Issue 6, April 2016

Inside this issue:

Italy
Archimedes Experiments
Sweden
We are proud of our Swedish scien-

Greece
Greek scientists
Poland
Nicolaus Copernicus

10

tists
Slovakia
Slovak scientists

Turkey
Turkish scientists

11

ARCHIMEDES
EXPERIMENTS
Today we did 3 experiments about the
Archimedes principle.

Archimede

oday, the 4th May 2016, in our

Science Class, we did 3 experiments
about the Archimedes principle. We did
these experiments in memory of
Archimede, a man who was born in
Siracusa, our city, and he created lots of
inventions and theories which we still use
today, for example, to float the ships in
the sea or to establish the specific weights
useful to make solar clocks, irrigation
systems, bridges.

Archimedes Principle
Needed materials: Trivet, metal
rod, dynamometer, graduated
Becker with water, cylindrical
weight
Proceedings: Lets hang a weight
to the dynamometer and take note
of its value. Lets repeat the
m e a s u r e m e n t a f t e r ha v i ng
submerged the cylindrical weight
into the water contained in the
Becker, lets take note of the new
value. The difference between the
two values represents the
Archimede's push received by the
cylinder submerged into the water
from the bottom to the top, that is
the weight of the volume of the
moved liquid, which corresponds to
the volume of the cylinder.

By Lorenzo Giansiracusa and Davide

Randieri

The Principles Theory

he experiments are based to the

Archimedes Push which it says that: A
body which is submerged into a liquid
receives a push from the bottom to the top

By Daniele Assenza, Laura

Muscar, Martina Caravello,
Aurora Ricciardetto and Sara
Postolachi

The Floating potato

The Plasticine Boat

Needed materials: A graduated glass

bowl, 500 ml of water , 60 grams of salt,
one potato and a plastic spoon.

Needed materials: A container full

of water, some plasticine.

Proceedings: Lets full the bowl with

water and lets plunge the potato into it:
we can notice that the potato goes to
the bottom of the bowl. Now lets put
away the potato and add the salt, lets
mix with a spoon in order to get a
mixture similar to the sea water. Lets
plunge the potato that will float. Salty
water is heavier than sweet water, so
the push is stronger. This is the reason
why when we are at the sea we can
float better than in the swimming pool.

By Arianna Paletta, Laura Imbr and

Lucia Cassia

Proceedings: Lets full the

container with water, lets make a
ball by modeling the plasticine and
plunge it into the container, it will
go to the bottom of the container.
Lets give the plasticine the shape of
a small boat, once submerged it will
float. The plasticine floats when it is
shaped like a boat because if we
increase the surface in touch with
the water , the volume of the moved
water increases, so the Archimedes
push is stronger. That is why even if
the plasticine quantity is the same,
the two objects behave in different
ways according to their shapes.

By Jacopo Longo, Benedetta

Implatini and Gabriele Micieli
TOPIC by Daniele Assenza,
Lorenzo Giansiracusa, Davide
Randieri and Benedetta Implatini

We are proud of our Swedish Scientists

Carl von Linn

Carl von Linn was born in Rshult,
in Sweden 1707. He was interested
in nature when he was a little boy.
He and his dad had a really good
relation. Carl was very interested in
flowers
and plants.
His dad
was a parson so he
must take
care of plants there. Carl had an own
little garden which he had to take
care of. He called the garden Carls
garden. Carl had to remember all the

plants he had in his garden otherwise he did not learn new names.
Therefore, he became more interested in plants during his life. Carl divided nature in three different parts:
plants, animals and stones. The
plants, he divided in how they looked
in 24 different classes. He named
8000 plants and 4000 animals and
minerals. He wrote more than 70
books, 300 scientific papers. His
name system on the flowers that are
in Latin is used in the whole world.
So now, it is easier for scientists to
understand the system whatever

language they are speaking. He was

appointed medical professor. Carl
died 1777, then he was 70 years old.
He is on the Swedish hundred
crowns bill until 2017.

Made by: Ferrita and Signe, Sweden

Anders Celsius
Anders Celsius was born on November 27th 1701. He grew up in Uppsala
Sweden with his
parents Margareta Spole and Nils
Celsius who was
astronomers
which maybe was
one of the reason
he also turned
into one. He
showed much
talent in early age. When he was 12
years old he solved a math book
made for students in university.

