Speaking Preparation

Step 1: The writing process
for Writing Task 2

Introduction
Welcome to Step 1!
In this step, we will give you an overview of the process you should follow when writing an IELTS Task 2
essay. We will also focus on how you should organise your time in the test.
Outcomes
At the end of Step 1, you will:
know the stages to follow when you write an IELTS Task 2 essay
understand how best to manage your time in the test
What is IELTS Writing Task

2?
It is a short essay for an educated reader, for example, a university lecturer or tutor.
In the essay, you have to give your opinion and write a clear argument or discussion. You must
support your ideas with relevant evidence and examples.
Your writing should be in a formal, academic style.
You should write at least 250 words and spend no more than 40 minutes on the task.
You have one hour to do both Task 1 and Task 2. We advise you to spend 40 minutes on Task 2 as it is
worth more marks than Task 1.
Activity - Quick quiz
Lets do an activity to check your understanding of IELTS Writing Task 2.

Please note that if you go back to the previous screen to check your answer, you will
erase any answers you have completed on this screen.
Write your answers to the following questions in the space provided and then check your
answer.
Question: What kind of writing is Task 2?
A short essay where you have to give your opinion.
Question: What writing style should you use?
You should use a formal, academic style.
Question: How many words should you write?
You should write at least 250 words.
Question: Who is your reader?
An educated reader, for example a university lecturer

or tutor.
Question: How long should you spend planning and writing your
answer?
About 40 minutes.
Timeplan for Writing Task 2

Lets look at a possible timeplan to follow when you do Writing Task 2.
Stage
Stage 1
Suggested time
(Total 40 minutes)
3 - 5 minutes
Read and understand the question
Stage 2
3 - 5 minutes
Plan what youre going to write
Stage 3
25 minutes
Write your essay
Stage 4
5 minutes
Check your writing
As you have only 40 minutes to plan and write the Task 2 essay, you should manage this time well.
Activity - Final quiz

Choose the best answer for the following questions.
1 How much time should you spend understanding and analysing the
question?
about 1 - 2 minutes
about 3 - 5 minutes
2 How much time should you spend planning your essay before you begin to
write?
about 1 - 2 minutes
about 3 - 5 minutes
3 How much time should you spend writing your essay?
about 25 - 30 minutes
about 15 - 20 minutes
4 How much time should you spend checking your essay?
about 15 minutes
about 5 minutes
Summary
This brings us to the end of Step 1.
In this step, you have learnt about IELTS Writing Task 2. You have also learnt how to manage your time in
the test.
In Step 2, we will look at the first part of the writing process, that is, analysing the question.
Step 2: Analysing Writing Task 2

questionsIntroduction
Welcome to Step 2!
In this step, we will look at the first part of the writing process - that is, analysing the question you have
to write about.
Outcomes
At the end of Step 2, you will be able to:
identify the different parts of a Writing Task 2 question

analyse Writing Task 2 questions.
Identify the different parts

of a Writing Task 2
question
The first part of the writing process for Writing Task 2 is to read and understand the question. You should
spend three to five minutes on this.
Lets look at the different parts of a Writing Task 2 question.
Example question
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Suggested time
length
Write about the following topic:
Task
requirement
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for

150 years. This could be good for individuals but it may have
negative consequences for society.
Background
information
What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?

Specific
question
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from
your own knowledge or experience.
Task
requirements
Suggested
word length
You can read the following parts of Writing Task 2 questions quickly because this information is always
the same.
Suggested time length
Task requirement
Task requirements
Suggested word length.
However, you will need to analyse the following parts of the question closely as they contain the specific
information you need to help you write your essay.
Background information
Specific question.
We will look at this in more detail later in this step.
Activity - Matching question parts
Match the following parts of the question to the example Task 2 question below. Type the
correct letter into the box. The first one has been done for you as an example.
A word length
D suggested time
length
B task requirements
E task requirement
C background
information
F specific question
Example question
Over the past fifty years, international sports

events such as the Olympic Games and world
cup competitions have played an increasingly
important role in our society. However, many
people think such events are an enormous waste
of money, time and effort.
Do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant

examples from your own knowledge or experience.

Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and
world cup competitions have played an increasingly important role in our society.
However, many people think such events are an enormous waste of money, time and
effort.
Do you agree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
D suggested time
length
E task
requirement
C background
information
F specific
question
B task
requirements
A word length
Read and understand

Writing Task 2 questions
We have identified all the different parts of an IELTS Writing Task 2
question. Now lets focus on the parts of the question you need to
read more closely: the background information and the specific
question.
The background information:
includes the topic of the question. This will be the topic of

your essay.
usually presents a viewpoint. This is an opinion about the
topic.
The specific question:
is the final part of the question. This is what you need to address in your essay.
Lets look at some example IELTS Task 2 questions to identify the topic, the viewpoint and the specific
question.
Example 1
Topic
Viewpoint
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as

the Olympic Games and world cup competitions have played
an increasingly important role in our society. However, many
people think such events are an enormous waste of money,
time and effort.
Do you agree?
Specific
question
The topic of this question is international sports events have played an increasingly important
role in our society. The Olympics and world cup competitions are examples of international sports
events - they are not the topic.
The viewpoint of this question is that such events are an enormous waste of money, time and
effort. This is the opinion presented in the question.
The specific question is Do you agree? To write an answer to this question you need to write your
opinion of the viewpoint presented. That is, do you agree that international sports events are an
enourmous waste of money, time and effort?
Example 2
Lets look at another IELTS Writing Task 2 question.
Life has become much more stressful compared to our

parents generation. As a result, stress-related illnesses
are on the increase around the world.
Topic
Specific question
Why is stress such a problem in the modern world

and what do you think can be done to overcome
the problems caused by stress?
The topic of this question is life has become much more stressful.
The specific question is why is stress such a problem and what do you think can be done to
overcome this problem? To write an answer to this question you need to write about some of the
causes of stress in the modern world and give some solutions to overcome this problem.
Note that this question does not present a viewpoint.
Activity - Identifying the topic, viewpoint and specific

question
Read each of the following example questions and identify the topic, viewpoint and specific question.
The first one has been done for you as an example.
Example question 1
Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet
they allow people to buy drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of hard
drugs should be applied to all drugs, including tobacco and alcohol.
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
What is the topic of the question?
A Drug control
B Drug laws
C Drug use
The topic is B because it summarises what the question is about. The background information discusses
different laws relating to different types of drugs.
What is the viewpoint of the question?
A Laws for all types of drugs should be the same.
B People should be discouraged from smoking and

drinking.
C What are the most dangerous drugs and how can

we stop people using them?
The answer is A. The viewpoint of this question states that the law for the sale and use of all drugs should
be equal.
What is the specific question?
To answer this question you need to write how much you agree with the viewpoint that laws for all types
of drugs should be the same.
Now you try!
Example question 2
In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and variety of online courses available to
adults. This has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, others see these
courses as less effective than classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online course?
Topic
A Opportunities for students
B Online courses available to adults
C Online education versus classroom teaching
Viewpoint
A Online courses are a great opportunity for some, but
less effective for others
B Online education has risks
C Online or face-to-face instruction - which method is
best?
Example question 3
Most major cities around the world continue to grow at a phenomenal rate due to the massive increase
in population. This has created difficulties in some major city areas.
Describe some of the problems that growth of cities causes and suggest possible solutions.
Topic
A Pollution
B Problems of increasing population
C Population growth in cities
Viewpoint
A This growth has created problems.
B City life is better than country life.
C City development must be limited.
Describe some of the problems and suggest some solutions.

To answer this question you need to write about some of the problems caused by the growth of cities and
suggest some solutions to these problems.
Example question 4
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in some countries.
Those who practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and
improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?
Topic
A Acupuncture
B The popularity of modern medicine
C Traditional medicine
Viewpoint
A Traditional medicine is the best type of medical care
B Traditional medicine is more effective than modern
medicine
C Traditional medicine is the most effective way to
maintain and improve health

To answer this question you need to state whether you agree or disagree with the viewpoint that
traditional medicine is better than modern medicine, and give reasons for your opinion.
Example question 5
Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In some countries, money from taxation
has met these costs. However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of universities.
What are some ways universities could be funded in the future?
Topic
A Education
B Universities
C The funding of universities
Viewpoint
A Governments need to provide increased funding to
universities
B Money from taxation is not enough to maintain quality
C Students should be heavily taxed for attending
university
What are some ways universities could be funded in the future?

To answer this question you need to suggest ways in which universities could be funded in order to
maintain their quality.
Understanding the topic,

viewpoint and specific
question
It is important to identify and understand
the topic, viewpoint and specific question clearly because this will
influence how you structure your essay.
Look at the following three example questions. In each question,
the topic is the same but the viewpoint and specific question are
different. Therefore, the topic will be the same for each essay, but the
structure will be different.
Example question 1
In the future, it may be possible for people to live for
150 years. This could begood for individuals, but
have negative consequences for our world as a
whole.
Topic
Viewpoint
Specific
question
What are the benefits and risks of living to 150?
In this essay, you need to structure your arguments and ideas to include
the advantages anddisadvantages of living to 150, both for individuals and for society.
Example question 2
People are living much longer than before. In the future,
it may even be possible for people to live for 150
years. This will create enormous pressures on
government services such as health, education and
welfare.
What problems would governments face and what

could be done to deal with a much larger older
population?
Topic
Viewpoint
Specific question
In this essay, you need to structure your arguments and ideas to include the problems and solutions of
a much larger older population.
Example question 3
In the future, it may even be possible for people to live
for 150 years. This is a largely negative development
with dangerous effects on our society.
Topic
Viewpoint
Specific question
To what extent do you agree with this statement?
In this essay, you need to structure your arguments and ideas to show how much you agree with the
viewpoint that (the possibility for people to live for 150 years) is a largely negative development with
dangerous effects on our society.
Summary
In this step, you have learnt to:
identify the different parts of a typical Writing Task 2 question

read and understand Writing Task 2 questions by considering topic, viewpoint and specific
question.
In Step 3, we will look at how to recognise the different question types in IELTS Writing Task 2.
Step 3: Identifying Writing

Task 2 essay types
Introduction
Welcome to Step 3!
In Step 2, we looked at how to read and understand Task 2 essay questions. In Step 3, we will look at
Task 2 questions in more detail.
Outcomes
recognise the different question types in IELTS Writing Task 2.
Identifying question types

for Writing Task 2
In IELTS Writing Task 2, the specific question indicates that you
should write one of the following types of essays:
Problem-Solution
Argument
Discussion.
Although each type of essay is different, all three require you to

give your ideas about an issue and support them with examples and
evidence.
In writing your answer to an IELTS Writing Task 2 question, how can you tell whether you need to produce
an argument, discussion or problem-solution essay?
Lets consider each essay type in turn.
Problem-Solution
A Problem-Solution essay question asks you to focus on a particular problem or issue. It requires you to
write about the causes of a problem and suggest possible solutions.
The following Task 2 question should be answered with a Problem-Solution essay.
Example 1
Cars have become a convenient and economical form of transport and as a result, the use of cars has
increased dramatically during the last century.
Discuss the problems this increase has created and offer some practical solutions.
The specific question (Discuss the problems this increase has created
and offersome practical solutions.) asks you to discuss some of
the problems caused by the overuse of cars, and suggest solutions to
overcome these problems.
Related to this question type are essay questions that ask you to discuss
thecauses and effects of a particular issue. Look at the following example
question.
Example 2
During the last century, the use of cars has increased dramatically and today most people use cars as
their main form of transport.
Discuss some of the causes and effects of this increase in car use.
The specific question (Discuss some of the causes and effects of this increase in car use.) asks you to
discuss some of the causes and effects of the dramatic increase in the use of cars during the last
century.
Sometimes the essay question may be a combination of these two types. Look at the following example.
Example 3
During the last century, the use of cars has increased dramatically. This has caused problems such as
pollution and overcrowded roads.
Why do people buy cars and what can we do to stop people from buying them?
The specific question (Why do people buy cars and what can we do to stop people from buying them?)
asks you to discuss cars and their negative impact on the environment. You are asked to discuss
thecauses (why people buy cars) and give solutions (what can we do) to discourage people from buying
cars.
Let's now look at Argument essay questions.
Argument
An Argument essay question asks you to give an opinion on an
issue and support that opinion throughout the entire essay. In your
essay, you may briefly consider the opposite opinion or point of
view, but you should strongly and consistently support only one side
of an issue.
The following question should be answered with an Argument essay.
Example 1
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup
competitions have played an increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think
such events are an enormous waste of money, time and effort.
Do you agree?
The specific question (Do you agree?) asks you to consider international sports events such as the
Olympic Games and world cup competitions and say if you agree that they are a waste of money, time and
effort.
Example 2
Some Argument essay questions ask how much you agree or disagree with the viewpoint given in the
question. You cannot simply answer yes or no to this type of question. Rather, you need to decide if you:
completely agree/disagree
partially agree/disagree
with the viewpoint presented in the question.
Every year, large numbers of people migrate from one country to another for social, economic or
political reasons. Some people believe that this is one of the biggest problems in the world today.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
The specific question (To what extent do you agree or disagree?) asks you how much you agree or
disagree with the statement that migration is one of the biggest problems in the world today.
Let's now look at Discussion essay questions.
Discussion
A Discussion essay question asks you to consider an issue from
different points of view. After discussing both sides of an issue, you
should write a conclusion based on what you think is the most
reasonable viewpoint.
The following question should be answered with a Discussion essay.
Example 1

150 years. This could be good for individuals, but it may have
The specific question (What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?) asks you to write about
both the advantages and disadvantages of living to 150. You should briefly state your personal opinion in
the conclusion.
Occasionally, the question may ask you to discuss both sides of an issue and then strongly support one
side. Look at the following example question.
Example 2
Some governments provide financial assistance for retired, unemployed and disabled citizens. In other
countries, families provide support for these people.
Discuss both systems and give your opinion about which you think is better.
To answer this question, you need to discuss both welfare systems (financial support provided by the
government and support provided by families) and decide which one is more effective. At the end of your
essay, you should strongly support the system you believe is better.
Activity - Matching essay types

Below are six IELTS Writing Task 2 questions. Look at the specific question for each one and decide which
type of essay you would write.
Question 1
improving health.
This question requires:

a Discussion essay
an Argument essay
a Problem-Solution essay
Teachers comment: This question requires an Argument essay. The question presents a strong
statement that supports traditional medicine. In your answer, you should either agree or disagree with this
statement. This approach is typical of an Argument essay.
Now you try!

Question 2
In the last decade, there has been a great increase in the number and variety of online courses
available to adults. This has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other
students see these courses as less effective than classroom teaching.

a Discussion essay
an Argument essay
Question 3
Every year large numbers of people migrate from one country to another for different reasons.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the individual and for society as a whole.

a Discussion essay
an Argument essay
Question 4
Many major cities around the world continue to grow at a phenomenal rate This has created difficulties
in some city areas.
Describe some of the problems that the growth of cities causes and suggest possible solutions.

a Discussion essay
an Argument essay
Question 5
Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet
they allow people to buy drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of hard
drugs should be applied to all drugs, including tobacco and alcohol.
What is your opinion?

a Discussion essay
an Argument essay
Question 6
Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In some countries, money from taxation
has met these costs. However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of universities.
How should universities be funded in the future?
a Discussion essay
an Argument essay
Summary
This brings us to the end of Step 3!
In this step, you have learnt how to:
recognise the different question types for IELTS Writing Task 2.
In Step 4, we will look at how to plan Task 2 essays.
Step 4: Planning your

Writing Task 2 essay
Introduction
Welcome to Step 4!
In Step 3, we looked at question types for IELTS Writing Task 2. In Step 4, we will focus on planning your
IELTS essay.
Outcomes
At the end of Step 4, you will be able to plan your Task 2 essay by:
getting ideas for your essay (brainstorming)

grouping your ideas
providing examples to support your ideas
ranking your ideas.
The importance of planning

IELTS examiners will be looking to see that your essay:
has relevant ideas

uses these ideas to develop your viewpoint on an issue.
Some students find the planning stage the most difficult part of the IELTS Writing test because it is
difficult to think of good ideas in a short time. To help you with this, lets look at the first stage of the
planning process - brainstorming.
Brainstorming
Brainstorming is when you quickly write or think of a number of interesting and relevant ideas that are
connected with the topic and that will help you to answer the essay question. You may also wish to include
examples to support your ideas.
If you wish to write your ideas down rather than think of them in your head, write them in point form,
not whole sentences. This will save you time during the test.
Lets read what one learner, Anthony, said about the importance of brainstorming.
When I first looked at the IELTS Task 2 essay question, I thoughtHow

could I write 250 words on this subject? Brainstorming helped me to
think of some ideas on the topic before I started writing.
Lets look at an example of brainstorming. Read the following Discussion essay question and then the
ideas Anthony brainstormed to help him answer this question.
Discussion essay question

In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for
individuals, but may have negative consequences for society.
This question asks you to write about both the benefits and risks of living to 150. Therefore, your
brainstorm should include ideas about both benefits and risks. Here are the ideas Anthony brainstormed
for this question.
Benefits
Risks
experience more in your life, see more things

more time to be successful e.g. business people
more time with the people we love
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work
watch our children grow up
scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
plenty of time to relax and enjoy life
later years may be unhealthy

body organs unable to deal with extreme age
physical appearance will deteriorate
not enough natural resources
diseases of older people can be painful e.g.arthritis
social welfare system may break down
water shortages
This brainstorm includes a number of interesting and relevant ideas (both benefits and risks) for this essay
question. We can see that after writing his ideas, Anthony decided to cross one idea out (physical
appearance will deteriorate) because although this was a disadvantage of living to 150, it was not a risk,
and therefore irrelevant to the essay question.
However, despite Anthonys great ideas, his brainstorm is disorganised. He must now move on to the
second stage of the planning process - organising his ideas into groups.
Grouping your ideas

In this stage, you should decide which of your ideas can be connected together and then you should
reorganise those ideas into different groups. You may also decide to cross out one or two ideas that do not
fit into any of these groups, or that are not as important as the other ideas you have brainstormed.
Lets look at how Anthony has done this.
Benefits
experience more in your life, see more things

more time to be successful e.g. business people
more time with the people we love
gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work
watch our children grow up
scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
Risks
later years may be unhealthy

body organs unable to deal with extreme age
not enough natural resources
diseases of older people can be painful e.g.arthritis
social welfare system may break down
water shortages
Benefits
job/career benefits
o more time to achieve success e.g. business people
o gain more knowledge/experience to produce better
work
o scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
personal benefits
o experience more, see more things
o have more time with the people we love
o watch our children grow up
o plenty of time to relax and enjoy life
Risks
risks to society
o water shortages
o social welfare system may break down
o not enough natural resources
health risks
o later years may be unhealthy
o diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis
o body organs unable to deal with extreme age
Notice that Anthony has also given each group of ideas a heading. This will help him to identify and write
about each of these groups in his essay. Anthony also decided that one of his ideas relating to personal
benefits (plenty of time to relax and enjoy life) was not really important so he has crossed it out.
Now that Anthony has grouped his ideas, he needs to make sure that he has enough examples. So far,
Anthony has only given two examples. In order to support his ideas more effectively, Anthony needs to
think of a few more.
Providing examples
It is not necessary to provide examples to support every idea that you have brainstormed. You will find it
relatively easy to think of examples for some of your ideas, while other ideas may not be suited to this.
However, you should make sure that you include a few strong examples in your essay.
It is possible that some of the ideas you have brainstormed could be used as examples. However,
you may also need to include additional examples.
Lets look at how Anthony has used some of the ideas in his brainstorm as examples and where he has
added extra examples. Click on the button below to see Anthony's original brainstorm.
Benefits
job/career benefits
o more time to be successful e.g. business people
o gain more knowledge/expereince to produce better work
o scientists, doctors, musicians could be more effective
personal benefits
o experience more in your life, see more things
o have more time with the people we love
o watch our children grow up
Risks
risks to society
o water shortages
o social welfare system may break down
o not enough natural resources
health risks
o later years may be unhealthy
o diseases of older people can be painful e.g.arthritis
o body organs unable to deal with extreme age
o physical appearance will deteriorate
Benefits
job/career benefits
o have more time to achieve success e.g. business
people
work e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians
personal benefits
o have more time with the people we love e.g. watch
our children grow up
Risks
risks to society
o social welfare system may break down e.g. Japan
o not enough natural resources e.g. water
health risks
o later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable
to deal with extreme age
diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis
We can see that some of the ideas in Anthonys original brainstorm have been used as examples to
support the other ideas. He has also added one new example (e.g. Japan).
Ranking your ideas

After you have organised your ideas into groups, you need to rank them. Ranking means putting these
groups of ideas in order.
One common method is to put them in order of importance. This means ranking each group, starting
with the one you think is the most important or has the strongest argument, until you get to the least
important or weakest group of ideas. This method is useful because during the test you may decide not to
write about the least important ideas if you are running out of time.
Lets look at how Anthony has ranked his groups of ideas. Note that he has simply written a number next
to each group to show the order in which he will present them in his essay.
If you want to see his ideas again, click on the button below.
Benefits
job/career benefits
o more time to achieve success e.g. business people
o gain more knowledge/experience to produce better work e.g.
scientists, doctors, musicians
personal benefits
o more time with the people we love e.g. watch our children grow up
Risks
risks to society
o not enough natural resources e.g. water shortages
health risks
o later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable to deal with extreme age
o diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis
Benefits
2.
benefits to jobs and careers

o have more time to achieve success e.g. business
people
work e.g. scientists, doctors, musicians
1.
personal benefits
o have more time with the people we love e.g. watch
our children grow up
Risks
4.
risks to society
o not enough natural resources e.g. water
3.
health risks
o later years may be unhealthy e.g. body organs unable
to deal with extreme age
diseases of older people can be painful e.g. arthritis
We can see that in Anthonys opinion, the personal benefits of living to 150 are more important than
benefits to peoples jobs and careers. Anthony has also decided to present health risks before risks to
society as he feels his examples for health risks are stronger.
Remember that the way in which you rank your groups of ideas can depend on:
the strength of your examples which support your ideas

your personal opinion.
When ranking your group of ideas, dont write them again. To save time, simply write a number next to
each group of ideas.
Where do I write my essay plan? Because you cannot bring your own paper into the exam room, you
should write your plan on the IELTS Question Paper. However, some students prefer to plan in their heads.
So far, we have looked at the ideas in Anthonys plan in detail. However, during the IELTS test, Anthony
will not have enough time to include this amount of information when he writes his plan.
Below is an example of a basic outline of Anthonys plan. It uses the same ideas but shows less detail.
Benefits
2.
careers
o
o
1.
time to achieve success e.g. business people

can gain more experience e.g. scientists, doctors,
musicians
personal
o experience/see more
o more time with family e.g. watch our children grow
up
Risks
4.
society
o
o
3.
social welfare break down e.g. Japan

natural resources e.g. water
health
unhealthy old age e.g. failure of body organs
suffering painful diseases e.g. arthritis
If you want to compare this to the detailed plan click here.

