VOICE OVER LTE

Written by:
Raya Idrissa Ahmada, s140720
Submission Date: 5th December, 2015

ACRONYMS

AS Application Server
BGFC Breakout Gateway Control Function
CS Circuit Switch
CSFB Circuit Switched Fallback
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for mobile Communication
GSMA - Global System for mobile Communication Association
HSS Home Subscriber Server
ICSCF- Interrogating Call Session Control Function
IMS Internet Protocol Multimedia System
IMS-AGW IMS Access Gateway
LTE Long Term Evolution
MGCF Media Gateway Control Function
MGW Mobile GateWay
MME Mobility Management Entity
MO mobile Originating
MRFC Multimedia Resource Function Controller
MRFP Multimedia Resource Function Processor
MSC Mobile switching Center
MT Mobile Terminating
OTT Over the Top
P-CSCF Proxy Call Session Control Function
PS Packet Switch
QoS Quality of Service
S-CSCF Serving-Call Session Control Function
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SLF Server locator Function
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Access Network
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
VoLGA Voice over LTE via Generic Access
VoLTE Voice over Long Term Evolution

ABSTRACT
There has been considerable evolution from GSM to different technologies which fulfil the
current growing demands of the users due to different new killer applications and the usage
of very smart devices like smartphones. The technology trends can be seen from extending
the GSM network to GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, LTE, LTE-Advanced as well the 5G network
which is still in deployment phase.
3GPP Release 8 introduces major advances in mobile networks for both subscribers as well
as mobile providers. The demand of higher data rates and low latency on the connection for
the users is fulfilled with LTE. On the other hand, mobile providers are able to incur less cost
due to the lower cost per transmitted bit as a result of efficient use of radio network resources.
Though there has been a lot of advancement in technologies, voice service continues to be the
main revenue generator for different mobile operators.
While other 3GPP releases are the enhancements of the already available GSM infrastructure,
LTE technology is an all-internet protocol technology meaning that the implementation of the
circuit-switched phone calls is not possible due to the packet-switched nature of LTE and
thus voice calls should be implemented differently over the LTE.
The important thing is not only to ensure that voice calls can be made in the LTE, but also to
ensure voice call continuity when a user moves out of the LTE coverage. Hence the solution
needs to provide means of backward compatibility with the previous available radio access
technologies, such as GSM/GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and others, so that an on-going call could
be handled to a legacy circuit-switched connection network.

ii

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: CSFB Network Architecture ...................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: MO in CSFB mode ..................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3: MT voice calls in CSFB mode ................................................................................... 5
Figure 4: VoLTE Deployment 2014 .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 5: NTT DOCOMO VoLTE Architecture and standard VoLTE Architecture ................ 9
Figure 6: LTE/EPS Bearer Service Architecture ..................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Bearer types .............................................................................................................. 11

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CONTENTS
Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................ ii
Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... iii
1

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

Circuit-Switched Fallback (CSFB) ................................................................................................. 2

2.1

Mobility in UMTS and LTE Technologies ............................................................................. 2

2.2

CSFB Network Architecture ................................................................................................... 3

2.3

MO voice calls in CSFB ......................................................................................................... 3

2.4

MT voice calls in CSFB .......................................................................................................... 4

2.5

Advantages of CSFB............................................................................................................... 5

2.6

Drawbacks of CSFB ............................................................................................................... 5

2.7

Quality of Service (QoS) in CSFB .......................................................................................... 5

Other Alternative voice solution over LTE..................................................................................... 7

VoLTE ............................................................................................................................................ 8
4.1

Background to VoLTE deployment ........................................................................................ 8

4.2

Overview of General VoLTE Architecture ............................................................................. 9

4.3

Standard VoLTE Architecture .................................................................................................. 9

4.4

QoS in VoLTE ...................................................................................................................... 10

4.5

Bearer types .......................................................................................................................... 11

4.6

Benefits of VoLTE .................................................................................................................. 12

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 12

References ..................................................................................................................................... 13