Johan
Petter
Johansson
invented
many
things, like
the wrench and the pipe wrench. He
was born in Vrgrda, Sweden December 1853. He started to invent
things when he was very young,
when he was 13 years old he built a
machine that separated grains from
the straw. When he became older he
started an own company Enkpings
Mechanical Engineering (the name
is translated to English). The company went very well and after one year
he had 14 employees. He took care

Anders Celsius was pupil to Eric

Burman who in his turn had been
pupil to Anders Celsius father. 1730
when Anders Celsius was 29 years
old he became a professor in astronomy at Uppsala University, the same
university that he had studied at.

that you should turn it so 100 was

waters boiling point and 0 the freezing point. It was turned first after he
died in 1744 at age of 42 when the
scale had been around for 2 years.

Today the Celcius thermometer scale

is used all around the world every
Hes mostly famous for the Celsius
day (except in America where they
thermometer scale. In 1742 he preuse Fahrenheits thermometer scale)
sented his thermometer scale where and is important because otherwise
0 was waters boiling point and 100
we wouldnt be able to cook and to
was waters freezing point. According dress after weather the same way as
to some Carl von Linn was one of
we do today.
the first to use the CelsiusBy Klara and Rebecca
thermometer scale and suggested

about his employees and built houses and schools, he

was very popular
in Enkping. (a
city in the east of
Sweden.,not far from
Stockholm ) During
his time in the company he invented two
important things the
wrench and the pipe
wrench. His company
was sold to Bacho
1914 and they have
made over 100 million wrenches.

In 1919 he started a company that

focused on working lightning. That
resulted in the lamp Triplex, Triplex
have a flexible arm and was made to
improve the lightning in places like
hospitals.
He lived
a long
life and
died
1943 (90
years
old).

Written by: Isabell

We are proud of our Swedish Scientists

Tetrapak invented by Erik Wallenberg. Patent by Ruben Rausing
Tetra Pak is
famous worldwide. The milk
package that
made the company successfully was developed by
Erik Wallenberg. However, it was Ruben
Rausing, The Companys owner who
applied for a patent.
Tetra Pak is the world's most popular beverage packaging. The company was founded in 1951 by Ruben
Rausing and Holger Crafoord .Karl
Sven Erik Wallenberg, born December 15th, 1915 in Sala, died October
18th, 1999 in Lund. He was a Swedish scientist and inventor. Erik

Gideon Sundbck - who

is famous mostly because he invented the
zipper - was born in
April 24th 1880 on a
farm in Jnkping. He
died June 21th 1954.
After his studies in
Sweden, he moved to Germany to
study more. When he was 25 years
old he immigrated to the United
States. Gideon was promoted to be
the head designer at Universal Fastener.

In October 1833,
a little boy was
born in
Stockholm. No one
knew then that he
later in life was to
become worldrenowned scientist, inventor and
founder of the Nobel Prizes. He
invented the dynamite, and took
patent on 355 inventings under his
lifetime. Alfred Nobels testament
gave Sweden the Nobel prise, and
today it is the worlds most famous
price. Alfred Nobel is one of
Sweden's most famous inventors. His
father Immanuel Nobel was also an

Wallenberg was the son of Sven

Edward Wallenberg and Maria Karolina Eriksson. After graduating in
Eskilstuna in 1937, he became a
research assistant at Perstorp AB,
where he devoted himself to isolit,
plastic.

paper packaging that could be folded

from a single piece of paper. A long
paper tube would be filled with milk
and then formed and cut tetrahedral.

It took many years before Erik Wallenberg received recognition for his
efforts. Engineering Academy
Just a year later he was hired as a awarded him 1991 the Great Gold
lab manager at Akerlund &
Medal "for
Rausing. In 1944 he received a comhis idea and
mission of Akerlund & Rausing, he
efforts in
should invent a milk carton that
the developwould be cheap, not leak and you
ment of the
would not need much material durpackaging
ing manufacturing.
system, Tetra Pak".
One evening Erik Wallenberg was
home alone. He was sick and had a
fever that's when he came up with
Made by: Alice and Melker
the solution. Wallenberg's idea was
a tetrahedron, a pyramid-shaped

Gideon Sundbck
Elias Howe
invented the
old zipper in
1851,
but Gideon developed
it and made it look
like it does today.