Anthony has now finished planning his Task 2 essay. Lets look at how Anthony used his plan to write his
essay.
Using a plan to write a

Discussion essay
Let's see how Anthony used his plan to write his essay. First, read the Task 2 essay question again.
Discussion essay question

In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good news
for individuals but it may have negative consequences for our world as a whole.
Now compare Anthony's plan with the essay he wrote in the IELTS test. Click here to see the plan again.
Anthony's Essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the
development of science and technology, it might be possible for people to
live for one hundred and fifty years in the near future. However, in my
opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to do so. (Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer life. Firstly, people could
enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles.
They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children grow to old
age. (Personal benefits) In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives,
especially scientists and other valuable members of society. For example, if Edison had lived
longer, he might have invented more things for us or Mozart might have produced more
wonderful music. (Benefits to jobs and careers)
Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for one hundred and fifty
years. Firstly, people might be unhealthy in their later years because their body organs are
unable to deal with extreme age. Additionally, more people may suffer from painful diseases
such as arthritis. (Health risks) Another factor is that an increasing older population would
cause many problems for society. For example, it would place a lot of pressure on the social
welfare system, a situation already developing in countries.(Risks to society)
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty
years far outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative
one for our society. (Conclusion)
Now that we have looked at planning a Task 2 Discussion essay, lets practise what we have learnt with a
different essay type - Argument essays.
Planning an Argument essay

Look at the following essay question that Jane is given in the test.
Argument essay question

Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
Do you agree?
Planning an Argument essay is similar to planning other Task 2 essays. However, you will need to decide if
you agree or disagree with the viewpoint presented in the question. You may find this difficult to decide
and in the end, the viewpoint you present in your essay may depend on the number and quality of
ideasyou can think of when you plan your essay.
Jane has just finished reading this question and is not sure which viewpoint she will write about. She has
quickly thought of some ideas for both viewpoints to see which viewpoint has the strongest ideas.
Look at the ideas that Jane brainstormed. Which viewpoint would Jane decide to write about?
Agree:
all criminals should be punished

same result of crime whether committed by an adult or child
there has been an increase in numbers of young criminals
easier/cheaper for the legal system to treat all criminals equally
better protection for society by sending criminals to jail
Disagree:
teenage offenders often under pressure
negative effects of jail may damage their future
often influenced by drugs/alcohol

pressure from parents/school
teenagers dont always think about their actions & the consequences
we should help teenage criminals to understand the effects of wrong behaviour
many negative influences in life
violent computer games
give teenagers lesser punishment
teenagers not as smart as adults
community service
give rehabilitation
By looking at Jane's brainstorm, we can see that she was able to think of more ideas that disagree with
the viewpoint in the question. For this reason, Jane has decided to use these ideas to disagree with the
viewpoint that teenage criminals should be treated in the same way as adult criminals.
It is possible that Jane may not believe in or like the viewpoint she is going to present in her essay (i.e. it
may not be her personal opinion). However, she has choosen this viewpoint because she has more ideas
and this will make it easier for her to write her Task 2 answer.
Note that you will not always need to brainstorm ideas for both sides of an Argument essay. This method
is only useful if you are unsure of which viewpoint to present in your essay.
Activity - Organising ideas into groups
Now that Jane has brainstormed a number of interesting and relevant ideas to help her
answer the essay question, lets use her ideas to practise organising ideas into groups.
First, look at the Argument essay question again.
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way

as adult criminals.
Do you agree?
Now look at Janes disagree brainstorm.

You will notice that her ideas can be grouped into two major arguments to support her viewpoint. One
argument is that there are reasons why teenagers have become criminals. Therefore, some of her
ideasdefend teenage criminals. The other argument is that there are better ways to deal with
teenagers. Therefore, some of her ideas support alternative punishment for teenagers.
Organise her ideas into these groups. The first one has been done for you as an example. You will find 7
ideas that defend teenage criminals and 5 ideas that support alternative punishment.
Jane's ideas to support

her viewpoint
1.
teenage offenders
often under pressure
2.
often influenced by
drugs/alcohol
3.
pressure from
parents/school.
4.
teenagers dont always

think about their
actions & the
consequences
5.
we should help teenage

criminals to understand
the effects of wrong
behaviour
6.
many negative
influences in life
Defending
Alternative
teenage
punishment
criminals
7.
violent computer
games
8.
give teenagers lesser

punishment
9.
teenagers not as smart

as adults
10.
community service
11.
give rehabilitation
12.
negative effects of jail

may damage their
future
Now that we have organised Janes ideas into two groups, lets practise the next stage of planning her
Task 2 essay - providing examples to support her ideas.
Activity - Providing examples

Look at Janes first group of ideas again - Defending teenage criminals. Decide
whether any of her brainstormed ideas:
could be used as examples

could be supported with new examples
are not as important or are irrelevant to the essay question.
Defending teenage criminals
many negative influences in life

teenage offenders often under pressure
often influenced by drugs/alcohol
pressure from parents/school.
teenagers dont always think about their actions and the consequences
violent computer games
teenagers not as smart as adults
Now compare your examples with Janes.
many negative influences in life e.g.

drugs/alcohol/violent computer games
teenage offenders often under pressure e.g. from
parents/school
teenagers dont always think about their actions
and the consequences
teenagers
not as smart as adults
Feedback: In this example, you can see that Jane was able to use some of the points in the brainstorm to
support her other ideas. Jane has also crossed out the last idea because it didnt fit in with the other ideas
in the group.
Now look at Janes second group of ideas Alternative punishment for teenagers. Decide whether any of
her brainstormed ideas:
could be used as examples

could be supported with new examples
are not as important or are irrelevant to the essay question.
Alternative punishment for teenagers
negative effects of jail may damage their future
give rehabilitation
give lesser punishment

should give teenagers a chance to understand the effects of wrong behaviour
community service
Now compare your examples with Janes.
Alternative punishment for teenagers
negative effects of jail may damage their

future e.g. may return to crime if unable to
find a job
give teenagers lesser punishment e.g. community
service
we should help teenage criminals to understand the
effects of wrong behaviour e.g. give
rehabilitation
Feedback: In this example, you can see that Jane was able to use some of the points in the brainstorm to
support her other ideas. She has also added a new example (may return to crime if unable to find a job)
to support the first idea in this group.
Jane now has two groups of ideas that disagree with the viewpoint in the essay question. She has decided
to leave these two groups in the same order and will therefore first write about defending teenage
criminals, followed by her ideas on alternative punishment for teenagers.
So far we have looked at Janes plan in detail. Below is a basic outline of this plan. This is what Jane would
actually write in the planning stage during the test. It uses the same ideas but shows less detail.
negative influences e.g. drugs, alcohol, computer games

under pressure e.g. parents, school
dont think about their actions/consequences.
Alternative punishment
jail harms their future e.g. return to crime after jail
help them understand wrong behaviour e.g. rehabilitation
lesser punishment e.g. community service
Using a plan to write an Argument essay

Now read the following Argument essay that Jane wrote using this essay plan. Here is the essay question
again.

Do you agree?
Now compare Jane's plan with the essay she wrote. Click here to see the plan again.
Janes essay
The teenage years can be a wonderful yet difficult time in the lives of young people. Those
teenagers who break the law during their teenage years need to be treated differently due to
their age. This essay will argue for special treatment of teenage offenders. (Introduction)
The most important consideration is that teenagers are young people with their entire lives
before them. Therefore, they need to be treated differently to adult offenders, who may have
been criminals for some time. Crimes committed by teenagers may not have been intentional
and may have resulted from negative influences, such as poor parenting, drugs and alcohol
or even from watching violent video games. Additionally, young people may be under
enormous pressure to do well at school. As a result, many teenagers are stressed and may
commit crimes without thinking fully about their actions or the consequences. (Defending
teenage criminals)
Finally, any harsh punishment such as sending teenage criminals to jail, could damage their
future opportunities. For example, if they are unable to find work once they have left jail,
they may return to a life of crime to survive. Therefore, we should give them the chance to
understand the effects of their wrong behaviour by treating them with lesser punishment
such as community service or rehabilitation classes to learn more about right and wrong
behaviour. (Alternative punishment)
In conclusion, I strongly believe that we should treat teenage offenders differently from adult
criminals. By doing this we can ensure that they do not remain criminals for life.
(Conclusion)
Summary
In this step, you have learnt how to plan for your Task 2 essay by:
getting ideas for your essay (brainstorming)

grouping your ideas
providing examples to support your ideas
ranking your ideas
In Step 5, we will continue with the writing process for your IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. We will focus on
how to use your plan to write a Task 2 essay.
Step 5: Structuring your

Writing Task 2 essay
Introduction
Welcome to Step 5!
In Step 4, we looked at brainstorming for ideas and planning an answer for IELTS Writing Task 2. In Step
5, we will consider the overall structure of the three different essay types you may need to write for Task
2.
Outcomes
At the end of this step, you will be able to:
plan an overall structure for different essay types

structure your ideas into an essay.
Overview - IELTS essay

structure
In general, an essay has three parts. These are the:
introduction
body
conclusion.
Your essay for IELTS Writing Task 2 should contain these three parts. Each part should be clearly divided
into separate paragraphs. The body of your essay should be around 80% of your content, while your
introduction and conclusion should take around 10% each.
In this step, we will mainly focus on the structure of the body of an essay. We will look at how to write
anintroduction in Step 6 and how to write a conclusion in Step 8.
The structure of the body is different depending on the type of essay you are writing. In this step, we will
look at alternative structures for each essay type: Discussion, Argument and Problem - Solution.
Let's start by looking at the structure of Discussion essays.
Structure of Discussion
essays
We are going to look at two different ways of structuring the body of a Discussion essay. Both structures
are suitable for an IELTS Task 2 essay. The one you decide to use will depend on your ideas and the topic
of the essay.
First, let's look at a typical structure of a Discussion essay. It includes:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
You should introduce the topic. You may also state your viewpoint on
this topic.
You should discuss both sides of the issue. Often the first one or two
paragraphs will discuss one side of an issue and the next one or two
paragraphs will discuss the other side of the issue. The positive
aspects of the issue are called the pros and the negative aspects
thecons.
You should provide a summary of the discussion and state your
viewpoint on the issue.
You can plan the overall structure of this essay type in the following way:
Introduction
+
Body paragraph 1
PROS
+
Body paragraph 2
CONS
+
conclusion
Let's look at an example Discussion essay that uses this structure.
Example question
for individuals but it may have negative consequences for our society.
Sample answer - Jurgens essay

Click here to see how Jurgen used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay.
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of
science and technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and
fifty years in the near future. However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for
people to do so. (Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer life. Firstly, people
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different
lifestyles. They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children
grow to old age. In addition, people could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists
and other valuable members of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have invented
more things for us, or Mozart might have produced more wonderful music. (Pros)
Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for one hundred and fifty years. Firstly,
people might be unhealthy in their later years and may suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis.
Additionally, there may be ethical questions involved. Will everyone be able to live for this long or only
the citizens of developed countries? Another factor is that an increasing older population would cause
many problems for society. For example, it would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare system
a situation already developing in countries such as Japan. Finally, the overpopulation of the earth could
greatly damage the earths ecosystem and could lead to ecological disaster.(Cons)
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years
far outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one for our
society. (Conclusion)
Quick quiz
Are there more pros or cons in this essay? Click on the correct answer.
There are more pros
There are more cons
Language focus - Signpost

words to order information
Discussion essays often use signpost words to order information. These words let your reader know
that you are going to present your information in a certain order. Below are some examples of frequently
used signpost words to order information.
Firstly
Another factor
In addition / Additionally
For example
In conclusion / In summary
Finally
Look at Jurgens Discussion essay again to see how he has used signpost words to order his ideas. These
signpost words have been highlighted for you.
development of science and technology, it might be possible for people
to live for two hundred years in the near future. However, in my opinion,
it may not be beneficial for people to do so. (Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for living a longer
life.Firstly, people could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things
they want, such as trying different lifestyles. They could spend more
time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. In addition, people
could contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and other valuable
members of society. For example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have invented more
things for us or Mozart might have produced more wonderful music. (Pros)
Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived for two hundred
years.Firstly, people might be unhealthy in their later years and may suffer from painful
diseases such as arthritis. Additionally, there may be ethical questions involved. Will
everyone be able to live for two hundred years or only the citizens of developed
countries? Another factor is that an increasing older population would cause many
problems for society. For example, it would place a lot of pressure on the social welfare
system a situation already developing in countries such as Japan. Finally, the
overpopulation of the earth could greatly damage the earths ecosystem and could lead to
ecological disaster. (Cons)
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for two hundred years
far outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely negative one
for our society. (Conclusion)
Alternative structure of a
Discussion essay
An alternative structure for the body of a Discussion essay is one that discusses both sides of an issue in
the same paragraph. Therefore, instead of separating the pros and cons into different paragraphs, you
write about the pros and cons of a particular idea in the same paragraph. You can use this structure if you
can make connections between the ideas you have brainstormed and grouped.
You can plan the overall structure of this essay type in the following way:
Introduction
+
Body paragraph 1
PROS
+
CONS
+
Body paragraph 2
PROS
+
CONS
+
conclusion
Note that when you use this your essay may contain more than 2 body paragraphs.
Lets look at an example Discussion essay that uses this structure.
Example question
for individuals but it may have negative consequences for our society.
Click here to see how Jurgen used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay. Note that his ideas are
the same as in the previous essay but the structure is different.
Jurgens essay
to live for one hundred and fifty years in the near future. However, in my
opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to do so. (Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some advantages for living a longer life. People
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different
lifestyles. They could spend more time with their family and even watch their children grow
to old age. (Pros) However, we must also consider that these people may not be able to
enjoy their longer lives due to ill health and may suffer from painful diseases such
as arthritis. (Cons)
People could contribute more to society if they lived longer lives, although we have to
remember that this is not automatically the case. For example, Mozart could have
produced more wonderful music if he had lived longer, (Pros) but he might also have
produced some musical disasters as well. (Cons)
An increasing older population could provide great benefits to society by making available
highly skilled workers for a much longer time. This would strengthen the economy as
people would be able to delay their retirement and work longer. (Pros) On the other hand,
it would cause many problems for society. It would place a lot of pressure on the social
welfare system a situation already developing in countries such as Japan.(Cons)
years far outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely
negative one for our society. (Conclusion)
Language focus - Signpost

words to contrast
information
Discussion essays - especially those using the alternative structure we have just looked at, often
usesignpost words to contrast information. This type of signpost word lets the reader know that you
are going to present a different contrasting opinion. Below are some examples of frequently used signpost
words to contrast information.
However
Although
But
On the other hand
Look at Jurgens Discussion essay again to see how he has used signpost words to present contrasting
ideas. These signpost words have been highlighted for you.
to live for one hundred and fifty years in the near future. However, in my
opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to do so.(Introduction)
Undoubtedly, there are some advantages for living a longer life. People
could enjoy longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as
trying different lifestyles. They could spend more time with their family
and even watch their children grow to old age. (Pros) However, we must also consider
that these people may not be able to enjoy their longer lives due to ill health and may
suffer from painful diseases such as arthritis. (Cons)
People could contribute more to society if they lived longer lives, although we have to
remember that this is not automatically the case. For example, Mozart could have
produced more wonderful music if he had lived longer, (Pros) but he might also have
produced some musical disasters as well. (Cons)
An increasing older population could also provide great benefits to society by making
available highly skilled workers for a much longer time. This would strengthen the
economy as people would be able to delay their retirement and work longer.(Pros) On the
other hand, it would cause many problems for society. It would place a lot of pressure on
the social welfare system a situation already developing in countries such as
Japan. (Cons)
years far outweigh the advantages. Therefore, this development would be a largely
negative one for our society. (Conclusion)
Lets read what an examiner said about marking IELTS essays.
Examiner testimonial: Rohans view

Its annoying when you mark an essay that has a good structure but has poorly
developed ideas. I really think candidates should spend more time thinking of good
ideas and examples and then expressing those ideas in a clear way, rather than trying
to write a complicated structure that really doesn't make their essay successful.
Structure of Argument
essays
To write an Argument essay you must first decide if you agree or disagree with the viewpoint in the
question. In your essay, you must then present arguments that clearly support your viewpoint.
Let's look at two different ways of structuring the body of an Argument essay.
First, let's look at a typical structure of an Argument essay. It includes:
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
This is similar to a Discussion essay. You should introduce the topic and
give your viewpoint on the issue.
You should provide 2 or 3 arguments with examples and evidence
that support your viewpoint.
You should write a summary of your argument and strongly restate
your viewpoint.
Note that you may wish to briefly include 1 or 2 ideas that oppose your viewpoint. This shows the
examiner that you are aware of an opposing argument. Nevertheless, the majority of your essay must
present ideas that strongly support your viewpoint.
Lets look at an example Argument essay that uses this structure.
Example question
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This is a largely negative
development with dangerous effects on our society.
Do you agree with this viewpoint?
Click here to see how Jin Tao used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay.
Jin Taos essay

To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. Yet if science
delivers this development to humankind, it could prove to be a disaster for
life on earth. This essay will argue that living a longer life is a negative
development for both individuals and for society as a whole.
(Introduction)
Those people who support the idea of living a longer life argue that there are significant
advantages such as more time for a quality lifestyle and for achieving personal goals.
(Argument against Jin Taos viewpoint) However, in my view there are other more
important issues such as poor quality of life due to ill health and limited world resources,
which need to be considered. (Argument to support Jin Taos viewpoint)
For individual quality of life, living for one hundred and fifty years might be more of a
liability than an advantage. If people lived to an extreme age, their body organs could start
to deteriorate and they may feel unhealthy for many years. They may also have to live with
long periods of illness such as arthritis, which is common among older people.(Arguments
to support Jin Taos viewpoint)
From a more practical point of view, problems could occur when increasing numbers of older
people begin to rely on the welfare system. We have already seen a preview of this
happening in Japan, where a small number of young people have to pay more and more tax
to support an increasing older population. In addition, there could be a serious decline in
world resources if people lived longer. As it is, there is barely enough water for the present
population of the world. (Arguments to support Jin Taos viewpoint)
Therefore, I strongly agree with the statement that living for one hundred and fifty years
would be a negative and dangerous development for both individuals and for our planet.
(Conclusion)
Note that in the first body paragraph, Jin Tao has briefly mentioned 2 positive aspects of living a longer
life (more time for a quality lifestyle and achieving personal goals). These ideas oppose his viewpoint.
However, in the rest of his essay, Jin Tao strongly supports his viewpoint (... that living a longer life is a
negative development for both individuals and for society as a whole.).
Activity - Recognising different viewpoints
The following extracts are from Jin Tao's Argument essay that you have just read. Read
the essay question again and then decide if each extract is FOR (agrees with)
or AGAINST(disagrees with) the viewpoint presented in the question. The first one has
been done for you as an example.
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people

to live for 150 years. This is a largely negative
development with dangerous effects on our society.
Do you agree with this viewpoint?
Those people who support the idea of living a longer life argue that
there are significant advantages such as more time for a quality
lifestyle and to achieving personal goals.
This extract is
FOR /
AGAINST the viewpoint presented in the question.
However, in my view there are other more important issues such as

poor quality of life due to ill health and limited world resources which
need to be considered.
This extract is
FOR /
For individual quality of life, living for one hundred and fifty years
might be more of a liability than an advantage. If people lived to an
extreme age, their body organs could start to deteriorate and they
may feel unhealthy for many years. They may also have to live with
long periods of illness such as arthritis, which is common among
older people.
This extract is
FOR /
From a more practical point of view, problems could occur when

increasing numbers of older people begin to rely on the welfare
system. We have already seen a preview of this happening in Japan,
where a small number of young people have to pay more and more
tax to support an increasing older population.
This extract is
FOR /
In addition, there could be a serious decline in world resources if

people lived longer. As it is, there is barely enough water for the
present population of the world.
This extract is
FOR /
Activity - Writing an argument

