example 1. Following numbers are complex numbers:
2 + 5i; 2 + 3i;1 + ( 3 ) i (or 1 3i); 1 + 3i (or 1 + i 3 )
?1 Find out real part and virtual part of complex numbers:
3 + 5i,4 i 2,0 + i.1 + 0i
3. Equal complex numbers
Two complex numbers are equal if their real parts and virtual parts
are equal.
a + bi = c + di a = c and b = d
Example 2. Find out real numbers x and y, known that
( 2 x + 1) + ( 3y 2 ) i = ( x + 2 ) + ( y + 4 ) i
Answer. From definition of two equal complex numbers, we have
2 x + 1 = x + 2 and 3y 2 = y + 4
Thus, x = 1 and y = 3

116

Notes

* Each real number a is considered as a complex number with virtual

part equal to 0 a = a + 0i
Thus, each real number is also a complex number. We have \ ^ .
* Complex number 0 + bi is called virtual pure number, it is written
bi for short.
bi = 0 + bi
Especially
i = 0 + 1i
Number i is called virtual unit.

?2 Write complex number z, which has real part equal to

equal to

1
, virtual part
2

3
.
2

4. Geometrical expression of complex number

As we saw, each complex number z = a + bi is
defined completely by pair of real numbers
(a; b).
Point M(a; b) in a perpendicular coordinates
of plane is called the point expressing
complex number z = a + bi (figure 67).
Example 3 (figure 68)
Point A expresses complex number 3 + 2i
Point B expresses complex number 2 - 3i
Point C expresses complex number -3 - 2i
Point D expresses complex number 3i
?3 a) Express complex numbers 3 - 2i, -4i, 3 in
coordinate plane.
b) Where are points expressing real numbers,
virtual pure numbers on coordinate plane?
5. Module of complex number
It is supposed that complex number z = a + bi is expressed by point M (a; b)
on coordinate plane (figure
JJJJG69).
Length of vector OM is called module of complex number z and it is
signed z .
117

Thus
JJJJG
JJJJG
z = OM or a + bi = OM

a + bi = a2 + b2

Example 4
2

3 2i = 32 + ( 2 ) = 13
1+ i 3 = 1+

( 3)

=2

?4 Which complex number does have module equal to 0?

6. United complex number
?5 Express pairs of complex numbers on coordinate plane and remark:
a) 2 + 3i and 2 3i
b) - 2 + 3i and - 2 3i
There is complex number z = a + bi . We call
a bi is united complex number of z, it is
signed z = a bi .
Example 5
z = 3 + 2i ;
z = 3 2i
z = 4 3i ;
z = 4 + 3i
In coordinate plane, points expressing z and z are
symmetric to each other through Ox axis (figure
70).
?6 z = 3 2i

a) Calculate z and z . Remark

b) Calculate z and z . Remark
From definition, we have:
* z =z
* z = z
118

DO YOU KNOW?
G. CARDANO
Cardano is Italian scientist. He was born in 1501,
was medical PhD in 1526, but he could not be a
doctor, he became mathematics teacher. He has
more than 200 pieces of work in spheres of
Mathematics, Medicals, Philosophy, Astronomy,
Music and Theology. In 1545, he published Great
art of answering algebraic equations book. In this
book, he showed the methods to solve cubic
equation, equation of the fourth degree and
mentioned about square root of negative number. It
could say that study of complex number was started
from this piece of work.

EXERCISES
1. Find out real part, virtual part of complex number z, known that:
b) z = 2 i
a) z = 1 - i
d) z = 7i
c) z = 2 2
2. Find out real numbers x and y, known that:
a) ( 3 x 2 ) + ( 2 y + 1) i = ( x + 1) ( y 5) i

b) (1 2 x ) i 3 = 5 + (1 3y ) i
c) ( 2 x y ) + ( 2 y x ) i = ( x 2 y + 3) + ( y + 2 x + 1) i
3. On coordinate plane, find out set of points expressing complex numbers z
satisfied the condition:
a) Real part of z is equal to -2
b) Virtual part of z is equal to 3
c) Real part of z belongs to segment [1; 3]
d) Both real part and virtual part of z belong to segment [-2; 2].
4. Calculate z , where

a) z = 2 + i 3
c) z = -5

b) z = 2 3i
d) z = i 3
119

5. On coordinate plane, find out set of points expressing complex numbers z

satisfied the condition:
a) z = 1;
b) z 1

c) 1 < z 2

d) z = 1 and virtual part of z = 1

6. Find out z , known that:

a) z = 1 i 2
c) z = 5

b) z = 2 + i 3
d) z = 7i

2. ADDITION, SUBTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION

OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. Addition and subtraction
?1 According to the rules of addition, subtraction of polynomials (i is
considered as unknown), calculate:
( 3 + 2i ) + ( 5 + 8i )