American patent. After that, he got

money for his invention. The zipper
was very popular during the first
World War because it was used in
sleeping bags, flight jackets and
overalls. That's when sales took off.
He was getting very rich. When he
died, he had 13 million dollars.
A video of how the zipper works.

Gideon invented the

new zipper April 19th
1913. 1917 he got

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0
omSfvaJ2Z8

Alfred Nobel
inventor who was always on the
lookout for new ideas. The family
were not well off. Alfred Nobel and
his brothers were among others to
sell sulphur matches in the street to
help the family. As a child, Alfred
Nobel was weak and sickly, and
managed only two semesters of
school. But he was inquisitive,
curious and a good reader. In St
Petersburg Alfred and his brothers
weres taught both in Russian and
Swedish of private teachers. The
young Alfred Nobel learned Russian

quickly and was coming to speak 7

languages fluently. At age 17, he was
sent away on a study abroad trip that
lasted for two years. In the US, he
met the famous Swedish inventor
John Ericsson and in France, he was
practicing at the renowned chemist,
Professor Pelouze. It was there that
he first came in contact with
nitroglyceine. He found out that you
can press sand with nitroglycerine at
hard pressure and make dynamite.
From Jessie and Allan

Slovak scientists
Jozef Murga (English Joseph Murgas)

tefan Bani

/17 February 1864 Tajov, Slovakia 11 May 1929 Wilkes-

/23 November 1870 2 January 1941/

MILITARY

WIRELESS

PARACHUTE

TELEGRAPHY

He was an inventor, architect, botanist, painter and Roman Catholic priest.

He contributed to wireless telegraphy and helped to develop mobile
communications and wireless transmission of information and voice. Murga
was nicknamed the Radio Priest. In 1896 he emigrated to the USA,
Pennsylvania. In the newly founded mining city of Wilkes-Barre he started
to deal with electrotechnology. In 1903 he declared his first patent in
Washington and in 1904, received the rights for two key patents by the
Patent Office in Washington: the Wireless-Telegraph Apparatus and Method

He was an inventor who devised a

military

Telegraphy. Following the first two patents,

the

first

parachute ever deployed in actual

use.
Having witnessed a plane crash in
1912,

Bani

constructed

a prototype of a parachute in 1913

and tested it in Washington, D.C.
before

of Communicating Intelligence by Wireless

parachute,

military

U.S.

Patent

Office

representatives,

and

jumping

first from a 15-storey building and

he created the Universal Aether Telegraph Co.

based in Philadelphia. The Electric Signal Company

from an airplane in 1914. Bani

donated his patent to the U.S. Army.

was an investor. He established a laboratory in

Wilkes-Barre and erected a 60-metre high
antenna mast. In August 1905, Murga conducted successful test between
Wilkes-Barre and Scranton, Pennsylvania, over a distance of 20 miles (30
km) in presence of company representatives (Stokes, Muckley), electrical
expert (E. W. Stevenson), and expert telegraphers. The first message sent
was "Thank God for His blessings." His lab was visited by President
Theodore Roosevelt. It was the first time Roosevelt witnessed such
a phenomenon. In November 1905, Universal Aether Telegraph organized a
public test of Murga' transmitting and receiving facilities. They achieved a
radio transmission between Wilkes-Barre and Scranton having their mayors
Frederick Kirkendall and Alexander Connell talk to each other at the rate of
45-50 words per minute. Other participants included Samuel S. Robinson,

He received little fame or fortune for

his invention.
Although the idea of parachutes was
known

long

ago,

and

Bani's

invention was a radically different

type of that known today (it was a
kind of umbrella attached to the
body), it was the first parachute
known to be actively used, saving the
lives of many American aviators
during World War I.

representative of Secretary of the Navy Bonapart, Arthur W. Goodspeed,

physicist and electrical engineer; E. W. Stevenson, chief of staff of Electrical
World magazine; Ernest G. Smith, president of the Wilkes-Barre Publishing
Company, and others. Messages in English, Latin, Slovak and Polish were
transmitted. Wilkes-Barre even received a confirmation receipt about
successful connection to Brooklyn, 200 km away.
To

the

memory

of

Murga

and

to

support

the

development

of

telecommunications in Slovakia, the Jozef Murga Award is awarded

annually by the Slovak Electrotechnical Society and Ministry of Transport,
Posts and Telecommunications of the Slovak Republic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Bani%C4
%8D
https://monoskop.org/Joseph_Murgas

