EEE 309

Communication Theory
Instructor: Tishna Sabrina
Summer 2016
Lecture 13
Sampling & A-to-D Conversion

Analog to Digital Conversion

Analog signals can be digitized through

sampling and quantization.
The sampling rate must be sufficiently large
so that the analog signal can be
reconstructed from the samples with
sufficient accuracy.
Sampling theorem is the basis for
determining the proper sampling rate for a
given signal.

7/25/2016

Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Sampling theorem

A band-limited signal g(t) of bandwidth B (Hz) can be

reconstructed exactly from data samples taken at a
sampling rate R, if R 2B.
Minimum sampling frequency, fs = 2B Hz.
Sampling g(t) at a rate of fs Hz means that fs uniform
samples are taken per second.

Achieved by multiplying g(t) by an unit impulse train T (t).

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Proof of Sampling Theorem

The multiplication results in a sampled

signal consisting of impulses spaced
every Ts seconds.
The nth sample, located at t = nTs has a
strength g(nTs).
Thus the relationship between the
sampled and original analog signal is

The Fourier expression of T (t) is .

So,

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Proof of Sampling Theorem

Graphically, perfect recovery is possible if there is no

overlap among the replicas in .
The requirement is clearly
or .
Nyquist Rate: Minimum sampling rate,
Nyquist Interval: Minimum sampling interval, .

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Signal Reconstruction from Uniform Impulses

The process is also known as interpolation.

Passing the sampled signal through an ideal low pass
filter of BW B Hz and gain Ts will reconstruct
(/interpolate) the original signal.
Thus the reconstruction or interpolating filter transfer
function is

Here the process is expressed in frequency domain.

Let us examine this process in time domain.
IFT of H():

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Ideal Interpolation

Assuming the use of Nyquist sampling rate, that is, 2BTS =1,

An interesting fact is that,

at all Nyquist sampling instants
except t = 0.
When the sampled signal
is applied at the input of this filter, the
output is
.
Each sample in
generates a sinc pulse of height equal to the
strength of the sample as shown in next slide.

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Ideal Reconstruction

The filter output to

can be expressed as a sum,

Interpolation formula

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Practical issues in sampling and reconstruction

1. Realizability of reconstruction filters:

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

Practical issues in sampling and reconstruction

2. The problem of Aliasing:

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

10

Practical issues in sampling and reconstruction

2. To solve the problem of Aliasing:

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Communication Theory: Lecture 13

11