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Questions
Which type of drilling is preferred in CBM for controlling damage?
A. Balanced drilling
B. Overbalanced drilling
C. Underbalance drilling
D. Vertical drilling
Drill hole stability and minimum damage is achieved by
A. Fresh water (or) formation brine
B. Air as fluid
C. Low density mud
D. Heavy weight mud
Which type of drill bit is used in drilling
A. PDC bit
B. Tricone bit
C. Hammer bit
D. Blade (or) drag bit
Total days required for drilling a CBM well
A. 1 to 2 days
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D. 3 months
Lost circulation problems are greatly reduced by
A. Water drilling
B. Rotary drilling
C. Air drilling
D. Horizontal drilling
Well spacing of CBM wells is done by
A. Reservoir analysis
B. Simulation models
C. Stimulation methods
D. Permeability analysis
To reduce the permeability damage which type of drilling fluid is used
A. Minimum surfactants, lost circulation solids & polymers
B. Heavy mud
C. Water
D. Light weight mud
Horizontal sections are drilled by which type of fluids and bit
A. Water + PDC
B. Air + PDC
C. Drilling mud + Tricone bit
D. Water + Tricone bit
To ensure complete cement sheath in cementation process what is used
A. Crossovers
B. Centralization
C. Valves
D. joints
What is done to improve cement coverage
A. Reciprocation of pipe
B. Reaming of pipe
C. Rotation of pipe
D. No movement of pipe
How cementation work is carried out in CBM wells
A. Under balanced
B. Over balanced
C. Balanced
D. Directional
While carrying out cementation process pipe movement is not recommended when
------- is present
A. Packer shoe / multiple stage cementer
Key
C
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B. Casing shoe
C. Liner casing
D. Drill pipe
Which type of class cement is used in CBM
A. Class F
B. Class B
C. Class C
D. Class A
To lighten the density and prevent lost circulation what are the additives used
A. Barite
B. Bentonite / Pozzolons
C. Water
D. AIr
Which type of cement is used to provide ductile, secure and long lasting zonal
isolation for CBM wells
A. Ordinary cement
B. Portland cement
C. Foam cement
D. Class H cement
To remove fines, pre wet the hole & prevent from dehydration which fluid is used
A. Water
B. Air
C. Drilling mud
D. Water / Gel sweep
While cementation process to prevent poor cement bond due to gas migration ---type of blend is used
A. Thixotropic blend
B. Permafrost blend
C. Class B cement blend
D. Class A cement blend
What is the purpose of foam cement during primary cementation ---A. To hold casing
B. To prevent formation break down, lost circulation & post job cement
C. To prevent formation damage
D. To prevent methane migration
The quad combination log consists of
A. Neutron density
B. Calliper sp
C. Sp gamma
D. Porosity resistivity
The measurement of sensor distributed for 70 ft long logging tool is
A. Density tool
B. Gamma ray tool
C. Sp tool
D. Density and calliper
The natural gamma ray tool measures bulk gamma by -------------A. Absorption
B. Adsorption
C. Chemical reaction
D. Radioactive minerals
Naturally occurring radioactivity in sedimentary formation comes from ---- minerals
types
A. Uranium
B. Helium
C. Hydrogen
D. Lithium
Gamma ray measurement is interpreted as
A. High reading are calcite
B. High reading are shale
C. High reading are sandstone
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B. Density tools
C. Porosity tools
D. Resistivity tools
The combination of High-energy gamma rays and High-energy neutrons log referred
as ---A. Gamma Neutron log
B. Gamma Density log
C. Neutron Porosity log
D. Density Neutron log
The high-energy neutron tools respond to the ----- of the formation
A. Carbon index
B. Hydrogen index
C. Oxygen index
D. Sulphur index
The high-energy gamma ray tools measure the ------ of the formation
A. Neutron bulk porosity
B. Electron bulk porosity
C. Electron bulk density
D. Neutron bulk density
The range of bulk-density measurements in coal is typically between
A. 1.2 g/cc and 2 g/cc
B. 2.6 g/cc and 3 g/cc
C. 1.4 g/cc and 2 g/cc
D. 0.1 g/cc and 2 g/cc
Gas content has been measured in coaly shales with a bulk density up to
A. 2 g/cc
B. 2.6 g/cc
C. 3 g/cc
D. 0.7 g/cc
Photoelectric (PE) measurement is an excellent measure of ---- as well as a good coal
identifier
A. Porosity
B. Permeability