Aurel Boleslav Stodola

Jn Bah

/10 May 1859, Liptovsk Mikul, Slovakia

/25 May 1856 13 March 1916/

25 December 1942 Zrich, Switzerland/

MILITARY

STEAM AND

CONSTRUCTION

GAS TURBINES

He was a pedagogue, scientist, constructor,

He was an inventor and engineer. He specialised in military

philosopher,

not

science, military construction, and engineering. Flying machines

considered to be the inventor of the

were a particular interest of his. In 1895, he was granted a

turbine, but he was the inventor, who

patent on the helicopter.

moved

work

Bah financed his first invention himself. It was called the

steam

Steam Tank, and was purchased by the Russian army. Bah

turbine was constructed by Laval in 1883,

was granted seventeen patents in all, including patents for

and in 1884, Parsons built the first

the tank pump, a hot air balloon combined with an air turbine,

reaction turbine. Stodola

the first petrol engine car in Slovakia (in partnership with Anton

in his work Steam and Gas

Marschall), and a lift to the Bratislava Castle. He flew one of the

Turbines,

the

ethicist.

Stodola

global

is

technical

significantly forward. The

first

which

was

earliest helicopter models which he developed using an internal

from

the

combustion engine as a power source. On 5 May 1905, a version

translated

German original into five

world
developed

reached a height of 14 ft (4.3 m) and flew 5,300 ft (1,615 m).

languages,
a

discipline

about construction of steam turbines. His

discoveries of the collision force of steam
and jet cooling effects were innovatory.
Already in 1930 he predicted that the
planes will be propelled by turbines. At
that moment, he had been perhaps already
realizing that his pioneering work will also

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Bah%C3%BD%C4%BE

contribute to that. Stodola is also the

inventor

of

important

thermodynamic

Gouy-Stodola Theorem, which explains

energy

losses

of

Vojtech Alexander
(1857, Ksmrk 1916, Budapest)

thermodynamic
RADIOLOGY

transformations arising as a result of their

irreversibility. He was also a professor of

He was a radiologist, one of the most influential

mechanical

radiologists in the world.

engineering

at

the

Swiss

Polytechnical Institute in Zurich. One of

his students was Albert Einstein. In 1892,

He

Stodola founded the Laboratory for Energy

on radiology in the Kingdom of Hungary. Among

Conversion.

his

was
many

the

first

university

achievements,

he

lecturer

described

the

development of tuberculosis. He was the owner of the first Xray apparatus in Slovakia and wrote poems in Slovak.
http://vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk/en/father-of-steam-and-gas-turbines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Stodola

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Alexander

The articles were collected by class 9A. Zkladn kola tefana Kohriho II. s vyuovacm jazykom maarskmII. Kohry
Istvn Alapiskola, Fiakovo, Slovakia

Greek scientists

Georgios Nikolaou
Papanikolaou (or
George Papanicolaou;
Greek:

.
;
13
May 1883 19 February 1962) was a
Greek pioneer in cytopathology and
early cancer detection, and inventor
of the "Pap smear".He first reported
that uterine cancer could be diagnosed by means of a vaginal smear
in 1928, but the importance of his
work was not recognized until the
publication, together with Herbert
Frederick Traut (18941963), of Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer by the Vaginal Smear in 1943.
Pathologist George Papanicolaou
discovered in 1928 that uterine cancer could be detected by microscopically examining cells from tissue surfaces scraped off the interior of the
vagina. It took decades for medical
science to recognize the significance
of Papanicolaou's test, now commonly called a pap test or pap smear,
which provides for quick, early detection of cervical and uterine cancer.
The American Medical Association
began recommending annual pap
smears for women in 1960, and Dr
Papanicolaou died only two years
later, before the efficacy of pap
smears was widely known. Since his
test became routine, the rate of cervical cancer in North America has
dropped by about 70%, and the lives
of millions of women have been extended. Papanicolaou also studied
the menstrual cycles of guinea pigs,
played an indirect but key role in the
discovery of estrogen and progesterone, and developed
an improved test for
detecting stomach
cancer.

Pythagoras of
Samos.Presocratic
Philosopher
and
Mathematician
Pythagoras, born on the Aegean island of Samos in the 6th century
B.C, was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician best known
for a theorem in geometry that was
named for him.

