PRIN

2nda Entrega
Septiembre 16, 2015
I.
INTEGRANTES:
Daniela Arias, Nicols Bernal y Daniela Castrilln
II.
TEMA:
Micro expresiones, emociones, emociones faciales y expresiones faciales.
III.
JUSTIFICACIN:
El tema de las micro expresiones y todo lo que esta relacionado con stas, como lo son las
emociones en general, la manera en la que se expresan en los cuerpos de quienes las sienten,
especficamente a travs de las expresiones faciales, estn presentes en el da a da de la humanidad.
Las micro expresiones son pertinentes a la hora de hablar sobre la relacin existente entre el sujeto y
la sociedad, pues son una forma de relacin directa entre ambos, es una manera, una forma de
lenguaje a travs de la cual las personas se comunican entre si, varias veces sin si quiera saberlo.
Esto ultimo implica que las micro expresiones sean ese factor en la comunicacin entre las personas
que hace que de una manera u otra la verdad, o por lo menos lo que en realidad se siente o piensa
sobre un tema, salga a la luz. Saber cmo leer micro expresiones y expresiones faciales en general
ha sido un campo estudiado ms que todo en los ltimos aos, en un descubrimiento relativamente
reciente que ha sido usado en su gran mayora con propsitos criminalsticas, como descifrar la
verdad detrs de un crimen y las verdaderas intenciones, y empresariales, pues leer el lenguaje
corporal ayuda a los empleadores a saber a quin estn contratando, pues la manera en la que
alguien se sienta o reacciona brevemente ante una frase puede aportar bastantes cosas sobre su
personalidad y comportamiento general.
IV.

REFERENCIAS Y CATEGORAS:

a) Bases de datos, Formas de deteccin e Investigaciones

1. BACKGROUND FACTORS PREDICTING ACCURACY AND IMPROVEMENT IN
MICRO EXPRESSION RECOGNITION.
Hurley, C. H. (2014). Background factors predicting accuracy and improvement in micro expression
recognition. Motivation & Emotion, 38(5), 700-714.
Abstract: Micro expressions are brief facial expressions displayed when people attempt to conceal,
hide, or repress their emotions. They are difficult to detect in real time, yet individuals who can
accurately identify micro expressions receive higher workplace evaluations and can better detect
deception. Two studies featuring college students and security officers examined background factors
that may account for accuracy differences when reading micro expressions, both before and after
training. Study 1 revealed that college students who were younger and high in openness to
experience were better at recognizing micro expressions. However, individual differences did not
predict improvement in micro expression recognition gained through training. Study 2 revealed
experiential factors such, as prior facial expression training and lack of law enforcement experience

were more predictive of micro expression recognition than personality or demographic factors.
Individuals in both studies showed recognition improvement with training, and the implications of
the ability to improve at micro expression recognition are discussed in the context of security and
interpersonal situations.
Keywords: Micro expression, Personality, Confidence, Facial expression, National security
2. MICRO-EXPRESSION RECOGNITION BASED ON CBP-TOP FEATURE WITH ELM
Guo, Y., Xue, C., Wang, Y., & Yu, M. (2015). Micro-expression recognition based on CBP-TOP
feature with ELM. Optik - International Journal For Light And Electron Optics,
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.08.167
Abstract: Micro-expressions are short, involuntary facial expressions with revealing suppressed
effect that people try to conceal. Detecting and recognizing micro-expressions have potential
applications in clinical and national security fields. Centralized Binary Patterns from Three
Orthogonal Panels (CBP-TOP) is a novel approach that can efficiently extract the micro-expression
information in spatial and temporal domains. In this method, the micro-expression image sequences
are initially preprocessed that includes face detection, interception, size normalization, and microexpression detection. Then, the features of the human face are extracted from the blocks of images,
using CBP-TOP operator. Finally, extreme learning machine (ELM) is used to recognize microexpressions. The experimental results show that this method can extract motion features and
dynamic texture information in micro-expression sequences more efficiently and has greater
improvement in micro-expressions recognition rate than the traditional recognition methods.
Keywords: Micro-expressions, Recognition rate, CBP-TOP, ELM
3. EFFICIENT SPATIO-TEMPORAL LOCAL BINARY PATTERNS FOR SPONTANEOUS
FACIAL MICRO-EXPRESSION RECOGNITION.
Wang, Y., See, J., Phan, R. C., & Oh, Y. (2015). Efficient Spatio-Temporal Local Binary Patterns for
Spontaneous
Facial
Micro-Expression
Recognition.
Plos
ONE,
10(5),
1-20.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124674
Abstract: Micro-expression recognition is still in the preliminary stage, owing much to the
numerous difficulties faced in the development of datasets. Since micro-expression is an important
affective clue for clinical diagnosis and deceit analysis, much effort has gone into the creation of
these datasets for research purposes. There are currently two publicly available spontaneous microexpression datasetsSMIC and CASME II, both with baseline results released using the widely
used dynamic texture descriptor LBP-TOP for feature extraction. Although LBP-TOP is popular and
widely used, it is still not compact enough. In this paper, we draw further inspiration from the
concept of LBP-TOP that considers three orthogonal planes by proposing two efficient approaches
for feature extraction. The compact robust form described by the proposed LBP-Six Intersection
Points (SIP) and a super-compact LBP-Three Mean Orthogonal Planes (MOP) not only preserves
the essential patterns, but also reduces the redundancy that affects the discriminality of the encoded
features. Through a comprehensive set of experiments, we demonstrate the strengths of our
approaches in terms of recognition accuracy and efficiency.

Keywords: Micro-expression, datasets, LBP-TOP, LBP-SIP, LBP-MOP.

4. FOR MICRO-EXPRESSION RECOGNITION: DATABASE AND SUGGESTIONS
Yan, W., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Wu, Q., & Fu, X. (2014). For micro-expression recognition: Database
and suggestions. Neurocomputing, 13682-87. doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2014.01.029
Abstracts: Micro-expression is gaining more attention in both the scientific field and the mass
media. It represents genuine emotions that people try to conceal, thus making it a promising cue for
lie detection. Since micro-expressions are considered almost imperceptible to naked eyes,
researchers have sought to automatically detect and recognize these fleeting facial expressions to
help people make use of such deception cues. However, the lack of well-established microexpression databases might be the biggest obstacle. Although several databases have been
developed, there may exist some problems either in the approach of eliciting micro-expression or
the labeling. We built a spontaneous micro-expression database with rigorous frame spotting, AU
coding and micro-expression labeling. This paper introduces how the micro-expressions were
elicited in a laboratory situation and how the database was built with the guide of psychology. In
addition, this paper proposes issues that may help researchers effectively use micro-expression
databases and improve micro-expression recognition.
Keywords: Micro-expression, Database, Recognition, Suggestion.
5. HOW FAST ARE THE LEAKED FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: THE DURATION OF
MICRO-EXPRESSIONS
Yan, W., Wu, Q., Liang, J., Chen, Y., & Fu, X. (2013). How Fast are the Leaked Facial Expressions:
The Duration of Micro-Expressions. Journal Of Nonverbal Behavior, 37(4), 217-230.
doi:10.1007/s10919-013-0159-8
Abstract: Micro-expression has gained a lot of attention because of its potential applications (e.g.,
transportation security) and theoretical implications (e.g., expression of emotions). However, the
duration of micro-expression, which is considered as the most important characteristic, has not been
firmly established. The present study provides evidence to define the duration of micro-expression
by collecting and analyzing the fast facial expressions, which are the leakage of genuine emotions.
Participants were asked to neutralize their faces while watching emotional video episodes. Among
the more than 1,000 elicited facial expressions, 109 leaked fast expressions (less than 500 ms) were
selected and analyzed. The distribution curves of total duration and onset duration for the microexpressions were presented. Based on the distribution and estimation, it seems suitable to define
micro-expression by its total duration less than 500 ms or its onset duration less than 260 ms. These
findings may facilitate further studies of micro-expressions in the future.
Keywords: Micro-expression, Leaked facial expressions, Duration, Action units
6. CASME II: AN IMPROVED SPONTANEOUS MICRO-EXPRESSION DATABASE AND
THE BASELINE EVALUATION.