C. Bed Thickness
D. Lithology
The proximate analysis is a routine coal analysis to derive
A. Fixed carbon content
B. Oxygen/ carbon content
C. Hydrogen/ sulphur content
D. Permeability
Current drainage Area can be calculated as
A. Cumulative oil production / GIP
B. Cumulative gas production / GIP
C. Cumulative gas production / OIP
D. Cumulative oil production / OIP
Mechanical rock properties include
A. Ductile modulus
B. Brittle modulus
C. Poissons ratio and Youngs modulus
D. Fracture ratio
Micro-electrical imaging (MEI) technology has come a long way in its capability to
image
A. High - resistivity formations
B. Low - resistivity formations
C. Medium -resistivity formations
D. Shallow - resistivity formations
Drainage pattern (or) drainage radius (DR) can be calculated
A. Cumulative gas production / GIP
B. GC_A / GC_L
C. (CDA * 43560 / 3.14159)^0.5
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D. GC_L * CTpA * A
The magnetic resonance imaging tool (MRIL) is a
A. Permeability device
B. Thickness device
C. Density device
D. Porosity device
The monopole sonic tools are typically used when measuring
A. Compressional fastness
B. Compressional slowness
C. Contraction slowness
D. Contartion fastness
Gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement cutoffs
A. Bulk-density measurements greater than 2 g/cc.
B. Gamma ray measurements less than 100 API.
C. Neutron porosity measurements greater than 50%
D. Sonic transit time less than 80 s/ft
Coal tonnage is calculated by
A. CTpA = 1359.7 * h * RHOB
B. CTpA = 1000.4 * h * RHOB
C. CTpA = 13000.2 * w * RHOB
D. CTpA = 59.7 * t * RHOB
Problems associated with developing the coals for completion
A. Coal has an extensive porosity
B. Coal is of hard formation
C. Coal occurs in High temperature & high pressure conditions
D. Coal has an extensive natural fracture system
The openhole completion has advantages
A. No casing is left to obstruct mining
B. Isolating the zones is very easy
C. Best for sand control method
D. Might require well cleanout if formation is not well consolidated
Factors identified as contributing to success of the cavity completion include
A. Good ash content
B. Good permeability
C. Low in-situ stress
D. Lean coal seams
The cavity completions procedure can be successfully applied for ---- rank
A. Lignite
B. Low volatile A bituminous
C. High volatile A bituminous
D. Anthracite
For cavity completions coal must have --A. Good permeability, natural cleat system
B. Good porosity
C. Coal must be very hard
D. Coal must contain good percentage of methane
Conditions for Cased Hole completion
A. Small volumes of water produced early in the life
B. Abnormal pressured
C. High temperature and high pressure reservoir
D. Multiple seams per well
Conditions usually combine to require a cased hole with access to the seams that
allows maximum control of
A. Permeability
B. Fracturing
C. Porosity
D. More methane
The slotted-casing technique was introduced to correct problems
A. Fracturing control and fines control in cased hole completions
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zones
A. Before the casing had already been cemented in place
B. After the casing had already been cemented in place
C. No need of casing, only cemented in place
D. Only casing, on need of cement in place
Frac plugs allowed the operator to set a plug-type tool by ----- in the casing after
perforating a zone
A. Electric wireline
B. Lowering by hand
C. Lowering by drilling rig
D. Lowering by drill bit
A frac plug is --- through the center
A. Shallow
B. Hollow
C. Circle
D. Rectangle
Drawback of the steel frac plugs is ----A. It is a permanent plug
B. Falls into bore hole
C. It is a metal made
D. Removal time
Advantage of CT rig is --A. Low in cost
B. Requires more time for operation
C. Safe, timely, and economical manner
D. More man power
Expand BHPA
A. Bottomhole packer assembly
B. Bottomhole production assembly
C. Bottomhole plastic automation
D. Borehole packer assembly
CT fracturing has been used with ------A. Water
B. Air
C. Heavy weight mud
D. Foamed fluids
Benefits of CT and the BHPA include
A. Less environmental impact
B. More environmental impact
C. More number of screenouts
D. Cost is more and high efficient
Coiled tubing (CT) string dia range from ---A. 1 to 5
B. 3 to 4
C. 2 3/8 to 2 7/8
D. 6 to 10
