1.

P(x; y) is a point on the Cartesian plane. The length of the line drawn from the origin
0 to point P is r. The angle between OP and the x-axis is .

P (x; y)

1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3

Complete the terms of x, y and r:

sin =
cos =
tan =

1.2

If OP is called the hypotenuse, what are OR and PR called respectively?

1.3

Give the definition of sin , cos and tan in terms of the three sides mentioned.

Special Angles:
0o ; 30o ; 45o ; 60o ; 90o
1.
1.1
1.2
2.
2.1
2.2

Calculate the value of the following expressions without using a calculator:

3 cos 60. sin 30.tan 2 60
cos 30. sin 30
tan 45. sin 60
Prove the following without using a calculator:
sin 45
tan 45 =
cos45
1 2 sin 2 = cos2 if = 30.

Solution:
1.1

3 cos 60.sin 30.tan 2 60

1.2

3 1 1 3
9

=
1 2 2 1
4

1
=2
4

2.1

LHS = tan45
2
=
2
=1
sin 45
RHS =
cos45

cos 30. sin 30

tan 45. sin 60

2.2

2
= 2
2
2
=1
LHS = RHS
sin 45
tan45=
cos45

3 1
.
2 2
2 3
.

2 2

1
2

LHS = 1 2 sin 2 of = 30
= 1 2sin 2 30
1
= 1 2 ( )2
2
1
=12( )
4
1
=1
2
1
=
2
RHS = cos2 of = 30
= cos (2 30)
= cos60
1
=
2
LHS = RHS
1 2 sin 2 = cos if = 30

Exercise:
1.

Calculate the value of the following expressions without the use of a calculator:

1.1

sin 2 60 + cos 2 60

1.2

cos 90 + 8 sin 30 cos180 5tan45

1.3

tan60. sin 60
cos 45 . sin 45

1.4

tan60.sin60 2sin45.cos45 cos 2 45

1.5
1.6

cos 2 30 sin 2 45

tan 2 60 (cos45 sin30)

Reduction Formulae:

90o

Sin

All

180o -

90o -

90o +

0o

180o
180o +

360o -

Tan
n
3

Cos
4
270o

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15

Complete the table with the help of reduction formulae:

sin 180
tan360
cos90
tan180
sin 90
cos360
sin
tan360
cos
sin 90
cos180
cos90
sin 360
tan360
cos360

360o

3.
3.1
3.2

Simplify by means of reduction formulae:

cos 360 . cos 180 . cos 90 . sin

cos 90 . tan 360
sin 180 . tan

4.

Prove using reduction formulae:

cos . sin 360
sin 90 .
sin 90 . tan 180

5.

Determine the value of the following expression without using a calculator (the
answer should be in surd form):
sin 390 . cos 225 . sin 210 . sin 315 . sin 260
cos 350

1.

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14

Complete the following table:

Trigonometric
function
tan180
sin 360
cos 90
sin 180
sin 90
cos
sin 180
tan360
cos360
sin 90
cos360
tan
cos180
sin360

Quadrant

Sign

Reduced
function

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

Complete the following by means of coordinate and reduction formulae:

cos 17 sin______
cos 248 cos_____
tan 196 tan______
sin 144 sin______
sin 144 cos_______

3.

Simplify using reduction formulae:

3.1

sin 360 . tan180 . cos

cos90 sin 180

3.2

sin A. sin 180 A. tan360 A

tan180 A. cos90 A. cos180 A

3.3

cos90 . sin180 sin90 cos180

3.4

tan180 . cos360
cos90 . cos90 sin . sin 180

3.5

tan180 A. sin 90 A. tan360 A. cos360 A

cos360 A. cos180 A

3.6

cos360 A. cos90 A. tan A

tan180 A. sin 90 A. cos180 A

4.

Use reduction formulae to prove the following:

4.1

cos90
tan360
cos180

4.2

sin 2 360

4.3

cos . cos90 . cos90 cos360 . sin

sin 360 . sin 180

sin 180

4.4

sin 180 A tan180 A tan360 A

tan180 A. sin 270
cos180 A. cos180

5.

sin 2 90 . tan360 . cos180

1
sin180

Determine the values of the expressions without using a calculator. (Answer should
be in surd form.)

