Flexible three-dimensional free-form hull modeling with fuzzy multi-scales

in the initial design stage of ships

Yang Liu, Mingxia Zhang, Miao Miao
School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Department of Vehicle and Mechanics
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China 116024
Abstract: Nowadays we always design hull lines based on referenced ships and sequential ship models. While,
when design new ships without similar ship models, only limited parameters and some requirements can be
obtained.So the design of the new ships under this condition is of academician importance and the engineering
value in use. By the CAD software 3DS MAX, the paper proposes a new way in designing of new ships. Without
considering the offsets table of ships, it can construct and display the three-dimensional model of the hull surface.
The model is fairing and flexible. With the direct control of the nodes in three-dimensional space, the ship hull
model is easy to be modified. As a consequence, designers can design the ship model in expected shape very
quickly.
Keywords: Ship design; Fuzzy multi-scale; Three dimension; Fairing and flexible; Free-form modeling.
1.Introduction
1.1 Background
The ship design is the basis of the construction. Meanwhile, hull lines design is the essence in the whole process
of the ship design. Nowadays, ship hull design is always based on referenced ships as well as sequential ship
models. The flaw of this method is that the design should be founded on the known ships. While designing new
ships, without referenced ships, the normal method of hull lines design is difficult to be applied.
When design new ships, we merely have limited dimensions and the requirement for function, without any
referenced information to act as a start point. So the design of the new ships under this condition is of
academician importance and the engineering value in use.
As the CAD(Computer Aided Design) is developing fast and well, this mature technology is widely used in the
design of the ship hull lines now. With the help of CAD, its probably that we can make a three-dimensional model
of the ship hull with a sequence of molded dimensions which even cant define the shape of the ship, when in the
initial design process, though. The method described in the paper can make this thought realized. With a
sequence of molded dimensions and the requirement of the function,designers can directly build and display the
three-dimensional model of the hull lines, without the consideration of the offsets table in the conceptual design
process. The model is easy to be modified and designerscan directly move and adjust the controlling pointsin the
three-dimensional space, as the model is fairing and flexible. As a result, designerscan quickly get the expected
ship hull lines.
1.2 Current research situation
There are two ways to simulate the fairing surface of the ship hull. One is to express, the other is to design.

Express means to interpolate with the existed lines to get a sequences of section plans or process the
three-dimensional shape construction. While Design means the construction of new kinds of ships not known
before. For the initial conditions are different, these two measures are always taken through different
mathematical functions and computer programs [1]. Nowadays most researches are concerned with Express[2~11],
which are mainly about the mathematical way to carry out the surface modeling. As design is the basis of the
surface modeling, Design is more important than Express. Recently the design of the hull lines is always
processed in two-dimensional space. It also should base the design on similar referenced ships. In conclusion,
there are three methods about the computer aided design of lines[12]:
(1) Modification of the referenced ships. It should be based on the similar ships or the accurate information
about ship model trials.
(2) Self-design. Lack of proper referenced ships, we can design ourselves, referring to excellent hull lines with
similar characteristics.
(3) Mathematical lines expression. It can use the mathematical formula to express and modify the hull lines.
The prerequisite of method (1) and (2) is that the referenced ships should be very similar to the expected ships, so
that we can get reliable results [13]. Method (3) is difficult to be applied. Complex as the hull lines of the ships are,
it is too difficult to express the hull lines with several kinds of curves. As a consequence, all these three traditional
methods are limited in some aspects and hard to be applied in the design of the ships with fuzzy multi-scales.
Considering all the foregoing problems, we need a new method, which can relate the molded dimensions in the
initial design with the three-dimensional model of the ships, based on the CAD technology. As a result, we can
finish the designing even without enough information about the referenced ships.
2. Design thought and concept
2.1 Design thought
During the initial design of the new ships, the designers should consider both the molded dimensionsand the
requirement of the function as well as the expectation of the hull lines. As a sequence of molded dimensions cant
define the detail of the shape, the designers need to make the design thought visible. Normally the designers
make a draft of the ship, using two-dimensional lines, according totheir experience and the requirement in design.
Then they will modify this semi-finished draft until the shape can satisfy all the devising requirements. This
method is always realized on hands. As a result, not only inefficient, it can merely get a two-dimensional model on
the paper, which is not intuitive compared with the three-dimensional model. Whats more, two-dimensional
model cant guarantee the fairing of the lines, which need a lot of modifications. Though the mapping software
can save a lot of time, as the two-dimensional draft isnt flexible and fairing, it is hard for the designers to
manipulate the model directly. So it seems impossible to get an expected ship model in a short time.
If the designers can model through manipulating the flexible curves and curve surfaces directly in the
three-dimensional space according to the molded dimensions and other design requirements, it will be easy to
satisfy the need in design and exploitation of the new ships. However, these prerequisites are fuzzy in scales,
which seems unclear and not coordinate with the way we think and devise. So we may as well create a way that
the designers can manipulate the curves and curve surfaces intuitionally and conveniently. The application of the
splines over previous one hundred years inspires us the solution to the problem.
Before the appearance of the CAD and CAM technology, splines are widely used in the manufacture of the
aerospace industry, in which people barely draw with their hands, as well as ship construction and manufacture of