Now, lets practise writing the body of an Argument essay. Using your Web-CT Take
Notes tool brainstorm ideas for the following question using the headings for and
against. (Go to Take Notes in the Action Menu. Then click on Add. Type in your
notes, then press Update to keep a record.)
When you have finished brainstorming, decide if you agree or disagree with the
viewpoint in the question. Then use your ideas to write the body of an Argument
essay that supports your viewpoint. You should write two or three body
paragraphs. Structure your ideas in an appropriate way for an Argument essay
and use signpost words to order and/or contrast your ideas.
Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by making the
world smaller.
Do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate
with one another?
When you have finished, compare your answer with our sample answer.
Alternative structure of an
Argument essay
An alternative structure for an Argument essay is one that presents your viewpoint and the opposing
viewpoint in the same paragraph. This is similar to the alternative structure of a Discussion essay we
looked at in the previous section.
Lets look at an example Argument essay that uses this structure.
Example question
Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by making the world smaller.
Do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for people to communicate with one another?
Click here to see how Esperanza used the ideas from her plan to structure her essay.
Esperanzas essay
Since its invention, the Internet has affected the way people communicate.
Some argue that its influence on the way we communicate is largely
negative. However, I believe that the Internet has greatly increased the
possibilities for interaction. (Introduction)
Some people say that even though so much information is available
through the Internet, nobody is really processing all this information. (Argument
AGAINST) Nevertheless, everyone would have to agree that the Internet appears to make
communication between people much easier. In the past, it was difficult to find out
information about organisations and current events. However, in modern society most
professional organisations have their own websites and events are constantly updated on the
Internet. This has meant that receiving information has become a lot easier.(Argument
FOR)
Before the Internet age, the only way people could communicate in writing with others was
by writing and sending letters. Now, with the invention of internet-based email,
communication is fast and cheap. Taking advantage of this development means that people
can keep in touch on a more regular basis. (Argument FOR) Although this has meant that
users now spend long periods of time in front of their computer screens and may not be
involved in as much spoken communication as before, (Argument AGAINST) I would argue
that the Internet has actually increased the amount of communication between people it is
only that the means of communication has changed from more spoken language to written
communication. (Argument FOR)
In summary, it can be seen that the Internet has had a positive effect, giving people the
opportunity to communicate more easily and frequently with others. (Conclusion)
Note that in the body of her essay, Esperanza presents arguments that are both FOR and AGAINST her
viewpoint, so that in each paragraph there are contrasting arguments. However, it is always clear to the
examiner that Esperanza strongly agrees with the viewpoint 'that the Internet is making it easier for
people to communicate with one another'.
Language focus - signpost

words to contrast
information and show
time order
Note how Esperanza uses signpost words to contrast information. This is particularly effective in
Argument essays that use this alternative structure. She also uses time words to show time order. Some
examples of time words include:
Before
Today
In modern society
In the future
In the past
Previously
Currently
In the next (20) years
In coming years
Read Esperanza's essay again to see how she has contasted information and shown order of time. These
words have been highlighted for you.
Esperanzas essay
Since its invention, the Internet has affected the way people communicate.
Some argue that its influence on the way we communicate is largely
negative. However, I believe that the Internet has greatly increased the
possibilities for interaction.
Some people say that even though so much information is available
through the Internet, nobody is really processing all this information. Nevertheless, everyone
would have to agree that the Internet appears to make communication between people much
easier. In the past, it was difficult to find out information about organisations and current
events. However, in modern society most professional organisations have their own websites
and events are constantly updated on the Internet. This has meant that receiving information
has become a lot easier.
Before the Internet age, the only way people could communicate in writing with others was
by writing and sending letters. Now, with the invention of internet-based email,
communication is fast and cheap. Taking advantage of this development means that people
can keep in touch on a more regular basis. Although this has meant that usersnow spend
long periods of time in front of their computer screens and may not be involved in as much
spoken communication as before, I would argue that the Internet has actually increased the
amount of communication between people it is only that the means of communication has
changed from more spoken language to written communication.
In summary, it can be seen that the Internet has had a positive effect, giving people the
opportunity to communicate more easily and frequently with others.
Structure of ProblemSolution essays

Now, let's look at two different ways of structuring the body of a Problem-Solution essay. Remember, the
structure you decide to use will depend on your ideas and the topic of the essay.
First, let's look at a typical structure of a Problem-Solution essay. It includes:
Introduction
You should identify the problem presented in the essay question and
show how the essay will deal with the problem and possible solutions.
Body
Conclusion
In the first one or two paragraphs, you should discuss the problem or
part of the problem presented in the question. In the following one or
two paragraphs, you should present solutions to the problem. It is
possible to have more problems than solutions or more solutions
than problems.
You should provide an overview of the problem and then summarise the
solutions.
Using this structure, you can plan the overall structure in the following way:
Introduction
+
Body paragraph 1
PROBLEMS
+
Body paragraph 2
SOLUTIONS
+
conclusion
Lets look at an example Problem-Solution essay that uses this structure.
Problem-Solution essay question

People are living much longer than before. In the future, it may even be possible for people to live to
150 years old. This will create enormous pressures on government services such as health, education
and welfare.
What can governments do to deal with a much larger older population?
Click here to see how Maria used the ideas from her plan to structure her essay.
Maria's Problem-Solution essay plan - Problems and solutions of living to 150

Body Paragraph 1 - Problems
Governments have to support older population e.g. in Japan

Pressures on taxpayer
Hospital and education services expensive
Body Paragrapgh 2 - Solutions
Government could increase retirement age

Government could build more hospitals and educational institutions for older people
Marias essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. However, if this
dream becomes a reality the government could face many problems in
providing basic services. This essay will look at this problem and suggest
how governments can manage a much larger population of older people in
the future. (Introduction)
The reality of people living longer is already with us in countries such as Japan. The Japanese
live longer than any race on earth and already this is causing problems because it usually is
left to the government to support older people after they retire from work. If people lived for
one hundred and fifty years it would place great pressure on taxpayers. Also, in health and
education services, governments would be forced to spend large amounts on hospitals and
education services for the elderly. (Problems)
However, practical solutions to these problems could be found. Governments could increase
the retirement age and encourage people to stay at work longer. This would mean that people
contribute tax for a longer period of time and would make older people feel they are still
contributing to society. Governments could build more specialist hospitals that only deal with
older people and pay for higher education institutions that specialise in subjects that would
interest older people. (Solutions)
In conclusion, there are a number of steps that governments could take to manage a much
larger older population, especially in the areas of welfare, health and education. Governments
have an important responsibility to keep people healthy and occupied throughout their whole
lives even if they live for one hundred and fifty years.(Conclusion)
Activity - Identifying problems and solutions
Read the following Problem-Solution essay question and then the sentences from an essay that answers
this question. Decide if each sentence presents a problem or a solution. The first has been done for you as
an example.
Some people say that the Internet is responsible for destroying the
social skills of teenagers and young adults.
Why do you think the Internet is seen as dangerous in this way and
what can we do to make sure that it does not harm the social
development of teenagers and young adults?
Sentences from the body of a Problem-Solution essay
1. Frequent use of the Internet could lead to loneliness, especially

among teenagers.
This sentence presents a:
Problem
Solution
2. One course of action could be to limit the use of the Internet, for
example, by having Internet free days.
Problem
Solution
3. Another strategy could be to encourage more social activities.
Problem
Solution
4. Some people say that frequent use of the Internet leads to less
ability in spoken communication.
Problem
Solution
5. Counselling is an option for people who are addicted to the
Internet.
Problem
Solution
Alternative structure of a
Problem-Solution essay
An alternative structure for a Problem-Solution essay is one that presents a problem and then a solution
to this problem in the same paragraph. This approach is similar to the alternative Discussion and
Argument essays we looked at previously.
Using this structure, you can plan the overall structure in the following way:
Introduction
+
Body paragraph 1
PROBLEM
+
SOLUTION
+
Body paragraph 2
PROBLEM
+
SOLUTION
+
conclusion
Note that your essay may contain more than 2 body paragraphs.
Lets look at an example Problem-Solution essay that uses this structure.

People are living much longer than before. In the future, it may even be possible for people to live to
150 years old. This will create enormous pressures on government services such as health, education
and welfare.
What can governments do to deal with a much larger older population?
Click here to see how Mustapha used the ideas from his plan to structure his essay.
Mustapha's essay plan - Problems and solutions of living to 150

Body Paragraph 1
Problem - Social welfare may break down
Solution - Increase retirement age
Body Paragraph 2
Problem 1 - Elderly don't have enough input into government policies
Solution 1- Government create departments
Problem 2 - Lack of good hospitals

Solution 2 - Build more hospitals
Body Paragraph 3
Problem - Need to keep elderly active
Solution - Build more higher education institutions
Mustaphas essay
To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. However, if this
dream becomes a reality the government could face many problems in
providing basic services. This essay will look at this problem and suggest
how governments can manage a much larger population of older people in
the future. (Introduction)
The problems caused for governments by an increasing older population could severely affect
welfare services. (Problem) To prepare for this situation, governments could increase the
retirement age. This would mean that people could work longer in their jobs and therefore
continue to contribute tax while still providing their valuable experience to society.
Encouraging older people to stay at work would also decrease the amount of tax paid by
younger people. (Solution)
Currently, older people dont have enough input into government
policies. (Problem)Governments should create departments that specifically deal with the
issues of older people at all levels of government. (Solution) A related problem is the lack of
adequate hospital services for older people. (Problem) The government should build more
hospitals that specialise in treating older people. (Solution)
Lastly, the government needs to keep the minds of older people active during their longer
life. (Problem) Therefore, they need to establish higher education institutions that are
designed to meet the learning needs of older people. In some countries, private universities
already fulfil this function for example, the University of the Third Age in
Australia. (Solution)
In conclusion, there are a number of steps the government could take to manage a much
larger older population, especially in the areas of welfare, health and education. Governments
have an important responsibility to keep people healthy and occupied throughout their whole
lives even if they live for one hundred and fifty years.(Conclusion)
Activity - Writing a Problem-Solution essay

Look at the following Problem-Solution essay question. On a piece of paper,
write the body of an essay to answer this question using one of the ProblemSolution essay structures you have learnt. The introduction and conclusion have
already been written for you.

Some people say that the Internet is responsible for destroying social skills of
teenagers and young adults.
Why do you think the Internet is seen as dangerous in this way and what can we do to make sure that it
does not harm the social development of teenagers and young adults?
Introduction
Since its invention, the Internet has changed the way people communicate. Many people argue that it has
had a negative influence on the way teenagers and young adults communicate. This essay will present
some ideas about why this may be a negative development and suggest how this influence can be
reduced.
Conclusion
In summary, it can be seen that over-exposure to the Internet can be dangerous to young people.
Specifically, it can harm the development of their social skills at an important time in their lives. We should
all try to make sure that this does not happen before it becomes a major issue in our society.
Click here to see an example essay plan to help you write the body of your essay.
The Internet and destruction of social skills - Essay plan

Problems
Frequent Internet use leads to loneliness (especially teenagers)

Less ability in spoken communication
Solutions
Limit use e.g. have Internet-free days

Encourage more social activities
Write your answer on a piece of paper.

When you have finished writing, compare your essay with the one Yumiko has written.
Yumikos essay
Since its invention, the Internet has changed the way people communicate. Many
people argue that it has had a negative influence on the way teenagers and young
adults communicate. This essay will present some ideas about why this may be a
negative development and suggest how this influence can be reduced. (Introduction)
The Internet can lead to a lack of social skills in several areas. As an activity which is
usually done alone, frequent use of the Internet can lead to a feeling of loneliness and detachment from
the world. Teenagers are especially vulnerable to these feelings as they have not developed strong peer
groups and often lack emotional strength. Excessive use of the Internet could lead to the inability to
communicate effectively with other people in face-to-face situations and often comes at the expense of
more social activities such as meeting with friends. (Problems)
One solution to decrease the negative effects of the Internet on young people is to make sure they are not
overusing it. Limits should be placed on the amount of Internet use and other forms of recreational
activity should be encouraged. Another strategy would be to make sure young people have Internet-free
days and take activities that promote social skills, for example, joining youth or sports clubs. (Solutions)
Specifically, it can harm the development of their social skills at an important time in their lives. We should
all try to make sure that this does not happen before it becomes a major issue in our society.
(Conclusion)
Summary
In Step 5, you have learnt to:
plan an overall structure for different essay types

structure your ideas into an essay.
In Step 6, we will focus on writing introductions to Task 2 essays.
Step 6: Focusing on
introductions
Introduction
Welcome to Step 6!
In Step 5, we looked at how to structure and plan an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay. In Step 6, we will focus
on writing introductions.
Outcomes
recognise and practise writing the three parts of an introduction

write an effective introduction for an IELTS Task 2 question.
Writing an introduction for Task 2

The introduction is the first paragraph of the essay. It is very
important because it is the first impression the examiner has of
your writing.
There are many ways of writing an effective introduction for a Task
2 essay. In this step, we will look at one way of writing an
introduction that can be used for each essay type in the IELTS Writing test. This introduction does the
following three things:
1.
2.
3.
gives a general statement about the topic

refers to the viewpoint or problem presented in the question
refers to the specific question.
Let's briefly look at these three parts of the introduction. Then we will look at each part in detail and do
some practice activities for each.
The three parts of an

introduction
Look at the following Task 2 essay question.
Example
Traditional medicine (Topic), such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is very popular in
some countries. Those who practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern
medicine in maintaining and improving health. (Viewpoint)
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? (Specific question)
Now lets look at the introduction to Sola's essay, answering this question.
Traditional medicine using methods such as acupuncture and herbal

remedies is widely used in some countries. Some doctors who practise
traditional medicine believe that it is more successful than modern
medicine in developing good health. I completely agree with this
statement.
Lets look briefly at the three parts of this introduction.
Traditional medicine using methods such as acupuncture and herbal remedies is widely used
in some countries. (general statement about the topic) Some doctors who practise
traditional medicine believe that it is more successful than modern medicine in developing
good health. (referring to the viewpoint in the question) I completely agree with this
statement. (referring to the specific question)
Part 1: General statement

The first sentence is a general statement. It indicates the topic (traditional medicine) and gives some
information about the topic (is widely used in some countries).
Part 2: Referring to the viewpoint or problem

presented in the question
The second sentence refers to the viewpoint in the question (Some doctors who practise traditional
medicine believe that it is more successful than modern medicine in developing good health).
Note that in a Problem-Solution essay question, this sentence would refer to the problem presented in
the question.
This sentence is important because the next sentence (the last sentence) in the introduction refers to this
viewpoint or problem.
Part 3: Referring to the specific question

The last sentence tells the reader how you are going to answer the specific question. It should
indicate whether you agree or disagree with the viewpoint in the question (Argument essay), whether you
will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a particular issue (Discussion essay), or whether you will
present some problems of and solutions to a particular issue (Problem-Solution essay).
By including these three parts we can see that the ideas in the introduction move from a general
statement about the topic to more specific information about the essay. Look at the following diagram
which illustrates this.
Lets look at the three parts of an introduction in detail.
General statement
The general statement is the first sentence of your introduction. It is also the first sentence of your Task
2 essay, so it should gain the examiners attention immediately.
A general statement should:
indicate the topic of the essay

give some information about the topic.
Note that before you write a general statement, you need to identify the topic in the essay question.
Remember that the topic in the example question we just looked at is 'traditional medicine'.
To write a general statement about the topic you could:
use your own ideas about the topic

take ideas from the question and rewrite them using your own words.
Let's look at the ideas Krystyna has used in her general statement about traditional medicine. Has she
used her own ideas or taken ideas from the question?
Krystyna's introduction
Traditional medicine is often preferred as a safe and effective way of

keeping and restoring health.
Teachers comment
In her general statement Krystyna has:
indicated the topic of the essay (traditional medicine)

used her own ideas to give some information about the topic (often preferred
as a safe and effective way of keeping and restoring health.).
Here are other examples of a general statement that Krystyna could have written for
her introduction to this essay.
Traditional medicine is recommended by numerous doctors worldwide.
Traditional methods of restoring health are becoming increasingly popular.
Note that the general statement should not give your opinion about the topic.
Lets now look at general statements written by other students for this topic.
Students general
statements
Pierres general statement
Traditional medicine is beginning to gain popularity over the practice of

modern medicine in many countries.
Teachers comment
In his general statement, Pierre has:

taken ideas from the question and rewritten them using his own words (is becoming more
popular than modern medicine).
Esperanzas general statement
Acupuncture and herbal medicine have been used in the East for
thousands of years.
Teachers comment
In her general statement, Esperanza has:
given examples of traditional medicine (acupuncture and herbal medicine). Therefore, in the next
part of her introduction - rephrasing the viewpoint - Esperanza should clearly indicate the topic
by including the words 'traditional medicine'.
has used her own ideas about the topic (have been used in the East for thousands of years).
Peters general statement
I believe that the use of traditional medicine is a safe and gentle way of
looking after ones health.
Teachers comment
In his general statement, Peter has:
used his own ideas to give some information about the topic (a safe and gentle way of looking
after ones health).
However, Peter has also given his own opinion (I believe that...). Remember, you should not give your
opinion in a general statement.
Activity - Recognising effective general statements
Read the Task 2 question below and decide whether the following general statements are effective or
ineffective. The first one has been done for you as an example.
The world is consuming resourses at an increasing rate. In order to

prevent these resources from being wasted, governments should try
to discourage people from constantly throwing away items and
buying the newest and most up-to-date products.
To what extent do you agree?
Jurgen's general statement
In my opinion, consumerism is contributing to a

depletion of the world's resources.
Teachers comment
"Although this general statement clearly shows the topic (consumption of resources), it
is ineffectivebecause the writer gives his opinion (In my opinion ...)."
The writer could have written:
Consumerism is contributing to a depletion of the world's resources.

Now you try!
General statement 1
The world is consuming resources at an increasing rate.

Effective
ineffective
General statement 2
The increasing demand for consumer goods has become an alarming

trend.
Effective
ineffective
General statement 3
World population is increasing at a dangerous rate.