Pythagoras is credited with

founding a philosophical
school.The school deviated from
the male-dominated Greek
norms by allowing women to
participate equally.The teachings of the school aren't strictly
what we think of as philosophical. They also include rules on
living
and
what
to
eat.Pythagoras is also associated with the theory of metempsychosis, in which the soul of
the dead is reborn into another

The Pythagorean Theorem:

Pythagoras is most familiar to
students of geometry for a theorem that bears his name. The
Pythagorean Theorem says that
the square of the hypoteneuse of
a right triangle is equal to the
sum of the squares of each of the
other two sides or A2 + B2 = C2.

Aristotle(/ rsttl/
the Greek:

[aristotls],
Aristotls;
384322 BC was
a Greek philoso
pher and scien
tist born in the
city of Stagira,
Chalkidice, on the northern periphery of Classical Greece, about
55 km (34 miles) east of modernday Thessaloniki. Aristotle, whose
name means "the best purpose", His
father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, whereafter Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian.[ At eighteen, he joined Plato's
Academy in Athens and remained
there until the age of thirty-seven
(c. 347 BC). His writings cover
many subjects including physics,
biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic,
ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater,
music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics
and government and constitute
the first comprehensive system of
Western philosophy

Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle

left Athens and, at the request of
Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great starting from
343 BC.According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, "Aristotle was
the first genuine scientist in history
He believed all peoples' concepts
and all of their knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Aristotle's views on natural sciences represent the groundwork underlying
many of his works.
Aristotle's views on physical science
profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. Their influence extended
into the Renaissance and were not
replaced systematically until the
Enlightenment and theories such
as classical mechanics. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations,
such as on the hectocotyl
(reproductive) arm of the octopus,
were not confirmed or refuted until
the 19th century. His works contain
the earliest known formal study of
logic, which was incorporated in the
late 19th century into modern formal logic.
Dimitri Na
nopoulos (Greek:

;
born 13 September
1948 in Athens) is
a Greek physicist.
He is one of the most regularly cited researchers in the world, cited
more than 43,200 times over across
a number of separate branches of
science. Dimitri Nanopoulos was
born and raised in Athens. He studied Physics at the University of
Athens and he graduated in 1971,
continuing his studies at the University of Sussex in England, where
he obtained his Ph.D. in 1973 in
High Energy Physics. He has been
a Research Fellow at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland
and for many years has been a staff
member and Research Fellow at
the cole Normale

Suprieure, in Paris, France and

at Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.
In 1989, he was elected Professor at the Department of Physics,
at the NASA-supported Texas
A&M University, where since
1992 he has been a Distinguished
Professor of Physics, and since
2002 holder of the Mitchell/Heep
Chair in High Energy Physics; he
is also a distinguished HARC fellow at the Houston Advanced Research Center in Houston, Texas.
In 1997 he was appointed regular member of the Academy of
Athens, and, in 2005, President of
the Greek National Council for
Research and Technology, Greek
National Representative to the
European Laboratory for Particle
Physics, CERN, and to the European Space Agency (ESA).
He has
m a d e
several
contributions to
particle physics and cosmology,[1]
and works in string unified theories, fundamentals of quantum
theory, astroparticle physics and
quantum-inspired models of brain
function. He has written over 645
original papers, including 14
books. He has over 42,500 citations, placing him as the fourth
most cited High Energy Physicist
of all time, according to the 2001
and 2004 census. Since 1988 he
has been fellow of the American
Physical Society, and since 1992
member of the Italian Physical
Society. In 1996, he was made
Commander of the Order of Honour of the Greek State. On 28
September 2009, he was awarded
the 2009 Enrico Fermi Prize from
the Italian Physical Society in
recognition of his pioneering work
in the field of string theory.

Electricity and
5th century BC

magnetism:

Two natural phenomena, central to

the study of physics, are observed
and speculated upon by Greek natural scientists probably in the
5th century BC,
though Aristotle
gives credit for
the first observation of each to the
shadowy figure of
Thales.
One such phenomenon is the
strange property of amber. If
rubbed with fur it will attract
feathers or bits of straw. Modern
science, in its terms for the forces
involved, acknowledges this Greek
experiment with amber (electron in
Greek). The behaviour of the amber
is caused by what we call electricity, resulting from the transfer of
what are now known as electrons.
The other natural phenomenon,
observed in lodestone rather than
amber, also derives its scientific
name from Greek experiments.
Lodestone is a naturally occurring
mineral (formed of iron oxide), and
it will surprisingly attract small
p i e c e s
o f
i r o n .
.
The
Greeks find
this mineral
in a region of
Thessaly
called Magnesia. They
call it lithos
magnetis,
the 'stone of
Magnesia'.
Thus the magnet is identified and
named, though like rubbed amber
it will only be a source of interest
and amusement for the next 1000
years and more - until a practical
purpose is
found for
it in the
form
of
the compass.