( 7 + 5i ) ( 4 + 3i )

Addition and subtraction of two complex numbers are carried out

according to the rules of addition, subtraction of polynomials.
Example 1
( 5 + 2i ) + ( 3 + 7i ) = ( 5 + 3) + ( 2 + 7 ) i = 8 + 9i

(1 + 6i ) ( 4 + 3i ) = (1 4 ) + ( 6 3) i = 3 + 3i
Generally

( a + bi ) + ( c + di ) = ( a + c ) + ( b + d ) i
( a + bi ) ( c + di ) = ( a c ) + ( b d ) i

2. Multiplication
?2 According to the rule of multiplication of polynomials with note i 2 = 1 ,
calculate ( 3 + 2i )( 2 + 3i ) .

Multiplication of two complex numbers is carried out the rule of

multiplication of polynomials and then replace i 2 = 1 in the result.

120

Example 2
( 5 + 2i )( 4 + 3i ) = 20 + 15i + 8i + 6i2 = ( 20 6 ) + (15 + 8) i = 14 + 23i

( 2 3i )( 6 + 4i ) = 12 + 8i 18i 12i2 = 12 + 8i 18i + 12

= (12 + 12 ) + ( 8 18) i = 24 10i
Generally

( a + bi )( c + di ) = ac + adi + bci + bdi 2 = ac + adi + bci bd

Thus

Note

( a + bi )( c + di ) = ( ac bd ) + ( ad + bc ) i
Addition and multiplication of complex numbered have all properties
of addition and multiplication of real numbers.

?3 Show the properties of addition and multiplication of complex numbers.

EXERCISES
1. Carry out following operations:
a) ( 3 5i ) + ( 2 + 4i )

b) ( 2 3i ) + ( 1 7i )

c) ( 4 + 3i ) ( 5 7i )

d) ( 2 3i ) ( 5 4i )

2. Calculate + , - , where:
a) = 3, = 2i
c) = 5i, = 7i

b) = 1 2i, = 6i
d) = 15, = 4 2i

3. Carry out following operations:

a) ( 3 2i )( 2 3i )

b) ( 1 + i )( 3 + 7i )

c) 5 ( 4 + 3i )

d) ( 2 5i ) .4i

4. Calculate i 3 , i 4 , i 5
Show the way to calculate i n , which n is an arbitrary natural number.
5. Calculate:
2
a) ( 2 + 3i ) ;

b) ( 2 + 3i )

121

3. DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

1. Sum and product of two united complex numbers
?1 z = 2 + 3i . Calculate z + z and z.z . Remark.
There is complex number z = a + bi . We have:
z + z = ( a + bi ) + ( a bi ) = 2a
2

z.z = ( a + bi )( a bi ) = a2 ( bi ) = a2 + b2 = z

* Sum of a complex number and a united complex number of it is equal

to two times of real part of the complex number.
* Product of a complex number and a united complex number of it is
equal to square of module of the complex number.
Thus, sum and product of two united complex numbers are a real number.
2. Division of two complex numbers
Divide complex number c + di by complex number a + bi ( 0), it means we
must find complex number z in order to c + di = ( a + bi )z. Complex number z
is called quotient of division c + di by a + bi
c + di
z=
a + bi
Example 1. Carry out division 4 + 2i by 1 + i
4 + 2i
Answer. It is supposed that z =
. According to definition, we have
1+ i
( 1 + i )z = 4 + 2i
Multiply both sides with united complex number of 1 + i , we have
(1 i )(1 + i ) z = (1 i )( 4 + 2i )

Infer
Or
Thus

2.z = 6 2i
1
z = ( 6 2i ) = 3 i
2
4 + 2i
= 3i
1+ i

Generally, it is supposed that z =

of complex number, we have

c + di
. According to definition of division
a + bi

( a + bi )z = c + di
Multiply both sides with united complex number of a + bi , we have
( a bi )( a + bi ) z = ( a bi )( c + di )
122

(a

Or

+ b2 z = ( ac + bd ) + ( ad bc ) i

Multiply both sides with real number

z=
Thus

Notes

1
, we have
a + b2
2

1
( ac + bd ) + ( ad bc ) i
a + b2
2

c + di ac + bd ad bc
=
+
i
a + bi a2 + b2 a2 + b2

c + di
, we multiply both numerator
a + bi
and denominator with united complex number of a + bi .