To create perforations and to initiate fractures what is done
A. CT string using a underbalanced perforation gun
B. CT string using a proprietary jet
C. CT string using a balanced perforation gun
D. CT string using a through tubing perforation gun
The casing is -------- as the CT is lowered to spot the jet for the next interval
treatment
A. Reverse cleaned
B. Washed through drill pipe
C. Washed normally
D. Washed with acid
Attendant problems associated with developing the coals for methane include
A. Coal has an extensive porosity
B. Coal is of hard formation
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C. Coal is friable
D. Coal occurs in High temperature & high pressure conditions
Costs of completing the CBM well must be --A. Minimized
B. Maximized
C. High cost
D. Very expensive
Openhole completions of single seams goal was recovery of gas from a single seam
with -----A. Maximum formation damage
B. Minimum formation damage
C. Maximum coal recovery
D. Minimum coal recovery
Reaming the coal face underneath the casing will create ---A. Permeability
B. Porosity
C. Hole collapse
D. Cavity
Cavity completions may produce -------- than fractured wells in the area
A. Six times (or more) rate
B. Less economic
C. No production
D. Create problem while production
Negative aspects of the fracturing process
A. May produce more methane
B. May produce more water
C. May produce more coal than expected for daily usage
D. May cause near-wellbore damage
Natural cavitation is the process of coal sloughing into the wellbore by release of
natural -----A. In-situ stresses
B. In situ strain
C. In situ methane production
D. In situ water production
Natural cavitation process is similar to injection cavitation except ---A. No Injection of mud
B. No Injection of effluent
C. No Injection of water or air
D. No Injection of heavy weight mud
After production flow tests, ------------ particles that had entered the cavity during
flow periods were removed.
A. 100 mesh to
B. 60 mesh to
C. 10 mesh to 1/3
D. 70 mesh to 2.5
Water and air were circulated through the ------- at total depth to remove the debris
A. Drillpipe
B. Casing
C. Annulus
D. Bottom hole assembly
The slotted-casing technique concept aims to retain a large area open to the face of
the coal while providing a means to -----------A. To combine each zone and control methane
B. Isolate each zone and control fracturing fluid
C. Isolate each zone and control drilling fluid
D. Isolate each zone and control water
Slotted casing prevents fines and spallings from ------- access as in perforations
A. Plugging
B. Unplugging
C. Milling
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D. Drilling
The problems associated with the slotting technique ------A. Strengthen the casing and make it susceptible to failure during fracturing
B. Weaken the drill pipe and make it susceptible to failure during fracturing
C. Strengthen the drill pipe and make it susceptible to failure during fracturing
D. Weaken the casing and make it susceptible to failure during fracturing
Perforating as the conventional method of accessing the formation has the following
advantages
A. Expensive
B. No need of using explosive material
C. Inexpensive
D. Using of explosive material
Disadvantage of perforating -------A. Plugging of the perforations with coal fines and chips
B. Plugging of the zones with coal fines and chips
C. Plugging of the methane with coal fines and chips
D. Plugging of the water with coal fines and chips
One of the type used in Multi zone Entry in Cased Hole
A. Access by Perforating
B. Access by Slotting
C. Openhole cavity completion
D. Baffled Entry
Frac plug advantages ----A. Waste perforations and more breakdown pressures
B. Better perforations and reduced breakdown pressures
C. Better perforations and high breakdown pressures
D. Better water and reduced methane pressures
Composite frac plug introduced by ---A. Schlumberger
B. Baker Hughes
C. Halliburton
D. ONGC
Composite plugs consist of ----A. Maximum metal content
B. Minimal metal content
C. Minimal waste content
D. Minimal gas content
CT movement sets the lower packer, and circulation is begun ------- past the upper
cups and back up the coil string
A. Through the annulus
B. Through the drill pipes
C. Through the casing
D. Through the choke manifold
Large methane contents of coals could often be produced profitably if ---A. Dewaterd