Democritus and the atom: c.420 BC

In the late 5th century BC Democritus sets out an interesting theory of

elemental physics. Notions of a similar
kind have been hinted at by other
Greek thinkers, but never so fully elaborated.
He states that all matter is composed
of eternal, indivisible, indestructible
and infinitely small substances which
cling together in different combinations to form the objects perceptible to
us. The Greek word for indivisible is
atomos. This theory gives birth to the
atom.

Democritus describes an extraordinary

beginning to the universe. He explains
that originally all atoms were whirling
about in a chaotic manner, until collisions brought them together to form ever
larger units - including eventually the
world and all that is in it.

His theory will find few followers over

the centuries. But his imagination provides an astonishing first glimpse of he
Big Bang.

NICOLAUS C OPERNICUS 1473 1543

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer, mathematician, translator, artist,

and physicist among other things. He
is best known as the first astronomer
to posit the idea of a heliocentric solar system; a system in which the
planets and planetary objects orbit
the sun.
Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in Toru in
Poland. He was the son of wealthy and prominent parents and had two sisters and a brother. Sometime between 1483 and 1485, his father died, and he was put
under the care of his uncle, Lucas Watzenrode the
Younger. Copernicus studied astronomy for some time
in college, but focused on law and medicine. While continuing his law studies in the city of Bologna, Copernicus became fascinated in astronomy after meeting the
famous astronomer Domenico Maria Novara. He soon
became Novarras assistant. Copernicus even began giving astronomy lectures himself. After completing his
degree in canon (Christian) law in 1503, Copernicus
studied the works of Plato and Cicero concerning the
movements of the Earth. It was at this time that Copernicus began developing his theory that the Earth and
planets orbited the sun. He was careful not to tell anyone about this theory as it could be considered heresy.
In the early 1500s, Copernicus served in a variety of
roles for the Catholic church, where he developed economic theories and legislation. Astronomy became little
more than a hobby for Copernicus, who never worked
professionally in the field. By 1514, however, Copernicus became so convinced in the theory of a heliocentric
(sun-centered) solar system, that he began to share his
notes with friends.

Nearly twenty years later, after an Italian astronomer

gave a lecture outlining Copernicus ideas, he was ready
to deliver an official book about his theory. In 1542 the
book was finally published. The book was called De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium
(On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres). In the book,
Copernicus explained that the Earth rotated along its axis
and orbited the sun once per year. He correctly positioned all of the known planets at the time and explained
why the seasons occurred. He also argued that the distance from the Earth to the sun is much less than the distance from the Earth to other stars.
Copernicus died on 24 May 1543 in Frombork in Poland.

Erasmus + group - Torun 2016

,
s

TURKISH SCIENTISTS
OTTOAMAN ERA

Ahmed Muhiddin Piri or Piri Reis

Ali Kuu lived between 1403

1474. He was
an astronomer, mathematician
and physicist . His full name at
birth was Ala al-Dn Ali ibn Muhammed al-Qushji. The last
name Qushji derived from the
Turkish term kuu"falconer"
]due to the fact that Ali's father
Muhammad was the royal falconer of Ulugh Beg. He is known for the development of astronomicalphysics independent
from natural philosophy, and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation in his
treatise, Concerning the Supposed Dependence of
Astronomy upon Philosophy. Ali Qushji was also the
author of several scientific works and textbooks on
astronomy .

lived between 1465/701553.He was

an Ottoman admiral, geographer, and
cartographer. He is known for his
maps and charts. His Works were
collected in his Kitab- Bahriye (Book
of Navigation). This book contains detailed information
on navigation. It describes the important ports and cities of heMediterranean Sea. His world map is the oldest known Tukish atlas. It shows the New World, and
is one of the oldest maps of
America. Approximately
one third of the map survives; it shows the western
coasts of Europe and
North Africa and the coast
of Brazil with reasonable accuracy. He was executed in
1553.