In practice, to calculate quotient

Example 2. Carry out division 3 + 2i by 2 + 3i

Answer
3 + 2i ( 3 + 2i )( 2 3i ) 12 5i 12 5
=
=
= i
2 + 3i ( 2 + 3i )( 2 3i )
13
13 13
?2 Carry out divisions:

1 + i 6 + 3i
;
2 3i 5i

EXERCISES
1. Carry out the divisions:
2+i
1+ i 2
a)
;
;
b)
3 2i
2+i 3
2. Find out inverse

a) z = 1 + 2i ;

c)

5i
;
2 3i

d)

1
of complex number x, known that:
z
b) z = 2 3i
c) z = i

3. Carry out the operations:

a) 2i ( 3 + i )( 2 + 4i )
c) 3 + 2i + ( 6 + i )( 5 + i )

b)

(1 + i ) ( 2i )

2 + i
5 + 4i
d) 4 3i +
3 + 6i

123

5 2i
i

d) z = 5 + i 3

4. Solve equations:
a) ( 3 2i ) z + ( 4 + 5i ) = 7 + 3i

c)

b) (1 + 3i ) z ( 2 + 5i ) = ( 2 + i ) z

z
+ ( 2 3i ) = 5 2i
4 3i

4. QUADRATIC EQUATION WITH REAL NUMBERS SYSTEM

1. Square root of negative real number
? What is square root of positive real number a?

As same square root of a positive real number, from inequality i 2 = 1 , we

2
say that i is a square root of -1; -i is also a square root of -1, because ( i ) =
-1. From that, we could define square root of negative real numbers, for
example:

( )
3 , because ( i 3 )

Square root of -2 is i 2 , because i 2

Square root of -3 is i

= -2
= -3

Square root of -4 is 2i , because ( 2i ) = -4

Generally, quadratic roots of negative real number a is i a .
2. Quadratic equation with real numbers system
There is quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where a, b, c \, a 0 .
Examine discriminant = b2 4a of the equation, we see:
b
* When = 0, the equation has a real solution x =
2a
* When > 0, there are two (real) square roots of is + , and the
equation has two different real solutions, which are defined by formula
b +
x1,2 =
2a
* When < 0, the equation has no real solution because there is not
existence of real square root of .

However, in case of < 0, if we examine in set of complex numbers, we

have still two virtual pure square roots of , which are + . At that time,
the equation has two complex solutions, which are defined by the formula
124

x1,2 =

b +
2a

Example. Answer equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 in set of complex numbers.

We have = 1 4 = -3. Thus, the given equation has two complex solutions:
1 i 3
x1,2 =
2
Remarks
In set of complex numbers, every quadratic equation has two solutions
(which are not necessary to be different).
Generally, they have proved that every equation of nth level (n 1)
a0 x n + a1 x n1 + ... + an1 x + an = 0

Where a0 , a1 ,..., an ^, a0 0 has n complex solutions (Solutions are

not necessary to be different).
That is basic theorem of Algebra.

EXERCISES
1. Find out complex square roots of those numbers: -7; -8; -12; -20; -121
2. Answer following equations in set of complex numbers:
a) 3z2 + 2 z 1 = 0 ;
b) 7z2 + 3z + 2 = 0 ;
c) 5z2 7z + 11 = 0
3. Answer following equations in set of complex numbers:
a) z4 + z2 6 = 0 ;
b) z4 + 7z2 + 10 = 0
4. a, b, c \, a 0, z1 , z2 are two solutions of equation az2 + bz + c = 0.

Calculate z1 + z2 and z1.z2 according to a, b, c.

5. z = a + bi is a complex number. Find out a quadratic equation with real
numbers system accepted z and z for solutions.