Yan, W., Li, X., Wang, S., Zhao, G., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., & Fu, X. (2014). CASME II: An Improved
Spontaneous Micro-Expression Database and the Baseline Evaluation. Plos ONE, 9(1), 1-8.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086041
Abstract: A robust automatic micro-expression recognition system would have broad applications
in national safety, police interrogation, and clinical diagnosis. Developing such a system requires
high quality databases with sufficient training samples, which are currently not available. We
reviewed the previously developed micro-expression databases and built an improved one (CASME
II), with higher temporal resolution (200 fps) and spatial resolution (about 280340 pixels on facial
area). We elicited participants' facial expressions in a well-controlled laboratory environment and
proper illumination (such as removing light flickering). Among nearly 3000 facial movements, 247
micro-expressions were selected for the database with action units (AUs) and emotions labeled. For
baseline evaluation, LBP-TOP and SVM were employed respectively for feature extraction and
classifier with the leave-one-subject-out cross-validation method. The best performance is 63.41%
for 5-class classification.
Keywords: Micro-expression, facial expressions, recognition, database, CASME II.
7. PEEKING IN THE BLACK BOX: STUDYING, THEORIZING, AND REPRESENTING
THE MICRO-FOUNDATIONS OF DAY-TO-DAY INTERACTIONS.
Summers-Effler, E., Van Ness, J., & Hausmann, C. (2015). Peeking in the Black Box: Studying,
Theorizing, and Representing the Micro-Foundations of Day-to-Day Interactions. Journal Of
Contemporary Ethnography, 44(4), 450. doi:10.1177/0891241614545880
Abstract: The discovery of mirror neurons opens new doors for ethnography. By attending to these
advancements in cognitive science, ethnographers are provided firmer ground for investigating
perceptual and emotional dynamics that are outside the realm of conscious deliberative processes.
In this article, we explore these extra-deliberative processes in order to posit a new way to collect,
analyze, and present findings. By examining how extra-deliberative dynamics shape action in
systematic ways, we endeavor to bring together two aspects of sociological practice that have been
assumed to be incompatible: (1) analytic efforts to build general theory and (2) a focus on emotions
and other extra-deliberative dynamics. We conclude by suggesting that insights garnered through
the analysis of extra-deliberative processes are optimally communicated using emotionally
evocative writing.
Keywords: Methods, emotions, embodiment, culture, theory.
8. DO YOU SEE WHAT I SEE? LEARNING TO DETECT MICRO EXPRESSIONS OF
EMOTION
Hurley, C. M. (2012). Do you see what I see? learning to detect micro expressions of
emotion. Motivation and Emotion, 36(3), 371-381. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-92572
Abstract: The ability to detect micro expressions is an important skill for understanding a person's
true emotional state, however, these quick expressions are often difficult to detect. This is the first
study to examine the effects of boundary factors such as training format, exposure, motivation, and
reinforcement on the detection of micro expressions of emotion. A 3 (training type) by 3
(reinforcement) fixed factor design with three control groups was conducted, in which 306

participants were trained and evaluated immediately after exposure and at 3 and 6 weeks posttraining. Training improved the recognition of micro expressionsand the greatest success was found
when a knowledgeable instructor facilitated the training and employed diverse training techniques
such as description, practice and feedback (d's > .30). Recommendations are offered for future
training of micro expressions, which can be used in security, health, business, and intercultural
contexts.
Keywords: Micro expression, Facial expression, Emotion, Training
9. POSITIVE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ARE RECOGNIZED FASTER THAN NEGATIVE
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, BUT WHY?
Leppnen, J.,M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2004). Positive facial expressions are recognized faster than
negative
facial
expressions,
but
why? Psychological
Research, 69(1-2),
22-9.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-003-0157-2
Abstract: Three experiments examined the recognition speed advantage for happy faces. The
results replicated earlier findings by showing that positive (happy) facial expressions were
recognized faster than negative (disgusted or sad) facial expressions (Experiments 1 and 2). In
addition, the results showed that this effect was evident even when low-level physical differences
between positive and negative faces were controlled by using schematic faces (Experiment 2), and
that the effect was not attributable to an artifact arising from facilitated recognition of a single
feature in the happy faces (up-turned mouth line, Experiment 3). Together, these results suggest that
the happy face advantage may reflect a higher-level asymmetry in the recognition and
categorization of emotionally positive and negative signals.
Keywords: Adolescents, facial expressions, positive, negative
10. PERCEPTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSION DEPENDS ON PRIOR ATTENTION
Gmez-Cuerva, J., & Raymond, J. E. (2011). Perception of facial expression depends on prior
attention. Psychonomic
Bulletin
&
Review, 18(6),
1057-63.
Retrieved
from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/920262323?accountid=13250
Abstract: Attending versus ignoring a stimulus can later determine how it will be affectively
evaluated. Here, we asked whether attention states could also modulate subsequent sensitivity to
facial expressions of emotion. In a dual-task procedure, participants first rapidly searched for a
gender-defined face among two briefly displayed neutral faces. Then a test face with the previously
attended or ignored faces identity was presented, and participants judged whether it was
emotionally expressive (happy, angry, or fearful) or neutral. Intensity of expression in the test face
was varied so that an expression detection threshold could be determined. When fearful or angry
expressions were judged, expression sensitivity was worse for faces bearing the same identity as a
previously ignored versus attended face. When happy expressions were judged, sensitivity was
unaffected by prior attention. These data support the notion that processes associated with selective
ignoring may reduce the motivational value of stimuli.
Keywords: Face perception . Attention . Distractor devaluation . Face expression
11. LECTURA DE LA EXPRESIN FACIAL DE LAS EMOCIONES: INVESTIGACIN
BSICA EN LA MEJORA DEL RECONOCIMIENTO DE EMOCIONES. (Spanish)
Matsumoto, D., Hyi Sung, H., Lpez, R. M., & Prez-Nieto, M. . (2013). LECTURA DE LA
EXPRESIN FACIAL DE LAS EMOCIONES: INVESTIGACIN BSICA EN LA MEJORA
DEL RECONOCIMIENTO DE EMOCIONES. (Spanish). Ansiedad Y Estrs, 19(2/3), 121-129.

Resumen: En este artculo se revisan dos importantes descubrimientos de la psicologa de la

emocin: la universalidad de las expresiones faciales de la emocin y la existencia de
microexpresiones, as como la forma en que se han utilizado como base del desarrollo de programas
de entrenamiento y mejora de la habilidad de reconocimiento. Se comentan los aspectos ms
importantes de su aplicacin al mundo real en diversos mbitos profesionales y personales. Por
ltimo se concluye que, aun existiendo una tasa baja de precisin en el reconocimiento de las
microexpresiones por parte de la gran mayora de la poblacin, existen herramientas que desarrollan
la capacidad de reconocimiento de la expresin emocional facial.
Palabras clave: Expresin Facial, Reconocimiento de Emociones, Microexpresiones, Herramientas
de Entrenamiento en Reconocimiento Emociona
12.TEST BATTERY FOR MEASURING THE PERCEPTION AND RECOGNITION OF
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION
Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Manske, K., Schacht, A., Sommer, W., Walla, P., & Korb, S. (2014).
Test battery for measuring the perception and recognition of facial expressions of
emotion. Frontiers In Psychology, 51-23. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00404
Abstract: Despite the importance of perceiving and recognizing facial expressions in everyday life,
there is no comprehensive test battery for the multivariate assessment of these abilities. As a first
step toward such a compilation, we present 16 tasks that measure the perception and recognition of
facial emotion expressions, and data illustrating each tasks difficulty and reliability. The scoring of
these tasks focuses on either the speed or accuracy of performance. A sample of 269 healthy young
adults completed all tasks. In general, accuracy and reaction time measures for emotion-general
scores showed acceptable and high estimates of internal consistency and factor reliability. Emotionspecific scores yielded lower reliabilities, yet high enough to encourage further studies with such
measures. Analyses of task difficulty revealed that all tasks are suitable for measuring emotion
perception and emotion recognition related abilities in normal populations.
Keywords: emotion perception, emotion recognition, individual differences, psychometrics, facial
expression
13. DETECTING DECEPTION FROM EMOTIONAL AND UNEMOTIONAL CUES
Warren, G., Schertler, E., & Bull, P. (2009). Detecting deception from emotional and unemotional
cues. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 33(1), 59-69. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10919-008-00577
Abstract: Encoders were video recorded giving either truthful or deceptive descriptions of video
footage designed to generate either emotional or unemotional responses. Decoders were asked to
indicate the truthfulness of each item, what cues they used in making their judgements, and then to
complete both the Micro Expression Training Tool (METT) and Subtle Expression Training Tool
(SETT). Although overall performance on the deception detection task was no better than chance,
performance for emotional lie detection was significantly above chance, while that for unemotional
lie detection was significantly below chance. Emotional lie detection accuracy was also
significantly positively correlated with reported use of facial expressions and with performance on
the SETT, but not on the METT. The study highlights the importance of taking the type of lie into
account when assessing skill in deception detection.
Keywords: Deception detection - Emotion -SETT METT
b) Enfermedades y Condiciones:

14. A PILOT STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EMOTION

RECOGNITION REMEDIATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA USING THE MICROEXPRESSION TRAINING TOOL.
Russell, T. L. (2006). A pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of emotion recognition
remediation in schizophrenia using the micro-expression training tool. British Journal Of Clinical
Psychology, 45(4), 579-583.
Abstract: Emotion recognition impairments are a common feature of schizophrenia. This pilot
study investigates the effectiveness of the 'micro-expressions training Tool' (METT) to help improve
this skill. Method. Twenty patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy matched control participants
completed the assessment, training and practice subsections of the METT. They were additionally
evaluated pre- and post-training on an emotion-matching task (EMT). Results. Both groups
improved with METT training; patients with schizophrenia improved to a level that did not
distinguish them from pre-trained controls (on both METT and EMT assessments). Conclusions.
Patients with schizophrenia make significant improvements in emotion recognition following
training with this tool, suggesting that brief remediation therapy may be a valuable adjunct to
existing treatment programs.
Keywords: Micro-expressions, schizophrenia, METT, EMT.
15. SOCIAL ALIENATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS: ASSOCIATION WITH
INSULA RESPONSIVENESS TO FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF DISGUST.
Lindner, C., Dannlowski, U., Walhfer, K., Rdiger, M., Maisch, B., Bauer, J., & ... Suslow, T.
(2014). Social Alienation in Schizophrenia Patients: Association with Insula Responsiveness to
Facial Expressions of Disgust. Plos ONE, 9(1), 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085014
Abstract: Among the functional neuroimaging studies on emotional face processing in
schizophrenia, few have used paradigms with facial expressions of disgust. In this study, we
investigated whether schizophrenia patients show less insula activation to macro-expressions (overt,
clearly visible expressions) and micro-expressions (covert, very brief expressions) of disgust than
healthy controls. Furthermore, departing from the assumption that disgust faces signal social
rejection, we examined whether perceptual sensitivity to disgust is related to social alienation in
patients and controls. We hypothesized that high insula responsiveness to facial disgust predicts
social alienation. Methods: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure insula
activation in 36 schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy controls. During scanning, subjects passively
viewed covert and overt presentations of disgust and neutral faces. To measure social alienation, a
social loneliness scale and an agreeableness scale were administered. Schizophrenia patients
exhibited reduced insula activation in response to covert facial expressions of disgust. With respect
to macro-expressions of disgust, no between-group differences emerged. In patients, insula
responsiveness to covert faces of disgust was positively correlated with social loneliness.
Furthermore, patients' insula responsiveness to covert and overt faces of disgust was negatively
correlated with agreeableness. In controls, insula responsiveness to covert expressions of disgust
correlated negatively with agreeableness. Schizophrenia patients show reduced insula
responsiveness to micro-expressions but not macro-expressions of disgust compared to healthy

controls. In patients, low agreeableness was associated with stronger insula response to micro- and
macro-expressions of disgust. Patients with a strong tendency to feel uncomfortable with social
interactions appear to be characterized by a high sensitivity for facial expression signaling social
rejection. Given the associations of insula responsiveness to covert disgust expression with low
agreeableness in healthy individuals, insula responsiveness to expressions of disgust might be in
general a neural marker of the personality trait of agreeableness.
Keywords: Micro-expressions, Schizophrenia, Facial expressions, Insula response.
16. COMPLEXITIES OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO SOCIAL AND NON-SOCIAL
AFFECTIVE STIMULI IN SCHIZOPHRENIA.
Peterman, J. S., Bekele, E., Bian, D., Sarkar, N., & Park, S. (2015). Complexities of emotional
responses to social and non-social affective stimuli in schizophrenia. Frontiers In Psychology, 6110. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00320
Abstract: Adaptive emotional responses are important in interpersonal relationships. We
investigated self-reported emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and micro- facial
expressivity in relation to the social nature of stimuli in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ).
Galvanic skin response (GSR) and facial electromyography (fEMG) were recorded in medicated
outpatients with SZ and demographically matched healthy controls (CO) while they viewed social
and non-social images from the International Affective Pictures System. Participants rated the
valence and arousal, and selected a label for experienced emotions. Symptom severity in the SZ and
psychometric schizotypy in CO were assessed. The two groups did not differ in their labeling of the
emotions evoked by the stimuli, but individuals with SZ were more positive in their valence ratings.
Although self- reported arousal was similar in both groups, mean GSR was greater in SZ,
suggesting differential awareness, or calibration of internal states. Both groups reported social
images to be more arousing than non-social images but their physiological responses to non-social
vs. social images were different. Self-reported arousal to neutral social images was correlated with
positive symptoms in SZ. Negative symptoms in SZ and disorganized schizotypy in CO were
associated with reduced mean fEMG. Greater corrugators mean fEMG activity for positive images
in SZ indicates valence-incongruent facial expressions. The patterns of emotional responses differed
between the two groups. While both groups were in broad agreement in self-reported arousal and
emotion labels, their mean GSR, and fEMG correlates of emotion diverged in relation to the social
nature of the stimuli and clinical measures. Importantly, these results suggest disrupted selfawareness of internal states in SZ and underscore the complexities of emotion processing in health
and disease.
Keywords: Facial expressions, Emotional responses, Affective Stimuli, Schizophrenia
17. NEURAL CORRELATES OF PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS IN OUT-PATIENTS WITH MILD-TO-MODERATE DEPRESSION AND
ANXIETY. A MULTICENTER FMRI STUDY
Demenescu, L. R., Renken, R., Kortekaas, R., van Tol, M., Marsman, J. B. C., van Buchem, ,M.A., .
. . Aleman, A. (2011). Neural correlates of perception of emotional facial expressions in out-patients

with mild-to-moderate depression and anxiety. A multicenter fMRI study. Psychological

Medicine, 41(11), 2253-64. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711000596
Abstract: Depression has been associated with limbic hyperactivation and frontal hypoactivation in
response to negative facial stimuli. Anxiety disorders have also been associated with increased
activation of emotional structures such as the amygdala and insula. This study examined to what
extent activation of brain regions involved in perception of emotional faces is specific to depression
and anxiety disorders in a large community-based sample of out-patients. An event-related
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm was used including angry, fearful, sad,
happy and neutral facial expressions. One hundred and eighty-two out-patients (59 depressed, 57
anxiety and 66 co-morbid depression-anxiety) and 56 healthy controls selected from the
Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were included in the present study. Wholebrain analyses were conducted. The temporal profile of amygdala activation was also investigated.
Facial expressions activated the amygdala and fusiform gyrus in depressed patients with or without
anxiety and in healthy controls, relative to scrambled faces, but this was less evident in patients with
anxiety disorders. The response shape of the amygdala did not differ between groups. Depressed
patients showed dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) hyperactivation in response to happy faces
compared to healthy controls. We suggest that stronger frontal activation to happy faces in
depressed patients may reflect increased demands on effortful emotion regulation processes
triggered by mood-incongruent stimuli. The lack of strong differences in neural activation to
negative emotional faces, relative to healthy controls, may be characteristic of the mild-to-moderate
severity of illness in this sample and may be indicative of a certain cognitive-emotional processing
reserve.
Keywords: Anxiety disorder, emotion, facial expression, fMRI, major depression
18. PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS IN ADOLESCENTS AND RECOGNITION OF EMOTION
IN FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Vasconcellos, S. J. L., Salvador-Silva, R., Gauer, V., & Gauer, G. J. C. (2014). Psychopathic traits in
adolescents and recognition of emotion in facial expressions. Psicologia, Reflexo e Crtica, 27(4),
768-774. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201427417
Abstract: Recent studies have investigated the ability of adult psychopaths and children with
psychopathy traits to identify specifi c facial expressions of emotion. Conclusive results have not
yet been found regarding whether psychopathic traits are associated with a specifi c defi cit in the
ability of identifying negative emotions such as fear and sadness. This study compared 20
adolescents with psychopathic traits and 21 adolescents without these traits in terms of their ability
to recognize facial expressions of emotion using facial stimuli presented during 200 milliseconds,
500 milliseconds, and 1 second expositions. Analyses indicated signifi cant differences between the
two groups performances only for fear and when displayed for 200 ms. This fi nding is consistent
with fi ndings from other studies in the fi eld and suggests that controlling the duration of exposure
to affective stimuli in future studies may help to clarify the mechanisms underlying the facial affect
recognition defi cits of individuals with psychopathic traits.
Keywords: Psychopathic traits, facial expression, emotion, social cognition, psychopathy.
19. BIASED PROCESSING OF NEUTRAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IS ASSOCIATED
WITH DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND SUICIDE IDEATION IN INDIVIDUALS AT RISK
FOR MAJOR DEPRESSION DUE TO AFFECTIVE TEMPERAMENTS
Maniglio, R., Gusciglio, F., Lofrese, V., Belvederi Murri, M., Tamburello, A., & Innamorati, M.
(2014). Biased processing of neutral facial expressions is associated with depressive symptoms and