B. Reinjection
C. Watering
D. Enhanced coal recovery
While carrying out Hydraulic fracturing the main problem encountered in CBM well
is ----A. More methane production
B. Formation of fines
C. More water production
D. Improvement in permeability & porosity
Fines are known to deteriorate fracture conductivity with time, possibly packing into
--A. Joints
B. Face cleats
C. Butt cleats & tertiary
D. Micropores
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Expand HPG
A. High polymer gum
B. High pressure gas
C. High performance gas
D. Hydroxypropyl guar
Expand SMA
A. Surface modification agent
B. Source migration accumulation
C. South magnetic application
D. Surface modification association
The higher than expected fracturing pressures in coal create
A. Reduces proppant settling to help improve permeability of the proppant pack
B. Bursting of the rock at fracture initiation generates fines that bridge the crack
near the wellbore
C. Helps maintain a high well production rate for a longer period of time
D. The surface of the coal adsorbs chemicals of the fracturing fluid
Stress profiles of the coal and other rock strata between coal groups may be obtained
by
E. Wireline logging
F. Skin test
G. pump-in microfracture tests
H. permeability test
Microfractures involve pumping a small volume of fluid into the formation and
measure
A. Instantaneous shut-in pressure
B. Porosity
C. Permeability
D. Porosity and permeability
Fracture height in coals is controlled by ---A. Extensive stresses of the formations
B. In-situ stresses of the formations
C. Formation pressures in the coal
D. Presence of water and methane
Horizontal fractures have been observed --A. Vertical depths
B. Deep depths
C. Shallower depths
D. Ultra deep depths
Expand LGB
A. Liquid gas bags
B. Low-gel borate
C. Liquid gas bubbles
D. Low gas bubble
CO2, which are strongly adsorbed in the micropores cause
A. Breaking of coal matrix
B. Heating of coal matrix
C. Swelling of the coal matrix
D. Shrinkage of the coal matrix
Methane diffusion through micropores by
A. Darcy law
B. Passions ratio
C. Youngs modulus
D. Ficks law
Flow of methane from macropores to the well bore given by
A. Darcy law
B. Passions ratio
C. Youngs modulus
D. Ficks law
Expand ISIP
A. Instantaneous shut-in point
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contribute to
A. Low treating pressures
B. Medium treating pressures
C. Higher treating pressures
D. Standard pressures
Physical entrapment of polymer molecules in coal obstructs
A. Butt cleats
B. Face cleats
C. Butt and face cleats
D. Micro pore openings
After deterioration of permeability from ------ permeability could not be reinstated.
E. Sorption
F. Adsorption
G. Absorption
H. Reinjection
A stabilized prop pant pack formation interface helps maintain
E. Conductivity
F. Resistivity
G. Porosity
H. Permeability
Hydraulic fracturing of conventional formations .. acted as barrier to fracture
growth
E. Water zone
F. Coal
G. Formations
H. Mud cake
The mobility of the fines is then restricted with a proprietary chemical formation that
makes the surface of the coal particle
E. Lacky
F. Frac
G. Tacky
H. Sticky
By hydraulic treating fluids the polymers that are removed
A. Guar and polyacrylamide
B. Guar
C. Polyacrylamide
D. Pvc
Research qualitatively explained the contribution of fines to
E. Low fracture pressures
F. High fracture pressures
G. Low hydraulic pressures
H. High hydraulic pressures
Fracturing process increases pore pressure, youngs modulus ----------and poisons
ratio ----------E. Increases, increases
F. Increases, decreases
G. Decreases, increases
H. Decreases, decreases
------- Was observed in a natural fracture in roof of coal mine from well bore
E. Water
F. Cement
G. Cleats
H. Pores
The bulk of the fracturing fluid and larger size prop pant is then diverted to a -----induced fracture
E. Secondary
F. Tertiary
G. Normally
H. Primary
m in leak off coefficient is defined as .
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E. Exponential
F. Production
G. Logarithmic
H. Hyperbolic
. production from sandstones intermingled with the coal beds may result in
smaller than expected water production rates.
E. Oil
F. Water
G. Gas
H. Oil/Gas
. and chemical content are the two important considerations of waters
produced from coal seams.