Effective
ineffective
Activity - Writing general statements
Let's practise writing a general statement. First, read the following Task 2 essay question and identify the
topic.
Increasingly large numbers of students are undertaking their higher

education in other countries. Despite problems such as the financial
cost and the difficulty of studying in a foreign language, the benefits
of studying overseas are often thought to be greater than the
difficulties.
What is the topic of this question?
A education in other countries

B financial cost of studying overseas
C higher education overseas
Now that you know the topic, think of some information about this topic and write a general statement in
the text box below.
Now compare your general statement with the one Eva has written.
Studying at a university or college in a foreign country

has become very popular in recent years.
Referring to the viewpoint or

problem
In the second part of your introduction, you should refer to the viewpoint or problem presented in the
question. You can do this in one of two ways:
rephrasing
using your own ideas
First, let's look at rephrasing the viewpoint.
Rephrasing the viewpoint

Lets look at a sample introduction to see how this can be done. First, read the Task 2 question again.
improving health.
Now look at the introduction that Jane has written.
Traditional medicine using methods such as acupuncture and herbal

remedies is widely used in some countries. Some doctors who practice
statement.
In the second part of her introduction, Jane has rephrased the viewpoint in the question. Lets look at
this in more detail.
Viewpoint in the question
Rephrased viewpoint in the
introduction
Those who practise traditional

medicine claim it is better than
modern medicine in maintaining
and improving health.
Some doctors who practise

traditional medicine believe that
it is more successful than modern
medicine in developing good
health.
We can see that Jane has rephrased the viewpoint presented in the question. Note that she has used
synonyms so the meaning is still the same.
Activity - Identifying rephrasing
Read the following Task 2 question and decide which of the following students have rephrased the
viewpoint. We have highlighted the viewpoint in the question for you.
Many governments have laws that ban the sale and use of hard
drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to buy drugs
such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale and use of
hard drugs should be applied to all drugs, including tobacco and
alcohol.
Example 1 - Hisako
Some people argue that the laws banning sale

and consumption of dangerous drugs should be
enforced for all types of drugs, including less
harmful ones like tobacco and alcohol.
has rephrased
has not rephrased
Example 2 - Milan
Some believe that laws that ban the sale and

use of hard drugs should be applied to all drugs
including tobacco and alcohol.
has rephrased
has not rephrased
Example 3 - Krystyna
Some people claim that selling and consuming

dangerous drugs like heroin should be banned.
has rephrased
has not rephrased
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Using your own ideas

You can also refer to the viewpoint by using your own ideas. Lets look at an example of this. First, read
the following Task 2 question. The viewpoint has been highlighted for you.
Zoos around the world provide people with the opportunity to enjoy and learn about animals
that they do not usually have the chance to see. However, despite these benefits, it is
unkind to keep animals in zoos.
Do you agree?
The viewpoint in this question states that although zoos can help to teach people about animals, it is also
unkind to keep animals in zoos.
Now look at how Yumiko has referred to this viewpoint using her own ideas. This part of the introduction
has been highlighted for you.
Yumiko's introduction
Zoos give people the opportunity to see and learn about the animals that
live on this earth. Although some people believe that it is unkind to keep
animals in cages, others say that zoos provide biologists and scientists
with the opportunity to research animals so that they can be helped in
the future. For these reasons, I disagree that keeping animals in zoos is
unkind.
In this example, Yumiko has referred to the viewpoint in the question (it is unkind to keep animals in
cages) by using her own ideas (some people say zoos provide research opportunities for biologists and
scientists / animals can be helped in the future).
Activity - Referring to the viewpoint
Lets practise referring to the viewpoint in the following question by rephrasing or using your own ideas.
The viewpoint in the question has been highlighted for you.
The world is consuming resources at an increasing rate. In order to

prevent these resources from being wasted, governments should try
to discourage people from constantly throwing away items and
buying the newest and most up-to-date products.
In the text box below, write a sentence that refers to the viewpoint in the question.
Now look at how 3 other students have referred to this viewpoint in their introduction. There is a teacher's
comment for each.
Hisako
The increasing demand for consumer goods has

become an alarming trend. Some people say
that consumers should be discouraged from
buying disposable products or the latest or most
fashionable items, to stop the waste of
resources. I completely agree with this
viewpoint.
Teachers comment
Hisako has a good range of vocabulary. She has referred to the viewpoint in the question by using a
number of synonyms to rephrase it.
Jin Tao

become an alarming trend. This demand has
caused a dramatic decrease in natural resources
that cannot be easily renewed and many people
now argue that consumers should be educated
and encouraged to shop wisely. I agree with this
statement.
Teachers comment
Jin Tao is quite confident in his writing skills and chose to refer to the viewpoint in the question by using
his own ideas.
Jane

become an alarming trend. In order to prevent
resources from being wasted, governments
should discourage consumers from
constantly disposing of products and purchasing
more up to date or fashionable items. However, I
disagree with this viewpoint.
Teachers comment
The viewpoint that Jane has written is the same (word for word) as the viewpoint in the question. She did
not use synonyms to rephrase, or use her own ideas.
Referring to the specific

question
The last part of the introduction should respond to the specific question.
In an Argument essay, you should respond by stating your viewpoint. If you would like to review the
language used to express your viewpoint, click here.
In Discussion and Problem-Solution essays, it is likely that you will respond by stating the purpose of
your essay.
Lets look at an example Argument essay question and Peter's introduction.
improving health.
Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint? (Specific question)
Now read Peter's introduction to see how he has stated his viewpoint in the last sentence.
Peter's introduction
Traditional medicine, using methods such as acupuncture and herbal
remedies, is widely used in some countries. Some doctors who practise
statement.
We can see that the last part of Peter's introduction responds to the specific question by indicating
that he agrees with the viewpoint presented in the question.
Now lets look at some other Task 2 questions and introductions written by students. The sentence that
refers to the specific question has been highlighted.
Example 1
In most countries, the amount of crime committed by teenagers has risen significantly. Researchers are
trying to discover the reasons for this increase and the impact it has had on communities around the
world.
What are the causes and effects of teenage crime in modern day society? (Specific question)
Sola's introduction
The growing rate of crime is a major public concern. In particular,

teenage crime seems to be on the increase, as the media often presents
us with accounts of violent crime committed by teenagers.This essay will
discuss some possible causes of teenage crime today and the effects this
has had on our society.
The last part of Sola's introduction responds to the specific question by indicating the purpose of his
essay which is to present some causes and effects of teenage crime.
Example 2
Citizens of all developed countries should be forced to give a percentage of their income to citizens of
poorer countries, in order to assist them with basic needs.
To what extent do you agree with this statement? (Specific question)
Andres' Introduction
The distribution of wealth between countries around the world is an

ongoing issue. Some people have suggested that people from wealthier
nations should give a part of their income to people from underdeveloped
countries. I strongly agree with this viewpoint.
In the last part of his introduction, Andres has responded to the specific question by indicating that
hestrongly agrees with the viewpoint presented in the question.
Example 3
Children are now watching more television than they have ever done before.
What are the possible risks and the benefits of this? (Specific question)
Maria's Introduction
These days, an increasing number of children are choosing television as
their main form of entertainment. Many children watch hours of
television on a daily basis and some people are concerned about the
effects this is having on them. This essay will discuss some of the
possible risks and also some benefits that watching television may have
on young children.
The last part of Maria's introduction responds to the specific question by indicating the purpose of her
essay which is to discuss the risks and benefits of children watching television.
Activity - Referring to the specific question
Read the following Task 2 questions and introductions. The last part of each introduction (the
writer'sviewpoint or the purpose of the essay) is missing. From the options given, choose the sentence
that refers to the specific question.
Question 1
Some governments provide financial assistance for retired,

unemployed and disabled citizens. In other countries, families
provide support for these people.
Discuss both systems and give your opinion about which one
you think is better.
Paola's introduction
Most countries have a social welfare system to

financially assist disadvantaged or unemployed
people. Some people believe this system should
be maintained by the government, while others
argue that each member of society should pay
for his or her own
needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
I believe that most countries should assist disadvantaged or

unemployed people for the following reasons.
This essay will discuss both types of social welfare systems in
order to determine which one is more effective.
Question 2
Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate.

In some countries, money from taxation has met these costs.
However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of
universities.
How can universities be funded in future?
Mustapha's introduction
For most students, public universities offer an

opportunity to obtain an affordable education.
Some public universities however, are
experiencing financial difficulties and are not
receiving enough assistance from
governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..........................
This essay will look at three ways in which universities could be
funded in future years.
I agree that universities should be funded in the future.
Question 3
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal

remedies, is very popular in some countries. Those who
practise traditional medicine claim it is better than modern
medicine in maintaining and improving health.

Esperanza's introduction
Traditional medicine is growing in popularity and

many people are now using methods such as
acupuncture to maintain and strengthen their
health. Many of those who have experienced
traditional medicine believe that it is more
effective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................
I agree with this viewpoint.
This essay will discuss some of the advantages and
disadvantages of traditional medicine techniques.
Activity - Identifying an effective introduction
Read the Task 2 question below and decide whether or not the following introductions are effective.
Remember to look at the three parts of the introduction:
giving a general statement

referring to the viewpoint or problem
referring to the specific question.
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to

live for 150 years. This could be good for individuals but it
may have negative consequences for society.
Siddhi's introduction
Science may offer the opportunity to live a lot

longer in the future. Although this might be an
advantage for individuals, it may also have
negative effects on our world. This essay will
discuss some of the benefits and risks of living

to an advanced age.
effective
ineffective
Siddhi's introduction is effective because it:
contains a general statement which states the topic (to live longer) and gives some information
about the topic (science may offer this opportunity in the future)
refers to the viewpoint in the question (this might be an advantage for individuals but may have
negative effects on our world)
refers to the specific question by indicating the purpose of her essay which is to discuss the
benefits and risks of living to an advanced age.
Now you try!
Pierre's introduction
Medical developments have many benefits and

risks. Although some people may be pleased to
live to a very old age, this may affect our world
in negative ways.
effective
ineffective
Jurgen's introduction
In the future, it could be scientifically possible

for people to live to be 150 years old. This could
be good news for individual people but it may
have negative consequences for society. This
essay will discuss some of the benefits and risks
of people living to a very old age.
effective
ineffective
Activity - Summary quiz
Now lets revise the main points from this step. Decide if the following are True or False.
True
The general statement is the first

sentence in the introduction.
It is acceptable to give your

viewpoint in the general statement.
It is acceptable to repeat all or part

of the question in the introduction.
You can refer to the viewpoint in the

question by rephrasing or using your
own ideas.
An introduction should refer to the

specific question.
The writers viewpoint or the purpose

of the essay should be indicated in
the last sentence of the introduction.
Activity - Writing introductions
False
Look at the following Task 2 questions and write an introduction for each. Then compare your introduction
with a sample. Remember that your introduction will not be exactly the same but it should have the three
parts of an introduction that you have learnt in this step.
Question 1
Due to the influence of world-wide media such as television and computers, the gap between
cultures is decreasing. The introduction of this global culture is of great benefit to the world.
To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?
The international mass media has for the first time resulted in the majority of people sharing the same
experiences. Some say that this is closing the gap between cultures and is bringing many benifits
worldwide. I completely agree with this viewpoint.
Question 2
In the last decade, there has been a great increase in the number and variety of online
courses available to adults. This has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many
students, however, other students see these courses as less effective than classroom
teaching.
As more online courses are being offered to adults, different aspects of this learning medium have become
apparent. Online courses offer students some advantages over studying in a classroom, however there are
some definite drawbacks. This essay will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of online
courses.
Question 3
Cars have become a convenient and economical form of transport and as a result, the use of
cars has increased dramatically during the last century.
Discuss the problems this increase has created, and offer some practical solutions.
Most people now use cars as their main form of transport. An increase in this trend during the last centry
has contributed to major traffic congestion in cities, and to a decline in the quality of our environment.
This essay will look at how this is occuring and what can be done to address this problem.
Summary
In Step 6, you have learnt to:
recognise an introduction for Task 2 that:

o gives a general statement
o refers to the viewpoint or problem presented in the question
o refers to the specific question.
write an effective introduction for an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay question.
In Step 7, we will focus on how to organise ideas in a paragraph and write the body of an essay.
Step 7: Moving from ideas

to paragraphs
Introduction
Welcome to Step 7!
In Step 6, we looked at how to write an introduction. In Step 7, we will deal with how to use your ideas to
write paragraphs for the body of your Task 2 essay.
Outcomes
identify what a paragraph is

identify and write the topic sentence for a paragraph
write supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples
write the body of an IELTS Task 2 essay.
What is a paragraph?
A paragraph is a group of sentences in which one main idea is
clearly developed. This main idea is usually presented in the first
sentence of the paragraph (the topic sentence). The other sentences
in the paragraph support this main idea, give evidence and
examples.
To write a paragraph for your Task 2 essay, you should refer to your essay plan to get your main idea,
supporting ideas, evidence and examples.
Note that in Step 4 you learnt how to plan an essay. If you have organised your ideas in your essay plan
effectively, you will find it easier to write a paragraph.
Let's look at an example essay question and the plan that Jin Tao wrote.
Example
In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and
variety of online courses available to adults. This has been welcomed
as a great opportunity by many students, however other students
see these courses as less effective than classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online
course?
Advantages of studying online
Flexibility
flexible study hours

study at own pace
study anywhere if there is a computer with online access
Study
review course information easily

individual contact with the teacher via email/bulletin boards e.g. online students can email
questions to their teacher any time
Disadvantages of studying online

Technology
appropriate technology not always available

lessons online are more theoretical due to technology limitations e.g. learning chemistry online
students could only study theory and simulations with no access to chemicals or laboratories
Study
classroom offers benefits in addition to the course e.g. use of the library, face to face contact with
the teacher, sharing ideas with classmates, socialising with friends
classroom offers more practical experience
Lets look at the first group of ideas from Jin Taos essay plan about the advantages of
online study. They are grouped under the heading flexibility:
study anywhere if there is a computer with online access

flexible study hours
study at own pace.
These ideas can be grouped because all of the ideas support and give examples of how flexible online
study can be. As these ideas support one main idea, they can be used to write one paragraph.
Let's look at how he used these ideas to write a paragraph.
Sample paragraph
Online study provides a flexible learning alternative for students.

Using a computer with Internet access, students can study wherever
they wish. This could be at home, at work or even a friends house,
and at any time of the day. Students are also able to learn at their
own pace, ensuring they understand the lessons clearly. In these
ways, online courses can meet the personal needs of students.
Using your ideas to write a

paragraph
Each paragraph should:
include a topic sentence introducing the main idea

have sentences to support the main idea
provide evidence and/or examples.
Look at our sample paragraph again. The topic sentence has been highlighted. You can see that the other
sentences in the rest of the paragraph support the main idea in the topic sentence.
Sample paragraph
Online study provides a flexible learning alternative for
students. Using a computer with Internet access,
students can study wherever they wish. This could be
at home, work or even a friends house, and at any
time of the day.Students are also able to learn at their
own pace, ensuring they understand the lessons
clearly. In these ways, online courses can meet the
personal needs of students.
Topic sentence
Supporting idea 1: can study
anywhere
Supporting idea 2: flexible study
hours
Supporting idea 3: can study at
own pace
First, let's look at topic sentences.
Topic sentences
Topic sentences are important in IELTS essays because they:
introduce the main idea of the paragraph

link the paragraph to the question
link the paragraph to other paragraphs in the body.
Here is an example Task 2 question and the essay Jane wrote to answer it. The topic sentences are
highlighted. Notice the role of the topic sentence in each paragraph.
Example question
The benefits of computers in modern society far outweigh the disadvantages.
Jane's answer
The use of computers in modern life has resulted in
changes in society. Some of these changes have
been to the advantage of society and others have
not. This essay will outline both sides of the issue.
Introduction
On the one hand, computers are useful tools

offering several benefits to people. Firstly, they
enable machines to do dangerous work instead of
humans. For example, in computerised car
assembly factories, robots can do hard and
dangerous work without stopping. In addition,
computers have improved the speed of data
processing helping scientists to further develop
modern technology. People can go to the moon
using computers to control the orbit of the
spaceship, the timing of fuel injection and other
vital calculations. Moreover, people can shop and
book aeroplane or theatre tickets without leaving
home.
Topic sentence
However, computers can be used in many

harmful ways. For example, computers can be
used to steal peoples private personal information.
Also, with the development of the Internet,
previously controlled material such as pornography
has become more widespread making it easier for
Topic sentence
introduces the main

idea(computers are useful
tools)
links to the
question(benefits of
computers)
introduces the main

idea(harmful uses of
computers)
children to access it. Furthermore, many people

have lost their jobs because computers can shorten
some processes in factories, resulting in fewer
workers being required.
To conclude, computers are being used in more

areas of life such as communication in the
workplace and at home. The result is that people
are relying more on computers in their daily lives.
Despite the disadvantages, it is highly likely that the
use of computers will increase due to the various
benefits computers have to offer.
links to the
question(disadvantages of
computers)
'however' links this

paragraph to the previous
paragraph
Conclusion
Activity - Identifying an effective topic sentence
In this activity we will look at how the topic sentence introduces the main idea of the
paragraph. First, lets look at an example question.
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the
Olympic Games and world cup competitions have played an
increasingly important role in our society. However, many people
think such events are an enormous waste of money, time and effort.
Do you agree?
The following paragraph is part of an essay that answers this question but the topic
sentence is missing.By reading the paragraph carefully and finding the main idea in the
supporting sentences, we should be able to identify an effective topic sentence.
Sample paragraph (without topic sentence)

................................................. . As a result, many
professional competitors have become millionaires from
playing sport. Professionals in other fields such as science
and research earn much less, even though their work may
lead to the improvement of peoples health and daily lives.
Watching sport is merely a form of entertainment and the
money used to pay sport professionals should be spent in

other more worthwhile areas.
The supporting sentences in this paragraph focus on the large amount of money wasted
on the salaries of sport professionals.
The following four students wrote topic sentences for this paragraph.
Click Effective or Ineffective for each of their answers. The first one has been done for
you as an example.
Effective
A
Esperanza
Ineffective
Researchers and
scientists provide an
important service to
society and deserve a
higher salary.
Esperanzas topic sentence is ineffective because:
the paragraph mentions scientists and researchers, but it does not say that their
salary should be increased
the topic of scientists and researchers does not relate to the question.
Now you try!

Effective
B
Jin Tao
University degrees
provide people with the
skills needed to become
professionals in their
field and earn a high
income.
Ineffective
C
Peter
International sport
wastes too much money
by paying players
increasingly higher
salaries.
International sporting
events use too much
money to pay team
coaches.
D
Judy
B. Jin Taos topic sentence is ineffective.

1.
2.
The paragraph does not mention university degrees or qualifications.

The topic of university degrees does not relate to the question.
C. Peters topic sentence is effective.

1.
2.
The other sentences in the paragraph support and explain the main idea that players are paid
too much money.
It also clearly links the paragraph to the question by stating that international sport wastes
too much money.
D. Judys topic sentence is ineffective.

1.
It refers to the question by stating that international sporting events use too much money. This
part of her topic sentence is effective.
BUT
2.
The main idea of the paragraph is about players, not coaches.
Activity - Matching topic sentences
Lets practise matching topic sentences to paragraphs. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Question 1
In many traditional societies, caring for the children is only the

mothers responsibility. More recently, some people have argued that
the fathers role should be as important as the mothers role.
Here is a paragraph from a sample answer to this question, however, the topic sentence is missing. First,
read the paragraph to identify the main idea.
Sample paragraph
............................... . Mothers play an important role in

caring for their children, however, to say that the task of
caring for children is the sole responsibility of the mother is
unreasonable. If fathers fail to take time to care for and be
with their children, it may result in the child feeling unloved
or even resentful towards their father.
Topic sentences
Now choose a topic sentence for the paragraph above. Remember it should introduce the main idea and
link the paragraph to the question.
Mothers should have the main responsibility for bringing up

children.
Both fathers and mothers should be responsible for the

upbringing of their children.
If fathers do not help care for their children, the family may
have an unhappy environment.
In a family, both parents need to work to effectively provide

for their children.
The second topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph and links the paragraph to the
question.
Now you try!

Question 2
The world is consuming natural resources faster than they can be

renewed. Therefore, it is important that products are made to last.
Governments should discourage people from constantly buying upto-date or fashionable products.
Sample paragraph
.............................. . This excess of rubbish is mainly due

to products such as mobile phones and computers being
constantly updated with older versions becoming quickly
outdated and useless. Consumers are then forced to buy the
latest commodities, with the older items often being
discarded. If the products were made out of materials that
could be recycled they could be re-used to make the latest
models. The result would be a reduction in the amount of
waste output while still maintaining the ability to produce
newer and more effective products for society.
Click on the best topic sentence for the paragraph above.
Computers are a vital part of modern society.

For businesses to remain competitive in society, it is important
to keep up to date with modern products.
Recyclable products should be used to reduce the problem of
increasing waste and pollution.
The government should enforce special laws to encourage
people not to buy products that use natural resources.
Question 3
Compared to our parents generation, life has become much more

stressful. As a result, stress-related illnesses are on the increase
around the world.
Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you
think can be done to overcome the problems caused by stress?
Sample paragraph
................................... . At work, with more competition

between staff members and organisations, employees find
themselves under pressure to work harder. As a result,
people work long hours taking away time from being at
home with family and friends. This could lead to social
problems in the individuals private life.
Developments in technology have helped reduce stress in

workers.
Spending time relaxing with family and friends is one important
way to reduce stress.
Increasing pressure at work and home has led to many people
suffering from high levels of stress.
In modern society, working habits are leading to health
problems such as obesity.
Question 4
Some people say that the Internet is making the world smaller by
bringing people together.
To what extent do you agree that the Internet is making it easier for
people to communicate with one another?
Sample paragraph
.................................. . With services such as email and

chat, people can send and receive messages anytime,
anywhere in the world, if they have access to a computer.
Using the Internet is much cheaper than telephone calls and

it does not involve the long wait for a letter to arrive through
the post. Through Internet technology, people in different
cities and countries can send and receive
messages instantaneously.
The Internet offers an easy way for people to communicate

regularly.
Notebook computers have several advantages over desktop
computers.
Internet cafes provide a cheaper alternative to buying a
computer.
With the development of the Internet, the number of people
making telephone calls and writing letters is decreasing.
Supporting ideas, evidence

and examples
As we discussed earlier, a topic sentence plays an essential role in a
paragraph: it summarises its main idea. However, a topic sentence
is not enough. We also need supporting ideas to provide 'support' to
that main idea.
Each of your supporting ideas needs to be explained clearly. To
strengthen your argument and make it clear, some of your
supporting ideas should include evidence and/or examples.
The examples you use give more support to your ideas and clarify
them. Look at the following extract which shows the use of examples.
Computers enable machines instead of humans to do dangerous work.(Supporting idea) For
example, in computerised car assembly factories, robots can do hard and dangerous work
without stopping. (Example)
The evidence that you include in your paragraph to strengthen your supporting ideas may include:
an explanation of that idea

data from a research study or survey
a quotation from a critic.
Look at the following extracts from two students' essays to compare how effectively they have
usedevidence.
Computers are useful tools offering several benefits to people.(Supporting idea) Scientists have
decided to increase the frequency of expeditions to the moon. (Weak evidence)
Computers are useful tools offering several benefits to people.(Supporting idea) Computers have
improved the speed of data processing helping scientists to develop modern technology further.
People can now go to the moon using computers to control the orbit of the spaceship, the timing
of fuel injection and other vital calculations. (Strong evidence)
Lets look at how Jin Tao and Sawako supported their ideas and how they included either evidence or an
example to strengthen their argument.
First, lets look at an example Task 2 question.
Example question
adults. This has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, however, other students see
these courses as less effective than classroom teaching.
Lets look at Jin Tao's plan about the advantages and disadvantages of online study again.
Earlier in this step Jin Tao wrote a paragraph about the advantages of online study. Let's look at this
paragraph again here.
Online study provides a flexible learning alternative for students. Using a computer
with Internet access, students can study wherever they wish. This could be at
home, at work or even a friends house, and at any time of the day. Students are
also able to learn at their own pace, ensuring they understand the lessons clearly.
In these ways, online courses can meet the personal needs of students.
Now Jin Tao is going to write a paragraph about the disadvantages. First, look at the topic sentence he
wrote for this paragraph.
Topic sentence
Despite the advantages, online courses are not appropriate for all students and subjects due to the
limitations of technology.
Notice that the ideas in the plan support the main idea in the topic sentence by outlining the limitations
oftechnology. Now lets see how Jin Tao used these ideas in a paragraph with evidence.
Jin Tao's paragraph
Despite the advantages, online courses are not

appropriate for all students and subjects due to the
limitations of technology. If there is no access to
computers and other expensive equipment,
studying online may not be an option for many
people. In addition, lessons themselves can be
limited by technology, in that it is difficult to provide
practical experience for many subjects online. The
classroom on the other hand offers students more
opportunities to apply the skills they have been
learning.
Topic sentence
Supporting idea 1
Supporting idea 2 + evidence
Now look at how Sawako wrote about the disadvantages of online courses. Note that she has supported
her ideas with an example.
Sawako's paragraph
Despite the advantages, online courses are not
appropriate for all students and subjects due to the
limitations of technology. In many parts of the
world, computers are still not readily available so
studying online is not an option for many
people.The difficulty of providing practical
experience on a computer is a further problem. For
instance, students learning chemistry would have
no access to chemicals or laboratories needed to do
experiments. They would only be able to study
theory and simulations.
Topic sentence
Supporting idea 1
Supporting idea 2 + example.
Note that the supporting ideas, evidence and examples must relate directly to the main idea in the topic
sentence.
Although your ideas may change as you write your paragraph, it is very important to make sure all your
sentences in the paragraph support the main idea. Look at what one IELTS examiner said about this.
Teachers comment
"I really enjoy reading an essay full of good ideas. However, sometimes the
sentences written in some paragraphs are not relevant to the main idea of the
paragraph. This results in the student getting a lower score."
Activity - Supporting your main idea

Look at the following example essay question and sample paragraph from Yumiko's essay. Read the topic
sentence and the supporting sentences. The topic sentence with the main idea has been highlighted.
Do the supporting ideas, evidence and examples support the main idea of the paragraph? The first one
has been done for you as an example.
In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number and
variety of online courses available to adults. This has been welcomed
as a great opportunity by many students, however, other students
see these courses as less effective than classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an online
course?
Sample paragraph from Yumiko's essay
Online courses may not be suitable for all

students and subjects due to the limitations of
technology. Although computers are still scarce
in some parts of the world, the use of computers
in education is rapidly increasing. It is also
becoming much less of a problem for students to
carry out the practical components of their courses on
computers. For example, in the past, chemistry students
required access to chemicals or laboratories to do
experiments. However, since most scientists now use
computer-based models to formulate their theories,
computers can now be used by these students.
Look at the topic sentence of Yumiko's paragraph. What is the main idea?
The main idea in the topic sentence indicates a disadvantage of online study, that is, the limitations of
technology.
Do the supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples support the main idea?
Yes
No
The main idea (the limitations of technology) is a disadvantage of online study, but the supporting ideas,
evidence and examples outline the advantages.
Now you try!

