Ud8 Health and Disease

8. HEALTH AND DISEASE.
JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a
complete physical, mental and social well
well--being, not just the
mere absence of disease
disease..
There are several different factors that play a part in maintaining
good health and preventing diseases:
A healthy environment, free of anything harmful to our
bodies or minds
minds..

Healthy habits and lifestyles
lifestyles..

Healthy habits and lifestyles
lifestyles..

Personal characteristics
characteristics:: genetic factors, age,
etc..
etc
gender,
SLE affects females far more than males at a ratio of 7:1. In other words, females
are seven times more likely to have the disease.

An efficient and high
high--quality health care system.
system.

WHEN WE FALL ILL
ILL..
THERE ARE SYMPTOMS EASILY OBSERVED BY OTHERS.
OTHERS. THESE ARE
CALLED SIGNS (FOR EXAMPLE, SNEEZE), THEY CAN HELP DOCTORS TO
DIAGNOSE A DISEASE.
DISEASE.

WHEN WE FALL ILL
ILL..
IF WE DEVELOP A DISEASE, WE MIGHT NEED TO SEE A DOCTOR IN ORDER
TO START TREATMENT, WHICH CAN BE CURATIVE OR SYMPTOMATIC.
SYMPTOMATIC.

WHEN WE FALL ILL
ILL..
ONCE CURED, THE BODY NEEDS A PERIOD OF TIME TO COMPLETELY
RECOVER AND PREVENT ANY POSSIBLE AFTERAFTER-EFFECTS.
EFFECTS. THIS PERIOD IS
CALLED CONVALESCENCE
CONVALESCENCE..

WHEN WE FALL ILL
ILL..
CONVALESCENCE..
CONVALESCENCE
Activities 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 7, 8, 9 PAGE 135.
2. INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
THE MICROORGANISMS THAT CAUSE INFECTIOUS DISEASES COME
FROM DIFFERENT GROUPS.
GROUPS.
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
BACTERIA:: Cause diseases by themselves
or through toxins that they produce
produce..
PATHOGENIC
FUNGI::
FUNGI
These
are
heterotrophic
eukaryotes, they grow in damp areas and cause fungal
infections..
infections
PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA
PROTOZOA:: These
eukaryotes.. Some are parasitic like:
eukaryotes
like:
are
singlesingle-celled
PATHOGENIC VIRUSES
VIRUSES:: To reproduce, they must enter
the cell of a living thing, where they function as a
parasite..
parasite
2.1 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED.

THROUGH DIRECT CONTACT (for example by sexual intercourse
between two people or droplets:

BY TOUCHING INERT OBJECTS. Objects can act as a vehicle that
transmits microorganisms.

BY DRINKING CONTAMINATED WATER. Cholera is an example of a
disease that is transmitted this way.

BY EATING CONTAMINATED FOOD. An example is when people eat
meat or eggs that are infected with the bacterium Salmonella.

BY BREATHING CONTAMINATED AIR.
Some pathogenic
microorganisms travel in the air, freely or on dust particles.
Tuberculosis is transmitted this way.
THROUGH CONTACT WITH ORGANISMS THAT TRANSMIT THE

DISEASE.
THROUGH CONTACT WITH ORGANISMS THAT TRANSMIT THE

DISEASE.
2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

We dont always develop a disease every time when pathogenic
microorganisms enter our bodies, as we have external and internal
defence systems to fight them.
EXTERNAL DEFENCES.
DEFENCES. They are passive barriers with no
active mechanisms
mechanisms.. Prevent pathogens from entering our
bodies..
bodies
STRUCTURAL.. SKIN covers and protects the body
STRUCTURAL
bodys external
surface and MUCOSAE do the same for internal surfaces
surfaces.. Mucus
traps microorganisms and foreign bodies
bodies..
Nose hair with mucus and trapped pollen grain

BIOCHEMICAL. Saliva, tears and gastric juices contains
BIOCHEMICAL.
substances that destroy microorganisms.
microorganisms.

