Why is the AC System is Predominant?

Because more than 90 percent of electric energy

is generate by ac machines.
Because the Generation of AC is more
economical with larger power plants.
Because ac voltage can easily be changed to
almost any desired value by means a
transformer.

Generation of AC Voltage
An ac voltage is one that continually changes in
magnitude and periodically reverses in polarity. An
ac voltage can be produced by a generator called
alternator.
It came from the theory of electromagnetic
induction
Whenever the flux linking a coil changes an emf
is induced

Cycle the smallest non-repeatable portion of a

periodic waveform
Period the time needed by an alternating quantity
to complete one cycle.
T = 1/f
where:
T = period (seconds)
f = frequency (Hertz or cycles per second)
Frequency the number of cycles made by the
alternating wave in one second.

Note: The size of Electrical/ Electronics Equipment

is inversely proportional to the Frequency

Trivia No.1: Brownout and Blackout

Brownout - an intentional lowering of utility
voltage to reduce loading on the system.
Blackout - total loss of power to the entire
power system.
Defined by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineer)

Determine the periodic time for the frequency of

50 Hz.
Given: f = 50 Hz
Solution:
T = 1/f = 1/50
T = .02 s = 20ms
Determine the frequency for periodic time of 4ms.
Given: T = 4ms
Solution:
f = 1/4ms = 250 Hz

The voltage waveform is called a sine wave. The

instantaneous value of voltage at any point on the
sine wave is expressed by the equation.
v(t) = Vm sin(t + )
Where:
v(t) instantaneous voltage (volts)
Vm Maximum Voltage (volts)
angular velocity (2f)
t time (seconds)
angular rotation (degrees)

Converting Sine Wave To Cosine Wave and

Cosine Wave to Sine Wave

Sine Wave to Cosine Wave

Vmcos(t + ) = Vm sin(t + + 90o)
Cosine Wave to Sine Wave
Vm sin(t + ) = Vmcos(t + - 90o)

Characteristic Values of Voltage and Current

The Average, RMS, and Peak Values

Average Value the arithmetical average of all the

values of ac quantity over 1 half cycle. The halfcycle is used for the average because over a full
cycle the average value is zero.
Ave =

RMS (Root Mean Square) Value - corresponds to

the same amount of direct current or voltage in
heating power.
Amplitude or Crest the peak or maximum value
(positive or negative) attained by an alternating
quantity in one cycle.

Form factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of rms

value to its average value

Peak factor of an ac waveform is the ratio of

maximum value to its rms value
Phase shift is were two or more waveforms are out
of step with each other
A leading waveform is defined as one waveform
that is ahead of another in its evolution. A lagging
wave form is one that is behind another.

Relationship of Average, Peak, RMS, Values

For sine wave:
For square wave:
Ave =
Ave = Vm
RMS = Vm
RMS =
For Triangular Wave:
Ave = 0.5 Vm
RMS = 0.577 Vm

A wire carries a current i = 3 cos 314t amperes.

What is the average current over 6 seconds?
Ans. 0 amps
An alternating current of rectangular wave shape
has amplitude of 10 and a frequency of 1. What is
the rms current?
RMS = I max = 10 A
Find the average current of a sinusoidal current
during the half cycle given the instantaneous
maximum current of 20 A?
Ave = 0.636Im = 0.636(20) = 12.72 A

Trivia No. 2:
The Design of the Insulation Resistance of the
wire depends on the amplitude value of voltage.
While the design of size of the wire depends on
the amperage of circuit.
Trivia No. 3:
Did you know that in terms of voltage class in
residential Philippines is more advanced than
America? Why?

Voltage Class in RP: 240V

Voltage Class in USA: 120V

From a 1200 watts appliance

For 120 volt current supply:
Current drawn = 1200 watts /120 volt supply = 10A
For 240 volt current supply we have:
Current drawn = 1200 watts/240 volt supply = 5A

The higher the circuit voltage, the more

economical the system will be

Thank You!