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involverecycle,bypassandpurge.
Explainthepurposeofarecyclestream,abypass
stream,andapurgestream.
Usethesinglepassandoverallconversioninsolving
recycleproblemsinvolvingchemicalreactions.
Writeasetofindependentmaterialbalancesfora
complexprocessinvolvingchemicalreactionsand
morethanoneunit.
Solveproblemsinvolvingmultiplesystems.
Principles of Chemical Engineering Processes
OverallConversion
Remark : the purge point have the same composition and only one independent
material balance.
CH3OH +H2O
The fresh feed to the process contains H2 , CO2 and -.4 mole % inerts(I). The
reactor effuent passes to a condenser that removes essentially all the
methanol and water formed and none of the reactants or inerts. The latter
substances are recycled to the reactor. To avoid buildup of the inerts in the
system, a purge stream is withdrawn from the recycle. The feed to the
reactor (not the fresh feed to the process).Contains 28 mole% CO2 , 70 mole
% H2, and 2 mole % inerts. The single-pass coversion of H2 is 60%.
Calculate the molar flow rates and molar compositions of fresh feed, the total
feed to the reactor, the recycle stream, and the purge streams for a methanol
production rate of 155 mol CH3OH /h.
10
Systems
Mixing
Reactor Condenser
Overall
process
Number of unknowns
6+1
7+1
Number of independent
equation
Df
11
CH3OH +H2O
12
SolutionusingEZSolve
nCO2,2 = 22.4 mol nH2,2 =53.2 mole
nH2O,2 = 5.6 mole nI,2 = 2 mole
13
Scaling up
nCO2,2 = nCO2,4 = 22.4 mole
nH2,2 = nH2,4 = 53.2 mole
nI,2 = nI,4 = 2 mole
nCH3OH,2 = nCH3OH,3 = 5.6 mole
nH2O,2 = nH2O,3 = 5.6 mole
= XI,5
14
15
chemical reaction:
balances.
In subsystems without reaction (such as mixers, splitter and separators):
16
17
2NH3
Nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas are fed to a reactor in stoichiometric quantities
to react to from ammonia. The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia is to
ammonia is 25%. How much nitrogen is required to make 100 metric tons/day
of ammonia?
Note that the inlet mole of nitrogen and hydrogen are in stoichiometric
quantities
N 2 in 1
H 2 in 3
18
19
Conversion X A
moles N 2 IN
moles N 2 IN
2.
vfrom the problem statement we knowing that 25% of the entering nitrogen
has been converted to ammonia. Knowing the definition of conversion to be:
5882
0.25
kgmol NH 3 kgmol N 2
day
2kgmol NH 3
n1
x N 2 n1
20
Sincestream1ispurenitrogen,hencexN 1.0
2
n 1 11 , 764
kgmol N 2
day
m 1 11 , 764
kgmol
m 2 35,292
2
2
N tonne
kgmol N 10 kg
28 kg
day
n2 1kmol H
N
3kmol
329
tonne
day
11,764kmol N 2
kmol H 2 fed
x[
] n
35,292
2
fed
day
day
fed
kmol H 2 fed
2kgH
day
1kmol
tonnes H 2
1tonne
70.584
1000 kg
day
21
22
23
Reactor
Distillation
Column
Overall
process
Number of unknowns
7+1()
2+1()
Df
24
Since the control volume above includes a chemical reaction, the number
of moles may not be conserved and switch from one molecule to another.
Mass in= mass out
Atoms in = atoms out
Overall atomic balance:
x N 2 n1 x N 2 n2 x N 2 n4 ;
x N 2 n2 0
x N 2 n1 x N 2 n4
1.0n1 (1.0)5882
2941
kgmol NH 3 kgmol N 2
kgmol N 2
2941
day
day
2kgmol NH 3
82
.
3
day kgmol N 2 103 kg
day
25
xA
molesN 2 fed
molesN 2 fed
0 . 25
n 1 X
X
n R X
n 1 X
kgmolN
day
0 . 25
kgmolN
2941
day
2941
Rearranging:
x
N
n 3
n R
n R X
n 3
n R
x N 2 n3 x N 2 n4 x N 2 n R ; x N 2 n4 0
x N 2 n3 x N 2 n R
By substituting 2 in 1 and solve:
.
kgmolN 2
R x N n R
2941
xN n
2
2
day
0 . 25
kgmolN 2
2941
x N n R
2
day
2941
0 . 25
2941
kgmolN
day
kgmolN
day
x n R
N2
x n R 8823
N2
8823
kgmolN
day
247
day kgmolN 2 103
day
27
n R x n R
H2
kgmolN 2
kgmolH 2
3x8823
24,469
day
day
26,469
52
.
9
day kgmolN 2 103
day
tonneH2
tonneN2
ton
52.9
247
300
day
day
day
28
1.
2.
29
30
Reactor
Separator
Splitt
er
Overall
process
Numberofunknowns
9+1()
3+1()
Numberofindependent
equation
Numberofauxiliary
relations
1(conversion) 1
Df
31
x
x
N2
NH 3
Ar
x H x Ar x NH 1.0
2
0 in stream R
0 . 07 in stream R
3 xN
2
H2
Solving:
N2
32
33
Ar
Ar
n 4
n 2 x H n 4
Simplification of the above equations
Argon atomic balance
N balance
Ar
n 1
x
x
x n 2 x
Ar
n 4
Ar
x n 2 0 and
Ar
n 2 x
Ar
n 1
H balance
x n 1
x Ar n 4
x n P
Ar
x Ar n 1 x Ar n P
0.002n1 0.07
n
34 P
Ar
x N 2 n1 x N 2 n2 x NH 3 n4 N 2 / 2 NH 3 x N 2 n P
x N 2 n 2 0
x N 2 n 1 x NH 3 n 4 N 2 / 2 NH
x N 2 n P
35
1 . 000
n 2
0 . 998
n1
NH
n 4 ( 3 H
3)
2 NH
5882 kgmol
NH
5882 kgmol NH
x n P
H
3 H 2
3 H
/ 2 NH
/ 2 NH
0 . 697 n P
0 . 002
n 1 0 . 998 0 . 233
5882 kgmol
0
.
07
NH
N
2 NH
n 1
2967
kgmol
day
Then by substituting the flow rate of 1 in equation 1 and the results in equation 3:
1 . 000
n 2 5882 kgmol
0 . 002 [ 2967
NH
kgmol
] 0 . 07
day
3H
2 NH
2
3
kgmol
0 . 697 84 . 8
day
84 . 8
kgmol
day
36
x n3 x n 4 x n p x n R
N2
N2
N2
N2
x n4 0
N2
kgmol
x N 2 n 3 0 . 233 84 . 8
n R
day
37
38
The last equations has three unknowns so four other equations are
needed.
We can write the molecular formulas for nitrogen, hydrogen, argon and
ammonia.
Hydrogen balance:
x H 2 n3 x H 2 n 4 x H 2 n P x H 2 n R , x H 2 n 4 0
84 . 8 kmol
x H 2 n 3 0 . 697
day
n R
X Ar n3 X Ar n 4 X Ar n P X Ar n R , x Ar n 4 0
Argon balance:
kmol
n R
x Ar n 3 0 .07 84 .8
day
NH3 balance:
x n
R
n3 xof Chemical
n 4 Engineering
x Principles
x n P Processes
NH 3
NH 3
NH 3
NH 3
39