PR 3 Mater Akar Sistem Persamaan: K = Kreyszig, C = Chapra

Gauss elimination
K. 20.1#8
Solve the following linear systems by Gauss elimination,
with partial pivoting if necessary (but without scaling). Show
the intermediate steps. Check the result by substitution. If no
solution or more than one solution exists, give a reason.
5x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 2
-4x2 + 8x3 = -3
10x1 - 6x2 + 26x3 = 0
C. 9.13 Solve:
x1 + x2 - x3 = 23
6x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 2
-3x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 1
with (a) naive Gauss elimination, (b) Gauss elimination with partial
pivoting, and (c) Gauss-Jordan without partial pivoting.
Decomposition LU
C 10.2 (a) Use naive Gauss elimination to decompose the following
system according to the description in Sec. 10.1.2.
10x1 + 2x2 - x3 = 27
-3x1 - 6x2 + 2x3 = 261.5
x1 + x2 + 5x3 = -21.5
Then, multiply the resulting [L] and [U] matrices to determine that
[A] is produced. (b) Use LU decomposition to solve the system.
Show all the steps in the computation. (c) Also solve the system for
an alternative right-hand-side vector: {B}T 5 :12 18 26; .
C. 10.9 Solve the following set of equations with LU decomposition:
3x1 - 2x2 + x3 = -10
2x1 + 6x2 - 4x3 = 44
-x1 - 2x2 + 5x3 = -26
Matrix inversion
C 10.8 The following system of equations is designed to determine
concentrations (the cs in gym3) in a series of coupled reactors as a
function of the amount of mass input to each reactor (the right-hand
sides in g/day),
15c1 - 3c2 - c3 = 3800
-3c1 + 18c2 - 6c3 = 1200
-4c1 - c2 + 12c3 = 2350
(a) Determine the matrix inverse.
(b) Use the inverse to determine the solution.
(c) Determine how much the rate of mass input to reactor 3 must be
increased to induce a 10 g/m3 rise in the concentration of reactor 1.
(d) How much will the concentration in reactor 3 be reduced if the
rate of mass input to reactors 1 and 2 is reduced by 500 and
250 g/day, respectively?
K. 20.2#16

Find the inverse by the GaussJordan method, showing the

details.
2x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 0
-2x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0
x1 + 2x2 - 2x3 = 18
Gauss Seidel
C. 11.11 Use the Gauss-Seidel method to solve the following system
until the percent relative error falls below es 5 5%,
10x1 + 2x2 - x3 = 27
-3x1 - 6x2 + 2x3 = -61.5
x1 + x2 = 5x3 = -21.5
K. 20.3#4
Do 5 steps, starting from x0 = [1 1 1]T and using 6S in
the computation. Hint. Make sure that you solve each equation
for the variable that has the largest coefficient (why?). Show
the details.
4x1 - x2 = 21
-x1 + 4x2 - x3 = -45
- x2 + 4x3 = 33
Newton-Rhapson
C. 6.22 Determine the roots of the following simultaneous nonlinear
equations using (a) fi xed-point iteration and (b) the Newton-Raphson
method:
y = -x2 + x + 0.75
y + 5xy = x2
Employ initial guesses of x = y = 1.2 and discuss the results.
C. 6.23 Determine the roots of the simultaneous nonlinear equations
(x - 4)2 + (y - 4)2 = 5
x2 + y2 = 16

Case studies: Dari buku Chapra

Root of equations;
Transportation eng 8.23
8.23 Many fi elds of engineering require accurate population estimates.
For example, transportation engineers might fi nd it necessary
to determine separately the population growth trends of a city
and adjacent suburb. The population of the urban area is declining
with time according to
Pu(t) = Pu, maxe-kut + Pu, min
while the suburban population is growing, as in

where Pu, max, ku, Ps, max, P0, and ks = empirically derived parameters.
Determine the time and corresponding values of Pu(t) and Ps(t)
when the suburbs are 20% larger than the city. The parameter
values are Pu, max = 75,000, ku = 0.045/yr, Pu, min = 100,000 people,
Ps, max = 300,000 people, P0 = 10,000 people, ks = 0.08/yr. To
obtain your solutions, use (a) graphical, (b) false-position, and
(c) modifi ed secant methods.
Ocean eng 8.21
8.21 In ocean engineering, the equation for a refl ected standing
wave in a harbor is given by = 16, t = 12, = 48:

Solve for the lowest positive value of x if h 5 0.4h0.

Hydraulics 8.45
8.45 A fl uid is pumped into the network of pipes shown in Fig. P8.45.
At steady state, the following fl ow balances must hold,
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q3 = Q4 + Q5
Q5 = Q6 + Q7
where Qi = flow in pipe i(m3/s). In addition, the pressure drops
around the three right-hand loops must equal zero. The pressure
drop in each circular pipe length can be computed with

where P = the pressure drop (Pa), f = the friction factor (dimensionless),

L = the pipe length (m), = the fluid density (kg/m3),
and D = pipe diameter (m). Write a program (or develop an algorithm
in a mathematics software package) that will allow you to
compute the fl ow in every pipe length given that Q1 = 1 m3/s and
= 1.23 kg/m3. All the pipes have D = 500 mm and f = 0.005.
The pipe lengths are: L3 = L5 = L8 = L9 = 2 m; L2 = L4 = L6 = 4 m;
and L7 = 8 m.
Linear algebraic equations;
Pollutant transport 12.8
12.8 The Lower Colorado River consists of a series of four reservoirs
as shown in Fig. P12.8. Mass balances can be written for each
reservoir and the following set of simultaneous linear algebraic
equations results:

where the right-hand-side vector consists of the loadings of chloride

to each of the four lakes and c1, c2, c3, and c4 = the resulting
chloride concentrations for Lakes Powell, Mead, Mohave, and
Havasu, respectively.
(a) Use the matrix inverse to solve for the concentrations in each of
the four lakes.
(b) How much must the loading to Lake Powell be reduced in order
for the chloride concentration of Lake Havasu to be 75?
(c) Using the column-sum norm, compute the condition number
and how many suspect digits would be generated by solving
this system.

Construction 12.13
12.13 A civil engineer involved in construction requires 4800, 5810,
and 5690 m3 of sand, fi ne gravel, and coarse gravel, respectively, for
a building project. There are three pits from which these materials
can be obtained. The composition of these pits is

How many cubic meters must be hauled from each pit in order to
meet the engineers needs?

Truss 12.14
12.14 Perform the same computation as in Sec. 12.2, but for the
truss depicted in Fig. P12.14.