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Anti-lock
braking
system
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Prepared by
RANJAN NAYAK
JYOTI
Jyotiranjan_541@yahoo.com
Introduction
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History
Anti-lock braking systems were first developed for
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Theory
When the car brakes (normally), the momentum of
the car must be reduced, so a backwards force needs
to be transmitted to the car. This is achieved by the
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Basic Operation
The Anti-lock Braking System is designed to maintain
vehicle control, directional stability and optimum
deceleration under severe braking conditions on most
road surfaces.
It does so by monitoring the rotational speed of each
wheel and controlling the brake line pressure to each
wheel during braking. This prevents the wheels from
locking up.
The ABS system has following main components
Wheel Speed Sensors
Abs Control Module
Hydraulic Modulator
Pump Motor & Accumulator.
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The
Components
WHEEL SPEED SENSORS
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The hydraulic
modulator or actuator
unit contains the ABS
solenoid valves for
each brake circuit. The
exact number of valves
per circuit depends on
the ABS system and
application. Some have
a pair of on-off solenoid
valves for each brake
circuit while others use a single valve that can operate
in more than one position. On Delco VI ABS systems,
small electric motors are used in place of solenoids to
drive pistons up and down to modulate brake
pressure.
On some systems, the individual ABS solenoids can be
replaced if defective, but on most applications the
modulator is considered a sealed assembly and must
be replaced as a unit if defective.
Hydraulic modulator has a hydraulic modulator block
including a reservoir and a damper; and an electronic
control block detachably attached to the surface of the
hydraulic modulator block. The reservoir and the
damper are overlapped with each other such that a
surface of the hydraulic modulator block becomes
entirely substantially flat. With this, the hydraulic
modulator becomes simple in construction. The
hydraulic modulator has a solenoid valve; an
electronic control circuit board; and an electric wiring
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Non-integrated systems:
Non-integrated systems, also known as "add-on" ABS,
are installed in conventional brake systems between
the master cylinder and the wheel brakes. A vacuum
booster is used.
The master cylinder is very much alike, or in some
cases identical, to the master cylinder used with nonanti-lock brakes.
The hydraulic modulator is installed near the master
cylinder. The brake fluid lines from the master cylinder
connect to the hydraulic modulator. Brake lines run
from the hydraulic modulator to each of the wheel
brakes.
During normal braking, it's as if the hydraulic
modulator weren't there, hydraulic pressure from the
master cylinder flows uninterrupted through the
modulator to the brakes.
During an ABS stop, the hydraulic modulator rapidly
changes the hydraulic pressure at the wheel brakes,
holding it steady, reducing it, or letting it increase.
Fluid pressure is reduced by allowing some of the high
pressure to return to its source. This low pressure fluid
in an ABS system is commonly referred as "decayed"
fluid.
Hydraulic circuits:
Primary:
The primary circuit is normally operated by the master
cylinder piston closest to the rear of the master
cylinder, and thus in direct contact with the booster
pushrod.
Secondary:
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Modern developments
Modern Electronic Stability Control (ESC or ESP)
systems are an evolution of the ABS concept. Here, a
minimum of two additional sensors are added to help
the system work: these are a steering wheel angle
sensor, and a gyroscopic sensor. The theory of
operation is simple: when the gyroscopic sensor
detects that the direction taken by the car does not
coincide with what the steering wheel sensor reports,
the ESC software will brake the necessary individual
wheel(s) (up to three with the most sophisticated
systems), so that the vehicle goes the way the driver
intends. The steering wheel sensor also helps in the
operation of Cornering Brake Control (CBC), since this
will tell the ABS that wheels on the inside of the curve
should brake more than wheels on the outside, and by
how much
Disadvantages
Increased braking distances under some limited
circumstances (ice, snow, gravel, "soft" surfaces),
Creation of a "false sense of security" among
drivers who do not understand the operation, and
limitations of ABS.
The anti-lock brakes are more sensitive on the
damper condition. the influence of the worn
components on the performance of the vehicle
with anti-lock brakes is more significant than
without anti-lock brakes, the stopping distance
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