Binary and Decimal Number Systems

Decimal numbers
Use 10 digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Addressing the Network
IPv4

Base 10 numbers (or radix 10)

Binary numbers
Use two digits (bits) 0,1
Base 2 numbers (or radix 2)

Network Fundamentals Chapter 6

Only concerned with 8-bit

numbers range 0 to 255
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

00000000
0
00000001
1
00000010
2
00000011
3
00000100
4
00000101
5
00000110
6
00000111
7
00001000
8
00001001
9
00001010 10
00001011 11
00001100 12
11111111 255

Cisco Public

What is 101011002 in decimal?

Place values:
Binary number:
Add these:

128 64 32 16
1
128

32

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 = 172

Theres a tool to practice Binary to Decimal

conversions on page 6.1.3 in the curriculum material.
3

What is 17210 in binary?

An IPv4 Address is a 32-bit number:

110000001010100000000101000000001

Continuously subtract place values:

Place values:

Binary number:

128 64 32
172
44 44

16

11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001

8

12 12
0

1
192 . 168 . 10 . 1

4
1

Octet a group of 8 bits, e.g 11000000

Dotted decimal format: 4 decimal numbers

Theres a tool to practice Decimal to Binary

conversions on page 6.1.5 in the curriculum material.
5

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Three Types of IPv4 Addresses

Host Address: 192.168.10.1 /24

An IPv4 address is 32-bits.

An IP address has two parts

The Network Address portion high-order bits
The Host ID portion low-order bits

How many bits represent the network portion,

and how many the host portion?
Determined by the Prefix length: /24

Network Address
The Host ID bits are all zeros

24 high-order bits are Network bits (the prefix)

Remaining 8 bits are host ID bits (32 24 = 8)

Host Address
Each host on the network has a unique Host ID

Host IP:
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
Network addr:
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000000
Broadcast addr: 11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 11111111

Broadcast Address
The Host ID bits are all ones
How do we know how many bits represent the
network portion? We add a prefix length.

Network Address: 192.168.10.0 /26

Host IP:
192.168.10.1 /24
Network addr:
192.168.10.0 /24
Broadcast addr: 192.168.10.255 /24

Network Address: 192.168.10.96 /27

What is the broadcast address on this network?

What is the broadcast address on this network?

What is the range of valid host addresses on

this network?

What is the range of valid host addresses on

this network?

Network:
First host:
Last host:
Broadcast:

11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000000

11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00000001
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00111110
11000000 . 101010000 . 00001010 . 00111111

Network:

192.168.10.0 /26

First host:

192.168.10.1 /26

Last host:

192.168.10.62 /26

Broadcast:

192.168.10.63 /26

Unicast Addresses

Network:
First host:
Last host:
Broadcast:

192.168.10. 01100000
192.168.10.
192.168.10.
192.168.10. 01111111

.96
.97
.126
.127

Network:
Host range:
Broadcast:

192.168.10.96
192.168.10.97 to 192.168.10.126
192.168.10.127

Theres an interactive tool to practice this on page 6.2.2.2 in

the curriculum material

10

Broadcast Addresses

Normal host-to-host communication

Directed Broadcast, e.g. 192.168.10.255 /24

Source and Destination IP addresses in packet

header

Delivered to all hosts on a remote network

Unicast
addresses have
first octet in the
range 1 to 223

Limited Broadcast
Destination address is
255.255.255.255

Most network
transmissions
are unicast

Limited to local network,

i.e. broadcast domain
Not passed by routers.

Packet Tracer activity 6.2.3

11

Copyright 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.
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12

IPv4 32-bit addresses

span 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

Multicast Addresses
Allows a host to send a single packet to a
selected set of hosts
Multicast clients use
services initiated by a
client program to
subscribe to the
multicast group.

0.?.?.?

Default route

1 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
223.255.255.255

Host and
network
addresses
Multicast
addresses

RFC 790

240. 0 . 0 . 0 to
255.255.255.254

Experimental

RFC1700

255.255.255.255

Limited
broadcast

224 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
239.255.255.255

IP addresses 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255 are
reserved for multicast
groups.
13

Public IPv4 addresses

RFC1700

RFC3330

14

Private Addresses
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

The range 1.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 are Public

addresses used for hosts and networks
connected to the Internet

(10.0.0.0 /8)
(172.16.0.0 /12)
(192.168.0.0 /16)

However, within this range, some addresses are

reserved as follows:
Loopback addresses:

127.0.0.0 /8

Private addresses:

10.0.0.0 /8
172.16.0.0 /12
192.168.0.0 /16

Link-Local addresses:

169.254.0.0/16

TEST-NET addresses:

192.0.2.0/24
15

16

17

18

Link-Local and TEST-NET Addresses

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