MECHANICAL. The body has structures that move
MECHANICAL.
microorganisms and other foreign particles away, to prevent them
from attaching themselves anywhere inside
inside.. For example, CILIA in
our airways help move mucus that contains trapped substances
out of our body
body..

ECOLOGICAL. Non
ECOLOGICAL.
Non--pathogenic microorganisms are found on the
external surface of the body, and in the digestive and respiratory
systems.. These strop the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
systems
microorganisms.

INTERNAL DEFENCES
DEFENCES.. If a microorganism crosses the
bodys passive barriers, it will invade the tissues.
body
tissues. However,
the immune systems has some very effective internal
defences to block and eliminate dangerous microorganisms
microorganisms..
These defences rely on the action of white blood cells
cells..

-NonNon-specific defences protect against any type of
microorganisms or foreign particle
particle.. This work is done by
cells called PHAGOCYTES
PHAGOCYTES..
-Specific defences protect against specific foreign molecules
microorganisms..
called antigens that usually come from microorganisms
Cells called LYMPOHOCYTES produce antibodies
antibodies,, protective
proteins that are specific to one antigen
antigen..
2.4 HOW TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

HEALTHY HABITS TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
DISEASES.
Wash your hands before eating and whenever you have
handled anything that might be contaminated
contaminated..
Only consume food and drink in good condition
condition..
Use disinfectants to clean places around the house.
house.
Keep pets clean and healthy and take them to the vet at least
once a year
year..
Use antiseptics such as alcohol, hydrogen peroxide or iodine
solution to disinfect wounds carefully
carefully..

HEALTHY HABITS TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
DISEASES.
Keep your immune system healthy
healthy:: get enough sleep, try to eat
a healthy diet, exercise regularly and avoid consuming anything
that is bad for you, like alcohol, tobacco or illegal drugs
drugs..
Use medicines carefully and correctly
correctly.. Never abuse them.
them.

VACCINATION..
VACCINATION
The vaccination process begins with a dead, weakened or inactive
pathogenic microbe being injected into the body of a healthy
person.. The person
person
persons immune system then responds by
producing antibodies against the antigens on the microbe before it
can cause illness
illness.. This way, if the vaccinated person comes into
contact with that particular pathogen again, the body will
remember its antigens
antigens..
How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi

Lets Begin

Lets Begin

Lets Begin

Lets Begin

Lets Begin

Serum therapy
therapy..
In this treatment, a liquid that contains antibodies is given to an
infected person
person.. This is usually to cure diseases that can be fatal if
they are nor treated quickly
quickly..

Drug therapy
therapy..
This method is based on administering medication
medication.. These are
drugs that act against microbes
microbes.. The most important of these
medications are antibiotics such as sulphonamides
sulphonamides..
What causes antibiotic resistance? - Kevin Wu

Lets Begin

Lets Begin

Lets Begin
Activities 17, 18, 19,

20, 27 PAGE 141.
3. NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
DISEASES RELATED TO SPECIFIC SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
BODY..
Diseases affecting the circulatory system are known as
cardiovascular disease, while those affecting the respiratory
system such as asthma or chronic bronchitis are respiratory
diseases..
diseases
DISEASES RELATED TO SPECIFIC SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
BODY..
Book mistake
mistake:: 1515-30 % are caused by viruses
viruses..
Certain cells, for reasons that are still not fully understood,
undergo a transformation and begin to divide in a rapid and
uncontrolled manner
manner.. As a result of this, mass of abnormal cells is
created, this is called tumour
tumour..
DISEASES RELATED TO MALNUTRITION
MALNUTRITION..
These are caused by poor diet that lacks certain nutrients.
nutrients.
Examples include avitaminosis, anaemia and scurvy.
scurvy.
MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISEASES
DISEASES..
These cause changes in thought, behaviour or emotions that
result in physical and psychological problems, as well as problems
with friends and family, and difficulties living in society
society..
MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISEASES
DISEASES..
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
TYPES OF DRUGS
DRUGS..
Depressants.. These slow down the nervous system.
Depressants
system. This group
includes opium and its derivatives (heroin, morphine, etc),
sedatives, sleeping pills and alcohol
alcohol..
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
TYPES OF DRUGS
DRUGS..
Stimulants.. These accelerate the nervous system.
Stimulants
system. This group
includes cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine and nicotine.
nicotine.
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
TYPES OF DRUGS
DRUGS..
Psychedelics.. These cause changes in sensory perception.
Psychedelics
perception.
Examples include LSD, mescaline, cannabis, and synthetic drgs
like ecstasy
ecstasy..
Recovery of brain dopamine transporters in