E. Quantity
F. Quality
G. Gas
H. Oil
Quantity and chemical content are the two important considerations of produced
from coal seams.
E. Oil
F. Gas
G. Oil/Gas
H. Water
Treatment at the .. is necessary regardless of the disposal method.
E. Subsurface
F. Underground
G. Surface
H. Tanks
composition gives some insight into the permeability of the formation.
A. Oil
B. Water
C. Gas
D. Oil/Gas
The . ion exists in larger concentrations in those formations having meteoric
waters continually replenishing the coal seams.
A. Carbonate
B. Bicarbonate
C. Tri carbonate
D. Tetra carbonate
The .. ion occurs in greater concentration in those more stationary coal bed
waters.
E. Carbonate
F. Bicarbonate
G. Tri carbonate
H. Tetra carbonate
The .suggests a discontinuity in the seams or a lack of permeability that leaves
the waters uncirculated.
A.
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+
Na cat ion
C.
cl2 Anion
cl Anion
D.
B.
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Comparison of the two sets of data helps explain the variation of the chloride data,
particularly at . depths.
E. Shallow
F. Deep shallow
G. Higher
H. Lower
Adherent moisture is also referred as -A. Bulk moisture
B. Adsorbed moisture
C. Inherent moisture
D. Chemically bound moisture
By analogy it is hypothesized that where surface waters mix in the coal seam, the Clconcentration will be
E. High
F. Low
G. Medium
H. No change
.. concentration with depth takes on additional importance.
A. Chloride
B. Carbide
C. Calcium
D. Sodium
Dissolved oxygen must be input to the produced waters because the . from the
coal seams are devoid of oxygen.
E. Oil
F. Water
G. Gas
H. Oil/Gas
A primary objective in the initial treatment is to transfer to the water for
feeding the growth of micro organisms
A. Hydrogen
B. CO2
C. H2O2
D. Oxygen
If disposal wells are used for produced coal bed waters, it is not permissible to reinject the produced coal bed waters into any formation having less than..TDS
A. 25,000ppm
B. 12,000ppm
C. 15,000ppm
D. 10,000ppm
.. Result from the bacteria that degrade organic compounds in the water.
A. TDS
B. BOD
C. TDC
D. BOC
The microorganisms increase their activity exponentially with temperature so that a
standard temperature is
E.
300 c
F.
250 c
G.
45 0 c
H.
200 c
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A primary limitation under the act is that injection cannot be made into an aquifer of
less than . of TDS unless the aquifer is already contaminated.
A. 15,000 mg/L
B. 20,000 mg/L
C. 12,000 mg/L
D. 10,000 mg/L
The total effluent flow rate from the wells are superposed on the assimilative
capacity of the stream
A. Production
B. CBM
C. Injection
D. Dry
Low-cost . pipe is used in the pipelines.
E. Propylene
F. Ethylene
G. Polyethylene
H. Poly propylene
Bulk moisture refers to the free water contained in the
E. Cleat system having a normal vapor pressure
F. Cleat system having abnormal vapor pressure
G. Permeability
H. Porosity having normal vapor pressure
Inherent moisture is also referred as
A. Permeability moisture
B. Porosity moisture
C. Adsorbed moisture
D. Cavity moisture
The most profitable of any coal basin because two favorable factors, content
and permeability.
E. Oil
F. Water
G. Gas
H. Oil/Gas
A permeability of at least mD is needed for coals to be economically attractive
A. to 0.8
B. to 0.4
C. to 0.2
D. to 0.5
A minimum initial pressure that would encourage development of coals of multiple,
thin seams would be
E. 125175 psi
F. 125155 psi
G. 125185 psi
H. 125195 psi
The lower prices reduced internal rate of return to unacceptable values.
E. Oil
F. Water
G. Gas
H. Oil/Gas
NPV means
A. Net present volume
B. Normal present value
C. Net present value
D. Net percent value
NPV profit introduces the time value of money into the analysis, and it uses an
rate representative of the companys reinvestment opportunity
A. Production
B. Interest
C. Injection
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D. Investment
ROR means
E. Rate of return
F. Rate of run
G. Rate of reinjection
H. Rate of reinvest
Rates of return of properties in general would be expected to exceed typical minimum
value criterion of
E. 50%
F. 20%
G. 40%
H. 60%
Payout would ordinarily indicate a desirable criterion of less than years for a
conventional project under consideration.
