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Lab 2
Alkalinity And Hardness
+ Calibrating pH meter
1.
2.
3.
Wait for pH icon stops flashing. Use arrow and functional keys (Digits, Line
Select) to adjust the number to the value of buffer solution (i.e. 4, 7 or 10)
4.
5.
+ 1. Alkalinity
: the quantitative capacity of an aqueous solution to
neutralize an acid
n
Can calculate the amount of alkalinity in water by titrating the sample water with
an acid and using an indicator.
Titration does not tell us the actual types of alkalinity present in the water.
Point of
Inflection
pH
8
7
Point of
Inflection
6
5
H+ + OH- H2O
H+ + HCO3-
H2CO3
H+ + CO32- HCO3-
3
2
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
mL Acid
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
1.3 Step1:
+
Vacid,1, end point of titration at pH=8.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.4 Step 2:
+
Vacid,2, end point of titration at pH=4.5
5.
Add 3 drops bromocresol green indicator into flask (the bluegreen color will be developed)
6.
Titrate the sample with 0.02 N H2SO4 until sample color changes
from blue-green to yellow. At this point, don't shake vigorously;
otherwise the carbon dioxide will be escaped from sample.
7.
+
diagram for the carbonate system
pH 4.5;
CT [H2CO3]
pH 8.3;
CT [HCO3-]
H2CO3
pKa = 6.3;
[H2CO3] = [HCO3-]
pKa = 10.3;
[HCO3-] = [CO32-]
Modified from: Pederson, O., Colmer, T. D., Sand-Jensen, K. 2013. Underwater photosynthesis of
submerged plants recent advances and methods. Front. Plant Sci. 4(140). doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00140
+ 1.5
Vacid,1
Vacid,2
N
Vsample
mg
L! CaCO! ) = !
+ 1.5.1
Actual units for the alkalinity titration are moles or equivalents per volume
(moles/L or eq/L).
n
Converting alkalinity from eq/L to mg/L as CaCO3 takes into that one mole of
carbonate (CO32-) can neutralize 2 moles of acid H+
*CaCO3 -> Ca2+ + CO32- : 1 mole CaCO3 yields 1 mole, or 2 equivalents of Ca2+ and
CO32-
+ 2. Hardness
n
+ 2.1 Materials
n
As EDTA is added to hard water during the titration it reacts with the
divalent ions (e.g. Ca2+ and Mg2+) present in the hard water.
Once all the divalent ions in solution have reacted with EDTA, the EDTA reacts
with the Mg2+ ions that are complexed with the Eriochrome Black-T indicator,
thus causing the solution to turn BLUE.
n
EDTA
+ 2.2 Procedure
1.
2.
3.
Add 2 drops of EBT indicator to sample and the wine red color
will be developed.
4.
5.
+ 2.3 Calculation
n
XCa2++Mg2+=(MolarityEDTA
VEDTA)/Vsample
n XCa2++Mg2+= molar concentration of Ca2+ + Mg2+ (mol/L)
n MolarityEDTA = 0.01 M
n VEDTA = volume of EDTA added to the sample during titration (mL)
n Vsample = volume of the sample (mL)
(mg/L as CaCO3)= (XCa2++Mg2+) MWCaCO31000 mg/g
n MWCaCO3= molecular weight of CaCO3 (g/mol)
Hardness
2) When alkalinity (in mg/L as CaCO3) total hardness (in mg/L as CaCO3)
n
+
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Special Caution!!!
Ammonia Buffer Solution and Sulfuric Acid
Protective equipment should be worn when using sulfuric acid!
If sulfuric acid comes into contact with your skin, immediately flush the
affected area gently with lukewarm water for at least 30 uninterrupted
minutes
If sulfuric acid gets into your eyes, immediately flush the eye(s) with water
for at least 30 minutes.
If you inhale sulfuric acid aerosols, seek fresh air and medical attention
immediately.
If ammonia buffer comes into contact with your skin, immediately flush the
affected area gently with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes
while removing contaminated.
If ammonia buffer gets into your eyes, immediately flush the eye(s) with
water for at least 15 minutes.
If you inhale ammonia buffer, give artificial respiration if necessary and
seek fresh air
3. Today
References
n
http://homepages.ius.edu/DSPURLOC/c121/week13.htm
http://www.chemicalforums.com/index.php?topic=6057.0