Digital Signal Processing

Filter Design

Dr. Tahir Zaidi

Filter Design Techniques

Impulse Invariance
Bilinear Transformation

 The design technique is as follows:

(1) Perform a partial fractions
expansion on H(s).
(2) Transform each pole into its transform equivalent.
(3) Combine the terms into a single
polynomial.

Impulse Invariance

Butterworth Design

To get a stable and causal filter,

choose Hc(s) to implement the poles in the left-hand plane.

Butterworth Filter

Butterworth Filter-Impulse Invariance

Butterworth Filter-Impulse Invariance

Example: Impulse Invariance

Take T = 1, value of T will not change the discrete-time

filter results.)

Filter Design Techniques

Impulse Invariance
Bilinear Transformation

Bilinear Transform
To avoid aliasing, we need a one-to-one mapping
from the s-plane to the z-plane.

Bilinear Transformation

Bilinear Transform: Freq axis

Bilinear Transformation
Transformation is unaffected by
scaling. Consider inverse
transformation with scale factor
equal to unity
z 1 s
1 s
For s o jo
2
2
(1 o ) jo
(1 o ) o
2
z
z
2
2
(1 o ) jo
(1 o ) o
and so

o 0 z 1
o 0 z 1
o 0 z 1

Bilinear Transformation
Mapping of s-plane into the z-plane

Bilinear Transformation
Nonlinear mapping introduces a
distortion in the frequency axis called
frequency warping
Effect of warping shown below

Bilinear Transformation (Graphical Translation)

Bilinear Transform: Design Procedure

1. Perform frequency prewarp to obtain the

corresponding analog filter specs (pick any T)
2. Design the analog filter Hc(s) using any one of
the analog filter prototypes.
3. Transform Hc(s) to H(z).

Example

Bilinear Transform: Ex.

Bilinear Transform

FIR Filter Design

Windowing Principal

Windowing: Frequency Interpretation

Windowing Effects

Rectangular Window

Common Windows

Common window

Effect of Windowing

Windows Freq Domain

Other Windows in Feq Domain

Comparison

Kaiser Method

Kaiser

Kaiser

Kaiser

Butterworth Approx. in MATLAB

Butterworth Approximation

Chebyshev Approximation

Elliptic Approximation in MATLAB

Elliptic Approximation

Marks McClellan Algo

Parks McClellan Algorithm