E. 2.5
F. 3.5
G. 1.5
H. 4.5
The most economic method is a post-fracture injection to calibrate fracture
volumes used.
A. Fall-on test
B. Break-off test
C. Leak-off test
D. Fall-off test
Interference between CBM wells is imperative to promote desorption.
E. Oil
F. Water
G. Gas
H. Oil/Gas
Transportation costs to each site must be added to costs of each .. method
A. Production
B. Disposal
C. Injection
D. ReInjection
.. And limited entry methods were most attractive to reduce cost effective
E. Baffled fracturing
F. Hydraulic fracturing
G. Slotted casing
H. Slotted fracturing
Perforating may cost . % of open hole completion or . % of the slotting
procedure costs.
A. 45, 66
B. 45, 68
C. 49, 66
D. 41, 70
The cost to drill, perforate, fracture, dispose of water, and bring the methane on
stream of a development well 3,500 ft deep is estimated to be
A. $319,300
B. $329,300
C. $339,300
D. $349,300
The well costs including drilling to a typical depth of about 3,000 ft in the basin,
perforating, and fracturing three zones amount to
A. $150,000 to $200,000
B. $190,000 to $350,000
C. $120,000 to $350,000
D. $190,000 to $200,000
1. Which coal basin produced commercial amount of CBM for the first time in India
Jharia
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2. Burning of which of the following fuels produces the least amount of CO per unit ofenergy
Natural Gas
3. Which country contains about 50% of the worlds coal resources
The former Soviet Union
4. The main reason for hydraulic fracturing in CBM is
To create artificial permeability
5. Which of the following energy sources does not produce carbon dioxide
Uranium
6.
7. A coal deposit that is not economical to mine today would be considered part of our
Coal resources
8. Adsorption isotherm curves are generally of ___types
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9. The Langmuir Model has frequently been applied to the description of _________isotherm.
Type I
10. Which gas has higher affinity towards adsorption on coal
CO2
11. Orientation of in-situ stresses in any coalfield can be determined from ___orientation
mapping.
Cleat
12. Permeability of coal seam decrease as effective vertical stress ___________
Increases
13. In CBM, coal bed permeability is controlled by the orientations of _____________
Cleat / Natural fracture
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14. Desorption of CH from coal matrix in the CBM reservoir increases with injection of __
CO2
15. The critical temperature of methane is ________ C.
0
82.57 C
16. Study of adsorption isotherm is important for ______
Gas storage capacity
17. CDP is stands for _____________
Critical desorption pressure
73. Higher temperatures promote the ------ and higher pressures --Geochemical reactions, retard the reactions
74. Coal has a --- system of macropores and micropores
Dual pore
75. Face cleats are termed as ----Primary
76. Butt cleats are termed as ----Secondary
77. Categorized the adsorption of a gas on a solid into five types of isotherms
Brunauer
78. Isotherm refers to
The volume of gas adsorbed on a solid surface
79. Type I isotherm, as characterized by
Applies to the adsorption of gases in microporous solids
80. The Langmuir equation fits the adsorption data of methane on coal and is used
exclusively in the CBM process to describe
The Type I curves
81. As pressures in coalseams increase with depth or with the hydrostatic head of water, the
capacity of the coal for
Adsorbing more methane improves
82. Equation to describe the adsorption of gases on a solid is that of Langmuir, developed the
theory in
1918
83. Activated carbon may have surface areas of
1 sq mi/5 lb of carbon
84. Activated carbon or charcoal has long been used in gas masks and for recovery of
Solvents and fractionation of mixed gases.