125

Reference
ALGEBRAIC EQUATION
Algrbraic equation is the equation in form of
a0 x n + a1 x n1 + ... + an1 x + an = 0
Where n is a positive integer; a0 , a1 ,..., an are the given numbers, they are
called coefficients of the equation, x is unknown. If a0 0, n is level of the
equation.
Studying existence of solutions of algebraic equation and finding the formula
to calculate its solutions attracted effort of mathematicians in many
centuries. These studies were born Algebra and improved development of
many different spheres.
From 2000 years BC, ancient Creek and Babilonians knew answering linear
equations and some special cases of quadratic and cubic equations.
Theory of answering quadratic equation is showed the first time in
Arithmetic book of Diophantus, ancient Roman scientist in century III. We
need to note that having solution of algebraic equation always connect to
expansion of numeric sets. For example, equation x + 3 = 0 has no solution
in set of natural numbers ` , but it has solution in set of integers ] . Equation
3x + 2 = 0 has no solution in set of integers ] , but it has solution in set of
rational numbers _ .
Generally, in set of rational numbers _ , every linear equation has solution.
By expansion from set of rational numbers _ into set of real numbers \ , a
series of quadratic equations in form of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and discriminant
+= b 2 4ac 0 has solution.
The formula to define solution of quadratic equation
b +
x=
2a
Is known from century VI and it improved mathematicians to find out the
formula to calculate solutions of cubic equation, equation of fourth degree
However, after ten centuries later (century XVI), the formula to calculate
solutions of cubic equation and algorithm to answer equation of the fourth
degree have found by Italian mathematicians.
Solutions of cubic equation x 3 + px + q = 0
(*) is given by the formula (it
is often called Cardano formula):
q
q 2 p3 3 q
q 2 p3
x= +
+
+
+
2
4 27
2
4 27
3

126

Cardano promulgated this formula in 1545 in The great art of answering

algebraic equations book.
Naturally, we consider that the above expression has meaning when quantity
q 2 p3
=
+
is non-negative.
4 27
Quantity is also called discriminant of equation (*). However, some cubic
equations with discriminant < 0 have real solutions, too. For example,
examine equation
x3 7x + 6 = 0
This equation has three solutions -3, 1, 2; but discriminant
3
62 ( 7 )
100
=
+
=
<0
4
27
27
It conducts to acknowledge that the expression
100 p3 3
100
x = 3 +
+
+ 3
27 27
27
Has meaning and its values are -3; 1; 2, although this expression contains
square root of a negative real number.
As we saw, acknowledge that there are square roots of negative real number
starts from choosing i = 1 , it conducted establishment of set of complex
numbers.
At the same time with creation of complex numbers, they have proved that
every algebraic equation of nth degree (n 1) with set of complex numbers
has n complex solutions.
Thus, expansion of numeric sets relating to the problem of having solutions
of algebraic equations has stopped in set of complex numbers.
However, mathematicians still pursue the problem of finding formula of
solutions in form of the expression containing root for the equations of 5th
degree.
Approximately 300 years after Cardano formula was found, in 1826, abel,
Na Uy mathematician has proved that there is not formula of solutions like
that for the equations of 5th degree with word efficient. Moreover, French
mathematician, Galois, in 1830 has answered completely the problem: In
which conditions could solve an algebraic equation by root? Talented work
of Dalois created the foundation for development of modern Algebra.
3

127

REVIEW CHAPTER IV
1. What is real part, virtual part, module of a complex number?
Write the formula to calculate module of a complex number according to its
real part and virtual part.
2. Find out the relationship between concept of module and concept of
absolute value of a real number.
3. State definition about united complex number of complex number z.
Which complex number is equal to its united complex number?
4. Which conditions does complex number satisfy in order to it has the
expressing point in crossed part in figures 71a, b, c?

5. In coordinate plane, find out set of points expressing complex numbers z

satisfied the condition of:
a) Real part of z = 1
b) Virtual part of z = -2
c) Real part of z belongs to segment [-1; 2], virtual part of z belongs to
segment [0; 1]
d) z 2
6. Find out real numbers x, y in order to:
a) 3 x + yi = 2 y + 1 + (2 x )i
b) 2 x + y 1 = ( x + 2 y 5) i
7. Prove that with every complex number z, we have always real part and
virtual part of z do not exceed its module.