Look at the following Task 2 questions and sample paragraphs. Read the topic sentences and the
supporting sentences. Decide whether the supporting ideas, evidence and examples support the main idea
in the topic sentence.
Question 1
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies, is

very popular in some countries. Those who practise traditional
medicine claim that it is better than modern medicine in maintaining
Sample paragraph
Traditional medicine has many advantages over modern

medicine. Modern medicine offers drugs that have been
developed to meet the needs of sick people. Traditional
medicine, however, has a higher risk of dangerous side
effects by relying on materials such as herbs and plants to
treat patients. In addition, while traditional medicine claims
to be able to treat many kinds of health conditions, the
methods used do not always result in success. Furthermore,
there is a lack of scientific evidence to support their
effectiveness.
Yes
No
The topic sentence states that traditional medicine has advantages over modern medicine. However, the
supporting sentences explain the disadvantages of modern medicine.
Here is a sample paragraph with effective supporting ideas, evidence and examples:
Traditional medicine has many advantages over modern medicine. While modern medicine relies on the
use of artificially developed chemicals and drugs, traditional medicine uses natural materials such as herbs
and other plants. The body more readily accepts these with less chance of harmful side effects. In
addition, modern drugs are designed to treat diseases, but do not take other important factors such as
the emotional condition or lifestyle of the patient into account. Traditional medicine aims to cure the
patient, but also offers methods to improve the lifestyle and overall wellbeing of the patient for the long
term.
Question 2

150 years. This could be good for individuals but it may have
Sample paragraph
Despite the benefits, the disadvantages of people living to

such an old age creates some serious problems for
society. With people living longer, the financial burden of
providing for an increasing number of elderly citizens is an
immediate issue. At the family level, this may result in
people having to work longer to earn enough money to
support their elder relatives. Governments might also raise
taxes in an attempt to provide welfare for the ageing
population. A further issue would be the rapid increase in
population. This could cause overcrowding in many parts of
the world, placing demands on housing and food supplies.
Yes
No
Question 3
drugs like heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to freely buy
other more socially acceptable drugs like tobacco and alcohol.
Laws that prohibit the sale and consumption of hard drugs should
be applied to other more widely tolerated drugs such as tobacco and
alcohol.
Sample paragraph
In the first place, under current laws, alcohol poses a

greater threat to the health of more people than hard drugs
do. Hard drugs both directly and indirectly affect most
people in society. Many people know of someone who either
uses drugs or has been a victim of drug-related crime.
Breaking into peoples houses or mugging them in the street
to steal money to support a drug habit is a serious and
growing problem.
Yes
No
The ideas, evidence and examples do not support the main idea.
Here is a sample paragraph with effective supporting ideas, evidence and examples:
In the first place, under current laws alcohol poses a greater threat to the health of more people than
hard drugs do. When talking about drug problems, people may not even consider alcohol because it is
often considered to be a normal, if not healthy part of life. The reality is, however, that alcohol causes
various health problems such as liver disease, heart trouble and obesity. Violence resulting from excessive
drinking further adds to the problem. With alcohol being legal, people can buy it easily and cheaply,
consequently people are more likely to expose themselves to the health risks of drinking than to take
heroin or cocaine.
Putting it all together
We have learnt about the parts of a paragraph. Each paragraph has:
a topic sentence to outline the main idea of the paragraph

sentences to support the main idea
evidence and/or examples.
Lets look at a sample essay Siddhi wrote and examine the topic sentences, supporting ideas, evidence
and examples.
First, look at the following Task 2 question:
adults. While welcomed as a great opportunity by many students, other students see these courses as a
poor substitute for classroom teaching.
Siddhi's answer
As more online courses are being offered to adults, different aspects of this
learning medium have become apparent. Online courses offer students
some advantages over studying in a classroom, however there are some
definite drawbacks. The following essay deals with the advantages and
disadvantages of online courses. - INTRODUCTION Online study provides the advantage of a flexible learning alternative for
students. - TOPIC SENTENCE - Using a computer with Internet access,
students can study wherever they prefer. This could be at home, at work or even at a friends
house, and at any time of the day. - SUPPORTING IDEA 1 AND EXAMPLE - Students are also
able to study at their own pace, depending on whether they find the material easy or difficult.
As course material is available on their own computers, students can easily review material
as many times as they wish. Furthermore, in the classroom, teachers may have little time to
answer individual questions. In contrast, if students have any questions about their online
study, they can contact their teacher using e-mail or bulletin boards. - SUPPORTING IDEA 2
AND EVIDENCE Despite the advantages, online courses are not appropriate for all students and subjects due
to the limitations of technology. - TOPIC SENTENCE - If there is no access to computers and
other expensive equipment, studying online is not an option for many people. - SUPPORTING
IDEA 1 - In addition, lessons themselves are limited by the technology, in that it is difficult to
provide practical experience online. For example, students learning chemistry would have no
access to chemicals or laboratories needed to do experiments. They would only be able to
study theory and simulations. Online students lack access to school facilities such as the
library and the social aspects of face-to-face contact with teachers and classmates. SUPPORTING IDEA 2 AND EXAMPLE However, despite the disadvantages of online study, the benefits provide students with a
valuable alternative to classroom learning. - CONCLUSION -
Now let's practise using what we have learnt in this step.
Activity - Writing an essay body

Here are three sample Task 2 questions. On a piece of paper, write an essay for each of these questions.
When you have finished, compare your essay with a sample essay.
Question 1
Some people say that the Internet is responsible for destroying social skills of teenagers and young
adults.
Why do you think the Internet is seen as dangerous in this way and what can we do to ensure that it
does not harm the social development of teenagers and young adults?
Since its invention, the Internet has changed the way teenagers and young adults communicate. Some
commentators even argue that its development has negatively affected the social skills of this group. This
essay will present some ideas about why this is seen as dangerous and how we can ensure that its impact
in this area is minimized.
The Internet can lead to a lack of social skills in several areas. As an activity which is usually done alone,
prolonged use of the Internet can lead to a feeling of isolation and detachment from the world. Teenagers
are especially vulnerable to these feelings as they have not developed strong peer groups and often lack
emotional strength. Excessive use of the Internet could lead to the inability to communicate effectively
with other people in face-to-face situations and often comes at the expense of more social activities such
as meeting with friends.
One solution to combat the negative effects of the Internet on young people is to ensure they are not
overusing it. Limits should be placed on the amount of use and other forms of recreational activity should
be encouraged. Another strategy would be to ensure young people have Internet-free days and
undertake activities that promote social skills, for example, joining youth or sports clubs.
Specifically, it could harm the development of social skills at a crucial time in their lives. We should all try
to ensure that this does not happen before it becomes a major issue in our society.
Question 2
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for 150 years. This could be good for
individuals but it may have negative consequences for society.

To live a longer life has been a dream for countless years. With the development of science and
technology, it might be possible for people to live for one hundred and fifty years in the near future.
However, in my opinion, it may not be beneficial for people to do so.
Undoubtedly, there are some major advantages for increased human lifespan. Firstly, people could enjoy
longer lives and do more of the things they want, such as trying different lifestyles. They could spend
more time with their family and even watch their children grow to old age. In addition, people could
contribute more if they lived longer lives, especially scientists and other valuable members of society. For
example, if Edison had lived longer, he might have invented more things for us or Mozart might have
produced more wonderful music.
Nevertheless, there could be many disadvantages if people lived to one hundred and fifty. Firstly, people
might be unhealthy in their later years and may be afflicted by painful diseases such as arthritis.
Additionally, there may be ethical questions involved. Will everyone be able to live for one hundred and
fifty years or only the citizens of developed countries? Another factor is that an inflated elderly
population would cause many problems for society. For example, it would place great strain on the social
security system a situation already developing in countries such as Japan. Finally, the overpopulation of
the earth could result in catastrophic damage to the earths ecosystem and could lead to ecological
disaster.
In conclusion, I believe that the disadvantages for people living for one hundred and fifty years far
outweigh the advantages. Therefore this development would be a largely negative one for our society.
Question 3
Those who practise traditional medicine claim that it is better than modern medicine in maintaining and
improving health.
Traditional medicine is growing in popularity and many people are now using methods such as
acupuncture and herbal remedies to maintain and strengthen their health (Topic). Many of those who have
experienced traditional medicine believe that it is more effective than modern medicine (Viewpoint). I
completely agree with this viewpoint. (Specific question)
Traditional medicine has many advantages over modern medicine. Firstly, traditional medicine
uses natural ingredients such as herbs and other plants. Medical research has shown that these natural
substances cause less or no harmful side effects on the body. On the other hand, modern medicine relies
on the use of artificially developed chemicals and drugs, which could be toxic to the body.
In addition, traditional medicine looks at both the mind and body. It aims to cure the patient, but also
offers a variety of methods to improve the lifestyle and overall wellbeing of the patient in the long term.
However, modern medicine uses drugs designed to treat diseases, but does not take into account other
important factors such as the emotional condition or lifestyle of the patient.
Another important point is that traditional medicine has been used safely and successfully for thousands of
years in many countries. China, for example, is well-known for its traditional healing methods, which are
now respected world-wide. However, technological advances in modern medicine are still very recent and
many of the long-term effects are still unknown.
To sum up, modern medicine relies heavily on artificial products that can harm our health, whereas
traditional medicine is natural, safe and treats the whole body. Therefore I believe that it is far better in
maintaining overall health.
Summary
In Step 7, you have learnt how to:
identify what a paragraph is

identify and write the topic sentence for a paragraph
write supporting ideas, evidence and/or examples
write the body for an IELTS Task 2 essay.
In Step 8, we will look at how to write an effective conclusion for your Task 2 essay.
Step 8: Focusing on
conclusions
Introduction
Welcome to Step 8!
In Step 7, we looked at how to organise ideas in a paragraph and how to write the body of an IELTS
Writing Task 2 essay. In Step 8, we will focus on writing conclusions.
Outcomes
recognise and write an effective conclusion for an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay.
Writing Task 2 conclusions

The conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay and is the final impression the examiner has of your
writing.
In the conclusion of any Task 2 essay, you should always summarise the main ideas that you have
presented in your essay. In the conclusion of a Discussion or Argument essay, you should also give your
viewpoint.
In this step, we will look at various Task 2 essays and the conclusions for those essays. Lets start by
looking at the following Discussion essay question.
Example Discussion question

Over the past few decades, international travel has become more affordable and many people now
choose overseas holidays. As a result, tourism is becoming a profitable industry in many countries.
However, despite the benefits, tourism can also create problems.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?
This question asks you to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of tourism. Now read the following
essay written by Krystyna for this question.
Krystyna's Discussion essay

An increasing number of people are choosing to travel overseas for their
holidays. They are taking advantage of cheaper airfares and as a result,
many countries are now profiting from tourism. However, tourism can
also create some problems. This essay will discuss some of the
advantages and disadvantages.
One major benefit of tourism is that it can develop an awareness and
understanding of other cultures. Tourists can experience a way of life
different from their own and when they return home, they often share their knowledge and
experiences of these cultures, customs and foods with family and friends.
Another advantage of tourism is the income it creates. Large hotels and resorts often
employ local people. In addition, small businesses such as cafes and shops sell locally
manufactured products such as souvenirs. In this way, the tourist industry can play a
major role in providing employment to locals, thus improving a countrys economy.
However, the disadvantages of tourism should not be overlooked. One serious risk of
international travel is the possibility of spreading dangerous diseases. A foreign tourist who
has become infected with a disease may start an epidemic when returning home or
travelling to other countries. The HIV virus is one example of a disease that has now
become a worldwide epidemic.
Another negative aspect of tourism is the increase in the number of locals who steal from
tourists. Tourists carrying visible items of value such as cameras, jewellery or cash are
particularly at risk and become easy targets.
To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks
that could threaten health and safety. Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives
people valuable opportunities to learn about different cultures and should therefore be
encouraged.
Look at the conclusion from this essay again. It has been divided into two parts.
To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic
Summarising the
benefits, yet also brings risks that could threaten health and
main ideas
safety.
Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable Stating a viewpoint
opportunities to learn about different cultures and should
therefore be encouraged.
Now lets look at each part of the conclusion in detail.
Summarising the main ideas

In any Task 2 conclusion, you should summarise the main ideas in your essay. This part of Krystynas
conclusion is highlighted below.
To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks that could
threaten health and safety. Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable
opportunities to learn about different cultures and should therefore be encouraged.
To summarise, you will need to recap the main ideas that you have presented in your essay. Lets identify
the main idea of each paragraph in the body of this essay.
Activity 1 - Identifying the main ideas in an essay
Read the essay on tourism again and identify the main idea of each paragraph in the body of the essay.
An increasing number of people are choosing to travel overseas for their holidays. They
are taking advantage of cheaper airfares and as a result, many countries are now
profiting from tourism. However, tourism can also create some problems. This essay
will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages.
One major benefit of tourism is that it can develop an awareness and understanding of
other cultures. Tourists can experience a way of life different from their own and when
they return home, they often share their knowledge and experiences of these cultures,
customs and foods with family and friends.
Another advantage of tourism is the income it creates. Large hotels and resorts often employ local people.
In addition, small businesses such as cafes and shops sell locally manufactured products such
as souvenirs. In this way, the tourist industry can play a major role in providing employment to locals,
thus improving a countrys economy.
However, the disadvantages of tourism should not be overlooked. One serious risk of international travel is
the possibility of spreading dangerous diseases. A foreign tourist who has become infected with a disease
may start an epidemic when returning home or travelling to other countries. The HIV virus is one example
of a disease that has now become a worldwide epidemic.
Another negative aspect of tourism is the increase in the number of locals who steal from tourists. Tourists
carrying visible items of value such as cameras, jewellery or cash are particularly at risk and become easy
targets.
threaten health and safety. Despite these risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable opportunities
to learn about different cultures and should therefore be encouraged.
Paragraph 2 (advantages)
tourists share their experiences with family and friends
tourism increases cultural awareness
Now you try!
Paragraph 3 (advantages)
tourism benefits a countrys economy
tourism is good for small and large businesses
Paragraph 4 (disadvantages)
tourists are likely to catch the HIV virus
tourism could encourage the spread of dangerous diseases
Paragraph 5 (disadvantages)
some locals steal from tourists
tourists should not carry cameras, jewellery or cash
Below are the main ideas that Krystyna presented in her essay. Lets look at how she has summarised
them.
Tourism increases cultural awareness - cultural benefits

Tourism benefits a countrys economy - economic benefits
Tourism could encourage the spread of dangerous diseases - health risks
Tourists are often victims of crime - safety risks
In her conclusion Krystyna has summarised these ideas by writing:
threaten health and safety.
When you write your conclusion, dont repeat the main ideas from your essay word for word. Summarise
the main ideas using different words.
Stating a viewpoint
In the conclusion of a Discussion essay you should state your viewpoint. This part of Krystynas conclusion
is highlighted below.
To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet
also brings risks that could threaten health and safety. Despite these
risks, I believe that tourism gives people valuable opportunities to learn
about different cultures and should therefore be encouraged.
In this example, Krystyna has stated her viewpoint by saying that she believes the advantages of tourism
are more important than the disadvantages. She also gives a reason for her viewpoint (tourism gives
people valuable opportunities to learn about different cultures).
Now look at the following phrases you can use to present your viewpoint.
Despite these risks,
I believe that
in my opinion
I think that
I feel that
it is my opinion that
tourism gives people

valuable opportunities to
learn about different
cultures and should
therefore be encouraged.
Now lets look at an Argument essay question and the essay that Paola has written for this question.
Example Argument question

Governments spend large amounts of money on art that not all people enjoy. This money could be
better spent on things that benefit the majority of the population.
Do you agree?
This question asks you to argue FOR or AGAINST government spending on art.
Paola's Argument essay

Some people believe that art plays an important role in maintaining and
developing a countrys culture. Although this may be true, others argue
that governments should spend money on more important areas that
benefit the majority of the population. I agree with this statement to a
certain extent.
Maintaining and developing art is important because in many countries, art
is a significant aspect of culture. Therefore, governments should allocate
money to maintain artwork and assist new artists. For example, Indigenous Australians are
famous for their styles of painting. If they are given financial support from the government,
this part of Australian culture can be kept alive for future generations to appreciate, not just
in Australia, but in art galleries around the world.
However, the majority of the population is more concerned with services that are basic to
their survival. They believe that education is one important area that is often underfunded by governments. As a result, some schools may be forced to close because there is
not enough money to pay teachers or buy resources. Another important area that deserves
more funding is health care. Much of the population is unable to afford private health care
and therefore uses public hospitals. However, lack of financial support from governments
could cause these hospitals to become overcrowded and less able to offer quality health care
to their patients.
In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as
education and health care are also important. Although governments should continue to fund
art, I believe that priority should be given to services that assist the majority of people.
Lets look at Paolas conclusion again. It has been divided into two parts.
In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture,

yet basic needs such as education and health care are also important.
Summarising the main

ideas
Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that

priority should be given to services that assist the majority of people.
Restating a viewpoint
Now lets look at each part of the conclusion in detail.
Summarising the main ideas

In the first part of her conclusion, Paola has summarised the main ideas from her essay. Remember,
you should always summarise your main ideas in a Task 2 essay.
In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as education
and health care are also important. Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that
Lets look at how Paola has done this.
Activity 2 - Identifying the main ideas in an essay

Lets look at the paragraphs in the body of Paolas essay and identify the main idea of each. The first one
has been done for you as an example.
Maintaining and developing art is important because in many countries,

art is a significant aspect of culture. Therefore, governments should
allocate money to maintain artwork and assist new artists. For example,
Indigenous Australians are famous for their styles of painting. If they are
given financial support from the government, this part of Australian
culture can be kept alive for future generations to appreciate, not just in
Australia, but in art galleries around the world.
The main idea is located in the topic sentence, which is also the first sentence of this paragraph
(Maintaining and developing art is important because in many countries, art is a significant aspect of
culture).
Now you try!