85. An isotherm presents the relationship of a coals adsorptive capacity for methane as a
function of
Pressure at a constant temperature
86. The isotherm is plotted as
scf/ton of methane volume adsorbed vs. psia of pressure
87. Isotherms are necessary to estimate reserves of ----- in a coal property and to estimate ---Methane, ultimate recovery and the recovery factor
88. At constant formation temperature, the gas content-pressure relationship will be
influenced by
Coal rank, mineral matter content of the coal, and bed moisture
89. Gas flow in Conventional Gas by
159. If the gradient is exceeded, the coal formation may break down and cause the cement to
be --- to the formation
Lost
160. During primary cementing, ---- cement can help prevent formation breakdown, lost
circulation
Foam
170. During primary cementing, foam cement can help prevent formation breakdown, --Lost circulation, and post-job cement fallback
171. Slurries that contain less water are usually --- than those that carry a high percentage of
water
Stronger
172. With inert gas as a filler material, slurries of even very low density can still have --solids content
High
173. The simplest type is Class A (Type 1) commonly referred as --Portland cement
174. Portland cement is mixed at a density of --- for neat blends
15.6 lb/gal
175. Because coal contains many natural fractures, or cleats, it is preferable to use a ---material for curing lost circulation
Granular material
176. The wireline logging services employed by the coal industry provided means to assist in
mapping the coal, measuring its thickness, and ---- in formations above the coal
Locating water tables
177. Coalbeds that are well cleated can often be eroded by the drilling process, creating a
-------- of borehole that shows as an enlarged caliper measurement.
Washed-out section
178. Tool pulls can cause a ---- of the position of a particular measurement
Mismatch
179. The quad combination log consists of the three ---- tools and a --- measurement device
Porosity, resistivity
180. The natural gamma ray tool measures --- emitted from the radioactive minerals in the
immediate vicinity of the wellbore.
Bulk gamma rays
181. Most of the naturally occurring radioactivity in sedimentary formations comes from
three general types of minerals ---Thorium, potassium, or uranium
182. Full form of NORM
197. A greater SP deflection observed across from a coal indicates greater ----- in a coal
Permeability
198. Resistivity tools come in two general categories, induction or ---Laterolog
199. The choice of resistivity tools is usually based upon the ---- of the borehole fluids
Salinity
200. Induction tools are typically run in wells with ----- in the drilling mud.
Less than 30,000 ppm chlorides
201. The most common resistivity devices run for CBM applications are
Induction-based tools
202. Coal tends to exhibit rather ----- resistivity measurements
High
203. Coal, in its purest form, is a good --- and has very --Insulator, High resistivity
204. Impurities in coal such as clays, pyrites, volcanic minerals, and fluid-filled cleating tend
to ---- the resistivity in coals
Reduce
205. Permeable coal is observed as having a typical invasion profile while the tight coal
shows very ----- with no invasion.
High resistivity
206. Microlog resistivity measurement is a very shallow, ----- measurement
Non-focused resistivity
207. The normal resistivity reads slightly ---- than the inverse measurement.
Deeper
208. The microlog has historically been used as an indicator of --- across from permeable
zones
Mud cake
209. Nuclear measurements are divided into two categories, tools using high-energy gamma
rays and tools ------.
Using high-energy neutrons
210. Nuclear measurements are divided into two categories, tools using --- and tools using
high-energy neutrons.
High-energy gamma rays
211. The high-energy gamma ray tools measure the --- of the formation
Electron bulk density
212. The high-energy neutron tools respond to the ---- of the formation
Hydrogen index
213. High-energy gamma ray tools are commonly called ----
Density tools
214. High-energy neutron tools are referred to as --Neutron tools
215. Most CBM evaluation is performed with ----- type of log
Density log
216. Full form of CN tool
Compensated neutron
217. The monopole sonic tools are typically used when measuring --Compressional slowness
218. Acoustic tools come in two varieties, a ---- sonic and a dipole sonic
Monopole
219. Acoustic tools come in two varieties, a monopole sonic and a --Dipole sonic
220. Sonic logs identify coals by their ----, which will typically be longer than most any other
formation in the well
Long transit times
221. Full form of MRIL
Magnetic resonance imaging tool
222. The magnetic resonance imaging tool is a porosity device that measures only --Pore space filled with fluid
223. Porosity measurement is independent of the --- of the formation
Lithology
224. The porosity measured in coal is primarily the ----Cleat porosity
225. Full form of MEI
Micro-electrical imaging
226. The gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement --Bulk-density measurements less than 2 g/cc.
227. The gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement --Gamma ray measurements less than 60 API.
228. The gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement --Neutron porosity measurements greater than 50%.
229. The gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement ---Sonic transit time greater than 80 s/ft.
230. The gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement --Shear transit time greater than 180 s/ft.
231. The gross thickness of a particular coalseam is determined by following these general
wireline log measurement ---Resistivity greater than 50 m2/m.