methamphetamine abuser afterJOSE
abstinence
ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS
DRUGS..
TOLERANCE.. When a person uses a drug often, their body
TOLERANCE
gradually develops resistance to the action of the drug and adapts
to itit.. The person will require increasingly greater doses of the drug
in order to achieve the same effect
effect..
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
DRUGS..
ADDICTION.. After a person has used a drug many times, their body may
ADDICTION
require the drug in order to function properly
properly..
-PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
DEPENDENCE.. A lack of drugs affects the functions of certain
organs.. The effects include vomiting, shaking, intense seating, diarrhoea,
organs
diarrhoea, aches
and pains
pains.. These symptoms are referred to as abstinence syndrome
syndrome..
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
DRUGS..
-PHYCOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
DEPENDENCE.. Drugs change the way the brain works and
give users a sense of pleasure and well being that ends as soon as they stop
using them
them..
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
THE CONSEQUENCE OF DRUG USE
USE..
SHORT--TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
SHORT
CONSEQUENCES.. These are mainly
related to the intoxication produced by the presence of a high
level of a drug in the body
body.. These effects can be
be:: convulsions,
high blood pressure, abnormally high heart rate, coma and even
death..
death
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
USE..
MEDIUM AND LONG
LONG--TERM HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
CONSEQUENCES.. Most
drugs damage the nervous system and cause different types of
dementia, psychosis and behavioural disorders
disorders.. Damage to the
liver and circulatory system
system
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
USE..
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES.
CONSEQUENCES. Lose interest in their studies, work,
family, etc
etc.. They can commit crimes to obtain money to pay for
drugs..
drugs
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
THE FIGTH AGAINST DRUG ADDICTION
ADDICTION..
PREVENTION:: There are many different reasons why people
PREVENTION
begin to take drugs
drugs:: to experience new sensations, to imitate the
behaviour of friends or people in their social circle or at work, to
escape from personal problems
problems.. INFORMATION AND
EDUCATION ARE ESSENTIAL TO PREVENT PEOPLE FROM
USING DRUGS
DRUGS..
4. DRUG ADDICTION.
TREATING ADDICTION
ADDICTION..
Several steps must be taken to get addicts to stop taking drugs.
drugs.
Addicts must be convinced that they have a problem and then
voluntarily decide to be cured
cured..
They must go through a process of detoxification in order to
break their physical dependence on the drug.
drug.
They must end their psychological dependence
dependence..
Reintegration
Reintegration..
Activities 33, 34, 38,

39, 40, 41. PAGE 145.
6. TRANSPLANTS.
A transplant is the transfer of an organ, tissue or group of
cells from one individual to another to replace an organ or
tissue that no longer works
works..
Organ and tissue plants
plants..
6. TRANSPLANTS.
Cell transplants
transplants..
Most of the cell that age or die in our bodies are replaced with
new one
one.. This process is performed by stem cells
cells.. These cells can
develop into one or more kinds of specialised cells
cells.. The two most
important types of stem cells are
are:: embryonic and adult.
adult.
Activities 53-60.
PAGE 149.

Ud8 Health and Disease

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8. HEALTH AND DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

1. HUMAN BEINGS AND HEALTH: TYPES OF DISEASE.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.1 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.1 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.1 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.1 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.1 HOW INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

THROUGH CONTACT WITH ORGANISMS THAT TRANSMIT THE

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

THROUGH CONTACT WITH ORGANISMS THAT TRANSMIT THE

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

Nose hair with mucus and trapped pollen grain

2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.2 THE BODYS DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.4 HOW TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.4 HOW TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

2.4 HOW TO PREVENT INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO

How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi

JOSE ANTONIO LUNA MORILLO