Stress and Strain Axial Loading

(TENSO E DEFORMAO: ESFORO

NORMAL )

4th Meeting
1

Introduction (Introduo)
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on
the deformations (deformao) in the structure as
well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.
Considering structures as deformable allows
determination of member forces and reactions which
are statically indeterminate.
Determination of the stress distribution within a
member also requires consideration of deformations
in the member.
Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a
structural member under axial loading
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Normal Strain (Deformaes Axiais)

P
A
2

2L L

2P P

2A A

Stress-strain test (ensaio tensao deformacao)

Material
type

Ductile
(ductile)
Brittle
(Frageis)

Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

(material dctil)

Ductile materials, including structural steel and many alloys of other

materials are characterized by their ability to yield at normal temperatures

Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

(Fragies material)
Brittle material is material no
yielding before failure

Comportamento Elstico e Plstico de um Material

Stress-strain diagrams portray the behavior
of engineering materials when the materials
are loaded in tension or compression
To consider what happens when the load is
removed and the material is unloaded
This property of a material, by which it
returns to its original dimensions during
unloading, is called elasticity

elastic behavior

The characteristic of a material by which it

undergoes inelastic strains beyond the
strain at the elastic limit is known as
plasticity
partially elastic behavior
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Percent of elongation and percent of

reduction
A standard measure of the ductility of a material is its percent elongation:

where L0 and LB are the initial length of the tensile test specimen and its final
length at rupture, respectively.
Percent reduction in area:

where A0 and AB are the initial cross-sectional area of the specimen and
its minimum cross-sectional area at rupture
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Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of Elasticity. Most engineering structures are
designed to undergo relatively small deformations,
involving only the straight-line portion of the
corresponding stress-strain diagram
Below the yield stress (Hooke's
law)

E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

Fatigue (Fadiga)
Fatigue properties are shown on S-N
diagrams.

When the stress is reduced below the

endurance limit, fatigue failures do
not occur for any number of cycles.

When a structures are subjected to the repeated cycles of strain or stress, its
caused structures to break down, ultimate leading to fracture this behavior
is called fatigue (fadiga). The number of loading cycles expected during
the useful life of a component varies greatly
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Deformaes Axiais
(Deformations Under Axial Loading)
From Hookes Law:

P
AE

From the definition of strain:

Equating and solving for the deformation,

PL
AE

With variations in loading, cross-section or material properties,

PL
i i

i Ai Ei

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Example 1
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.
Apply a free-body analysis on each
component to determine the
internal force
E 29 10 6 psi
D 1.07 in. d 0.618 in.

Evaluate the total of the component

deflections.

Determine the deformation of

the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

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SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into three
components:

Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,
P1 60 103 lb
P2 15 103 lb
P3 30 103 lb

Evaluate total deflection,

Pi Li 1 P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3

A
E
E
A
A
A
i i i
1
2
3

60 103 12 15 103 12 30 103 16

6
0
.
9
0
.
9
0.3
29 10

75.9 103 in.

L1 L2 12 in.

L3 16 in.

A1 A2 0.9 in 2

A3 0.3 in 2

75.9 103 in.

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Example 2

The 36-mm-diameter steel rod ABC and a brass rod

CD of the same diameter are joined at point C to
form the 7.5-m rod ABCD.
For the loading shown and neglecting the weight of
the rod, determine the deflection of (a) point C, (b)
point D.

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Example 3
SOLUTION:

The rigid bar BDE is supported by two

links AB and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of
500 mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E
= 200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional
area of (600 mm2).

Apply a free-body analysis to the bar

BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
and D.
Work out the geometry to find the
deflection at E given the deflections
at B and D.

For the 30-kN force shown, determine

the deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of
E.
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Example 3
SOLUTION:
Free body: Bar BDE

Displacement of B:
B

PL
AE

60 103 N 0.3 m

500 10-6 m2 70 109 Pa

514 10 6 m

MB 0
0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m
FCD 90 kN tension

B 0.514 mm

Displacement of D:
D

PL
AE

0 30 kN 0.4 m FAB 0.2 m

90 103 N 0.4 m

600 10-6 m2 200 109 Pa

FAB 60 kN compression

300 10 6 m

MD 0

D 0.300 mm
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Displacement of D:
BB BH

DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x

0.300 mm
x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE

DD HD

E
0.300 mm

400 73.7 mm
73.7 mm

E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
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Example 4

For the steel truss (E = 200 GPa) and loading shown, determine
the deformations of members AB and AD, knowing that their
cross-sectional areas are 2400 mm2 and 1800 mm2, respectively
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