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AMERICAN OCCUPATION
THE
LOUISIANA PURCHASE
AND THE EXPLORATION
EARLY HISTORY AND
BUILDING OF
THE WEST
BY
RIPLEY HITCHCOCK
With Illustrations
and Maps
BOSTON, U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
1903
C OPYRIGHT , 1903
BY RIPLEY HITCHCOCK
By Ripley Hitchcock
As Published in 1903
All rights reserved, which includes the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in
any form whatsoever except as provided by the U. S. Copyright Law. For information
address Digital Scanning, Inc.
M. W. H.
INTRODUCTION
PART I
PAGE
C H A P T E R I I . TH E FRENCH IN L OUISIANA 21
C H A P T E R I V . TH E AMERICAN W ESTWARD M O V E-
MENT 45
Advancing beyond the Alleghenies. Settlement
rather than exploration or exploitation. Experiences
of the pioneers. Their way to the sea blocked by
Spanish control of the mouth of the Mississippi.
How the Spaniards ruled New Orleans.
C HAPTER V I . LO U I S I A N A AN A CTIVE IS S U E 64
The East slow to see the facts. Foresight of Wash-
ington, Jefferson, and Hamilton. A critical period.
Spanish exactions. The river closed. Popular agita-
tion. The West ready for war. Jefferson resolves to
buy New Orleans and the Floridas. Monroe appointed
commissioner. Livingston’s work in Paris. Talley-
rand’s startling proposition. How Napoleon made his
purpose known. A family quarrel in a bath-room.
CONTENTS xiii
PAGE
PART II
C HAPTER I X . EX P L O R I N G L O U I S I A N A 97
An unknown interior. Jefferson’s early interest
in exploration. Ledyard’s vain attempt. Jefferson
selects Lewis and Clark. Who they were. Their in-
structions. The uncertainty as to their route.
C HAPTER X . PR E P A R I N G FOR THE JO U R N E Y 106
An uninformed Spaniard. A company of picked
men. Some curious supplies. The journal of the
expedition.
C HAPTER X I . ST A R T I N G FOR THE W ILDERNES 111
Trappers and Indians. Across Missouri. The first
sight of buffalo. Turning northward. A council with
the Indians near Council Bluffs. An odd way of fish-
ing. A country full of game.
xiv CONTENTS
PAGE
C H A P T E R X I V . AC R O S S M ONTANA 137
Discovery of the Musselshell. The first glimpse of
the Rockies. A buffalo charges the camp. A narrow
escape. At the Great Falls of the Missouri. A difficult
portage. Reaching the Three Forks of the Missouri.
In an unknown country.
C H A P T E R X V I I I . CA P T A I N C L A R K’ S A D V E N T U R E S 178
Crossing the Yellowstone. The last glimpse of the
Rockies. Buffalo and bears. Reaching the Missouri.
Attacked by mosquitoes. Pryor loses the horses.
Bitten by a wolf. The whole party reunited.
PART III
C HAPTER X X . PI K E’ S E X P L O R A T I O N S 199
Ascending the Mississippi. A second expedition
westward. Hostile Spanish influence. Into Colorado.
The first glimpse of Pike’s Peak. On the upper
Arkansas. Disappointment and privation. In Spanish
territory. Captured by the Spaniards. Pike’s return
and death.
xvi CONTENTS
PAGE
C HAPTER X X I I . TY P I C A L P A T H F I N D E R S 226
Trade seeking the Northwest. Hunt and the “over-
land Astorians.” Ashley and Wyeth. Bonneville’s
journeys. Explorations by Frémont.
PART IV
C HAPTER X X I I I . A FO R M A T I V E P E R I O D 241
Influences of the westward movement. A time of
expansion. Development of the Mississippi Valley.
Influences upon upper Louisiana. Types of the
middle period. The soldier’s work in the West.
Labors of missionaries. Whitman’s journey and its
real purpose.
C H A P T E R X X V . PE R M A N E N T O CCUPATION 270
The Free Soil issue. Kansas and Nebraska. Dis-
tribution of public lands. Louisiana in the Civil
War. A glance at later development. Political and
economic consequence of the old Louisiana Purchase.
CONTENTS xvii
PAGE
A PPENDIX I 287
LOUISIANA 296
A RKANSAS 300
C OLORADO 303
IN D I A N T E R R I T O R Y 307
IO W A 309
KANSAS 312
M INNESOTA 316
M ISSOURI 320
M ONTANA 323
N EBRASKA 325
N ORTH D AKOTA 328
O KLAHOMA 330
SOUTH D AKOTA 333
W YOMING 335
IN D E X 339
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS
PAGE
Autograph of Genet 55
Autograph of Talleyrand 57
Autograph of Toussaint L’Ouverture 61
Alexander Hamilton 65
Livingston’s Autograph 67
James Monroe 68
Napoleon as First Consul Facing 72
Thomas Jefferson 81
Wilkinson’s Autograph 88
The Cabildo, or City Hall Facing 88
Claiborne’s Autograph 89
Andrew Jackson riding along the Lines after the Battle of
New Orleans 92
Bad Lands of Dakota 98
Meriwether Lewis (from the drawing by St. Merain) Facing 100
William Clark Facing 104
Washington One Hundred Years ago 107
French Fort at Saint Louis Facing 108
In the Days of the Buffalo Hunter 115
Totem of the Sioux 121
Calumet, or Pipe of Peace 122
Stone Hatchet 124
Nature’s Fortifications (from the plan drawn by Lewis and
Clark) Facing 126
A Mandan Hut 128
Mandan Indians using “Bull Boats” made of Buffalo
Hide Facing 130
Interior of Deserted Mandan Hut 131
Map of Lewis and Clark Pass 148
Mouth of the Columbia River (from the plan drawn by
Lewis and Clark) Facing 160
Multnomah Falls Facing 164
Meriwether Lewis Facing 174
A Mandan Chief Facing 186
Pike’s Peak Trail at Minnehaha Falls 205
ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS xxi
PAGE
P ART I
D E S O T O’ S F I R S T V I E W OF THE M ISSISSIPPI R I V E R
O LD S PANISH G ATEWAY AT S T . AU G U S T I N E
S PANISH E X P L O R A T I O N S
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