the cars. Splines are elastic batten or plastic strip. When use the splines, draft-man would firstly put some weights
onto the spline, which can force it pass all the nodes. Then through the adjustment of the weights, we can change
the morphologic characters of the splines to satisfy our needs. Finally, drawing the line following the shape of the
splines, we can get the curves we want. Consulting to this method, if we can find a flexible and fairing surface
similar to the spline, with the molded frame lines which can play the role of the weights, we can manipulate the
surface and get the three-dimensional hull shapes satisfying the requirement of the dimensions as well as the
need for modification. This method allows thedesigners to model directly in three-dimensional space according to
their devising thought. With the help of CAD technology, this method can be realized on the computers.
2.2 Design concept
During the process of the initial design of the ships, most of the molded dimensions are given according to the
prerequisite. Table1 is the example of the principle dimensions normally given.
Table1 Molded dimensions always known in conceptual design
Name

Symbol

Length overall

Length between perpendiculars

Lpp

Breadth

Depth

Draught

Block coefficient

Cb

Mid-ship section coefficient

Cm

The constraints from the molded dimensions can be regarded as the framework of the model. Other devising
requirements can be regarded as the modification criteria for the modeling, especially in some details. With the
foregoing restriction, the morphology of the hull in each frame can be defined. Then with the flexible curve
surface passing all the frame lines, we can finally get the expected hull lines.
For the hull lines under the water is more important and complex than that above the water line, so in this paper
we only set an example of the under-water part. In order to coordinate with designers thought, frame lines
should be set up first, and then to the three dimensional model. The modeling process is like this: According to the
molded dimensions, we define the frame line in the mid-ship sectional plan first. After that, considering the length
between perpendiculars, other frame lines can be set in the appropriate location to control the hull lines in each
frame. Then with the flexible surface which is set up by the molded dimensions beneath the projective plane of
the frames, the ultimate hull shape will be established when the designers manipulate the surface passing all the
frame lines. Finally the under-water body of the model has been finished.
During the modeling process, as all the nodes are under frequent movements, we need a principle to make sure
the deformation of the curve surface wont affect the molded dimensions of the ship. In paper [14], it classifies
the nodes into three kinds, which are global controlling nodes, deformation restricting nodes and characteristic
controlling nodes. In order to control the molded dimensions and the deformation of the modeling process,
different functions of these nodes are combined, which can also make the manipulation more accurate. Learning
from this method, in this paper it classifies the nodes into two categories, dimension controlling nodes and
deformation controlling nodes. Dimension controlling nodes are the key-points aimed to control the molded
dimensions of the model. When the relative location of these nodes is confirmed, the movement of these nodes
should be prohibited during the whole process of the modeling. Deformation controlling nodes are the points in