INTRODUCTION

Though there has been tremendous growth in the new applications like social networks, and
others, which require much higher capacity, voice still continues to be the most important
service and its demand is still high to the end users [1]. In the early stage of Long Term
Evolution (LTE) development, it was decided that the circuit switched technology would not
be used at all with the LTE architecture. This was a challenge to the mobile service providers
as the need to provide voice services together with SMS services which is a yet another
important service was still there [1] [2] . LTE technology supports higher data rates for the
emerging broadband technologies, but the fact that it is a packet-switched technology poses
some problems with the voice service which is a typical circuit- switched service.
With circuit switched technology, there is a connection establishment phase and once the
connection is established, the network resources are reserved for the duration of the voice
call. With this resource reservation, there is a quality of service guarantee and low latency as
there is no additional overhead apart from the connection establishment phase. The drawback
of circuit-switched technology on the other hand is the wasting of reserved resources for the
whole duration of the call.
In packet-switched technology, there is no reservation of resources, and thus they can
efficiently be shared amongst several users. But with voice service, this is not reliable, as
there is no any guarantee that the packets will arrive to the intended destination, and packet
may be lost in case there is congestion in the network. The packet-switched technologies are
favourable solution to bursty communications and are very popular for carrying data traffic.
LTE being a pure packet-switched network, it requires the Internet Protocol Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) to ensure QoS for various multimedia services including voice. However,
most of the commercial network providers do not have IMS integrated in their core networks
[3] as it requires huge investment.
To provide voice services in LTE networks, there are some alternatives that have been
proposed from the use of CS network to the more complex alternatives which involve the use
of the already available over the top technologies like VoIP. Some of the proposed solutions
are as follows: Simultaneous Voice and LTE (SV-LTE), Over the top (OTT), Voice over
LTE via Generic Access (VoLGA), Circuit Switched Fall Back (CSFB) and Voice over LTE
(Volte) [5].
In this report the CSFB and Volte solutions are briefly explained and compared both in terms
of how they work as well as offered performance to the user

CIRCUIT-SWITCHED FALLBACK (CSFB)

CS fall-back solution involves the use of legacy circuit-switched technology [3]. Whenever
the UE in LTE makes or receives a call, the call is handed to the existing 2.5G (GSM EDGE
Radio Access Network - GERAN) or 3G (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UTRAN) infrastructure. This requires that the LTE coverage is always within the 2.5G/3G.
In this report, the UTRAN is going to be considered as the legacy network, and thus CSFB
implies the use of the 3G UTRAN.
With this implementation, some additional modification is expected to make sure this
handover takes place both from LTE to the legacy circuit switched technologies as well as
from the legacy CS technology back to LTE after the call.
The idea here is to understand how LTE and UMTS networks are working together to
provide the CSFB services.
Before explaining how these two technologies are proposed to interwork together to allow for
CSFB services, it is very important to understand some processes needed before a UE can
make or receive a call regardless of which technology is used.
Registration: It is needed in order to inform the networks which device a user currently uses
and that it is ready to receive requests.
Paging: It is usually needed to find the current cell where the device is located as the cellular
networks only know an area where the UE is located in the power saving mode.
Handover: It is needed to keep the link while moving from one access point to another; this
ensures UE mobility while connections are active.
2.1 MOBILITY IN UMTS AND LTE TECHNOLOGIES
The UMTS part of the network is divided into two different domains; the CS domain in
which the MSC is responsible for switching the CS-data within and out of the own network
via the Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC) and the PS domain in which the Serving
GPRS Support Node (SGSN) routes the PS-data within the UMTS network and outside via
the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Both the MSC and SGSN are responsible for
authentication and mobility management. AVLR is responsible for the mobility activities of
the MSC whereas the home subscriber server (HSS) is the master database containing all
user-related subscription information, which supports mobility management of mobile users.
With LTE, the control plane and data plane has been separated and the Mobility Management
Entity (MME) is the one responsible for the mobility management function while the Serving
Gateway (SGW) handles all user plane switching and data forwarding within the network and
access to external networks is provided via the Packet data network Gateway (P-GW).

2.2 CSFB NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

The proposed network architecture is as shown in Figure 1.

UE
LTE coverage

eNodeB

UMTS coverage

NodeB

Iu-b

UMTS (3G)

LTE Core
S-GW

S11

MME

SGs

MSC/VLR

RNC

Gn

GGSN

Gs

Iu-CS

S3
P-GW

SGSN

SGi

Gi

IP

Figure 1: CSFB Network Architecture

From the diagram it can be seen that the NodeB is the one responsible for providing
Wideband Code Division Multiple-Access (WDCMA) radio connectivity between the UE
and the corresponding RNC. The RNC then connects to the UMTS core network. The
evolved NodeBs (eNodeBs) on the other hand, offers LTE radio coverage to the UE.
This solution introduces a new interface called the SGs interface connecting the MME in the
LTE network to the MSC in UMTS. This as seen before, is performed for combined
registration and paging process of CS domain services [3]. Also short message service
(SMS) is delivered via this interface.
To allow for signalling and PS data context transfers between the two networks, additional
interfaces are needed to connect the MME to the SGSN and the S-GW to the SGSN. The
interfaces are S3 and S4 respectively as shown in the figure.
The User Equipment (UE) needs to be registered in both the LTE and UMTS networks, and
the location of the UE is updated to both the MME and MSC through the Tracking Area (TA)
and Location Area (LA) Update procedures.