suicide ideation in individuals at risk for major depression due to affective

temperaments. Comprehensive
Psychiatry, 55(3),
518-25.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.008
Abstract: To elucidate whether abnormal facial emotion processing represents a vulnerability factor
for major depression, some studies have explored deficits in emotion processing in individuals at
familial risk for depression. Nevertheless, these studies have provided mixed results. However, no
studies on facial emotion processing have been conducted in at-risk samples with early or
attenuated signs of depression, such as individuals with affective temperaments who are
characterized by subclinical depressive moods, cognitions, and behaviors that resemble those that
occur in patients with major depression. Presence and severity of depressive symptoms, affective
temperaments, death wishes, suicidal ideation, and suicide planning were explored in 231
participants with a mean age 39.9 years (SD = 14.57). Participants also completed an emotion
recognition task with 80 emotional face stimuli expressing fear, angry, sad, happy, and neutral facial
expressions.Participants with higher scores on affective temperamental dimensions containing a
depressive component, compared to those with lower scores, reported more depressive symptoms,
death wishes, suicide ideation and planning, and an increased tendency to interpret neutral facial
expressions as emotional facial expressions; in particular, neutral facial expressions were interpreted
more negatively, mostly as sad facial expressions. However, there were no group differences in
identification and discrimination of facial expressions of happiness, sadness, fear, and anger. A
negative bias in interpretation of neutral facial expressions, but not accuracy deficits in recognizing
emotional facial expressions, may represent a vulnerability factor for major depression. However,
further research is needed.
Keywords: Depression, affective temperaments, facial expressions, bias
20. RECOGNITION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND PROSODIC CUES WITH GRADED
EMOTIONAL INTENSITIES IN ADULTS WITH ASPERGER SYNDROME
Doi, H., Fujisawa, T. X., Kanai, C., Ohta, H., Yokoi, H., Iwanami, A., . . . Shinohara, K. (2013).
Recognition of facial expressions and prosodic cues with graded emotional intensities in adults with
asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2099-113.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1760-8
Abstract: This study investigated the ability of adults with Asperger syndrome to recognize
emotional categories of facial expressions and emotional prosodies with graded emotional
intensities. The individuals with Asperger syndrome showed poorer recognition performance for
angry and sad expressions from both facial and vocal information. The group difference in facial
expression recognition was prominent for stimuli with low or intermediate emotional intensities. In
contrast to this, the individuals with Asperger syndrome exhibited lower recognition accuracy than
typically-developed controls mainly for emotional prosody with high emotional intensity. In facial
expression recognition, Asperger and control groups showed an inversion effect for all categories.
The magnitude of this effect was less in the Asperger group for angry and sad expressions,
presumably attributable to reduced recruitment of the configural mode of face processing. The
individuals with Asperger syndrome outperformed the control participants in recognizing inverted
sad expressions, indicating enhanced processing of local facial information representing sad
emotion. These results suggest that the adults with Asperger syndrome rely on modality-specific
strategies in emotion recognition from facial expression and prosodic information.
Keywords Facial expression, Prosody, Inversion effect, Configural processing, Asperger syndrome

21. EMOTIONAL FACIAL EXPRESSION IN WOMEN RECOVERED FROM ANOREXIA

NERVOSA
Davies, H., Schmidt, U., & Tchanturia, K. (2013). Emotional facial expression in women recovered
from anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 291. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-291
Abstract: Recent models of anorexia nervosa (AN) have emphasised the importance of social and
emotional difficulties as maintenance factors of the disorder, however, empirical data are limited.
The aim of this study was to examine whether altered emotional facial expression, previously
observed in people currently ill with anorexia nervosa, is limited to the ill state or present in people
recovered from the illness. The sample consisted of 123 participants [49 AN, 21 recovered AN
(RecAN) and 53 healthy controls (HC)]. Participants watched three films clips (amusing, neutral,
sad) whilst their facial expressions were recorded and completed the positive and negative affect
scale (PANAS) to record subjective experience. Facial expressions were subsequently coded for
frequency of positive and negative expression and frequency of looking away. In response to the
amusing clip, AN participants showed significantly less positive expression than both HC and
RecAN groups and both AN and RecAN showed more negative expression than HC with no
difference between groups in looking away. In response to the sad clip there was no difference
between groups in positive expression, but current AN participants showed significantly less
negative expression than HC and looked away from the stimuli more than RecAN or HC. In terms
of their subjective emotional experience, patients with current AN reported less positive emotion in
response to both the amusing and the sad film clip. There was no difference between groups in
subjective negative experience. Alterations in facial expression are present in people currently ill
with AN contributing to the social difficulties found in AN and potentially exacerbating resistance
to treatment. Some alterations in facial expression are found in women with a past history of AN but
not to the same extent as those shown in the currently ill group. Future studies need to use a wider
range of stimuli involving different emotions to corroborate findings
Keywords: Anorexia, Recovered, Emotion, Facial expression, Eating disorders
22. FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: AN FMRI
INVESTIGATION
Wabnegger, A., Ille, R., Schwingenschuh, P., Katschnig-Winter, P., Kgl-Wallner, M., Wenzel, K., &
Schienle, A. (2015). Facial Emotion Recognition in Parkinson's Disease: An fMRI
Investigation. Plos ONE, 10(8), 1-9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136110
Abstract: Background Findings of behavioral studies on facial emotion recognition in Parkinsons
disease (PD) are very heterogeneous. Therefore, the present investigation additionally used
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in order to compare brain activation during emotion
perception between PD patients and healthy controls. We included 17 nonmedicated, nondemented
PD patients suffering from mild to moderate symptoms and 22 healthy controls. The participants
were shown pictures of facial expressions depicting disgust, fear, sadness, and anger and they
answered scales for the assessment of affective traits. The patients did not report lowered intensities
for the displayed target emotions, and showed a comparable rating accuracy as the control
participants. The questionnaire scores did not differ between patients and controls. The fMRI data
showed similar activation in both groups except for a generally stronger recruitment of
somatosensory regions in the patients. Since somatosensory cortices are involved in the simulation
of an observed emotion, which constitutes an important mechanism for emotion recognition, future
studies should focus on activation changes within this region during the course of disease.
Keywords: Facial Emotion, Parkinsons disease, Emotion Perception

23. BRIEF REPORT: ACCURACY AND RESPONSE TIME FOR THE RECOGNITION
OF FACIAL EMOTIONS IN A LARGE SAMPLE OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
SPECTRUM DISORDERS.
Fink, E., de Rosnay, M., Wierda, M., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Brief report: accuracy and
response time for the recognition of facial emotions in a large sample of children with autism
spectrum disorders. Journal Of Autism And Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2363-2368.
doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2084-z
Abstract: The empirical literature has presented inconsistent evidence for deficits in the recognition
of basic emotion expressions in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which may be due
to the focus on research with relatively small sample sizes. Additionally, it is proposed that although
children with ASD may correctly identify emotion expression they rely on more deliberate, more
time-consuming strategies in order to accurately recognize emotion expressions when compared to
typically developing children. In the current study, we examine both emotion recognition accuracy
and response time in a large sample of children, and explore the moderating influence of verbal
ability on these findings. The sample consisted of 86 children with ASD (M age = 10.65) and 114
typically developing children (M age = 10.32) between 7 and 13 years of age. All children
completed a pre-test (emotion word-word matching), and test phase consisting of basic emotion
recognition, whereby they were required to match a target emotion expression to the correct
emotion word; accuracy and response time were recorded. Verbal IQ was controlled for in the
analyses. We found no evidence of a systematic deficit in emotion recognition accuracy or response
time for children with ASD, controlling for verbal ability. However, when controlling for children's
accuracy in word-word matching, children with ASD had significantly lower emotion recognition
accuracy when compared to typically developing children. The findings suggest that the social
impairments observed in children with ASD are not the result of marked deficits in basic emotion
recognition accuracy or longer response times. However, children with ASD may be relying on
other perceptual skills (such as advanced word-word matching) to complete emotion recognition
tasks at a similar level as typically developing children.
Keywords: Keywords Autism spectrum disorder, Emotion recognition, Emotion processing, Social
communication
24.PERCEPTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF FEAR: COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
WITH CRIMINAL AND NON-CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATHS
Iria, C. F. (2009). Perception of facial expressions of fear: comparative research with criminal and
non-criminal psychopaths. Journal Of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(1), 66-73.
Abstract: A group of criminal psychopaths (n = 22) was compared against three control groups
non-criminal psychopaths (n = 16), criminal no psychopaths (n = 11), and non-criminal nonpsychopaths (n = 13) on a go/no-go paradigm to test whether criminal psychopaths poor ability to
recognize facial expressions of fear can be generalized to non-criminal psychopaths and to other
non-psychopathic criminals. Both criminal and non-criminal psychopaths showed significantly
worse performance than non-psychopaths in the detection and discrimination of fear in facial
expressions. These results suggest that psychopathy, independently of its manifestation in criminal
behavior, seems to be related to poor ability to identify and discriminate facial expressions of fear.
Additionally, inhibition deficits or, at least, an impulsivity response pattern seem to be common to
all criminal groups that were investigated.
Keywords: psychopathy; successful psychopaths; criminal behavior; facial expression; emotions;
fear recognition

