Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307210532
CITATIONS
7 authors, including:
Greg Behringer
GBIP
1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
channel with varying interference levels typically encountered in shared bands such as the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz
ISM bands.
In Section 2.0, results in maintaining QoS (sustaining
throughput) using adaptive processing-gain radios in the
presence of varying interference levels will be described.
The results were obtained using a 2 Mchips/sec direct-sequence spread-spectrum radio [3] with an adaptive processing-gain of 12, 15, and 21 dB. The adaptive
processing-gain radio enables sustained throughput with
signal-to-interference (SIR) levels down to -12 dB, whereas an non-adaptive system fails to communicate below -4
dB of SIR. The range of SIR and throughput can be extended further with a high processing-gain radio. In Section 3.0, a multiband RF technology with a bandwidth
extending from 25 MHz to 2500 MHz will be described
which will enable processing gain greater than 21 dB at 2
Mbps by hopping over non-contiguously assigned bands.
This is not possible with current single-band commercial
radios, such as, WaveLAN, Proxim, Plessey, or Harris. To
sustain a 2 Mbps data rate in harsh outdoor environments
poses difficulties due to large delay spreads and doppler
frequencies. This problem is addressed in Section 4.0
which describes a maximum likelihood sequence equalizer (MLSE) modem that allows the multiband frequencyhop radio to sustain a 2 Mbps data rate with an BER of
10 4 in outdoor environments with a maximum delay
spread of 3 micro-second and mobility of 100 km/hr.
1.0 Introduction
Current wireless communications span across a diverse
set of applications including cordless, digital cellular, paging, data over voice, and wireless local area networking.
Though current systems are sufficient in providing low
data rate and voice-based services outdoors, they lack two
essential features needed for the delivery of multimedia
information. First, current systems have little or no support for maintaining quality of service (QoS) for data,
voice, and video [1]. Second, high data rate can only be
achieved in an indoor or benign static outdoor environment. Mobile outdoor operation is still limited to hundreds
of kbps [2], thereby preventing ubiquitous wireless delivery of high quality video and low latency interactive multimedia applications, such as web browsing.
To enable ubiquitous wireless multimedia communications which support not only voice but also data and video,
the deficiencies in maintaining QoS and achieving high bit
rate (multimega bits per second) operation in the outdoor
environment must be overcome. In this paper, we focus on
adaptive radio technologies that will enable (1) 2 Mbps in
the outdoor environment with a delay spread up to 3 microseconds and mobility up to 100 km/hr; and (2) processing-gain adaptation for maintaining QoS in the wireless
code
select
PN
generator
PN
acquisition
loop
power control
TX data
TX
spread
data
LPF
frequency
control
clock
recovery
loop
carrier
recovery
loop
SIR est.
ADC
decision
VGA
PA
BPF
frequency
synthesizer
LNA
LPF
AGC
recv. data
RF FRONT-END
DIGITAL IF
Desired
PG = 12 dB
Throughput (kbps)
80
60
PG = 15 dB
Achieved
40
20
0
15
PG = 21 dB
10
4.0 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Equalizer Modem for High Bit Rate Outdoors
2.5
1.0
0.5
ADC
DAC
Mixer (Down)
PA (100 mW)
1.5
LNA
Mixer (Up)
Power (W)
2.0
0.0
RF Component
Figure 3 Multiband RF technology enables high processing gain and high bit rate operation.
3
PA (500 mW)
LO
Regulator
Modem
Interface
The multiband RF meets the large RF bandwidth requirement for a robust processing-gain adaptive system
that can deliver up to 2 Mbps, satisfying the QoS constraint for multimedia communications over interference
limited environment. The remaining challenge lies in the
clean reception of a 2 Mbps signal over severe multipath
fading environment typically found outdoors. Traditional
decision feedback equalization (DFE) with feed-forward
equalization (FFE) is not adequate for the mobile outdoor
channel. Rather MLSE shows promise in achieving significantly higher SNR performance over the DFE/FFE approach [7] as well as being able to estimate the channel
impulse response much quicker than an LMS-trained
DFE/FFE modem.
The performance gain of MLSE comes at a cost of increased complexity compared to DFE/FFE. The complexity is exponentially related to the delay spread. To keep the
complexity within 50 kgates, the transmit power has been
limited to 100 mW suitable for microcellular systems in
which the delay spread can be kept within 3 s , unlike
systems such as GSM which must accomodate for larger
delay spreads of 5 20s due to the high transmitter
power.
Additionally, MLSE tend to be highly sensitive to frequency drifts in the carrier due to either frequency stability
of the oscillator or doppler shifts over long packets. Frequency drift poses less problem in most current systems
which are voice-based due to short frame sizes. However,
as PCS bands that can be shared through decentralized dynamic channel assignment [8]. A multimedia system that
can combat high interference levels must achieve both
high processing gain and high data rate. This combination
requires a large RF bandwidth which makes direct-sequence a poor choice due to high speed digital circuits and
high power ADCs. A multiband RF technology has been
described that can frequency hop over non-contiguously
assigned bands over a 25 MHz to 2500 MHz range. The
2.5 GHz hop bandwidth meets the large bandwidth requirement needed to achieve 2 Mbps and greater than 21
dB of processing gain. The multiband RF front-end can be
implemented with a low power of 4.5 W which is comparable to current commercial single-band radios. Finally, to
cope with the degradation incurred by large delay spread
and rapid time variations in a mobile outdoor channel at a
high bit rate of 2 Mbps, a MLSE modem with PSP-based
frequency tracking has been presented which can achieve
a BER of 10 4 at an Eb/No of 20 dB with a mobility of 100
km/hr.
multiband
rf front-end
channel estimator
timing recovery
MLSE
digital
z-D
AGC
VCO
packet detector
frequency
estimator
adaptive
coefficient
tracking
loop
filter
TRACKING SUBSYSTEM
recon
filter
Acknowledgments
Figure 4 Maximum likelihood equalizer modem architecture with conventional frequency tracking.
1.5
log(BER)
[1]
o - 0 Hz offset
* - 600 Hz offset
- 1200 Hz offset
[2]
conventional
tracking
architecture
2
2.5
performance
gain
3.5
4
14
16
18
20
22
24
[3]
PSP-based
tracking
architecture
4.5
12
References
[4]
26
Eb/No (dB)
[5]
5.0 Conclusions
[6]
[7]
[8]
C. Chien, et al., Design Experience with an Integrated Testbed for Wireless Multimedia Computing, to appear in Mobile Multimedia
Communications, Plenum Press, 1997
J. S. Dasilva, et al., European R&D Programs on
Third-Generation Mobile Communication Systems, IEEE Personal Comm., Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 4652, Feb. 1997.
C. Chien, et al., An Integrated Testbed for Wireless
Multimedia Computing, Kluwer J. of VLSI Sig.
Proc. Syst., Vol. 13, No. 2/3, pp. 105-124, Aug/Sept.
1996.
M. Naghshineh, et al., Issues in Wireless Access
Broadband Networks, Wireless Information Networks - Architecture, Resource Management, and
Mobile Data, Chapter 1, pp. 1-20, Kluwer, 1996.
Draft Standard IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN, July
28, 1995.
S. Sheng, et. al., A 1 Mbps Low Power directsequence Chip-Set in 1.2- m CMOS, IEEE
ISSCC Dig. of Technical Papers, SF, CA, Feb. 1996
J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 2nd Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1989.
S.-G. Hector, et al., A Narrowband Approach to
Efficient PCS Spectrum Sharing Through Decentralized DCA Access Policies, IEEE Personal
Comm., Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 24-34, Feb. 1997.