2.3 MO VOICE CALLS IN CSFB

It is worth noting that CSFB can occur due to the Mobile Originating (MO) voice calls or
Mobile Terminating (MT) voice calls. In case, these calls take place while the UE is in LTE

RRC CONNECTED state, CSFB is required to transfer the PS data context form LTE to the
3G network together in addition to the setting up of the call [4].
UE/MS

eNodeB

BSC/RNC

MSC/MSC
Center

MME

SGSN

Serving
Gateway

End user dials numbers

Extended Service Request
S1-AP Request with CSFB indicator

S1-AP Response

Either Packet Switched Handover or RRC redirect procedure (In case active data
EPS bearer)
CM Service Request (CS Call)

CM Service Reject

CM Service Reject

Location Update or combined RA/LA update

CS Call Establishment Procedure

Call established as regular MO CS call

Figure 2: MO in CSFB mode

The procedures required to establish a CS call from LTE is shown in Figure 2. When the
mobile user originates a CSFB call, the UE issues an Extended Service Request (ESR) to the
MME. MME is then responsible to notify the eNodeB that the UE should be moved to
UTRAN. It does this by sending an S1-AP Request message to eNB that includes a CS
Fallback indicator. The eNodeB then performs handover to the UTRAN neighbour cell by
sending the Handover required message to the MME. The UE is then commanded to move to
a cell in the target radio access technology (RAT). The target RAT in this discussion is
UTRAN, and the user establishes an RRC connection and sends an RRC initial direct
message that contains a Connection Management (CM) Service Request. In case, the MSC
serving the 3G target cell is different from the MSC that served the UE while camping on
LTE network, implicit location update has to be performed. The UE then initiates the CS call
establishment procedure. The UE then finally moves to a cell in the target RAT [4].

2.4 MT VOICE CALLS IN CSFB

When the MSC receives the message for an incoming call, it sends a paging request to the
MME which in turn sends the request to the eNodeB.
The handover procedures are then started similar to those of MO voice calls. Finally, the UE
receives the call after moving to 3G target size.
The processes of the MT voice call are shown in Figure 3[4].

UE/MS

eNodeB

BSC/RNC

MME

MSC

SGSN

Serving GW

CS Paging

CS Paging
Service Request
S1-AP Request with CSFB indicator

S1-AP Response

Either Packet Switched Handover or RRC redirect procedure (In case active data
EPS bearer)
CM Service Request (CS Call)/ Paging response

RRC/RR Release

Connection Reject

Location Update and combined RA/LA update

CS Call Establishment Procedure

Call established as regular MO CS call

Figure 3: MT voice calls in CSFB mode

2.5 ADVANTAGES OF CSFB
It is the most economical solution as it relies on the already invested technologies, this means
there is no huge investment expected to be made with this solution. From economical point of
view this is a very important thing that needs to be considered, as proposing a new idea with
totally new requirements would cost a lot.
2.6 DRAWBACKS OF CSFB
The devices to be used should be able to support combined registration procedures to LTE
network as well as UMTS networks. This means if the device is not backward compatible
then it cant be used with CSFB scheme. In addition to this, there must be radio signal
coverage overlapping between 3G and LTE networks. Due to economic situations, it will be
sometimes not possible to have both LTE and 3G networks.
Another undesired effect of CSFB is the increased call setup.
2.7 QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) IN CSFB
As mentioned before, the UE may have other on-going PS connections besides that of voice
call. Those PS connections are either suspended or continued based on the target cells
capability. In either case the user will experience degradation in the QoS. LTE offers much
higher capacity than the UMTS network, thus when the UE moves from LTE to UMTS, the
data rate is reduced, and this may have effects depending on which application is used by the
user.

Another important thing to look at is the handover from LTE to UMTS and back again. The
important question to ask is how long it takes for the handover process as well as what
happens while the UE is in the process of being directed back to LTE, and then another call is
to be received by it. Considering this and other related issues, it can be seen that the interRAT handover in CSFB might bring about problems when some situations are encountered
such as delay brought about the inter-RAT handovers especially when there is data
connection going on.
Since the CSFB requires the overlapping of the LTE with the legacy networks (UMTS in this
discussion), then it is limited to this condition, if not satisfied then it cannot be used.