c) Sentimientos, Emociones y Emociones Faciales

(24). PERCEPTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF FEAR: COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
WITH CRIMINAL AND NON-CRIMINAL PSYCHOPATHS
Iria, C. F. (2009). Perception of facial expressions of fear: comparative research with criminal and
non-criminal psychopaths. Journal Of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20(1), 66-73.
Abstract: A group of criminal psychopaths (n = 22) was compared against three control groups
non-criminal psychopaths (n = 16), criminal no psychopaths (n = 11), and non-criminal nonpsychopaths (n = 13) on a go/no-go paradigm to test whether criminal psychopaths poor ability to
recognize facial expressions of fear can be generalized to non-criminal psychopaths and to other
non-psychopathic criminals. Both criminal and non-criminal psychopaths showed significantly
worse performance than non-psychopaths in the detection and discrimination of fear in facial
expressions. These results suggest that psychopathy, independently of its manifestation in criminal
behavior, seems to be related to poor ability to identify and discriminate facial expressions of fear.
Additionally, inhibition deficits or, at least, an impulsivity response pattern seem to be common to
all criminal groups that were investigated.
Keywords: psychopathy; successful psychopaths; criminal behavior; facial expression; emotions;
fear recognition
25.EMOTIONAL CONTEXT INFLUENCES MICRO-EXPRESSION RECOGNITION
Zhang, M., Fu, Q., Chen, Y., & Fu, X. (2014). Emotional Context Influences Micro-Expression
Recognition. Plos ONE, 9(4), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095018
Abstract: Micro-expressions are often embedded in a flow of expressions including both neutral
and other facial expressions. However, it remains unclear whether the types of facial expressions
appearing before and after the micro-expression, i.e., the emotional context, influence microexpression recognition. To address this question, the present study used a modified METT (MicroExpression Training Tool) paradigm that required participants to recognize the target microexpressions presented briefly between two identical emotional faces. The results of Experiments 1
and 2 showed that negative context impaired the recognition of micro-expressions regardless of the
duration of the target micro-expression. Stimulus-difference between the context and target microexpression was accounted for in Experiment 3. Results showed that a context effect on microexpression recognition persists even when the stimulus similarity between the context and target
micro-expressions was controlled. Therefore, our results not only provided evidence for the context
effect on micro-expression recognition but also suggested that the context effect might result from
both the stimulus and valence differences.
Keywords: Micro-expressions, Facial expressions, Emotional context, Recognition, Influence.
26. HAPPY, SAD, ANGRY, DISGUSTED.
Ekman, P. (2004). Happy, sad, angry, disgusted. New Scientist, 184(2467), 4.
Abstract: This article reports that during his voyage around the world in the 1830s, Charles Darwin
had no difficulty understanding the facial expressions of the many peoples he met, even though their
words were incomprehensible to him. The cultural relativist viewpoint dominated, and the idea that
social behavior might have a genetic component was rejected as potentially racist. A recent line of
study has identified micro expressions, typically very intense expressions that last for only about

15th part of a second, sometimes even less. Micro expressions tend to occur when emotion is
concealed, either unwittingly by repression, or deliberately by suppression.
Keywords: Facial expressions, Micro expressions, Emotions
27. SECRETS AND LIES: INVOLUNTARY LEAKAGE IN DECEPTIVE FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS AS A FUNCTION OF EMOTIONAL INTENSITY
Porter, S., Ten Brinke, L., & Wallace, B. (2012). Secrets and lies: Involuntary leakage in deceptive
facial expressions as a function of emotional intensity. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36(1), 23-37.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10919-011-0120-7
Abstract: Darwin (1872) hypothesized that some facial muscle actions associated with emotion
cannot be consciously inhibited, particularly when the to-be concealed emotion is strong. The
present study investigated emotional leakage in deceptive facial expressions as a function of
emotional intensity. Participants viewed low or high intensity disgusting, sad, frightening, and
happy images, responding to each with a 5 s videotaped genuine or deceptive expression. Each 1/30
s frame of the 1,711 expressions (256,650 frames in total) was analyzed for the presence and
duration of universal expressions. Results strongly supported the inhibition hypothesis. In general,
emotional leakage lasted longer in both the upper and lower face during high-intensity masked,
relative to low-intensity, masked expressions. High intensity emotion was more difficult to conceal
than low intensity emotion during emotional neutralization, leading to a greater likelihood of
emotional leakage in the upper face. The greatest and least amount of emotional leakage occurred
during fearful and happiness expressions, respectively. Untrained observers were unable to
discriminate real and false expressions above the level of chance.
Keywords Universal emotions, Facial expression, Deception, Emotional intensity
28. FACIAL EXPRESSION OF PAIN: AN EVOLUTIONARY ACCOUNT
Von Baeyer, C.,L. (2002). Children's facial expressions of pain in the context of complex social
interactions. Behavioral
and
Brain
Sciences, 25(4),
473-474.
Retrieved
from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/212321918?accountid=13250
Abstract: This paper proposes that human expression of pain in the presence or absence of
caregivers, and the detection of pain by observers, arises from evolved propensities. The function of
pain is to demand attention and prioritise escape, recovery, and healing; where others can help
achieve these goals, effective communication of pain is required. Evidence is reviewed of a distinct
and specific facial expression of pain from infancy to old age, consistent across stimuli, and
recognizable as pain by observers. Voluntary control over amplitude is incomplete, and observers
can better detect pain that the individual attempts to suppress rather than amplify or simulate. In
many clinical and experimental settings, the facial expression of pain is incorporated with verbal
and nonverbal vocal activity, posture, and movement in an overall category of pain behaviour. This
is assumed by clinicians to be under operant control of social contingencies such as sympathy,
caregiving, and practical help; thus, strong facial expression is presumed to constitute an attempt to
manipulate these contingencies by amplification of the normal expression. Operant formulations
support skepticism about the presence or extent of pain, judgments of malingering, and sometimes
the withholding of caregiving and help. To the extent that pain expression is influenced by
environmental contingencies, however, amplification could equally plausibly constitute the
release of suppression according to evolved contingent propensities that guide behaviour. Pain has
been largely neglected in the evolutionary literature and the literature on expression of emotion, but
an evolutionary account can generate improved assessment of pain and reactions to it.
Keywords: adaptation; evolutionary psychology; facial expression; pain

29.EVIDENCE FOR TRAINING THE ABILITY TO READ MICROEXPRESSIONS OF

EMOTION
Matsumoto, D. H. (2011). Evidence for training the ability to read microexpressions of emotion.
Motivation & Emotion, 35(2), 181-191.
Abstract: Microexpressions are extremely quick facial expressions of emotion that appear on the
face for less than 1/2 s. To date, no study has demonstrated that the ability to read them can be
trained. We present two studies that do so, as well as evidence for the retention of the training
effects. In Study 1 department store employees were randomly assigned to a training or comparison
group. The training group had significantly higher scores than the comparison group in
microexpression reading accuracy at the end of the training; 2 weeks later the training group had
better third-party ratings of social and communicative skills on the job. Study 2 demonstrated that
individuals trained in reading microexpressions retained their ability to read them better than a
comparison group tested 23 weeks after initial training. These results indicated that the ability to
read microexpressions can be trained and are retained.
Keywords: Emotion, Facial expressions, Microexpressions, Training, Nonverbal behavior.
30.READING BETWEEN THE LIES: IDENTIFYING CONCEALED AND FALSIFIED
EMOTIONS IN UNIVERSAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS.
Porter, S. t. (2008). Reading Between the Lies: Identifying Concealed and Falsified Emotions in
Universal Facial Expressions. Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 19(5), 508-514.
Abstract: The widespread supposition that aspects of facial communication are uncontrollable and
can betray a deceivers true emotion has received little empirical attention. We examined the
presence of inconsistent emotional expressions and microexpressions (1/251/5 of a second) in
genuine and deceptive facial expressions. Participants viewed disgusting, sad, frightening, happy,
and neutral images, responding to each with a genuine or deceptive (simulated, neutralized, or
masked) expression. Each 1/30-s frame (104,550 frames in 697 expressions) was analyzed for the
presence and duration of universal expressions, microexpressions, and blink rate. Relative to
genuine emotions, masked emotions were associated with more inconsistent expressions and an
elevated blink rate; neutralized emotions showed a decreased blink rate. Negative emotions were
more difficult to falsify than happiness. Although untrained observers performed only slightly above
chance at detecting deception, inconsistent emotional leakage occurred in 100% of participants at
least once and lasted longer than the current definition of a microexpression suggests.
Microexpressions were exhibited by 21.95% of participants in 2% of all expressions, and in the
upper or lower face only.
Keywords: Emotional expressions, Microexpressions, Facial Communication, Emotions.
31.INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN FACIAL EMOTION PROCESSING: TRAIT
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, COGNITIVE ABILITY, OR TRANSIENT STRESS?
Matthews, G., Prez-Gonzlez, J., Fellner, A., Funke, G., Emo, A., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R.
(2015). Individual Differences in Facial Emotion Processing: Trait Emotional Intelligence,
Cognitive Ability, or Transient Stress?. Journal Of Psychoeducational Assessment, 33(1), 68-82.
doi:10.1177/0734282914550386
Abstract: This study tested whether trait emotional intelligence (TEI) measures of narrow
bandwidth predict perception of facial emotion, using two tasks: identification of microexpressions
of emotion and controlled visual search for target emotions. A total of 129 undergraduates
completed multiple scales for TEI, as well as cognitive ability, personality, and stress measures. TEI