charge of the modification and deformation of the model. They can be moved or deleted through the whole
procedure of the modeling, according to the devising thoughts of the designers.
Following the foregoing principles, we can model according to the designers thoughts and the prerequisite to get
the expected hull lines.
2.3 Platform
A proper platform is in need to realize the special method of the flexible three-dimensional free-form modeling.
The platform should have all the following functions:
(1) Its easy to use for the professional designersof the ships. It can manipulate the points, lines and planes visibly,
which allows the designers to construct the three-dimensional model directly in the three-dimensional space.
(2) It should be a sophisticate in creating the fairing splines, curve surfaces as well as the flexible planes. The
model made by the aforementioned elements should be flexible enough to any modification wherever the
designers wants.
(3) The platform should have interactive modes in control of the size scale with the designers, which means that
the designers can refer to the information about the dimensions and size scales of the model under the
manipulation, modification and the adjustment procedure.
(4) The model created on the platform should be compatible with other related model construction software,
allowing the model to be tested on other platforms.
At present, the most popular software in hull lines design and presentation is AutoCAD. Paper [15~17] are all
about the ship constructed by AutoCAD. Except all the drawbacks concluded in 1.1 paragraph, the model created
in AutoCAD are rigid and difficult to be modified and adjusted. So AutoCAD is not suitable for this method. Paper
[18], in which it uses the professional three-dimensional software Pro/Engineer, also has same flaws and cant
make any sense in this method.
Considering the flaws of such professional modeling software, we can innovatively use the CG animation modeling
software 3D Studio MAX to realize the method above. 3D Studio MAX, which is short for 3DS MAX, is developed
and devised by Autodesk software company in USA based on the PC system. It concentrates on modeling and
rendering the three dimensional animation, which mainly used in the fields of advertisement, movie, industrial
design, architecture design, multi-media making, games, teaching aided and engineering visualization. It allows
the designers to model through the command of curve and curve surface. The model is of good flexibility, for
designers can manipulate the points, lines and planesdirectly in the three-dimensional space. The software will
interactively display the size scale information about the model accompanying with the change of the dimensions
even when the adjustment or the manipulation is processed. As a consequence, it can satisfy all the demands of
the new ship design.
2.4 B-spline & NURBS
Modeling in 3DS MAX, we may use B-spline, B-spline surface and NURBS. Here lets have a short introduction
about the B-spline and NURBS.
The concept of B-spline is put forward by Schoenberg[19][20] in 1940s. Nowadays respectively De Boor [21][22] and
Cox [23] have proposed recursive definition of it. As the recursive characteristic make the calculation accurate and
stable, this definition is widely acknowledged and applied. According to the recursive definition of B-spline, it can

be expressed as the following equations:

1, +1
0, else
{

++1
() +
(), > 0
, () =

+ ,1
++1 +1 +1,1
,0 () = {

(stipulation

0
0

= 0)

In the equation, k represents the power of the B-spline, t represents node, and the subscript I represents the
number of B-spline.
B-spline is widely used because of its geometrical invariability and local dominant characteristic [24]. In 3DS MAX,
the command B-spline is to create a B-spline through interpolation method. Meanwhile, B-spline surface is
defined by a series of characterizedpolygons, which can be regarded as the combination of sets of B-splines. For
more details about the B-spline surface, please refer to the document [19~26].
When the data points are scattered non-uniformly, the uniform B-spline wont get accurate result in the fitting
process. Compared with the uniform B-spline, the non-uniform rational B-spline can solve the problem.
Non-uniform rational B-spline, which is short for NURBS, is studied and developed based on uniform B-spline.
NURBS is a divided rational function of vectored polynomial. The definition of NURBS is the following function:

P(u) =

=0 , ()
=0 , ()

In the equation, represents the controlling point, is the weight factor, , () represents k times
primary function of B-spline.
The primary function of B-spline is also defined by recursive formula:
1, +1
,0 () = {
0, else
{

++1
() +
(), 1
, () =

+ ,1
++1 +1 +1,1
0

( stipulation = 0 )
0

In the function, k is the power, is the node.