OTHER ALTERNATIVE VOICE SOLUTION OVER LTE

As mentioned before, there are other alternatives to perform voice calls over the LTE apart
from CSFB. The SRVCC is an IMS-based solution which also requires the use of legacy
networks as the CSFB. The main advantage of SRVCC compared to CS Fallback is that the
QoS for other data connections can be maintained as it is triggered only when the UE is
losing the LTE coverage. But since it is based on IMS, it involves high cost and IMS is a very
complex solution [1].
VoLGA is yet another proposed solution for voice and other circuit switched services over
LTE with good quality of service and low call setup times. However, it has not been accepted
by the 3GPP standardization body. The biggest advantage of VoLGA is that UE can access
both voice using CS domain and data service using LTE simultaneously unlike CS Fallback
which requires a handover to the target 2/3G every time a call is made/received [1][6] [7].
OTT is a very simple solution which involves the use of third party VoIP services like Skype
to provide voice services over LTE. No changes are expected to both the network and the UE.
The user only needs to download the VoIP application and use it over LTE. It is very cheap
as it requires neither legacy network for CS Fallback or IMS for VoLGA like solutions. But
the main drawback of this approach is that there is no guarantee on the QoS and voice call
continuity cannot be ensured when the UE moves out of LTE coverage, hence it is limited to
this condition.
Due to this reason, yet another solution is needed which ensures QoS operating at moderately
low
cost.

VOLTE

Voice over LTE is a technology to provide voice services over LTE prescribed at the GSM
Association (GSMA) using IMS. The main advantages of using this approach are the
improving quality of service and unified standard solution.

4.1 BACKGROUND TO VOLTE DEPLOYMENT

The proposal made by NTT DOCOMO was to change the core network to an IP-based
network while increasing transmission speeds, quality and decreasing cost. Figure 4 shows
the final VoLTE deployment from the year 2014. The IP Multimedia System (IMS) was used
for voice communications as it needed to be changed from CS domain to IP (PS) domain.
Among other solutions to provide voice services over the LTE, VoLTE using IMS was
chosen and standardised to be used around the globe for interconnectivity and international
roaming.
VoLTE Deployment
CSN/ASN

MGN/MRN

VGN

IPNW

SIN

CSN/ASN

Voic
e

Voic
e
Pack
et
IPNW

IP-RNC

BTS

eNodeB

LTE Capable
Terminal
3G

LTE

Figure 4: VoLTE Deployment 2014

4.2 OVERVIEW OF GENERAL VOLTE ARCHITECTURE

The general architecture is categorized into an LTE architecture configured by the eNodeB
and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and the core network configured by IMS. The
standardised network architecture has adopted the NTT DOCOMOs existing network to
provide VoLTE services [8].
IPSCP

HSS

SLF
Core Network (IMS)

Core Network (IMS)

ASN

CSN

MRN

AS

MGN

I-CSCF

MRFC

C-CSCF

MRFP

BGCF

MGCF
Other Networks

Other Networks

VGN

PCRF

PGW

MME

SGW

LTE Network

P-CSCF

IMS-AGW

PCRF

PGW

MME

SGW

eNodeB

eNodeB

MGW

LTE Network

C-Plane
U-Plane

Terminal
A)

NTT DOCOMO VoLTE Architecture

Terminal
B) Standard VoLTE Architecture

Figure 5: NTT DOCOMO VoLTE Architecture and standard VoLTE Architecture

VoLTE Gateway Node has been introduced to connect the VoLTE terminal to the core IMS
network. Figure 5 shows the comparison of the NTT DOCOMO and the standard VoLTE
architecture. The VGN corresponds to the standard Proxy Call Session Control Function (PCSCF) and the IMS-Access GateWay (IMS-AGW). When a terminal sends Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) Control Plane (C-Plane) signals, the Gateway equipment is responsible to
process the request and provide security to the IMS equipment at the core network. Another
function of the gateway equipment is to provide mechanism to transfer functions between
LTE and 3G when a user is in call [8].
Other equipment like the Call Session Control Node (CSN) performs session control, the
Application Serving Node (ASN) controls voice services, Media Gateway Node (MGN)
controls connections with other networks and the Media Resource Node (MRN) controls the
delivery of announcement.

4.3 STANDARD VOLTE ARCHITECTURE

The P-CSCF is the user to network proxy. In this respect all SIP signalling to and from the
user runs via the P-CSCF whether in the home or a visited network. The Interrogating Call
Session Control Function (I-CSCF) is used for forwarding an initial SIP request to the
Serving-Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF). When the initiator does not know which SCSCF should receive the request, the S-CSCF undertakes a variety of actions within the
overall system, and it has a number of interfaces to enable it to communicate with other
entities within the overall system. The Application Server (AS) is the application server that
handles the voice as an application.
The IMS home subscriber server (HSS) is the main subscriber database used within IMS. The
IMS HSS provides details of the subscribers to the other entities within the IMS network,
enabling users to be granted access or not dependent upon their status.