was associated with a reduced stress response, but failed to predict performance on either task,
contrary to the initial hypothesis. However, performance related significantly to higher cognitive
intelligence, subjective task engagement, and use of task-focused coping. Individual differences in
attentional resources may support processing of both emotive and non-emotive stimuli.
Keywords: trait emotional intelligence, emotion perception, facial emotion, microexpressions,
attention, task engagement, stress
32.COGNITIVE PENETRABILITY AND EMOTION RECOGNITION IN HUMAN FACIAL
EXPRESSIONS
Marchi, F., Newen, A., Froese, T., & Stokes, D. (2015). Cognitive penetrability and emotion
recognition
in
human
facial
expressions.
Frontiers
In
Psychology,
1-12.
doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00828
Abstract: Do our background beliefs, desires, and mental images influence our perceptual
experience of the emotions of others? In this paper, we will address the possibility of cognitive
penetration (CP) of perceptual experience in the domain of social cognition. In particular, we focus
on emotion recognition based on the visual experience of facial expressions. After introducing the
current debate on CP, we review examples of perceptual adaptation for facial expressions of
emotion. This evidence supports the idea that facial expressions are perceptually processed as
wholes. That is, the perceptual system integrates lower-level facial features, such as eyebrow
orientation, mouth angle etc., into facial compounds. We then present additional experimental
evidence showing that in some cases, emotion recognition on the basis of facial expression is
sensitive to and modified by the background knowledge of the subject. We argue that such
sensitivity is best explained as a difference in the visual experience of the facial expression, not just
as a modification of the judgment based on this experience. The difference in experience is
characterized as the result of the interference of background knowledge with the perceptual
integration process for faces. Thus, according to the best explanation, we have to accept CP in some
cases of emotion recognition. Finally, we discuss a recently proposed mechanism for CP in the facebased recognition of emotion.
Keywords: cognitive penetrability, emotion recognition, adaptation, facial expressions, social
perception
33.PAIN AND EMPATHY: THE EFFECT OF SELF-ORIENTED FEELINGS ON THE
DETECTION OF PAINFUL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Grynberg, D., & Maurage, P. (2014). Pain and Empathy: The Effect of Self-Oriented Feelings on the
Detection of Painful Facial Expressions. Plos ONE, 9(7), 1-6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100434
Abstract: Painful facial expressions have been shown to trigger affective responses among
observers. However, there is so far no clear indication about the self- or other-oriented nature of
these feelings. The purpose of this study was to assess whether facial expressions of pain are
unconsciously associated with other-oriented feelings (empathic concern) or with self-oriented
feelings (personal distress). 70 participants took part in a priming paradigm in which ambiguous
facial expressions of pain were primed by words related to empathic concern, distress, and negative
or by neutral words. It was hypothesized that empathic concern or distress-related words might
facilitate the detection of pain in ambiguous facial expressions of pain, independently of a mere
effect of prime (i.e., neutral words) or an effect of valence congruency (negative primes). The
results showed an effect of prime on the detection and on the reaction time to answer pain when
confronted to ambiguous facial expressions of pain. More specifically, the detection of pain was
higher and faster when preceded by distress primes relative to either neutral or negative primes. The

present study suggests that painful expressions are unconsciously related to self-oriented feelings of
distress and that their threat value might account for this effect. These findings thus shed new light
on the automatic relationship between painful expressions and the affective components of empathy.
Keywords: Pain, Empathy, Facial Expressions
d) Nios
(23). BRIEF REPORT: ACCURACY AND RESPONSE TIME FOR THE RECOGNITION
OF FACIAL EMOTIONS IN A LARGE SAMPLE OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
SPECTRUM DISORDERS.
Fink, E., de Rosnay, M., Wierda, M., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Brief report: accuracy and
response time for the recognition of facial emotions in a large sample of children with autism
spectrum disorders. Journal Of Autism And Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2363-2368.
doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2084-z
Abstract: The empirical literature has presented inconsistent evidence for deficits in the recognition
of basic emotion expressions in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which may be due
to the focus on research with relatively small sample sizes. Additionally, it is proposed that although
children with ASD may correctly identify emotion expression they rely on more deliberate, more
time-consuming strategies in order to accurately recognize emotion expressions when compared to
typically developing children. In the current study, we examine both emotion recognition accuracy
and response time in a large sample of children, and explore the moderating influence of verbal
ability on these findings. The sample consisted of 86 children with ASD (M age = 10.65) and 114
typically developing children (M age = 10.32) between 7 and 13 years of age. All children
completed a pre-test (emotion word-word matching), and test phase consisting of basic emotion
recognition, whereby they were required to match a target emotion expression to the correct
emotion word; accuracy and response time were recorded. Verbal IQ was controlled for in the
analyses. We found no evidence of a systematic deficit in emotion recognition accuracy or response
time for children with ASD, controlling for verbal ability. However, when controlling for children's
accuracy in word-word matching, children with ASD had significantly lower emotion recognition
accuracy when compared to typically developing children. The findings suggest that the social
impairments observed in children with ASD are not the result of marked deficits in basic emotion
recognition accuracy or longer response times. However, children with ASD may be relying on
other perceptual skills (such as advanced word-word matching) to complete emotion recognition
tasks at a similar level as typically developing children.
Keywords: Keywords Autism spectrum disorder, Emotion recognition, Emotion processing, Social
communication
34.FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE EMOTIONS FROM EYES
OR MOUTH IN CHILDREN
Guarnera, M., Hichy, Z., Cascio, M. I., & Carrubba, S. (2015). Facial Expressions and Ability to
Recognize Emotions From Eyes or Mouth in Children. Europe's Journal Of Psychology, 11(2), 183196. doi:10.5964/ejop.v11i2.890
Abstract: This research aims to contribute to the literature on the ability to recognize anger,
happiness, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust and neutral emotions from facial information. By
investigating childrens performance in detecting these emotions from a specific face region, we
were interested to know whether children would show differences in recognizing these expressions
from the upper or lower face, and if any difference between specific facial regions depended on the

emotion in question. For this purpose, a group of 6-7 year-old children was selected. Participants
were asked to recognize emotions by using a labeling task with three stimulus types (region of the
eyes, of the mouth, and full face). The findings seem to indicate that children correctly recognize
basic facial expressions when pictures represent the whole face, except for a neutral expression,
which was recognized from the mouth, and sadness, which was recognized from the eyes. Children
are also able to identify anger from the eyes as well as from the whole face. With respect to gender
differences, there is no female advantage in emotional recognition. The results indicate a significant
interaction gender x face region only for anger and neutral emotions.
Keywords: facial expressions, emotions, children, recognizing from eyes, recognizing from mouth,
labeling task
35.EMOTION IDENTIFICATION
FROM FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
IN
CHILDREN
ADOPTED INTERNATIONALLY
Hwa-Froelich, D. A., Hisako, M., & Becker, J. C. (2014). Emotion Identification From Facial
Expressions in Children Adopted Internationally. American Journal Of Speech-Language
Pathology, 23(4), 641-654. doi:10.1044/2014_AJSLP-14-0009
Abstract: Children adopted internationally who are exposed to institutional care receive less social
interaction than children reared in families. These children spend their preadoptive life with
individuals from their birth country and are adopted into families who may look and interact
differently. The presumed patterns of limited social stimulation and transition from ethnically
similar to ethnically and culturally different social interactions may affect these childrens ability to
accurately identify emotions from facial expressions. Method: Thirty-five 4-year-old children
adopted from Asia and Eastern Europe by U.S. families were compared with 33 nonadopted peers
on the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy, Version 2 (DANVA2) Faces subtests.
Correlation and regression analyses were completed with preadoption (adoption age, foster care
exposure), postadoption environment (postadoption care duration, number of siblings,
socioeconomic status), and individual (chronological age, gender, language competence) variables
to determine related and predictive variables. The nonadopted group demonstrated
better emotion identification than children internationally adopted, but no region-of-origin
differences were found. English language performance was correlated with and predicted 20% of
the variance in emotion identification of facial expressions on the DANVA2. Conclusion: Children
adopted internationally who have stronger language ability tend to be more accurate in
identifying emotions from facial expressions
Keywords: Facial Expressions, Children Adopted Internationally, Emotion Identification
36.FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS: RECOGNITION ACCURACY AND
AFFECTIVE REACTIONS DURING LATE CHILDHOOD
Mancini, G., Agnoli, S., Baldaro, B., Ricci Bitti, P. E., & Surcinelli, P. (2013). Facial Expressions of
Emotions: Recognition Accuracy and Affective Reactions During Late Childhood. Journal Of
Psychology, 147(6), 599-617. doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.727891
Abstract: The present study examined the development of recognition ability and affective
reactions to emotional facial expressions in a large sample of school-aged children (n = 504, ages 8
11 years of age). Specifically, the study aimed to investigate if changes in the emotion recognition
ability and the affective reactions associated with the viewing of facial expressions occur during late
childhood. Moreover, because small but robust gender differences during late-childhood have been
proposed, the effects of gender on the development of emotion recognition and affective responses
were examined. The results showed an overall increase in emotional face recognition ability from 8