128

8. Carry out the following operations:

a) ( 3 + 2i ) ( 2 i ) + ( 3 2i )
2

c) (1 + i ) (1 i )

1+ i
2+i
3 + i 4 3i

d)
2+i 2i

b) ( 4 3i ) +

9. Solve the equations in set of complex numbers:

a) ( 3 + 4i ) z + (1 3i ) = 2 + 5i
b) ( 4 + 7i ) z ( 5 2i ) = 6iz
10. Solve the equations in set of complex numbers:
a) 3z2 + 7z + 8 = 0
b) z4 8 = 0
c) z4 1 = 0
11. Find out two complex numbers, known that their sum is equal to 3 and
their product is equal to 4.
12. There are two complex numbers z1, z2; known that z1 + z2 and z1z2 are two
real numbers. Prove that z1, z2 are two solutuons of a quadratic equation with
real numbers system.

MULTI-CHOICE EXERCISES
1. Which number is real number in following numbers?
(B) 2 + i 5 + 2 i 5
(A) 3 + 2i 3 2i

(
) (
(C) (1 + i 3 )

) (

2 +i
2 i

(D)

2. Which number is virtual pure number in following numbers?

(B) 2 + 3i . 2 3i
(A) 2 + 3i + 2 3i

(C) ( 2 + 2i )

) (

(D)

)(

2 + 3i
2 3i

3. Which inequality is correct?

(A) i1977 = 1 ;
(B) i 2345 = i

(C) i 2005 = 1

4. Which inequality is correct?

8
(A) (1 + i ) = 16

(B) (1 + i ) = 16i

129

(D) i 2006 = i

(C) (1 + i ) = 16

(D) (1 + i ) = 16i

5. Known that reverse of complex number z is equal to its united complex

number, which conclusion is correct?
(A) z \ ; (B) z = 1
(C) z is a virtual pure number
(D) z = 1
6. Which conclusion is incorrect?
(A) Module of complex number z is a real number
(B) Module of complex number z is a complex number
(C) Module of complex number z is a real positive number
(D) Module of complex number z is a real non-negative number

EXERCISES TO REVIEW IN THE END OF ACADEMIC YEAR

I. Questions
1. Define (increase, decrease) monotony of a function in an interval.
2. State necessary and sufficient conditions in order to function f ( x ) is

monotonous in an interval.
3. State sufficient conditions in order to function f ( x ) has extreme values
(maximum value, minimum value) at point x0.
4. Show diagram of surveying variation and draw graph of function.
5. Show definition and basic properties of logarithm
6. State theorem about the rule of calculating logarithm, formula of changing
base of logarithm
7. Show properties of exponent function, logarithm function, the relationship
between graphs of exponent function and logarithm function, which have the
same base.
8. Show definition and methods to calculate primitive.
9. Show definition and methods to calculate integral.
10. Repeat definitions of complex number, united complex number, module
of complex number, geometric performance of complex number.
II. Exercises
1. There is function f ( x ) = ax 2 2 ( a + 1) x + a + 2

( a 0)

a) Prove that equation f ( x ) = 0 has always real solutions. Calculate the

solutions.
130

b) Calculate sum S and product P of solutions of equation f ( x ) = 0. Survey

variation and draw graphs of S and P according to a.
1
2. There is function y = x 3 + ( a 1) x 2 + ( a + 3 ) x 4
3
a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function when a = 0.
b) Calculate area of the plane figure, which is limited by (C) and straight
lines y = 0, x = -1, x = 1.

3. There is function y = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 1
a) Find out a and b in order to graph of function crosses through two points
A (1; 2) and B (-2; -1).
b) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function relating to values of a
and b.
c) Calculate volume of the rotating circular object when the plane figure,
which is limited by lines y = 0, x = 0, x = 1 and graph (C), rotates surrounding
abscissa.
4. Examine the straight move, which is defined by equation
1
t2
s ( t ) = t 4 t 3 + 3t
4
2
Which t is calculate by second and s is calculated by meter.
a) Calculate v(2), a(2), known that v(t), a(t) is velocity, acceleration of the
given move respectively.
b) Find out time t, where velocity is equal to 0.
5. There is function y = x 4 + ax 2 + b