NURBS surface is defined like this:
=0
, (), (), ,
=0
P(u) =
=0
, (), (),
=0
In the equation, , is the controlling point, , is the weight factor, , () and , () are respectively the
k times B-spline primary function in u direction and l times B-spline primary function in w direction.
Except the excellent characteristics of B-spline, NURBS and NURBS surface can precisely represent the standard
analytical shape, freeform curves and curve planeswith a uniform expression. Meanwhile, it can also adjust the
shape of curves and curve planes through the manipulation of the controlling points and weight factors. In 3DS
MAX, the command Mesh Smoothingcan change the mesh polygon shape to NURBS surface. For more details

about NURBS and NURBS surface, please refer to the document [24] and [27~29].
3. Design process
In order to illustrate the whole design process of the three dimensional modeling method, now we randomly set
some molded dimensionsand therequirementfor property to demonstrate the design and modeling process of the
new ships. All thedimensionsand requirement are aimed to distinguish from the traditional ones of the existed
ships, which may result in the unreasonable dimensions and property. However, just so it will expose the
advantagesof this method, whichis flexible and freeform, in designing the new ships.
Design requirement: The ship hull should be slim enough with no bulbous bow, which guaranteesthe high velocity
of the ship.
The information about the molded dimensions is in the table below:
Table2 The molded dimensions of the exampled ship
Name

Symbol

Unit

Value

Length overall

150

Length between perpendiculars

Lpp

142.1

Breadth

22.6

Depth

11.4

Design draft

8.0

Block coefficient

Cb

0.31

Mid-ship section coefficient

Cm

0.611

3DS MAX provides the command for symmetrical modeling. With this command, we can finish the model of whole
ship only by constructing half it. As a result, the following modeling procedure only constructs half of the ship.
Following the instruction introduced in part 2.2, we can now start the modeling of the ship hull beneath the water
line. We use the global coordinate as the standard. The procedure is like the following tips:
(1) According to the data of length between perpendiculars and the design draft, we can set the referenced
dimension in length direction. So the referenced dimensional points are ( 0, 71.05, 8) , (0, -71.05, 8). The line
via these two points can act as the reference for the arrangement of the frame lines.
(2) Set up the frame line in the mid-ship sectional plane. According to the breadth and depth of the ship, we will
set up two dimension controlling points ( 11.3, 0, 8) and ( 0, 0, 0), then establish a B-spline. With the
command Optimization, we can interpolate several deformation controlling points. Considering the local
dominant character, each part of the B-spline is under the control of 4 nodes. So as to make sure the accuracy
of the deformation and the convenience of designers modifications, we may as well establishsome
deformation controlling points. Here we can interpolate seven points. The result is shown in Fig. 1. In the
figure, red points are dimension controlling points and yellow ones are deformation controlling points.

Fig.1 B-spline in the mid-ship sectional plane

(3) Adjust the shape of frame line in the mid-ship sectional plane with the manipulation of the deformation
controlling points. By the data of breadth, design draft and mid-ship sectional coefficient, we can get the
mid-ship sectional area 110.542 . We need to adjust the shape of the curve to guarantee the area is 55.272 ,
half of the mid-ship sectional area we get just then (We just need to construct the model of half a ship). 3DS
MAX provides the command of measurement, while the object should be the closed area, but not the curve.
So here need a special modeling technic. Firstly, based on the dimension controlling points in step (2), we can
get a referenced rectangle. Through the command Mesh smoothing in modifier, all the edges of the
rectangle can be changed to NURBS. Manipulating the points on that NURBS, we can get the rectangle plane
deformed to the shape we need, just like the expected mid-ship sectional plane. Then we can get the
interactive information about the plane, especially the area, from the command Measure in tools. Keep
change the shape of that plane until it fits the requirement. After that, in the side view, we can adjust the
deformation controlling points on the B-spline to make it coincide with the edge of the plane. Now weve
already got the frame line in the mid-ship sectional plane. The result of this process can be seen in Fig. 2. In
the figure, blue lines stands for the referenced rectangle and the pink line is the mid-ship frame line.

Fig 2 Frame line in the mid-ship sectional plane afteradjustment

(4) Establish the flexible ship surface. Move away the referenced rectangle. According to the breadth and the
length between perpendiculars, we can establish the projected plane of the ship hull on plane xoy. In order
to get more deformation controlling points on the plane, we can use the command incise on the plane. Here
we cut the plane into ten parts in length and four parts in breadth. The result is shown in Fig 3.

Fig 3 Flexible ship plane

(5) Construct the three-dimensional ship model through flexible freeform deformation. With the adjustmentsof
the deformation controlling points in mid-ship sectional plane, the ship plane can go via the frame line in that
position (the plane should be changed to edited polygon, or the deformation command cant be allowed). The
result is shown in Fig 4.