to 11 years of age, particularly for neutral and sad expressions. However, the increase in sadness
recognition was primarily due to the development of this recognition in boys. Moreover, our results
indicate different developmental trends in males and females regarding the recognition of disgust.
Last, developmental changes in affective reactions to emotional facial expressions were found.
Whereas recognition ability increased over the developmental time period studied, affective
reactions elicited by facial expressions were characterized by a decrease in arousal over the course
of late childhood.
Keywords: facial expressions, emotion recognition, affective evaluations, gender differences, late
childhood
e) Uso corporativo
37. PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHMAKING STYLE: EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO MICROEXPRESSIONS OF FACIAL AFFECT
Stewart, P., Waller, B., & Schubert, J. (2009). Presidential speechmaking style: Emotional response
to micro-expressions of facial affect. Motivation And Emotion, 33(2), 125-135.
Abstract: Research considering the effect of Presidential speech making style shows individuals are
likely to attend to and be emotionally affected by the facial expressions of leaders, especially those
that are inappropriate for the context. In this study we tested how rapid and subtle expressions of
facial affect (i.e., expressions of less than one-second, often termed micro-expressions) in speeches
by a political leader impacts participants' emotional state. We do this by removing seven brief
expressions (less than one-second) from a nearly twelve minute televised speech by President
George H. W. Bush concerning the 1990 commitment of US military in response to Iraq's invasion
of Kuwait. FACS coding identified all these expressions as containing a component of smiling (lip
corner puller: AU12), in some cases with the addition of other facial movements (sometimes
associated with anger and/or disgust). Experiments carried out on 206 university undergraduates
showed emotional state was altered as a result of these micro-expressions when the control
(unaltered speech) and experimental group (micro-expressions removed from speech) were
compared. Specifically, participants who viewed the micro-expressions felt less threatened and less
angry. Thus, facial expression (even very brief micro-expressions) can have a significant impact on
the receiver of a political speech.
Keywords: Political speeches, Micro-expressions, Inappropriate facial displays, FACS, Emotion.
38. EXECUTING FACIAL CONTROL DURING DECEPTION SITUATIONS.
Hurley, C. M., & Frank, M. G. (2011). Executing Facial Control During Deception Situations.
Journal Of Nonverbal Behavior,35(2), 119-131.doi:10.1007/s10919-010-0102-1
Abstract: Behavioral countermeasures are the strategies engaged by liars to deliberately control
face or body behavior to fool lie catchers. To date research has not shown whether deceivers can
suppress elements of their facial expression as a behavioral countermeasure. This study examined
whether participants could suppress facial actions such as eyebrow movements or smiles on
command when under scrutiny by a lie catcher. The results derived from micro momentary coding
revealed that facial actions can be reduced, but not eliminated, and that instructions to suppress one

element of the expression resulted in reduction in all facial movement, regardless of veracity. The
resulting implications for security contexts are discussed.
Keywords: Behavior suppression, control, countermeasures, facial expressions.
39. EXPLORING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS ON YOUTUBE THROUGH THE LENS
OF MEDIA SYSTEM DEPENDENCY THEORY.
Lee, C. S. (2012). Exploring emotional expressions on YouTube through the lens of media system
dependency theory. New Media & Society, 14(3), 457-475. doi:10.1177/1461444811419829
Abstract: This study extends current work by investigating the role social networking sites play in
facilitating emotional expressions following the death of a public figure, Michael Jackson. Through
the lens of Media System Dependency theory, I perform a qualitative content analysis on comments
generated by users of YouTube. Results show that YouTube plays an important role in facilitating
emotional expressions as the analysis uncovered a variety of emotions (i.e. sadness and grief, anger
and frustration). I also identify other possible micro-level and macro-level effects which may have
influenced these emotional responses. This study also found that emotional expressions differed
between gender with respect to the passage of time, ongoing events in the environment, and
negative reports about Jackson. The results indicate that users can depend on the content provided
by YouTube to meet their emotional needs during the grieving process following the death of a
public figure.
Keywords: Emotional expressions, gender, Media System Dependency theory, Social networking
sites, YouTube gender.
40. PROCESSING OF FACIAL AFFECT IN SOCIAL DRINKERS: A DOSERESPONSE
STUDY OF ALCOHOL USING DYNAMIC EMOTION EXPRESSIONS
Kamboj, S. K., Joye, A., Bisby, J. A., Das, R. K., Platt, B., & Curran, H. V. (2013). Processing of
facial affect in social drinkers: A dose-response study of alcohol using dynamic emotion
expressions. Psychopharmacology, 227(1), 31-9. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2940-5
Abstract: Rationale Studies of affect recognition can inform our understanding of the interpersonal
effects of alcohol and help develop a more complete neuropsychological profile of this drug.
Objectives The objective of the study was to examine affect recognition in social drinkers using a
novel dynamic affectrecognition task, sampling performance across a range of evolutionarily
significant target emotions and neutral expressions. Methods Participants received 0, 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg
alcohol in a double-blind, independent groups design. Relatively naturalistic changes in facial
expressionfrom neutral (mouth open) to increasing intensities of target emotions, as well as
neutral (mouth closed)were simulated using computergenerated dynamic morphs. Accuracy and
reaction time were measured and a two-high-threshold model applied to hits and false-alarm data to
determine sensitivity and response bias. Results While there was no effect on the principal emotion
expressions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger and disgust), compared to those receiving 0.8 g/kg of
alcohol and placebo, participants administered with 0.4 g/kg alcohol tended to show an enhanced
response bias to neutral expressions. Exploration of this effect suggested an accompanying tendency
to misattribute neutrality to sad expressions following the 0.4-g/kg dose. Conclusions The 0.4-g/kg
alcoholbut not 0.8 g/kgproduced a limited and specific modification in affect recognition
evidenced by a neutral response bias and possibly an accompanying tendency to misclassify sad
expressions as neutral. In light of previous findings on involuntary negative memory following the