HEZARFEN AHMET ELEB was born in 1609 and died in

1640. He was the first person who could fly by the wings he
developed. He lived in the 17th century under the Ottoman
ruling.
The 17th century writings of Evliy elebi relate this story ;
First, he practiced by flying over the pulpit of Okmeydan
eight or nine times with eagle wings, using the force of the
wind. Then, as Sultan Murad Khan was watching from the
Sinan Pasha mansion at Sarayburnu, he flew from the very
top of the Galata Tower and landed in the Doanclar
Square in skdar, with the help of the south-west wind.
Then Murad Khan
granted him a sack of golden coins, and said: "This is a scary
man. He is capable of doing anything he wishes. It is not right
to keep such people," and thus sent him to Algeria on exile. He
died there. Other than Evliy elebi's report, there are no other contemporary references to the event. One of three airports
in Istanbul is named the "Hezarfen Airfield".

TURKISH SCIENTISTS
THE TURKISH REPUBLIC ERA
Cahit Arf was born in 1910 in Selanik which was then a part of the Ottoman Empire. He got a
a scholarship and graduated from cole Normale Suprieure (1932). In 1933 he joined the Mathematics Department of Istanbul University. In 1937 he received his PhD from the University of
Gttingen. He returned to Istanbul University and worked there until his involvement with the
foundation work of Scientific and Technological Research Council (TBTAK) in 1962. After
serving as the founding director of the council in 1963, he joined the Mathematics Department
of Robert College in Istanbul. Arf spent the period of 19641966 working at the Institute for Advanced
Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He later visited University of California, Berkeley for one year. Upon his final return to Turkey, he joined the Mathematics Department of the Middle East Technical University and continued his
studies there until his retirement in 1980. Arf received numerous awards for his contributions to mathematics. Arf
was a member of the Mainz Academy and the Turkish Academy of Sciences. He was
the president of the Turkish Mathematical Society. Arf died on December 26, 1997 in
Istanbul. He facilitated the now-celebrated visit of Robert Langlands to Turkey (now
famous for the Langlands program, among many other things); during which Langlands worked out some arduous calculations on the epsilon factors of Artin Lfunctions. Arf's portrait is depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 10 lira banknote issued in 2009. Middle East Technical University Department of Mathematics organizes a special lecture session

Hulusi Behet was born in 1889 and died in 1948. He was a Turkish dermatologist and scientist. During World War
I (19141918), he served at the military hospital in Edirne as a specialist in dermatology and venereal diseases and was assigned to the head of the hospital as an assistant. After the war, between 19181919, he first went to Budapest, Hungary and then to Berlin, Germany to improve
his medical knowledge. He was appointed as the head physician , then he lectured at the university. In 1933, Istanbul University was re-established out of the old-fashioned Dar-ul Fnun. During
this period of reform, Behet founded the department of dermatology and venereal diseases. His
curiosity for research, writing and discussion were his intellectual characteristics.He described a
disease of inflamed blood vessels in 1937, which is named after him as the Behet's disease. Starting from the early years in his profession, his participation in national and international congresses with original
articles was very apparent, publishing many articles at home and abroad. The famous German pathologist Schwartz
called him once "a scientist who was well known everywhere, but in his country", adding that "you could never find
him in Turkey because he was always abroad presenting his findings". He translated many articles into Turkish to
help educate new generations and published original case reports in international reviews in order to make contact

Oktay Sinanolu was an internationally renowned Turkish scientist of physical chemistry,molecular biophysics and biochemistry. Sinanolu was born in 1935 and graduated
from TED Ankara Koleji in 1951. He went to the United States in 1953, and studied
in University of California, Berkeley graduating with a BSc degree with highest honors in
1956. He completed his MSc at MIT(1957), and was awarded Sloan Fellowship. He completed his predoctoral fellowship (1958-1959) and earned his PhD in physical chemistry
(1959-1960) from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1960, Sinanolu joined the Yale
faculty. He was appointed full professor of chemistry on July 1, 1963. [ At age 28, he became the youngest full professor in Yales 20th-century history. It is believed that he was the third-youngest full professor in the 300-plus year
history of Yale University. In 1964, he founded the theoretical chemistry division at Yale. During his tenure at Yale,
he developed the "Many Electron Theory of Atoms and Molecules" (1961), "Solvophobic Theory" (1964), "Network
Theory" (1974), "Microthermodynamics"(1981), and "Valency Interaction Formula Theory" (1983). He developed a
revolutionary method called "Sinanolu Made Simple" from his own mathematical theories and published in 1988.
With the help of this research system, and using simple pictures and periodic table, chemists could predict the ways
in which chemicals combine in the laboratory, and solve other complex problems of chemistry. After 37 years on the
Yale faculty, Sinanolu retired in 1997. During his time at Yale, Sinanolu served as a frequent consultant to several Turkish universities and to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TBTAK) as well as to
the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS). In 1962, the Board of Trustees of Middle East Technical University in Ankara dignified him with the title "consulting professor", for the first time and unique only for him. He
received the "TBTAK Science Award" for chemistry in 1966, the "Alexander von Humboldt Research Award" in
chemistry in 1973, and the "International Outstanding Scientist Award of Japan" in 1975. Sinanolu was also a twotime nominee for Nobel Prize in Chemistry. After his retirement from Yale, Sinanolu was appointed to the chemistry department of Yldz Technical University in Istanbul, serving until 2002. He died at age 80 on April 19, 2015.