Fig 4 Ship plane via the frame line in the mid-ship sectional plane
Here we can make several duplications of the frame lines located in the mid-ship sectional plane. The
duplications should be placed in the position where the designers want to set up the frame lines, in which the
deformation controlling points on the plane sites. Then we can make some adjustments to the copies until all
of them shaped like the expected frame lines. Please take care that the size of the frame lines should not
excess the principle breadth and the depth. In the front view the designers can easily manipulate the lines.
After that, with the deformation controlling points fit the frame lines, the plane will pass the frame lines. The
result is shown in Fig 5.

Fig 5 Ship plane pass the frame lines

With this method, frame lines can be established step by step. The ship plane then can pass all the frame lines and
get the expected shape. The operation under the front view and the perspective can result in a quick and accurate
modeling, which is like Fig 6. The result of the ship plane passing all the controlling frame lines can be seen in Fig
7.

Fig 6 Operation under the front view and the perspective

Fig 7 Flexible ship plane passing all the controlling frame lines
(6) Add controlling planes where the changing ratio of the hull lines isgreat. In the vicinity of the bow side and the
stern side, the transition of the hull lines are so abrupt that more controlling planes should be added to
accurately express the fairing hull surface. Here we should use the slice command. Firstly set up the slice
plane where the deformation controlling points are needed. Then apply the command and we can get the
new controlling points where two planes are intersected, like Fig 8.In the figure 8, red points stand for the
new addition of the points. Then with the foregoing method, we can get the expected frame lines in bow side

and stern side.

Fig 8 Sliceto add the deformation controlling points

(7) Generate fairing hull surface according to the molded dimensions. Change the ship plane to NURBS surface
through the command of symmetry and mesh smoothing in modifier. From the molded dimensional data
we can get the displacement of the ship is 7941.113 . Then we need to adjust the deformation controlling
points on the frame lines or the weight factors of all the nodes on the NURBS surface. Finally, through
theadjustments we can get the hull shape satisfying the requirement of the displacement. So far we have
constructed a hull model not only satisfy all the requirements in both the molded dimensions and function,
but also perfectly express the design thoughts of the designers with a fairing and flexible surface. The hull
lines are shown in the Fig 9.

Fig 9 ship hull surface

By the measure command we can directly get the area of the surface, as well as the location of the mass center.
You can find these parameters in the measurement window in Fig 9 at the right side (The transverse coordinate
results from the error generated in the calculation process of the symmetry command and it can be ignored).All
the steps above are the procedure about flexible three-dimensional free-form modeling of hull lines with fuzzy
multi-scales. Designers can adjust the procedure according to different kinds of ships. In this software we can also
finish the ship construction of the above water line parts. For it is very easy compared with the construction of the
water beneath parts, here we wont talk about that. If designer need to add the bulbous bow to the model, he can
combine cylinder and sphere, then do the Boolean calculation with the hull model, decreasing the surplus part.
Finally use the figure combine command to get the ship model with bulbous bow.
Here is an example about a crude carrier hull model constructed through this method in 3DS MAX. It is shown in
Fig 10.

Fig 10 Three dimensional model of the crude carrier

4. Conclusion
In this paper, the new method has been presented to generate flexible three dimensional free-form modeling of
hull lines with fuzzy multi-scales visually, intuitively and quickly. Meanwhile, the model building in 3DS MAX is
compatible with most of the modeling software, it can be modified continuously in these platforms. After the
modeling process, the model can be imported to the analysis software, like Ansys, etc., to finish the functional
analysis and calculation. Moreover, as the model created in 3DS MAX is of good flexibility, the designers can
modify the model after the analysis of the function, which can help designers finish the hull surface design of the
new ship quickly and accurately. In addition, in 3DS MAX designers can use the FFD command (which is short for
Free Form Deformation) to get the deformation wherever in the global coordinate or the local coordinate. This
can provide more hull models for the designers to analyze. The effect of this command is shown in Fig 11.

Fig 11 Free Form Deformation (FFD)

Considering that 3DS MAX cant do the functional analysis based on mechanics, we can optimize this method
by modeling on other comprehensive platforms in the future. With both modeling and analysis ability, we can
finish the conceptual design of the ship quickly and accurately.
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