Identify the main idea in the following paragraph from Paolas essay.
However, the majority of the population is more concerned with

services that are basic to their survival. They believe that
education is one important area that is often under-funded by
governments. As a result, some schools may be forced to close
because there is not enough money to pay teachers or buy
resources. Another important area that deserves more funding is
health care. Much of the population is unable to afford private
health care and therefore uses public hospitals. However, lack of
financial support from governments could cause these hospitals
to become overcrowded and less able to offer quality health care
to their patients.
The main idea in this paragraph is:

A most of the population is concerned about survival needs
B education does not receive enough financial support
C health care needs more financial support
From this we can see that Paola argues that art is an important part of our culture (main idea in first
body paragraph) but that survival needs (main idea in second body paragraph) such
as education andhealth care (supporting ideas) are more important than art.
Now look at how Paola has summarised these ideas in the conclusion of her essay.
and health care are also important.
Remember not to include new ideas in your conclusion. You should simply summarise the main ideas that
you have already presented in your essay.
Restating a viewpoint
In an Argument essay, you should already have stated your viewpoint in the introduction. However, you
should also state your viewpoint again in the conclusion. Lets look at how Paola has done this.
Here is the introduction to Paolas essay again. We can see that she has already presented her viewpoint
in the introduction. This is highlighted below.
Some people believe that art plays an important role in maintaining

and developing a countrys culture. Although this may be true,
others argue that governments should spend money on more
important areas that benefit the majority of the population. I
partially agree with this statement.
Now look at how Paola has restated her viewpoint in the conclusion. This is highlighted below.
and health care are also important. Although governments should continue to fund art, I believe that
In the last part of her conclusion, Paola has restated the viewpoint she presented in the introduction.
Finally, lets look at a Problem-Solution essay question and the essay that Judy has written for this
question.
Example Problem-Solution question

Cars have become a convenient and economical form of transport and as a result, the use of cars has
increased dramatically during the last century.
Discuss the problems this increase has created, and offer some practical solutions.
This question asks you to discuss some of the problems caused by the overuse of cars, and suggest ways
to overcome these problems.
Judy's Problem-Solution essay

Most people now use cars as their main form of transport. An increase in
this trend during the last century has contributed to major traffic
congestion in cities, and to a decline in the quality of our environment. This
essay will look at how this is occurring and what can be done to address
this problem.
For many people, cars are seen as an economical and easy method of
transport, and this has led to many families now owning more than one car.
However, the growing number of cars on our streets has created traffic jams that occur in
most major cities on a daily basis. Drivers have no choice but to wait in traffic and as a
result, the use of cars, especially in highly populated areas, is neither convenient nor
economical. An increase in the use of cars has also had a negative impact on our natural
environment. Pollution from toxic car fumes has led to a rapid decline in the quality of air we
breathe and has also been a major contributing factor in creating the hole in our ozone layer.
One practical way of solving these problems is to encourage people to use public transport.
One way to do this is to improve transport systems by making services cheaper and more
frequent. Another way is to introduce or extend underground transport systems so traffic
congestion can be avoided. In addition, councils could increase parking fees or charge people
to drive into city areas. This is being done in some cities in England where drivers must
display a special ticket to show that they have paid to enter a city area.
To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of traffic and is
damaging to our environment. In order to reduce these problems, citizens could be
encouraged to use alternative methods of transport.
Lets look at the conclusion of Judys essay again.
To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount of

traffic and is damaging to our environment.
In order to reduce these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use
alternative methods of transport.
Summary of the
problems
Summary of the
solutions
In her conclusion, Judy has summarised the main ideas (i.e., the problems and solutions) that she
presented in her essay.
Lets identify the main ideas that Judy used in the conclusion of her essay.
Activity - Identifying main ideas
In her essay, Judy discusses two problems caused by the overuse of cars. Read the following paragraph
from her essay and identify these problems.
For many people, cars are seen as an

economical and easy method of transport, and
this has led to many families now owning more
than one car. However, the growing number of
cars on our streets has created traffic jams that
occur in almost every city on a daily basis.
Drivers have no choice but to wait in traffic and as a result,
the use of cars, especially in highly populated areas, is
neither convenient nor economical. An increase in the use of
cars has also had a negative impact on our natural
environment. Pollution from toxic car fumes has led to a
rapid decline in the quality of air we breathe and has also
been a major contributing factor in creating the hole in our
ozone layer.
Type the two problems (i.e. the two main ideas) in this paragraph into the text boxes below.
and
Suggested answers
The overuse of cars
creates traffic congestion

has a negative effect on our natural environment.
Now look at how Judy has summarised these problems in her conclusion.
To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount

of traffic and is damaging to our environment. In order to reduce
these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use alternative
methods of transport.
In her essay Judy gives one main solution to these problems. Read the following paragraph and identify
the main solution.
One practical way of solving these problems is to encourage people

to use public transport. One way to do this is to improve transport
systems by making services cheaper and more frequent. Another
way is to introduce or extend underground transport systems so
traffic congestion can be avoided. In addition, councils could increase
parking fees or charge people to drive into city areas. This is being
done in some cities in England where drivers must display a special
ticket to show that they have paid to enter a city area.
Type the solution (i.e. the main idea) in this paragraph into the text box below.
Suggested answer
people could be encouraged to use public transport.
Now look at how Judy has summarised this solution in her conclusion.
To sum up, the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount

of traffic and is damaging to our environment. In order to reduce
these problems, citizens could be encouraged to use alternative
methods of transport.
Note that in a Problem-Solution essay, you are not required to state your viewpoint.
Using concluding signposts

All of the conclusions we have looked at have used concluding signposts. Lets look at two examples.
1.
2.
To sum up, tourism clearly has many cultural and economic benefits, yet also brings risks that
could threaten health and safety.
In conclusion, government spending on art can improve our culture, yet basic needs such as
education and health care are also important.
Using a concluding signpost is important because it shows the reader that it is the last paragraph of
your essay.
Below is a list of other concluding signposts that can be used at the beginning of a conclusion.
Concluding
signpost
To sum up,...
To conclude,...
In short,...
In brief...
In summary,...
Summary of main ideas
...the growing use of cars is creating an enormous amount

of traffic and is damaging to our environment.
Now that we have looked at how to write a Task 2 conclusion, lets identify the most effective conclusion
for the following essay.
Activity - Identifying an effective conclusion
Read the following Argument essay question and the essay that Jin Tao has written for this question. Then
decide which conclusion is the most effective.
Due to the influence of world-wide media such as television and

computers, the gap between cultures is decreasing. The introduction
of this global culture is of great benefit to the world.
To what extent do you agree with this viewpoint?
Jin Tao's Argument essay
The international mass media has for the first

time resulted in the majority of people sharing the
same experiences. I agree that this is closing the
gap between cultures and is bringing many
benefits worldwide.
One advantage of world-wide media is that films and plays, as
well as famous musicians and sports people can be
appreciated and celebrated around the world. Many people
believe that sharing these aspects will create a global culture
that brings people closer together.
Another advantage is that issues such as human rights
become internationally recognised. The media draws attention
to countries that try to keep these crimes hidden. As a result,
global culture can help to raise peoples awareness of human
rights and this may help to reduce or even eliminate these
crimes in the future.
In addition, the international media has provided a valuable
educational tool for children and adults alike. Foreign
television teams keep the public up-to-date with news and
images of different cultures and ways of life. Thus, people can
educate themselves about these cultures not just by reading
books but by watching news programs anddocumentaries. In
this way, global culture will bring valuable educational
benefits.
Now decide which one of the following conclusions for Jin Taos essay is the most effective.
In conclusion, the international media serves to educate and

involve people in cultural and political issues. It also
encourages communication between countries and promotes
freedom of information. Therefore, I believe that a global
culture has many benefits.
To sum up, the international media serves to educate and
involve people in cultural and political issues. However, the
negative aspects of global culture created by this international
media should not be overlooked.
To conclude, the international media plays an important role in
raising peoples awareness of important political issues such as
human rights. I therefore believe the global culture that the
media creates has many advantages.
involve people in cultural and political issues. I therefore
believe that the global culture created by this media has
brought and will continue to bring many benefits worldwide.
The last conclusion is effective because Jin Tao has:
summarised all the main ideas from the essay

brought many benefits worldwide.
restated his viewpoint (which supports the viewpoint he gave in his introduction).

brought many benefits worldwide.
Activity - True or False quiz
Decide if the following are True or False.
True
False
In the first part of the

conclusion you should
summarise the main ideas
from your essay.
You should use a concluding

signpost at the beginning of
your conclusion.
You shouldnt include new

ideas in the conclusion.
You must always state your

viewpoint in the conclusion.
In your conclusion, you can

summarise the main ideas
from your essay by repeating
them word for word.
Activity - Writing a conclusion

Write a conclusion for the following Task 2 Argument essay that Eva has written.
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the Olympic Games and world cup
competitions have played an increasingly important role in our society. However, many people think
such events are an enormous waste of money, time and effort.
Do you agree?
Eva's essay
Since ancient times, sport has played an important role in our lives. Today,
international sports events such as The Olympic Games and the World Cup
are popular. Some people argue that these international sports events are
an enormous waste of time and money. However, I strongly disagree.
Firstly, international sports events encourage people to be more accepting
of different nationalities. All athletes, regardless of race or colour, have the
opportunity to compete for their country. As a result, international sports
events develop equality and friendships between people and countries.
Another positive aspect of international sports is that competitors have the chance to learn
different techniques to improve their own skills. For example, some countries may have
different training methods. However, during international sports competitions, individual
competitors or teams are able to study different or more advanced training skills from other
countries.
In addition, international sports events can improve the host nations economic development.
The large number of athletes, reporters and sports fans from around the world would
undoubtedly bring considerable profits to service and trade industries of thehost nation.
However, some people argue that it is expensive and time consuming to build stadiums for
international sports events. Yet, these sports areas can also be used for national and local
sports in the future. Therefore, these facilities benefit the community for many years.
Now type a conclusion for Eva s essay in the text box. Then, click on the Check button to compare your
conclusion to Eva's.
0 words, 0 characters written (50 or more words expected)
Summary
recognise and write an effective conclusion for an IELTS Writing Task 2 essay.
In Step 9, we will focus on reviewing and editing Task 2 essays.
Step 9: Reviewing your

essay
Introduction
Welcome to Step 9!
In Step 8, we looked at writing conclusions for IELTS Writing Task 2 essays. In Step 9, we will concentrate
on reviewing your essay.
Outcomes
By the end of Step 9, you will be able to:
review the presentation, content and language of your Task 2 essay

edit your writing for accuracy of grammar, vocabulary, punctuation and spelling.
Reviewing
Reviewing is an important part of the writing process. You should do
this after you have planned and written your essay.
Remember, this should not take longer than five (5) minutes.
When you review an essay, you need to re-examine the:
presentation
content
language.
Lets look at these in more detail.
Reviewing for presentation

Presentation is important. To check your presentation you need to check that:
you have divided your essay into paragraphs

your handwriting is neat and easy to read
you have made corrections neatly
you have added words or sentences in the correct format.
Paragraphs
You should make sure that each paragraph can be clearly identified. The best way to do this is to leave a
line between each paragraph. Look at the two examples of a sample essay below. The essay on the left is
clearly divided into four distinct paragraphs. This is the way you should present your essay.
The use of computers in modern life has resulted

in changes in society. Some of these changes
have been to the advantage of society and others
have not. This essay will outline both sides of the
issue.
On the one hand, computers are useful tools
offering several benefits to people. Firstly, they
enable machines to do dangerous work instead of
humans. For example, in computerised car
assembly factories, robots can do hard and
home.
However, computers can be used in many harmful
ways. For example, computers can be used to
steal peoples private personal information. Also,
with the development of the Internet, previously
controlled material such as pornography has
become more widespread making it easier for
children to access it. Furthermore, many people
have lost their jobs because computers can
shorten some processes in factories, resulting in
fewer workers being required.
To conclude, computers are being used in more
areas of life such as communication in the
Despite the disadvantages, it is highly likely that
the use of computers will increase due to the
various benefits computers have to offer.
The use of computers in modern life has resulted

in changes in society. Some of these changes
have been to the advantage of society and others
have not. This essay will outline both sides of the
issue. On the one hand, computers are useful
tools offering several benefits to people. Firstly,
they enable machines to do dangerous work
instead of humans. For example, in computerised
car assembly factories, robots can do hard and
home. However, computers can be used in many
harmful ways. For example, computers can be
used to steal peoples private personal
information. Also, with the development of the
Internet, previously controlled material such as
pornography has become more widespread
making it easier for children to access it.
Furthermore, many people have lost their jobs
because computers can shorten some processes
in factories, resulting in fewer workers being
required. To conclude, computers are being used
in more areas of life such as communication in the
Despite the disadvantages, it is highly likely that
the use of computers will increase due to the
various benefits computers have to offer.
Handwriting
During the test, aim to write as clearly as possible. Untidy handwriting or handwriting that is difficult to
understand will affect the examiners ability to assess your essay.
You can help the examiner by:
printing your letters if your 'joined-up' or 'running' writing is difficult to read

using large letters if your writing is usually small
always writing on the line
ensuring all the English letters that go above the line ('b' is an example) or below the line ('p' is
an example) actually reach some way above or below the line.
Making corrections
Don't waste time rubbing out mistakes made in pencil with an eraser, or using liquid paper if you're writing
in pen. When you make a mistake, or if you find a word that is difficult to read, simply cross it out as in
the example below.
Example
The colonisation of space will should be a high prore priority for all governments.
The words 'will' and 'prore' in the above sentence have been crossed out, but we can still see the original
word underneath.
Adding information
If you only need to add one or two words you can place a
word.
at the point where you would like to add the
If you need to add sentences, the best way is to draw an asterisk (*) at the point where you would like to
add information. Then at the bottom of that page or at the end of the essay, draw the asterisk again and
next to it write the words, sentence or paragraph you want to include. This is usually neater than adding
the extra information to the body of the essay.
Lets look at how Jurgen did this.
Example question
There are too many people on this planet, so it is logical to look for other planets to colonise.
Is the colonisation of space the answer to overpopulation?
Main text of Jurgens answer with the correction at the

bottom of the page
Colonisation of space may be an answer to overpopulation. However,
there could be some problems living on other planets. Firstly, it would be
difficult to establish farms and other forms of agriculture on other
planets*. Secondly, not many people would want to live in such places...
* because most of the planets close to earth cannot support any form of
animal or plant life
Reviewing for content
There are three questions to ask yourself about the content of your essay:
1.
2.
3.
Have I written enough words?

Are my ideas clear and relevant to the topic?
Have I supported my ideas with evidence and examples?
1 Word length
You must write at least 250 words so your review should include a quick word count.
2 Clear and relevant points

You need to ensure that the reader can understand your ideas. During the review process, you may wish
to add signposts or other cohesive devices to your writing to make your meaning clearer.
If you find you have included any irrelevant ideas in your essay, now is the time to omit these sentences.
You should do this by neatly crossing out the irrelevant idea or sentence. Make sure that by doing this,
you are not reducing your word count to less than 250 words.
Lets practise identifying relevant and irrelevant sentences in a sample essay.
Activity - Deciding on relevance
Read the following Task 2 question and the sentences written in response to it. Decide whether the
sentences are relevant to the topic or not. The first one has been done for you as an example.
There are too many people on this planet, so it is logical to look for
other planets to colonise.
Yes
1 People have always been

fascinated by the idea of
colonising space.
2 On the moon, astronauts

explored the landscape and
No
conducted scientific
experiments.
3 The question of whether other

planets could be home to
humans is becoming more
urgent as the population
continues to explode on Earth.
4 In the 1970s countries such

as India tried and failed to
restrain massive population
growth.
3 Evidence and examples

When you review your essay, you should ensure that you have included examples and/or evidence. If you
haven't, you should quickly add the information using the asterisk (*) method.
Many students say they can't think of examples and evidence for their ideas. However, examples and
evidence provide vital support to your argument, so you need to include them. Even a weak example is
better than no example at all.
Let's consider an example from Pierre's essay that answers the question on space colonisation.
Question
There are too many people on this planet, so it is logical to look for other planets to colonise.
Paragraph without examples/evidence
Everyone agrees that the world is overpopulated and that something

has to be done about this problem. However, this problem is rarely
addressed by national governments. International organisations
urgently need to discuss this problem.
Pierre's response could be improved by adding some examples which have been highlighted in the
paragraph below.
Paragraph with examples/evidence

Everyone agrees that the world is overpopulated and that something has to be done. However, apart
from a few countries such as China and India, overpopulation has rarely been addressed by national
governments. International organisations, in particular the United Nations and the G8 group of
developed countries, urgently need to discuss this problem.
Look at how Pierre added this information at the bottom of the page.
Everyone agrees that the world is overpopulated and that something has to be done about
this problem. However, * this problem is rarely addressed by national governments.
International organisations, ** urgently need to discuss this problem.
* apart from a few countries such as China and India

** in particular the United Nations and the G8 group of developed countries,
Activity - Adding evidence and examples
Add some examples to the following paragraph on the topic of studying at university.
For this activity you should use your own ideas, so there is a variety of possible answers. When you have
finished, click on the Check button to compare your answer.
There has been increased competition to enter

university during the last few decades. For example,
courses such as
and
have
become popular because people believe that they offer
good job prospects for students when they graduate.
Other courses in subjects such as
have
become less popular as job opportunities in these
areas slowly disappear. Similarly, certain universities
remain popular while others fall behind. In my country,
the University of
is always a popular
choice for students, while the University
of
has difficulty attracting students.
Here is one possible answer:

There has been increased competition to enter university during the last few decades. For example,
courses such as business and accounting have become popular because people believe that they offer
good job prospects for students when they graduate. Other courses in subjects such as sociology have
become less popular as job opportunities in these areas slowly disappear. Similarly, certain universities
remain popular while others fall behind. In my country, the University of London is always a popular
choice for students, while the University of Nottingham has difficulty attracting students.
Reviewing the language

When reviewing the language, you should concentrate on these
main areas:
grammar
vocabulary
punctuation and spelling
style.
Below is a checklist for each category. For more information about

these, see the Focus on Language section.
Grammar
During a grammar edit, you should check such common problem areas as:
articles
agreement (subject-verb, modifier/quantifier + noun)
verb tense
signpost words
pronoun referencing
modals
quantifiers.
If you need to review any of these grammar points, you should go to the relevant section in the Focus on
Language - Improving your accuracy: vocabulary and sentence structure.
Vocabulary
While reviewing the vocabulary, ask yourself the following questions.
Have I used the correct word and the correct part of speech?
Have I varied my vocabulary as much as possible?
Have I over-used signpost words? For example, some signposts such as, however and because
are often over-used?
Have I used modifiers?
If you need to review any of these points, you should go to the relevant section in the Focus on Language
- Improving your range: vocabulary and sentence structure and Expressing your ideas effectively.
Punctuation and spelling

Ask yourself the following questions to check your punctuation and spelling.
Have I used commas, full stops, colons correctly?

Have I put capital letters on the right words?
Is my spelling accurate? Sometimes when we are writing quickly we make silly mistakes that can
be picked up in the edit.
Style
You need to ensure that your style is formal and academic, so ask yourself the following questions when
you are reviewing.
Have I used academic vocabulary?