Mahmut Gazi Yaargil is a Turkish medical scientist and neurosurgeon. He

was born in 1925 in Lice, a village in eastern Turkey. His family moved to Ankara, partly because of its excellent educational institutions. Gazi attended Ankara
public schools from 1931 to 1943. In 1944 he went to Germany to study medicine
at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany. His genius in developing
microsurgical techniques for use in cerebrovascular neurosurgery transformed
the outcomes of patients with conditions that were previously inoperable. Yaargil treated epilepsy and brain tumors with instruments of his own design. From 1953 until his retirement in 1993
he was first resident, chief resident and then professor and chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Zurich and the Zurich University Hospital. In 1999 he was honored as "Neurosurgerys Man of
the Century 19501999" at the Congress of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting. He is a founding member
of Eurasian Academy. In 1969 Yaargil became associate professor and in 1973 professor and chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Zurich succeeding his mentor, Prof. Krayenbuhl. Over the next 20 years,
he carried out laboratory work and clinical applications of micro techniques, performing 7500 intracranial operations in Zurich until his retirement in 1993. In 1994, Yaargil accepted an appointment as Professor of Neurosurgery at the College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock where he is still active in
the practice of micro-neurosurgery, research, and teaching. He has helped three generations of
neurosurgeons, defining what is possible in neurosurgery, and then demonstrating how to
achieve it. In the micro-neurosurgical anatomical laboratory in Zurich he trained around 3000
colleagues from all continents and representing all surgical specialties. Yaargil is in high regard in the Turkish society and is respected as an exemplary role model for Turkish youth.
Yaargil published his surgical experiences in 330 papers and 13 monographs. The six-volume
publication Microneurosurgery (19841996, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart-New York) is the
comprehensive review of his broad experiences and a major contribution to the neurosurgery
literature. Yasargil clips with their compression forceps. This kind of metallic clips were developed by Yaargil and are still used during neurosurgery to help treat aneurysms.

Aziz Sancar was born into a lower-middle-class family, where he

spoke Arabic with his parents and Turkish with his siblings, in theSavur district
of Mardin Province, southeastern Turkey on September 8, 1946. His parents were
illiterate; however, they put great emphasis on education. He was educated by idealistic teachers who received their education in the Village Institutes, he later stated that this was a great inspiration to him. Throughout his school life, Sancar had
great academic success that was noted by his teachers. He wanted to study chemistry whilst at high school, but was persuaded to study medicine after five of his
classmates also got into medicine along with him. As such, he studied medicine at
the Faculty of Medicine of Istanbul University. Sancar received his primary education near his hometown of Savur. He then completed his M.D. degree in Istanbul
University of Turkey and completed his Ph.D. degree on the photoreactivating enzyme of E. coli in 1977 at the University of Texas at Dallas in the laboratory of Dr.
C. Stan Rupert, now Professor Emeritus.
Sancar is a Turkish-American biochemist and molecular biologist specializing in DNA repair, cell cyclecheckpoints,
and circadian clock. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Tomas Lindahl and Paul L.
Modrich for their mechanistic studies of DNA repair. Sancar is currently the Sarah Graham Kenan Professor of
Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine and a member of the UNC
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. He is the co-founder of the Aziz and Gwen Sancar Foundation, which is
a non-profit organization to promote Turkish culture and to support Turkish students in the United States.