0.4-g/kg dose, we suggest that moderatebut not highdoses of alcohol have a special relevance
to emotional processing in social drinkers.
Keywords Alcohol . Facial affect . Emotion . Affect recognition . Sadness . Response bias . Social
drinkers
41. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND AMBIVALENCE: LOOKING FOR CONFLICT IN ALL
THE RIGHT FACES
Heisel, M. J., & Mongrain, M. (2004). Facial expressions and ambivalence: Looking for conflict in
all the right faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(1), 35-35+. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/229301104?accountid=13250
Abstract: The present study examined the impact of conflict over emotional expression on the
nonverbal communication process between romantic partners. Fifty-four romantically involved
female undergraduate students who scored within the upper or lower 30th percentile range on the
Ambivalence over the Expression of Emotion Questionnaire (AEQ; King & Emmons, 1990) were
recruited along with their romantic partners. The facial expressions of these women were examined
during a conflict resolution task. Analyses indicated that highly ambivalent women expressed a
greater number of negative facial expressions and shorter lasting positive facial expressions
(measured with FACES; Kring & Sloan, 1992) than less ambivalent women. These expressions
were not entirely explained by current mood, as ambivalence predicted a greater number of negative
facial expressions, and a briefer display of positive facial expressions, above and beyond current
levels of negative and positive affect. Furthermore, analyses indicated that the number of womens
negative expressions predicted significant increases in mens dysphoria and marginal increases in
mens anxiety, suggesting potential negative interactional patterns between ambivalent women and
their partners.
Keywords: ambivalence; conflict over expression; emotional expression; facial expressions;
nonverbal communication.
42.THE ROLE OF FACIAL MICROEXPRESSION STATE (FMES) CHANGE IN THE
PROCESS OF CONCEPTUAL CONFLICT
Mei-Hung, C., Chin-Cheng, C., Wen-Lung, W., & Hongming, L. (2014). The role of facial
microexpression state (FMES) change in the process of conceptual conflict. British Journal Of
Educational Technology, 45(3), 471-486.
Abstract This paper explores whether facial microexpression state (FMES) changes can be used to
identify moments of conceptual conflict, one of the pathways to conceptual change. It is known that
when the preconditions of conceptual conflicts are met and conceptual conflicts are detected in
students, it is then possible for conceptual change to take place. There were 102 university and high
school students who were involved in this research, and about 80% of the participants held
erroneous preconceptions on the scientific topic chosen. The results showed that FMES changes
were detected in the majority of the students who made erroneous predictions as they underwent
conceptual conflict. Furthermore, the lack of FMES change was shown to indicate a lowered
likelihood of conceptual change, while the presence of FMES change doubled the likelihood of
conceptual change. The results confirm that FMES can be useful in determining learners awareness
of conflicting concepts and their progress towards scientific understanding. Educational
implications are discussed.
Keywords: Facial microexpressions, Conceptual Conflict, FMES
f) Relaciones y Gnero

43. SEX DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OF EMOTION INTENSITY IN DYNAMIC

AND STATIC FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Biele, C., & Grabowska, A. (2006). Sex differences in perception of emotion intensity in dynamic
and
static
facial
expressions.Experimental
Brain
Research, 171(1),
1-6.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0254-0
Abstract: Most research on the perception of emotional expressions is conducted using static faces
as stimuli. However, facial displays of emotion are a highly dynamic phenomenon and a static
photograph is its very unnatural representation. The goal of the present research was to assess the
role of stimuli dynamics as well as subjects sex in the perception of emotional expressions. In the
experiment, subjects rated the intensity of expressions of anger and happiness presented as
photographs (static stimuli) and animations (dynamic stimuli). The impact of both stimulus
dynamics and emotion type on the perceived intensity was observed. The emotions on angry faces
were judged as more intense than on happy faces and the intensity ratings were higher in the case
of animation rather than photography. Moreover, gender differences in the rated intensity were
found. For male subjects higher intensity ratings for dynamic than for static expressions were noted
in the case of anger, whereas in the case of happiness, no differences were observed. For female
subjects, however, differences for both anger and happiness were signifi- cant. The results suggest
that the dynamic characteristic of facial display is an important factor in the perception of the
intensity of emotional expressions. Its effect, however, depends on the subjects sex and emotional
valence.
Keywords: Facial expression Dynamic stimuli Sex differences Happiness Anger
44. THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ON
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Kyoko, Y. S. (2006). The effects of social interaction and personal relationships on facial
expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 30(4), 167-179. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10919006-0015-1
Abstract: Previous studies have reported that the expression of smiles is facilitated by social
interaction between partners. We examined the effects of social interaction and personal
relationships on facial expressions in Japan. Pairs of friends and strangers seated next to each other
(the no partition condition) or separated by a partition (the partition condition) were shown film
clips aimed to elicit either positive or negative affect. Smiles were facilitated in the no partition
condition in which participants interacted with each other. Further, the effect of social interaction on
frowns differed depending on whether pairs were friends or stranger29
Keywords Facial expressions, Personal relationships, Social interaction
45.AGE,
GENDER,
AND
PUBERTY
INFLUENCE
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF FACIAL EMOTION RECOGNITION
Lawrence, K., Campbell, R., Skuse, D., Pascalis, O., & Kadosh, K. C. (2015). Age, gender, and
puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition. Frontiers In Psychology, 1-14.
doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00761
Abstract: Our ability to differentiate between simple facial expressions of emotion develops
between infancy and early adulthood, yet few studies have explored the developmental trajectory of
emotion recognition using a single methodology across a wide age-range. We investigated the
development of emotion recognition abilities through childhood and adolescence, testing the
hypothesis that childrens ability to recognize simple emotions is modulated by chronological age,

pubertal stage and gender. In order to establish norms, we assessed 478 children aged 616 years,
using the Ekman-Friesen Pictures of Facial Affect. We then modeled these cross-sectional data in
terms of competence in accurate recognition of the six emotions studied, when the positive
correlation between emotion recognition and IQ was controlled. Significant linear trends were seen
in childrens ability to recognize facial expressions of happiness, surprise, fear, and disgust; there
was improvement with increasing age. In contrast, for sad and angry expressions there is little or no
change in accuracy over the age range 616 years; nearadult levels of competence are established
by middle-childhood. In a sampled subset, pubertal status influenced the ability to recognize facial
expressions of disgust and anger; there was an increase in competence from mid to late puberty,
which occurred independently of age. A small female advantage was found in the recognition of
some facial expressions. The normative data provided in this study will aid clinicians and
researchers in assessing the emotion recognition abilities of children and will facilitate the
identification of abnormalities in a skill that is often impaired in neurodevelopmental disorders. If
emotion recognition abilities are a good model with which to understand adolescent development,
then these results could have implications for the education, mental health provision and legal
treatment of teenagers.
Keywords: emotion, social cognition, facial expression, emotion recognition, child development,
face recognition
V. Preguntas sobre las categoras:
a) Bases de datos, Formas de deteccin e Investigaciones
- Cules son las implicaciones existentes en el avance de las herramientas utilizadas para
leer micro expresiones en la sociedad y los diferentes campos de accin donde estas son
ms relevantes?
- En qu casos podra ser ms relevante usar las herramientas y bases de datos ms
especficos y en cules sera mejor usar las simples habilidades de una persona al
interactuar con la otra? Qu diferencias hay entre ambas y cmo afectan a la lectura
adecuada de las micro expresiones?
- Hasta que punto es importante y verdaderamente necesario tener bases de datos y
formas especificas de leer micro expresiones en el desarrollo tanto de la persona como
de la sociedad y la interaccin entre ambas?
b) Enfermedades y Sndromes:
- Hay en realidad una diferencia en la lectura e interpretacin de micro expresiones entre
una persona que sufre de una enfermedad o un sndrome y una saludable?
- Existe una diferencia entre las personas que padecen de una enfermedad o un sndrome
y una persona saludable a la hora de expresar y demostrar las micro expresiones?
- Hasta que punto las micro expresiones realizadas por una persona con una enfermedad
o sndrome especifico pueden ayudar a entender o explicar ciertas caractersticas
especificas de dicha enfermedad o sndrome?
c) Sentimientos, Emociones y Emociones Faciales
- Hasta que punto puede el contexto personal emocional de la persona que esta leyendo
las micro expresiones afectar la manera en la que las esta interpretando?
- Hasta que punto son las micro expresiones una forma de comunicacin en sentido de
que expresan lo que la otra persona siente?

Cmo afectan nuestras perspectivas y conceptos personales de las emociones en la

lectura de las micro expresiones de los dems para entender efectivamente qu emocin
estn sintiendo y no mal interpretarlo como lo que nosotros pensamos e interpretamos
que es una emocin y no lo que es en realidad, si es que tal concepto existe?
d) Nios
- Hasta que punto las capacidades de reconocimiento de micro expresiones y expresiones
faciales difieren en adultos y nios?
- Hasta que punto los factores culturales influyen la capacidad de un nio para detectar
las micro expresiones y expresiones faciales en general?
- Hasta que punto son los nios consientes de las micro expresiones que tanto ellos como
los dems realizan y hasta que punto podran ser capaces de controlarlas?
e) Uso corporativo
- Cmo el anlisis de las micro expresiones podra ayudarnos a interpretar mejor lo que
quiere decir en realidad una persona?
- Como el adecuado uso y potencializacin de las micro expresiones nos podra ayudar a
expresar de mejor manera lo que sentimos y pensamos?
- Cmo se pueden usar, y cmo se han usado, las micro expresiones y la interpretacin de
estas por los lideres a nivel mundial para ganar un mayor control sobre la poblacin o
tener un mayor efecto en la misma?
f) Relaciones y Gnero
- Hasta que punto hay una diferencia en la interpretacin y adecuada lectura de las micro
expresiones entre hombres y mujeres, si es que las hay?
- Hasta que punto existen diferencias en las micro expresiones realizadas por hombres y
por mujeres, si es que existen tales diferencias?
- Cmo las expresiones faciales y micro expresiones pueden tener la habilidad de afectar
y determinar tanto en las relaciones como las discusiones, la forma en la que estas se
desarrollan?