Have I used the passive voice where appropriate?
Have I only used first person personal pronouns to express an opinion?
If you need to review any of these points, you should look for the relevant section in the Focus on
Language - Using an academic style.
Activity - Reviewing an essay

You should be writing a Task 2 essay every day. When you finish check it for presentation, content and
language.
Summary
identify what to look for when reviewing your Task 2 essay.
In Step 10, you will learn how your Task 2 essay is assessed.
Step 10: Understanding the

assessment criteria
Introduction
Welcome to Step 10!
In Step 9, we talked about revising and editing your essay. In Step 10, we will discover how the IELTS
examiner assesses your Task 2 essay. Then we will look at some extracts from learners essays and assess
them together.
Outcomes
understand how the examiner assesses your essay

examine and analyse extracts from essays using IELTS Writing Task 2 assessment criteria.
How your essay is assessed

In Task 2 of the IELTS Writing test you will be presented with an essay question. As you have learnt in
Step 3, there are three types of essays you may be asked to write:
Problem-Solution
Argument
Dicussion
Lets start with the most important question about writing for IELTS - what are the examiners looking
for?
Your IELTS Writing Task 2 is assessed according to four assessment criteria:
Assessment Criteria
Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion
Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Now let's examine these four criteria in more detail.
Task Response
Task Response assesses two main aspects of your writing:
the formulation and development of a position that is relevant in answer to a given question
the effectiveness of the evidence used to support your ideas and/or examples given.
Lets look at how these criteria are used to assess an IELTS Task 2 essay. Look at the following Task 2
question.
Life has become much more stressful compared to our parents generation. As a result, stress-related
illnesses are on the increase around the world.
Why is stress such a problem in the modern world and what do you think can be done to overcome the
problems caused by stress?
Now look at Sawakos Task 2 essay answering this question. First, lets read it to see how she has
formulated and developed her position.
Formulating and developing a position

Consider the structure of Sawako's essay. By looking at her introduction, topic sentences and conclusion,
we can determine how well she has formulated and developed her position in relation to the essay
question.
Sawakos essay
Structure
A Stress is a harmful phenomenon that can cause

various kinds of problems in our society. Stressrelated problems such as stomach ulcers, suicide and
violence are good examples. This essay will describe
the reasons for the presence of stress in our society
and will explain how this problem can be overcome.
Introduction:
B There are different causes of stress. At school and

in the office, people are faced with various stressful
competitive situations. From their early schooling
years to their professional life, people spend a lot of
time trying to be successful either by achieving high
grades or by moving up the work ladder. Moreover,
even at home, people might feel stress when they
watch too many advertisements on television. They
might find it difficult to cope with the pressure of
wanting to buy different products and their inability to
do so. Mobile phone companies, for example,
persuade young people to change their phones
regularly to keep up with the new technology. As a
result, they start spending a lot of money on their
phones and may even find themselves in a debt crisis
that causes more stress.
Topic Sentence 1:
Reasons for the problem
Supporting idea 1
(Reason 1)
C In order to overcome this problem, relaxation and

less exposure to stressful situations need to be
considered. It is effective to try to release as much
stress as you can from time to time. For example,
sleeping for a long time on the weekend or spending
Topic Sentence 2:
Solutions to the problem
Reference to the specific question

(Position)
Supporting idea 2
(Reason 2)
Supporting idea 1 (Solution 1)
time doing your favourite hobby is relaxing and

therefore reduces stress. In addition, people should
try to avoid situations that may become a source of
stress later. One way to do this would be to pay less
attention to TV commercials and have more realistic
expectations of the products they can afford.
D In conclusion, it can be seen that people can suffer

stress for different reasons like competition and the
negative influence of TV advertisements.
Therefore, people need to be aware of this issue and
try to overcome the problem. Unless people start
avoiding and releasing stress, the problems that this
phenomenon creates will continue to grow.
Supporting idea 2 (Solution 2)
Conclusion
Re-stating the position
Teachers Comments
In this essay Sawako has decided to structure her essay as follows:
Paragraph A - Introduction
Paragraph B - Reasons for the problems
Paragraph C - Solutions to the problem
Paragraph D - Conclusion
The structure of Sawako's essay shows that she has responded to the question appropriately. She has
referred to the specific question by explaining why stress has become a problem and how to overcome it.
This has been formulated in the introduction, developed in the body and finally reinforced in the
conclusion.
Ideas, Evidence and Examples

Now let's consider how the ideas, evidence and examples are assessed in a Task 2 essay.
The ideas you use in your essay are important because each idea helps to develop your position. Your
ideas must be relevant to the question and be supported by evidence. Examples can also be used to
give more support and to clarify your ideas.
If you need to review the concepts of evidence and examples, go to Step 7.
Let's look at Sawako's essay again and read the comments made by Sue, an IELTS teacher regarding her
use of ideas, evidence and examples.
Paragraph A - Introduction
Stress is a harmful phenomenon that can cause various kinds of problems in our society. Stress-related
problems such as stomach ulcers, suicide and violence are good examples. This essay will describe the
reasons for the presence of stress in our society and will explain how this problem can be overcome.
"This is a good introduction as Sawako states her idea clearly, that is,
thatstress is a harmful phenomenon. This idea is directly linked to the
topic of the question so it is relevant. She then gives three examples of
how stress is harmful (stomach ulcers, suicide and violence). This gives
the reader a better idea of the types of problems that stress causes.
Finally, she refers to the specific question by stating the purpose of the
essay."
Paragraph B - Reasons for the problems

There are different causes of stress. At school and in the office, people are faced with various stressful
competitive situations. From their early schooling years to their professional life, people spend a lot of
time trying to be successful either by achieving high grades or by moving up the work ladder. Moreover,
even at home, people might feel stress when they watch too many advertisements on television. They
might find it difficult to cope with the pressure of wanting to buy different products and their inability to do
so. Mobile phone companies, for example, persuade young people to change their phones regularly to
keep up with the new technology. As a result, they start spending a lot of money on their phones and may
even find themselves in a debt crisis that causes more stress.
"Sawako presents two supporting ideas that develop her topic sentence, that is, reasons for
the problem. The first supporting idea is that at school and in the office, people are faced
with various stressful competitive situations. She supports this with evidence: ...people
spend a lot of time trying to be successful either by achieving high grades or by moving up
the work ladder. The second supporting idea is that at home, people might feel stress
when they watch too many advertisements on television. She supports this
with evidence(...the pressure of wanting to buy different products and their inability to do
so) and anexample about mobile phone companies."
"Sawako has supported her topic sentence (main idea) with relevant evidence and examples.
This makes her paragraph effective and develops her position."
Paragraph C - Solution to the problem

In order to overcome this problem, relaxation and less exposure to stressful situations need to be
considered. It is effective to try to release as much stress as you can from time to time. For example,
sleeping for a long time on the weekend or spending time doing your favourite hobby without thinking of
stressful things is helpful to reduce stress. In addition, people should try to avoid situations that may
become a source of stress later. They need to pay less attention to TV commercials and have more
realistic expectations of the products they can afford.
"In this paragraph, Sawako presents two supporting ideas that develop her second topic
sentence, that is, solutions to overcome the problem. The first supporting idea or
solution is that people should try to release stress. She gives
the examples of sleeping ordoing your favourite hobby. The second supporting idea or
solution is that people should try to avoid stressful situations. For this idea, she
provides evidence: ...pay less attention to to TV commercials and have more realistic
expectations of the products they can afford. The support given is all relevant and therefore
makes Paragraph C effective. "
Paragraph D - Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be seen that people can suffer stress for different reasons like competition and the
negative influence of TV advertisements. Therefore, people need to be aware of this issue and try to
overcome the problem. Unless people start avoiding and releasing stress, the problems that this
phenomenon creates will continue to grow.
"In the conclusion, Sawako summarises the main ideas of her essay (reasons for and
solutions to the problem). She also states her viewpoint in the last sentence. This makes
her conclusion effective and relevant to the essay question."
You can see how the use of evidence and examples gives your ideas more power. It connects ideas to the
real world. Evidence and examples support and give strength to ideas.
Activity - Formulating and developing a position
Let's look at another students answer for the same question on stress. As you read, outline the overall
structure of Mustaphas essay by choosing from the components below. For this activity, focus only on the
highlighted sections. After completing the text boxes, answer the questions below.
Supporting idea
Reference to
Specific Question
Introduction
Summary of
Main Ideas
Topic Sentence
Conclusion
If you would like to see the essay question again, click on the button below.
Mustaphas essay
In recent times,
life has become
more stressful
than it has ever
been. People
encounter a
great deal of pressure both
in the workplace and in the
family because they need to
face far more problems than
before.
In the first place, people

have to endure more stress
in their working lives
because of the lack of job
opportunities and increasing
levels of
unemployment. They have to
improve their skills and
upgrade their knowledge in
order to keep up with new
technology and face new
challenges in the
workplace. Otherwise, they
may not meet the
requirements of their job and
may eventually be fired from
their company.
Structure
1.
2.
3.
In the second place, people

who establish a family are
also suffering from
stress. Because of the rapid
improvement in living
standards, the cost of living
has also increased. This
means that everyday
expenses, such as food and
household bills, are more
expensive. Supporting the
family on one salary has
become increasingly
difficult. As a result, in most
western societies both
parents have to go out to
work in order to support
their family. Consequently,
many children do not spend
much time with their parents
and this causes strain in
their relationship.
In brief, people are leading

more stressful lives than in
the past, which deeply
affects their family life.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction. Reference to only one part of the question (problems related to stress)
Topic Sentence. Reasons for Problem 1
Supporting Idea
Topic Sentence. Reasons for Problem 2
Supporting Idea
Supporting Idea
Conclusion. Reference to only one main idea (pressure in the family)
1 Has Mustapha formulated a position that is relevant to the question given?
Yes
No
2 Has he developed his position effectively?
Yes
No
3 Why / Why not?
Mustapha has formulated a position which does not refer to all the specific question. He needs to address
both the reasons for the problems and the solutions to overcome those problems. Therefore, this essay
should provide a reference to the complete question in the introduction and solutions to the problems in
the body. This could be done in two ways:
1.
2.
by adding another paragraph to the body

For example:
o Introduction
o Reasons for Problem 1
o Reasons for Problem 2
o Solutions to both problems
o Conclusion
by including solutions to each problem to both Paragraphs 2 and 3
For example:
o Introduction
o Reasons for and solutions to Problem 1
o Reasons for and solutions to Problem 2
o Conclusion
Mustapha's conclusion is not effective as he has only addressed the effect of stress on family life. A good
conclusion, however, summarises all main ideas and states your viewpoint.
Therefore, Mustapha has not developed a position that is relevant in answer to the essay question given.
Activity - Identifying the ideas, evidence and examples
Here is Mustaphas essay again. As you read, look at each sentence in the body section and decide
whether these sentences are showing supporting ideas, evidence, or examples. Note down this
information in the text boxes and then answer the questions below. Click here to see the structure of his
essay again.
If you would like to see the essay question again, click on the button below.
Mustaphas essay
In recent times, life has

become more stressful than it
has ever been. People
encounter a great deal of
pressure both in the workplace
and in the family because they
need to face far more problems than
before.
In the first place, people have to endure
more stress in their working lives because
of the lack of job opportunities and
increasing levels of unemployment. They
have to improve their skills and upgrade
their knowledge in order to keep up with
new technology and face new challenges in
the workplace. Otherwise, they may not
meet the requirements of their job and
may eventually be fired from their
company.
In the second place, people who establish a
family are also suffering from stress.
Because of the rapid improvement in living
standards, the cost of living has also
increased. This means that everyday
expenses, such as food and household bills,
are more expensive. Supporting the family
on one salary has become increasingly
difficult. As a result, in most western
societies both parents have to go out to
work in order to support their family.
Consequently, many children do not spend
much time with their parents and this
Ideas,
Evidence,
Examples
causes strain in their relationship.

In brief, people are leading more stressful
lives than in the past, which deeply affects
their family life.
1 Do Mustapha's evidence and examples provide good support for his paragraphs?
Yes
No
2 Do the ideas, evidence and examples help him answer the question properly?
Yes
No
3 Why / Why not?
Sues comment
"As we have already seen, Mustapha has formulated and developed a position that
does not answer the question appropriately. He has, however, provided good evidence
and examples to support the ideas he has given."
Paragraph 1 - Introduction
Idea 1 (Problem 1) - pressure in the workplace

Idea 2 (Problem 2) - presure in the family
Note that Mustapha's introduction answers only part of the question, the solutions to the problems are
not addressed.
Paragraph 2 - Reasons for Problem 1
Stress in the workplace due to lack of job opportunities and increasing levels of stress:
o Supporting idea: need to improve their skills and knowledge.
Evidence: a lack of skills and knowledge may lead to you losing your job.
Mustapha has provided good support for this paragraph.

Paragraph 3 - Reasons for Problem 2
Stress in the family:

o Supporting idea 1: the improvement in living standards has led to the increase in the
cost of living
Evidence and example: an increase in everyday expenses (e.g. food and
household bills)
o Supporting idea 2: a single income cannot support the family
Evidence: both parents need to work to support their families
Evidence: children spend less time with their parents leading to stress and
strain in the family
Mustapha's evidence and examples support his topic sentence appropriately.

Paragraph 4 - Conclusion
Even though Mustapha has created a conclusion relevant to the essay he has written, this does not include
any reference to the solutions to the problems related to stress. Therefore, it is not a suitable conclusion.
Activity - Assessing Task Response
Let's look at another essay question and answer. This time you will need to assess how well Pierre has
formulated and developed his position and also how effective his ideas, evidence and examples are.
First you will need to look at each sentence and complete the text boxes by choosing from the
components below. After completing the text boxes, answer the questions that follow.
Supporting idea
Reference to
Specific Question
Topic Sentence
Introduction
Summary of
Main Ideas
Conclusion
Example
Evidence
Look at the following Task 2 question:
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult

criminals.
Do you agree?
Pierre's essay
Structure
The teenage years can

be a difficult and
challenge time for
young people. Yet, if
during this years,
teenagers commit a
crime, i believe they should not
have specially treatment because of
their age. This essay will outline the
reasons for treating teenage
offenders in the same way as adult
criminals.
Firstly all the criminals deserve to

be punished. we cannot make
allowances for age because the
result of crime is the same,
whether the criminal is fifteen or
fifty. For example, if a teenager
murders someone, the victim is still
dead, no matter who did it or why it
was done. If all criminals was
punished equally, our society would
be a safer place to live.
Unfortunately, there have been

significant increase in the number
of young people committing crimes
in recent years. We cannot ignore
the fact that a person who breaks
the law as a teenager will probably
continue to commit crimes as an
adult if they are not stopped and
punished. If they are punished
appropriately at this early stage,
there is better chance they will be
rehabilitated and avoid a life of
crime.
lastly it is easier and less expensive

to treat all criminals equally,
regardless of age. The government
would save money by being able to
abolish special court systems for
younger people such as the
Children's court.
In conclusion I would again like to

state my strong opposition to the
system of treating teenage
offenders different from adult
criminals. Crime is unacceptable
and require strong punishment
regardless of age.
1 Has Pierre formulated and developed a position that is relevant to the question given?
Yes
No
2 Do his evidence and examples provide good support for his paragraphs and help him answer the
question appropriately?
Yes
No
3 Why / Why not?
Tutor's comments on Pierre's Task Response:
Pierre's essay
Structure
The teenage years can be a difficult

and challenge time for young people.
Yet, if during this years, teenagers
commit a crime,i believe they should
not have specially treatment because
of their age. This essay will outline
the reasons for treating teenage
offenders in the same way as adult
criminals.
Introduction:
General Statement
Reference to specific
question
"This is an effective introduction. It provides a general statement about the topic of the question and it
also refers to the specific question by formulating a position that is relevant to the question given."
Firstly all the criminals deserve to be

punished. we cannot make
allowances for age because the result
of crime is the same, whether the
criminal is fifteen or fifty. For
example, if a teenager murders
someone, the victim is still dead, no
matter who did it or why it was
done. If all criminals was punished
equally, our society would be a safer
place to live.
Topic
Sentence: Reason 1
Supporting idea
Example
Pierre's opinion
"This paragraph includes a topic sentence (reason 1) which helps to develop his position and summarises
the main idea of the paragraph. In addition, Pierre has added a supporting idea and an example that
clarifies that idea. This provides good support to his topic sentence. As well, Pierre has inserted his opinion
in relation to this first reason."
Unfortunately, there have been

significant increase in the number of
young people committing crimes in
recent years. We cannot ignore the
fact that a person who breaks the law
as a teenager will probably continue
to commit crimes as an adult if they
are not stopped and punished. If they
are punished appropriately at this
early stage, there is better chance
they will be rehabilitated and avoid a
life of crime.
No topic Sentence:
Reason 2
Supporting idea
Evidence
"There is no topic sentence for this paragraph. The first sentence cannot act as a topic sentence because it
does not summarise the main idea of the paragraph. A good topic sentence could be In addition, criminals
tend to keep commiting crimes until they are caught. The rest of the paragraph provides a supporting idea
and adds evidence to this idea."
lastly it is easier and less expensive

to treat all criminals equally,
regardless of age. The government
would save money by being able to
abolish special court systems for
younger people such as the Children's
court.
Topic
Sentence: Reason 3
Supporting idea
Example
"This paragraph has a good topic sentence and a relevant supporting idea which also provides an example.
However, it would be more effective to include more evidence to support this idea."
In conclusion I would again like to

state my strong opposition to the
system of treating teenage offenders
different from adult criminals. Crime
is unacceptable and require strong
punishment regardless of age.
Conclusion:
Statement of Pierre's
viewpoint
Comment on his
viewpoint
"The conclusion does not summarise the main ideas included in the essay. An effective conclusion
generally starts with a summary of ideas and then states the viewpoint of the essay's writer. As seen in
Step 8, a conlusion could end with a comment about that viewpoint, a recommendation or a prediction."
"Overall, Pierre's Task Response is adequate. He has responded to all parts of the question. His ideas are
relevant to this question and help to develop his position. He has also supported each of his ideas with
evidence and examples. However, he would need to improve Paragraph 3 of his essay by adding a topic
sentence which summarises the second reason he gives."
Coherence and Cohesion

Your writing is assessed on the criteria cohesion and coherence. Cohesion involves connecting
sentences and ideas using techniques such as pronoun referencing and signposts. Coherence involves
organising information logically and in paragraphs so that it is easy for the reader to follow.
Therefore, cohesion and coherence refer to :
how well your writing flows

how well your writing is organised
how easy it is for your reader to understand your ideas.
This criterion can be summarised as how clearly your writing communicates its ideas. You can
communicate better by making sure your ideas follow a clear, step-by-step pattern both in a paragraph
and when linking ideas between paragraphs.
Lets look at another extract answering the question about stress. The paragraph discusses solutions to
stress-related problems. It contains a number of ideas supported by examples of activities that will help
relieve stress. Lets look at how well the paragraph communicates its ideas.
Extract from Jin Taos essay

To overcome the problem of stress, it is important to learn
everything you can about it. One way of finding how to
combat it could be reading widely about the problem. Another
way to fight stress is to take vitamins, although expensive vitamin
supplements may be a waste of time. Finally, talking about stressful
things to those closest to you may help get rid of stress. This could
mean sharing with family, friends or even your dog or cat.
The paragraph uses pronoun referencing to connect sentences smoothly with each other. The
pronoun itrefers back to the problem of stress and the pronoun this refers back to talking about stressful
things to those closest to you. The use of pronoun referencing makes Jin Tao's ideas flow and therefore
makes his paragraph fluent.
The paragraph also uses signpost words to guide the reader. These words and expressions prepare the
reader for one solution, then another solution and finally the last solution. The signpost words are: one
way, another way, finally The use of signposts helps to link ideas logically.
You can use these techniques to make your writing fluent.
Pronoun referencing uses pronouns (e.g. it) and demonstrative pronouns (e.g. this) to refer
backwards or forwards to ideas in a text. This helps the reader to follow an idea throughout the
text.
Signposts are words or phrases to show you the relationship between parts of the text. In the
sample above the signposts lead us through a number of solutions in a logical sequence.
Activity - Pronoun referencing and Signposts
Read the following extract. It also suggests solutions to stress-related problems. Lets look at how well the
paragraph communicates its ideas by using pronoun referencing and signposts.
Extract from Jane s essay
Is there any escape from the problems of

modern stress? Finding your own way of
releasing stress is recommended. Any leisure
activities, such as a hobby, dining out and
even screaming, will help you to get rid of
stress. Trying to be optimistic is always
recommended. One of the most important
things is to have good friends, comrades etc.
Telling your family or teachers is another way
of getting rid of stress. Pets, such as a dog or
cat, can also reduce stress.
1. Can you find any examples of pronoun referencing in this extract?
Yes
No
2. Can you find any examples of signposts in this extract?
Yes
No
3. Is this paragraph cohesive and coherent?
Yes
No
1. There is no use of pronoun referencing to refer back to an idea.
2. There is only one signpost word.
One of the most important things.... It appears in the middle of the paragraph instead of at the
beginning where you would expect to find it.
Also and another way are examples of signpost words, but they are not at the beginning of the
sentence, which would help to organise the ideas better.
3. This paragraph is not coherent and cohesive. It has good ideas and suggests a number of solutions
to the problem of stress. However, it does not communicate its message very well.
Ideas jump from one to another so the writing does not flow and meaning is not communicated
smoothly to the reader.
The paragraph also reads like a list. The use of etc. reinforces the idea of a list and should be
avoided in academic writing.
Now lets look at a different version of Jane s paragraph. There are three examples of pronoun
referencing and five signpost words. Type them in the box below.
There are a number of solutions to the problems of stress in

modern day life. First of all, it is recommended that you find
your own way of fighting stress. One of the most important
methods of dealing with stress is to have good friends and
colleagues. This means that you can confide in family and
friends when you are feeling under pressure. Furthermore,
studies have shown that pets, such as a dog or a cat, can help
alleviate the problem. Being physically active and participating
in leisure activities, such as hobbies and dining out, also help
reduce stress. Another solution is to have a positive mental
attitude and be optimistic.
4. What are the examples of pronoun referencing and signposts in this extract?
Jane communicates her message very well.

There are three examples of pronoun referencing:
this refers back to having good friends and colleagues

them refers to good friends and colleagues
they refers to pets.
There are five examples of signpost words:
first of all
one of the most important
furthermore
also
another solution.
There are a number of solutions to the problems of stress in modern day life. First of all, it is
recommended that you find your own way of fighting stress. One of the most important methods of
dealing with stress is to have good friends and colleagues. Thismeans that you can confide in them when
you are feeling under pressure.Furthermore, studies have shown that pets, such as a dog or a cat, can
help alleviate the problem because they help you take your mind off your problems. Being physically
active and participating in leisure activities, such as hobbies and dining out, also help reduce
stress. Another solution is to have a positive mental attitude and be optimistic.
Activity - Assessing Coherence and Cohesion

Now let's analyse a complete essay for coherence and cohesion. Lets look at how well the
essaycommunicates its ideas.
First, look at the following Task 2 question.

Do you agree?
Pierre's essay
The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge time for young people.
Yet, if during this years, teenagers commit a crime, i believe they should
not have specially treatment because of their age. This essay will outline
the reasons for treating teenage offenders in the same way as adult
criminals. Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we cannot make
allowances for age because the result of crime is the same, whether the
criminal is fifteen or fifty. For example, if a teenager murders someone, the
victim is still dead, no matter who did it or why it was done. If all criminals
was punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.
Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the number of young people
committing crimes in recent years. We cannot ignore the fact that a person who breaks the
law as a teenager will probably continue to commit crimes as an adult if they are not stopped
and punished. If they are punished appropriately at this early stage, there is better chance
they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of crime. lastly it is easier and less expensive to
treat all criminals equally, regardless of age. The government would save money by being
able to abolish special court systems for younger people such as the Children's court. In
conclusion I would again like to state my strong opposition to the system of treating teenage
offenders different from adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and require strong punishment
regardless of age.
1 Has Pierre used paragraphs?

Yes
No
2 Has Pierre used pronoun referencing to make his writing fluent?

Yes
No
3 Has Pierre linked his ideas using signposts?

Yes
No
4 Is Pierre's essay coherent and cohesive?