The IMS calls for VoLTE are processed by the subscriber's S-CSCF in the home network.
The connection to the S-CSCF is via the P-CSCF. The ability of making a voice depends so
much on the discovery of the P-CSCF which varies with network used and the location
within the network.
4.4 QOS IN VOLTE
Quality of Service (QoS) is a concept of providing a particular quality for a specific type of
service. QoS is one of the main challenges for the IP-based services that lack of a dedicated
connection channel unlike for its counterpart CS. Since LTE operates over IP-based
networks, it should provide a means of improving QoS.
In VoLTE, the bit rate is controlled so as to ensure the voice service is offered with the
desired good quality of service [7]. There also has to be mechanisms required to change
priority depending on the type of signal, type of service as well as type of call, for example
emergency calls needs to be given higher priority. For this reason, the IMS needs to
coordinate with the EPC [8].
An end-to-end class-based QoS architecture has been introduced in LTE to support for both
real time and non-real time services [9]. The QoS depends on data flow and bearers. 'Bearer'
is basically a virtual concept and is a set of network configuration to provide special
treatment to set of traffic e.g. VoIP packets are prioritized by network compared to web
browser traffic. As can be seen from Figure 6, the flows are established between the UE and
the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) and mapped to three different bearers (Radio,
S1 and S5/S8).
E-UTRAN
UE

EPC
eNB

S-GW

Internet
P-GW

Peer
Entity

End-to-end Service
External Bearer

EPS Bearer

Radio Bearer

Radio

S1 Bearer

S5/S8 Bearer

S1

S5/S8

Gi

Figure 6: LTE/EPS Bearer Service Architecture

Using this bearers and for each QoS Class Identifier (QCI), it is possible to find the class for
which the bearer belongs to [8][9].
In order to be able to operate VoLTE services over LTE, different bearers are used, for
signalling and others for other services offered. The most important ones are the default

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bearer used for signalling messages which has the highest priority amongst all the other
classes. The other bearer is for TCP-based traffic which as expected has the lowest priority
among all other classes. And the last bearer is the dedicated bearer needed for voice calls.
The standardized QoS classes are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1: Standardised QCI Characteristics, Source [9].

4.5 BEARER TYPES

There is at-least one default bearer established when UE is attached to LTE network while
dedicated bearer is always established when there is need to provide QoS to specific service
(like VoIP, video etc).
Dedicated bearer can be further subdivided into Non-GBR and GBR types.
LTE QoS

Dedicated
Bearer

GBR
QCI 1-4

Default
Bearer

Non-GBR
QCI 5-9

Non-GBR
QCI 5-9

Figure 7: Bearer types

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- GBR: The minimum guaranteed bit rate per EPS bearer. Specified independently for uplink
and downlink
- MBR: The maximum guaranteed bit rate per EPS bearer. Specified independently for
uplink and downlink

4.6 BENEFITS OF VOLTE

As seen in the discussion above LTE provides a unique QoS-aware mechanism for end-toend service delivering based on EPS bearer and QCI, hence QoS is improved considerably.
Being a recognized standard and able to integrate with multiple existing fixed and mobile
networks, VoLTE can simplify the network architecture as well as reducing operating costs.

CONCLUSION

The first important thing to be taken into account is that the solution needed to provide voice
services over LTE also needed to provide a unified format of voice traffic on LTE as well as
other systems. This means a standardised solution which allows for interconnectivity as well
as international roaming with better QoS to the end users and less cost in implementation. In
addition to this, while providing the solution to the voice service in LTE, the performance
should not be degraded in the other on-going PS connections services.
Solutions which depend on the legacy networks such as CSFB are reliable in terms of using
the already huge invested technology. In addition, the OTT solutions such as VoIP require
very little cost. However, both of these solutions do not provide QoS guarantee to either the
users or to specific applications.
With broadband applications, different applications have different requirements to operate as
efficiently as possible. A simple example is that of voice call and web surfing, for the quality
of the call to be high, the voice call requires dedicated resources, i.e., bandwidth allocated to
it for the duration of the call, otherwise the voice quality will be degraded. For the case of
web surfing on the other hand, no dedication of resources is necessary. This means that for
different services, the network has to provide different categories of quality of services
depending on the type of service. Another consideration is that of different users with
different requirements, some subscribers are willing to pay more for very high quality
services.
With this, it can be seen how the VoLTE solution is better as compared to the other
alternatives mentioned in different literatures.

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