232. A convenient measure to assess analog CBM projects compares ----Coal tonnage per acre
233. Coal tonnage is calculated using equation
CTpA = 1359.7 * h * RHOB
234. Total gas-in-place (GIP) calculations are derived by multiplying the project area, coal
tonnage, and the ---- together
Gas content
235. Total gas-in-place (GIP) calculations --GIP = GC_L * CTpA * A
236. The recovery factor can be calculated
R = GC_A / GC_L
237. Current drainage Area is calculated by --CDA = Cumulative gas production / GIP
238. Mechanical rock properties include ----- which are commonly used in hydraulic-fracture
stimulation design
Poissons ratio and Youngs modulus
239. The coal of optimum rank for coalbed methane (CBM) production is also the most
Fragile.
240. Coal has an ----- system that must be connected to the wellbore to provide adequate
permeability.
Extensive natural fracture
241. Adsorptive properties that lead to swelling of the coal matrix, especially from ----- make
the coal susceptible to drilling mud and fracturing fluids.
Organic compounds
242. Openhole completions of single seams were the first type of completion used in the ---Warrior basin
243. The openhole completion has ------ advantages
No casing is left to obstruct mining
244. The openhole completion has -------- advantages
The cementing process does no damage to the coal face
245. The openhole completion has ------ advantages
The open hole gives unobstructed access to the coal face from the wellbore.
246. Hydraulic-fracturing technology, developed in the oil and gas industry after --- year
1948
247. Although hydraulic fracturing had been highly developed for conventional gas reservoirs
of
Low-permeability sands
248. The surface of the coal --- chemicals of the fracturing fluid
Adsorbs
249. The coal has an extensive natural network of ---- fractures that open to accept fluid
during hydraulic fracturing
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
250. ---- for coal is much lower than that for conventional rock.
Youngs modulus
251. Excessive fines are generated during fracturing because of the --- nature of the coal.
Friable
252. Fines contribute to --- pressures during fracturing
Elevated
253. Fines are known to deteriorate fracture conductivity with time, possibly packing into ---natural fractures to damage permeability
Secondary and tertiary
254. The ------ of coal has the potential of being damaged from adsorption of ingredients of
the fracturing fluid
Organic surface
255. The organic surface of coal has the potential of being damaged from ---- of the
fracturing fluid
Adsorption of ingredients
256. Adsorption and physical entrapment of polymer molecules in the coal obstructs ---Butt and face cleats
257. CO2, that are strongly adsorbed in the micropores cause swelling of the coal matrix with
attendant ----Permeability reduction
258. CO2, that are ---- in the micropores cause swelling of the coal matrix with attendant
permeability reduction
Strongly adsorbed
259. A higher pressure than ordinary may be necessary to initiate a ---- in coal
Fracture
260. The pressure to initiate the fracture should be approximately --- greater than the
Land application
291. Techniques are possible to dispose of produced coalbed waters
Membrane processes
292. Parameters are necessary to develop the surface disposal plan
Water quality of the produced and natural streams
293. Parameters are necessary to develop the surface disposal plan
Well start-up schedule
294. Parameters are necessary to develop the surface disposal plan
Projected flow history of the well
295. Parameters are necessary to develop the surface disposal plan
Natural stream capacities.
296. The profitability of a coalbed methane (CBM) project is highly dependent on factors of
------------Seam thickness, gas content, and permeability
297. Tax credits for fuels from specified unconventional sources were incorporated into the
--------------- of 1980 at a time of high oil prices
Windfall Profit Act (WPT)
298. Factors are necessary to make a CBM property profitable and attractive for investment is
-------------Access to pipelines and Proximity to markets
299. Factors are necessary to make a CBM property profitable and attractive for investment is
-----------Ownership certainty and Infrastructure of oilfield services
300. Factors are necessary to make a CBM property profitable and attractive for investment is
-------------Local regulations on water disposal impact