5.1

cos 150 . sin 330

tan 225 . sin 300

5.2

sin 2 130 sin 2 220

5.3

tan120 sin 3002 sin135 tan315 cos2 135

5.4

tan 216 . sin 126

sin 144

6.

Determine the value of

7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5

If sin 53 p , express each of the following in terms of p:

sin 233
cos 307
tan 233
cos 127
cos 143

cos

. cos . cos 2 without using a calculator if 60 .

2
2

Identities:
You must be able to deduce and solve the following two fundamental identities:

Place POR in a standard position with P O R = and the coordinates of P equal to

(x; y).

1.

tan =

sin
cos

y
x
y
sin
RHS =
r
x
cos
r
y r
=
r x
y
=
x
LHS = RHS
sin
tan =
cos

LHS = tan =

P (x; y)

This identity is called a quotient identity.

2.

sin 2 cos2 1

LHS = sin 2 cos2

y
x
= ( )2 + ( )2
r
r
2
2
x
y
= 2 + 2
r
r
2
2
y x
=
r2
r2
= 2 (according to Pythagoras)
r
=1
= RHS
sin 2 cos2 1

sin2 + cos2 = 1
sin2 = 1 - cos2
cos2 = 1 - sin2

This identity is called a quadratic / square identity.

Examples:
1.
1.1

Use the fundamental identity to simplify the following:

1
tan 2
2
cos

1.2

cos cos . sin 2

2.

Prove the following with the help of fundamental identity:

tan 1 sin cos
=
tan 1 sin cos
1
1

(1 sin A) (1 sin A) cos2 A

2.1
2.2

Solution:
1.
1.1

1.2

1
1
sin 2
2

tan
=

cos 2
cos 2
cos2
1 sin 2
=
cos2
cos2
=
cos2
=1

cos cos . sin 2 = cos (1 sin 2 )

= cos cos2
= cos 3

2.
2.1

LHS

tan 1
tan 1
sin
1
cos

=
sin
1
cos
sin cos
cos
=
sin cos
cos
sin cos
cos

cos
sin cos
sin cos

sin cos
= RHS

2.2

1
(1 sin A) (1 sin A)
1
=
1 sin 2 A
1
=
cos 2 A
= RHS

LHS =

Exercise :
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

Use the fundamental identity to simplify the following:

(1 cos A)(1 cos A)
sin A
2
1 cos sin 2
(1 cos )(1 cos )
(1 sin )(1 sin )

(sin + cos ) 2
sin
tan
tan 2 .sin 2 + tan 2 .cos 2

Prove the following with the help of fundamental identity:

1
sin A.tan A + cos A =
cos A
4
4
2
sin A cos A sin A cos2 A
1
cos x + sin x.tan x =
cos x

tan2
1 tan2
sin
(sin + tan )
= sin .tan
1 cos
cos A 1 sin A

1 sin A cos A
cos sin 1 2 sin cos

cos sin cos2 sin 2

1
cos A
sin A

sin A sin A 1 cos A

1 cos
sin
2

1 cos
sin
sin
sin 2 =

sin cos (1 tan2 )

= (sin + cos ) 2 2 sin cos
tan

1.
1.1

sin 2 60 cos2 60
2

3 1 2


2
2

3 1

4 4
4

4
1
1.2

cos90 8 sin 30 cos180 5 tan45

0 1
8 1 51
2 2
0 4 1 5

0
1.3

tan 60 . sin 60
cos 45. sin 45
3 3

1 . 2

2 2

2 . 2

3
2
2
4
3 4

2 2
3

1.4

tan60. sin 60 2 sin 45. cos45 cos2 45

3 3 2 2 2
.

3 2 2 2 2
1

3
2
1
2
4
3
1
1
2
2
0

cos2 30 sin 2 45

1.5

32 2

2
2

3 2

4 4
1

4
1

1.6

tan2 60cos45. sin 30

2

3 2 1


.

1 2 2

2
4
12 2