Yes
No
Look at Pierre's essay again, this time with paragraphs, signposts, academic phrases and the pronoun
referencing identified. The pronoun is highlighted in light pink and the word it refers to is in dark pink. The
signposts and academic phrases have been underlined
Pierre's Essay
The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge time for
young people. Yet, if during this years, teenagers commit a
crime, i believe they should not have specially treatment
because of their age. This essay will outline the reasons for
treating teenage offenders in the same way as adult
criminals.
Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we cannot
make allowances for age because the result of crime is the
same, whether the criminal is fifteen or fifty.For example, if
a teenager murders someone, the victim is still dead, no
matter who did it or why it was done. If all criminals was
punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.
In addition, criminals tend to keep committing crimes until
they are caught We cannot ignore the fact that a person who
breaks the law as a teenager will probably continue to commit
crimes as an adult if they are not stopped and punished.
Ifthey are punished appropriately at this early stage, there is
better chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of
crime.
Lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all criminals

equally, regardless of age. The government would save
money by being able to abolish special court systems for
younger people such as the Children's court.
In conclusion I would again like to state my strong
opposition to the system of treating teenage offenders
different from adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and
require strong punishment regardless of age.
Lexical Resource
For this criterion, you are assessed on:
the range of your vocabulary

the accuracy and appropriacy of the words you use in terms of the specific task.
Lets examine the vocabulary in the following paragraph which describes how the workplace has become
more stressful.
Extract from Jurgens essay
First of all, work today is more demanding than it

used to be because of the development of science
and technology. This development affects all areas
of our lives, especially in the requirements of
employers who are demanding greater flexibility
from their employees. For instance, university
graduates have to master English, computers and other skills
if they want to secure decent jobs. They must continually
spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills in order
that they progress in the workplace.
Sue's comment
Look at Sue's assessment of the lexical resource in Jurgen's extract.
1 Has Jurgen used a wide range of vocabulary?

"In this extract, Jurgen has used a wide variety of vocabulary."
For example:
synonyms: 'growth' is used as a synonym for

'development'
modifiers:
decent jobs
greater flexibility
continually spend
new techniques
2 Has Jurgen used appropriate vocabulary?

"Jurgen has used formal, academic vocabulary."
For example:
to master English (less formal - to learn, to study)

to secure decent jobs (less formal - to get a decent job)
to progress in the workplace (less formal - to get a good job)
3 Has Jurgen used accurate vocabulary?

"The words chosen are related to the topic and fit the context of each sentence."
For example:
word form:
development (n) - not developing, developed (adj)

continually (adv) - not continue (v)
collocation: to master English

word choice:
words are relevant to the topic, for example for workplace:
work, employer, employee, jobs; and for stressful:

demanding, affects.
the correct choice of words is used.
Remember that in the academic module of the IELTS Writing test you should use a more formal level of
vocabulary and avoid informal language or slang.
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Grammatical Range and

Accuracy
For this criterion, you are assessed on the range and accuracy of your sentences. The range of your
grammar refers to the variety of the sentence structures you use. The accuracy, on the other hand,
refers to how correct your grammar is.
Lets look at the extract from Jurgens work again.
First of all, work today is more demanding than it used to be because of

the development of science and technology. This development affects all
the areas of our lives, especially in the requirements of employers who are
demanding greater flexibility from their employees. For instance, university
graduates have to master English, computers and other skills if they want
to secure decent jobs. They must continually spend more time acquiring
new techniques and skills in order that they progress in the workplace.
Sue's comment
Look at Sue's assessment of the grammatical range and accuracy in Jurgen's extract.
Grammatical Range
1 Has Jurgen used complex sentences?
"In this extract, Jurgen has used a variety of complex sentences, which include, for
example, conditional and relative clauses."
For example:
First of all, work today is more demanding than it used to be ...

This development affects all areas of our lives, especially in the requirements of employers who
are demanding greater flexibility ...
... university graduates have to master English, computers and other skills if they want to secure
decent jobs.
They must continually spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills in order that they
progress in the workplace.
2 Has Jurgen used nominalisation?

"Yes. Some good examples of nominalisation are present in his extract."
For example:
the development of science and technology

the requirements of employees
3 Has Jurgen used modals?

"Jurgen has not used a range of modals in this extract. The only modal present is: must. However, this is
only a short extract and the main idea of the paragraph does not lend itself to the use of modals."
Grammatical Accuracy
1 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of verb tense?
"Three different tenses have been used in this extract: simple present, present continuous and simple
past. All of these tenses have been used correctly."
For example: ... work today is more demanding than it used to be ... (a comparison between the present
and the past)
2 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of agreement?
"Agreement has been used appropriately."
For example:
Subject-verb agreement:
This development affects ...

...university graduates have to ...
...employers who are...
Modifier/quantifier-noun agreement:
this development
our lives.
3 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of articles?

"Jurgen has used articles accurately."
For example:
the development of
the requirements of
in the workplace.
4 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of punctuation?

"Commas and capital letters have been used correctly."
5 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of complex sentences?
"All the complex sentences that Jurgen uses are accurate."
For example:
...employers who... (relative pronoun for people)

...in order that... (clause that expresses purpose).
6 Has Jurgen shown an accurate use of modals?

"The modal 'must' has been used appropriately to show obligation in the sentence: They must continually
spend more time acquiring new techniques and skills..."
Activity 1 - Assessing Lexical Resource and Grammtical Range and Accuracy
Read the following paragraph and consider the lexical resource and grammatical range and accuracy of
Hisako's extract. Answer the questions below by clicking on the Yes or No button. For feedback on the
'Grammatical Accuracy' section, click on the Check button.
Extract from Hisakos essay
First of all, students are put pressure by their

parents. They have to study hardly which cause
the stress-related problem. For example, some
parents want their children to enter the
university and intimidate to them because they
dont want to be embarrassed by society. Thus,
students could suffer from stress-related
problem since they were young. Also, in
working life, people want to be number one, so
they have a way to attack their competitors
fiercely. This also cause much stress.
Lexical Resource
Has Hisako used:
1 a wide range of
vocabulary?
2 appropriate vocabulary?
3 accurate vocabulary?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Grammatical Range
Has Hisako used:
1 complex sentences?
2 nominalisation?
3 modals?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Has Hisako shown an accurate use of:
1 verb tense?
2 agreement?
3 articles?
4 punctuation?
6 modals?
1 Verb tense:
"Hisako generally uses the correct tense, that is, the simple present (are, have to,
want, cause). There is only one mistake with tense - in the sentence 'Thus, students
could suffer from stress related problem since they were young.' Hisako should have
used thepresent perfect tense, 'Thus, students could have suffered from stressrelated problems since they were young .' Or Hisako could have changed the
clause 'since they were young' into a phrase 'from quite a young age'."
2 Agreement:
"Hisako has made a few mistakes with agreement.
These problems include lack of agreement between subject and verb andmodifier/quantifiernoun."
For example:
'This also cause much stress.' Should be: ' This also causes much stress.'
'They have to study hardly which cause the stress-related problem.' Should be 'They have to
study hard which causes the stress-related problems.'
'Thus, students could suffer from stress-related problem.' Should be: ' Thus, students could
suffer from stress-related problems.
3 Articles:
"Hisako generally uses the correct articles. She made one mistake, '...to enter the university', should be
'...to enter university'."
4 Punctuation:
"Hisako has no problems with punctuation. She uses capital letters, full stops and commas correctly."
5 Complex sentences:
"Hisako uses complex sentences accurately. However, these sentences often have problems with
agreement or tense."
6 Modals:
"Hisako has used the correct modal ' could suffer', but she has used the incorrect tense after the modal."
Another version of Hisakos extract

Here is an improved version of Hisako's extract. Read Hisakos new version, then click on the button below
to see the teacher's comments.
First of all, students are pressured by their

parents to succeed at school. They are required to
study hard and this can lead to stress-related
problems. For example, some parents want their
children to enter university and consequently
force them to study long hours. They do this
because they believe that if their children gain entry to
university the social status of the family will improve.
Consequently, students could suffer from stress-related
problems from quite a young age. In addition, the workplace
can be a source of stress, particularly when people are
ambitious and seek promotion. This competitiveness with
work colleagues together with the need to succeed often leads
to high levels of stress.
Lexical resource
"In this extract, the writer has used a wide range of accurate and appropriate vocabulary."
For example:
The phrase '... gain entry to university ...' acts as a synonym of '...enter university...'
The phrase '... force them to ...' is similar in meaning to 'students are pressured by their parents'
"As well, there are examples of academic verbs used in formal writing."
For example:
to gain entry
to be pressured
to seek promotion.
Grammatical Range and Accuracy

"There is a variety of both complex and simple sentences."
"There are also examples of nominalisation."
For example:
competitiveness with work colleagues

the need to succeed.
"The sentences in Hisako's extract are all grammatically correct."

For example:
The present tense has been used correctly throughout this extract.
Both subject-verb agreement and modifier/quantifier-noun agreement are correct. For example,
'This competitiveness ... leads to ...'
Good use of articles and punctuation is present in Hisako's extract.
Complex sentences and modal verbs have been used accurately.
Activity 2 - Assessing Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Now let's look at a complete essay. You will need to assess Pierre's lexical resource and grammatical
range and accuracy. After reading the essay, answer the questions below.
Look at the following Task 2 question:
Teenage offenders should be treated in the same way as adult

criminals.
Do you agree?
Pierre's essay
The teenage years can be a difficult and challenge

time for young people. Yet, if during this years,
teenagers commit a crime, i believe they should
not have specially treatment because of their age.
This essay will outline the reasons for treating
teenage offenders in the same way as adult
criminals.
Firstly all the criminals deserve to be punished. we cannot
make allowances for age because the result of crime is the
same, whether the criminal is fifteen or fifty. For example, if a
teenager murders someone, the victim is still dead, no matter
who did it or why it was done. If all criminals was punished
equally, our society would be a safer place to live.
Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the
number of young people committing crimes in recent years.
We cannot ignore the fact that a person who breaks the law as
a teenager will probably continue to commit crimes as an
adult if they are not stopped and punished. If they are
punished appropriately at this early stage, there is better
chance they will be rehabilitated and avoid a life of crime.
lastly it is easier and less expensive to treat all criminals
equally, regardless of age. The government would save money
by being able to abolish special court systems for younger
people such as the Children's court.
In conclusion I would again like to state my strong opposition
to the system of treating teenage offenders different from
adult criminals. Crime is unacceptable and require strong
punishment regardless of age.
Lexical Resource
Has Pierre used:
1 a wide range of
vocabulary?
2 appropriate vocabulary?
3 accurate vocabulary?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Grammatical Range
Has Pierre used:
2 nominalisation?
3 modals?
Has Pierre shown an accurate use of:
1 verb tense?
2 agreement?
3 articles?
4 punctuation?
6 modals?
Yes
No
Yes
No
1 Verb tense:
"Pierre has used correct verb tenses in this essay."
He uses 'will' in the first paragraph to explain the purpose of his essay: 'This
essay will outline ...'
The present tense is used correctly to talk about the present: 'Firstly, all the
criminals deserve to be punished.'
The tenses in the first type conditional sentences are correct: 'If they are punished appropriately
at this early stage, there is ...'
The tenses in the second type conditional sentence have been used accurately: 'If all
criminals was punished equally, our society would be a safer place to live.'
2 Agreement:
"Pierre's essay does not show an accurate use of agreement. "
There are three instances of incorrect use of Subject-verb agreement:
'If all criminals was punished equally, ...' The correct verb form should be wereas 'criminals' is a
plural word.
'There have been significant increase ...' The correct verb form should be hasas there has been
only one increase.
'Crime is unacceptable and require strong punishment regardless of age.' The correct verb form
should be requires as 'crime' is a singular word.
There is one instance of incorrect use of Modifier/quantifier-noun agreement:
'Yet, if during this years, ...' The word 'years' (a plural word) has to agree with the modifier.
Therefore, it should be these years (both plural forms are used).
3 Articles:
"Some articles have not been used appropriately."
Pierre should not have used an article in the topic sentence of the second paragraph because he
is talking about 'criminals' in a general way. The correct sentence should be 'Firstly, all criminals
deserve to be punished.'
The sentence 'Unfortunately, there have been significant increase in the ...' needs the indefinite
article 'a' before the noun phrase 'significant increase' as 'increase' is a singular noun.
Also, the sentence 'If they are punished appropriately at this early stage, there is better chance
they ...' should have the indefinite article 'a' before the noun phrase 'better chance' ('chance' is a
singular noun).
4 Punctuation:
"Problems with punctuation are present in this essay: some capital letters and commas need to be added."
Capital letters
The personal pronoun 'I' is always capitalised, thus '... i

believe...' should become 'I believe'.
At the beginning of a sentence, the first letter needs to be
capitalised. In the second paragraph, the sentence 'we cannot
make allowances ...' should start with a capital letter (We).
Likewise, the topic sentence of the fourth paragraph should
also be capitalised (Lastly).
Commas
Signposts are generally followed by a comma. In this essay,

'firstly', 'lastly' and 'in conclusion' should be followed by a
comma.
5 Complex sentences:
"Most complex sentences have been used accurately. Some of them have problems with subject-verb
agreement or missing articles, but in general, these sentences have been used correctly."
For example, the correct relative pronoun has been used in the third paragraph: '... a person who breaks
the law ...'. In this sentence,'who' refers to the noun 'person'. Pierre has made the correct choice.
6 Modals:
"This essay shows an accurate use of modal verbs."
Summary
This brings us to the end of the Step 10 Writing Task 2.
understand how the examiner assesses your essay

examine and analyse extracts from essays using IELTS Writing Task 2 assessment criteria.
Well done! You have completed all the steps (1-10) of the course materials for Writing Task 2. If you have
not completed the Language Focus for Writing Task 2, you may want to do this now by clicking on one of
the sections below:
Improving your range - Grammar and Vocabulary
Improving your accuracy - Grammar and Vocabulary
Using an academic style
Writing coherently and cohesively

Expressing your ideas effectively
If you have completed the Language Focus, you can click here to view the Question Bank or you can use
the skills and strategies you have learnt to do four practice Writing Task 2 tests.
General Training Writing

Task Practice Test
This step includes four Writing Task Practice tests.
Practice tests
We recommend that you write an answer to each question using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to
7. Remember to time yourself you should take only forty minutes for each practice test.
Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
TIME GIVEN
40 minutes
TIME REMAINING
reset
Question 1
There has been a dramatic growth in the number of people studying at universities in
the last few decades. While some people see this as a positive trend which raises the
general level of education within the community, others fear that it is lowering the
quality of education.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the increase in student numbers at
university?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.
Write you answer in the box below. When you have finished writing your answer, click on the Check button
to see the sample answer. Compare your answer to the sample answer provided. Remember that your
answer will not be exactly the same as the sample answer, but it should achieve all elements of the
assessment criteria.
Question 2
Reading books keeps a persons mind active, whereas watching films and television
is passive and does not require a person to use their imagination.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
experience.
Question 3

People spend large amounts of time and money on clothes, hairstyles and make up
to change their appearance.
Is it important for people to be concerned about the way they look? What are the
consequences of focussing on physical appearance?
experience.
Question 4
Some people say that relationships should be based on honesty and trust. Others
believe that it is sometimes necessary to be dishonest in order to maintain harmony.
Which approach do you consider to be better in relationships and why?
experience.
Writing Task 1 Practice Test

This step includes four Writing Task 1 practice tests.
For the Writing Task 2 practice tests click here
Practice tests
We recommend that you write an answer to each question using all the skills you have learnt in Steps 1 to
6 of the Writing Task 1 module. Remember to time yourself you should take only twenty minutes for
each practice test.
When you have finished, assess your answer using the four assessment categories we looked at in Step 6
(Task Achievement, Coherence and Cohesion, Lexical Resource and Grammatical Range and Accuracy).
Click on the button below to use the four assessment categories to assess your answer.
TIME GIVEN
20 minutes
TIME REMAINING
reset
Question one

The bar chart below shows the distribution of
different income groups of men aged 25-44 in
Sydney according to whether they were born in
Australia or overseas.
Summarise the information by selecting and
reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

You should write at least 150 words in the box below.
Question two

The pie charts below illustrate aspects of trade
between Vietnam and the United States in 1994.
Question three
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The tables below show the number of interpreting
(oral) and translating (written) jobs done by a
company in New South Wales for four languages in the
years 1998, 1999 and 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
Interpreting Assignments
Language
Arabic
German
1998
1999
2000
Total
2689
2436
2207
7332
34
40
55
129
Spanish
979
770
683
2432
Vietnamese
3788
3512
3486
10786
Total:
7490
6758
6431
20679
1998
1999
2000
Total
Arabic
986
1159
1394
3539
German
418
390
463
1271
Spanish
590
858
893
2341
Vietnamese
205
302
275
782
2199
2709
3025
7933
Translation Assignments
Language
Total:
Question four

The line graph below shows the consumption of a
range of foods per person in Australia between
1939 and 1999.
Now that you have completed the Practice Tests, you are ready to go on to the Assessment Task.
Go to the Assessment Task
Go to Writing Task 2
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Question Bank
Below is the list of Writing Task 2 topics which have been used in the online IELTS course. You can
use these topics to practise writing Task 2 answers.
ESSAY ONE - Theme: Education
In the last decade, there has been a great increase in the

number and variety of online courses available to adults. This
has been welcomed as a great opportunity by many students,
however, other students see these courses as less effective than
classroom teaching.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of studying an
online course?
OR
Universities are becoming increasingly expensive to operate. In

some countries, money from taxation has met these costs.
However, this is not always enough to maintain the quality of
universities.
What are some ways universities could be funded in future?
ESSAY TWO - Theme: Health and leisure
Life has become much more stressful compared to our parents

generation. As a result, stress related illnesses are increasing
around the world. Why is stress such a problem in the modern
world and what do you think can be done to overcome the
OR
Traditional medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies,

is very popular in some countries. Those who practise traditional
medicine claim it is better than modern medicine in maintaining
ESSAY THREE - Theme: The arts and entertainment
Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as the
Olympic Games and world cup competitions have played an
increasingly important role in our society. However, many people
think such events are an enormous waste of money, time and
effort.
Do you agree?
ESSAY FOUR - Theme: The environment
Most major cities around the world continue to grow at a

phenomenal rate due to the massive increase in population. This
has led to a general decline in the quality of life in city areas as
the environment becomes more crowded and polluted.
Give some reasons why this growth has occurred and suggest
some practical solutions to this problem.
ESSAY FIVE - Theme: Science and technology
During the last century, the use of cars has increased

dramatically. This has caused problems such as pollution and
overcrowded roads.
Why do people buy cars and what can we do to stop people from
buying them?
OR
In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live

for 150 years. This could be good for individuals but it may have
ESSAY SIX - Theme: Social issues
drugs such as heroin and cocaine, yet they allow people to buy
drugs such as tobacco and alcohol. Laws that prohibit the sale
and use of hard drugs should be applied to all drugs, including
tobacco and alcohol.
ESSAY SEVEN - Theme: Relationships
Some people say that the Internet is bringing people together by

making the world smaller.
To what extent do you agree that the Internet is making it easier
for people to communicate with one another?
ESSAY EIGHT - Theme: Business and work
Some governments provide financial assistance for retired,

unemployed and disabled citizens. In other countries, families
provide support for these people.
Discuss both systems and give your opinion about which one you
think is better.
ESSAY NINE - Theme: Development issues
Every year large numbers of people migrate from one country to

another for different reasons.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of migration for the
individual and for society as a whole.

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Step 1: The writing process

for Writing Task 2

What is IELTS Writing Task

Activity - Quick quiz

Lets do an activity to check your understanding of IELTS Writing Task 2.

A short essay where you have to give your opinion.

Question: What writing style should you use?

You should use a formal, academic style.

Question: How many words should you write?

You should write at least 250 words.

Question: Who is your reader?

An educated reader, for example a university lecturer

Timeplan for Writing Task 2

Read and understand the question

Plan what youre going to write

Write your essay

Check your writing

Activity - Final quiz

Step 2: Analysing Writing Task 2

identify the different parts of a Writing Task 2 question

Identify the different parts

Write about the following topic:

In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for

What are the benefits and risks of people living to 150?

You should write at least 250 words.

Suggested time length

We will look at this in more detail later in this step.

Activity - Matching question parts

Write about the following topic:

Over the past fifty years, international sports

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant

You should write at least 250 words.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Read and understand

includes the topic of the question. This will be the topic of

The specific question:

Over the past fifty years, international sports events such as

Life has become much more stressful compared to our

Why is stress such a problem in the modern world

Activity - Identifying the topic, viewpoint and specific

What is the topic of the question?

A Laws for all types of drugs should be the same.

B People should be discouraged from smoking and

C What are the most dangerous drugs and how can

What is the specific question?

Now you try!

Describe some of the problems and suggest some solutions.

Do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?

What are some ways universities could be funded in the future?

Understanding the topic,

What are the benefits and risks of living to 150?

What problems would governments face and what

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

identify the different parts of a typical Writing Task 2 question

Step 3: Identifying Writing

recognise the different question types in IELTS Writing Task 2.

Identifying question types

Although each type of essay is different, all three require you to

Let's now look at Argument essay questions.

with the viewpoint presented in the question.

Let's now look at Discussion essay questions.

In the future, it may be scientifically possible for people to live for

Activity - Matching essay types