3
when x = 1.
2
b) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the given function when
1
a = ,b = 1
2
c) Write equation of tangential line of (C) at the points, which have ordinate
equal to 1.

a) Calculate a, b in order to has extreme equal to

x 2
x + m 1
a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function when m = 2.
6. There is function y =

131

b) Write equation of tangential line d of graph (C) at point M, which has

abscissa a 1 .
2
2 x
a) Survey variation and draw graph (C) of the function.
b) Find out intersection points of (C) and graph of function y = x 2 + 1 . Write
equation of tangential line of graph (C) at each intersection point.
c) Calculate volume of the rotating circular object when plane figure H,
which is limited by graph (C) and straight lines y = 0, x = 0, x = 1, rotates
surrounding Ox axis.

7. There is function y =

8. Find out maximum values, minimum values of functions:

5

in segment 2;
a) f ( x ) = 2 x 3 3 x 2 12 x + 1
2
2
in segment [1; e]
b) f ( x ) = x ln x

c) f ( x ) = xe x

in half of interval [0; +)

d) f ( x ) = 2sin x + sin 2 x

3
in segment 0;
2

9. Answer the equations:

a) 132 x +1 13x 12 = 0
b) 3x + 2 x 3x + 3.2 x = 8.6 x

c) log

)(

( x 2 ) .log5 x = 2.log3 ( x 2 )

d) log22 x 5log2 x + 6 = 0
10. Answer the inequations:
2x
a) x
2
3 2x

c) log2 x + 3log x 4

log ( x 1)
1
>1
b)
2
1 log4 x 1
d)

1 + log2 x 4
2

11. Calculate following integrals by method of calculating partial integral:

a)

e4

x ln xdx

b)

132

xdx

2
sin x

c)

( x ) sinxdx

d)

( 2 x + 3) e

dx

12. Calculate following integrals by method of changing unknown

a)

24

tan 3 4 x dx
0
3
5

(Choose u = cos 4 x )
3

dx

3
(Choose x = tan t )
5

c) sin3 x cos4 xdx

(Choose u = cos x )

b)

9 + 25x 2
3
5

d)

1 + tan x
dx
cos2 x

(Choose u = 1 + tan x )

13. Calculate area of plane figure, which is limited by lines:

a) y = x 2 + 1, x = 1, x = 2 and abscissa.
1
b) y = ln x , x = , x = e and abscissa.
e
14. Find out volume of the rotating circular object when the plane figure,
which is limited by lines y = 2 x 2 and y = x 3 , rotates surrounding Ox axis.
15. Solves following equations in set of complex numbers:
a) ( 3 + 2i ) z ( 4 + 7i ) = 2 5i

b) ( 7 3i ) z ( 2 + 3i ) = ( 5 4i ) z
c) z2 2 z + 13 = 0
d) z4 z2 6 = 0
16. In coordinate plane, find set of points expressing complex number z
satisfied inequality:
a) z < 2
b) z i 1
c)
z 1 i < 1

133

INDEX
Chapter I. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVE TO SURVEY AND DRAW
GRAPH OF FUNCTION
1. Increase, decrease of function
3
Reference: Monotonous property of function
9
Do you know: J. L. Lagrange
10
2. Extreme of the function
12
3. The biggest value and the smallest value of the function
17
Reference: Convex arc, concave arc and bending point
22
4. Asymptote
25
5. Survey variation and draw graph of function
28
Review chapter I
40
Chapter II. POWER FUNCTION, EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION AND
LOGARITHM FUNCTION
1. Power
44
2. Power function
51
3. Logarithm
55
Do you know: Who did invent logarithm?
61
4. Exponent function. Logarithm function
62
5. Exponent equation and logarithm equation
69
6. Exponent inequation and logarithm inequation
74
Review chapter II
80
Chapter III. PRIMITIVE INTEGRAL AND APPLICATIONS
1. Primitive
82
2. Integral
90
Do you know: I. Newton
98
3. Applications of integral in geometry
100
Do you know: History of integral
107
Reference: Calculate area by limit
108
Review chapter III
112
Chapter IV. COMPLEX NUMBER
1. Complex number
115
Do you know: G. Cardano
119
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers
120
3. Division of complex numbers
122
4. Quadratic equation with real numbers system
124
Reference: Algebraic equation
126
Review chapter IV
128
Exercises to review in the end of academic year
130
134