Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

Acknowledgement
This work would not have been possible without the help and encouragement of all those with whom I
have been related over a long period of time. In particular, first I want to thank god. I would also like to
convey my honestly thankfulness to British College of Applied Studies (BCAS) for giving an
opportunity to become a professional in BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying and construction economics.
Also I wish to express my great pleasure to our instructor Ms.H.G.P. Indira who guided me through the
fundamental of drawings and surveying subject and for the encouragement and supports given to
complete this assignment successfully with reviews, group works and clear for my doubts in particular
time.

Thank you.

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Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

INDRODUTION
Our learned lecturer Ms.H.G.P. Indira the lecture of fundamentals of Drawing & Surveying she
requested us to write1st assignment in fundamentals of Drawing & Surveying on for BTEC HND
IN QUANTITY SURVEYING in BCAS, The School of Building Studies. I wish to submit this
assignment for heres judgment.
In the performance of quantity surveyors duties during and after the construction period of the
project, the quantity surveyor has the duty to ensure that all actions taken in relation to the
administration of the contract will be fair to both parties.
So, I am assuming that the professional Quantity surveyor to this project. I would like to perform
to complete the tasks.

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Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

TASK 3

a) Dehiwala Municipal Council of Sri Lanka has decided to develop the road leading to
Frazer ground from Galle Road. Assume you have been appointed as an officer in
charge of this development and required to submit a report after completing the
following activities.
I.

Identify appropriate instruments and equipments for the above particular job
1. Leveling
The determination of elevations is called leveling. Measuring relative elevations changes is a
comparatively simply process. Precise and accurate controls of relative elevations are critical to
most construction projects.

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Instruments

Tripod
Tapes
Ranging Rods
Arrows/Marker points
Ranging poles
Optical square and Clinometers
Field book and pencil.

Tripods

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A sturdy tripod in good condition is essential for obtaining accurate measurements. The legs of
the tripod are adjustable and are made of wood, fiberglass or aluminum and are adjustable for use
with many different pieces of surveying equipment. Tripods made of wood or aluminum can
influence readings in certain weather conditions,
Fiberglass can be heavy to carry when surveying over various terrains and distances. Tripods
come with two different styles of heads: flat or dome. Dome heads allow for more adjustment,
flat head tripods have less play, but are sometimes easier to fit. Tripods come in two different
thread sizes: 3" x 8 and 58" x 11. 58" x 11 is standard for newer equipment. Adaptors are
available to adapt older 3"x 8 tripod threads to 58"x11.
A sturdy tripod in good condition is necessary to obtain the best results from a fine instrument.

Tapes:
1. Cloth or Linen Tape:
Used for taking subsidiary measurements, such as offset. It is very light and handy. It is easily
affected by damp. If wet it shrinks. It stretches easily and likely to twist.

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2. Metric Steel Tape:

Tape is available in 1, 2, 10, 30, and 50 meters. The tape is of steel or stainless
steel. The outer end is provided with a ring. The length of the tape includes
the metal ring. The tape is marked with a line at every five millimeters,
centimeters, decimeters, and meter. Every decimeter and meter shall be
marked with Hindu Arabic numerals in bold. When the button release
pressed, the tape automatically rewind in to the case.
Ranging Rods:
Used for making the positions of stations and for ranging. They are
made of seasoned timber of teak, blue pine, deodar. They are
circular or octagonal in cross section of 3 cm diameter. Lower shoe
is 15 cm long. They are made in two sizes as 2 meters and 3 meters
and are divided in two equal parts each 0.2 m long. They are painted
alternatively black and white or red and white. Now a day instead of
timber, mild steel hallo pipes are used.
Arrows/Marker points:
They are also called as marking or chaining pins and are used to mark the
end of chain during the process of chaining. They are made up of good
quality hardened and tempered steel wire of 4mm in diameter. The arrows are
made 400 mm in length. They are pointed at one end of inserting in to the ground.
The other end is in to a ring.

Ranging Poles:
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Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

Similar to the ranging rods but are heavier, they vary in length from
4 m to 6 m or more. Used in the case of very long lines.

Field book and pencil:

To note the all measurements that you measured.

II.

Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for
above typical surveying task
Temporary Adjustments
Initial Leveling- We had level the tripod and we checked it by eye estimation. The road from
galle road to frazer ground is not much flat so it is little difficult to level the tripod. But by
adjusting the tripod legswe had leveled it.
Leveling of the Instrument- We leveled the leveling instrument. We had already done with initial
leveling and initial centering only to level the leveling. Proper leveling of leveling instrument is
more important in traverse surveying. Otherwise all our work which we will be done in leveling
instrument and all the measurement will be wrong.
It can be checked by the optical plumb. If cross hairs are slightly away from the center of the
peg, then slight movement of the instrument on the tripod can be applied to achieve final
centering.

Instruments used for Leveling

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We used leveling instrument in the road to measure the leveling works. All the particular place or
point will be differently leveled according to its height. Because the rod will not be definitely
accurately flat. So we use leveling instrument to measure the leveling of the road.

First we placed the theodolite over the position datum point and tighten
the legs. Leave the centering screw just loose enough that the theodolite
can still slide around the tripod head.

Fully tighten the centering screw. Look through the optical plummet again
and adjust the theodolite foot screws for new alignment with the
reference mark.

Referring to Figure, roughly level the instrument using the

circular level:
1. Turn the leveling screws A and B in opposite
directions to center the bubble along the AB
axis.
2. Turn leveling screw C to bring the bubble to the
center of the circular level.
3. Bring the bubble to the center of the plate level by turning screws.
4. Rotate the instrument by 90 around its vertical axis and turn screw.
5. Check that when you have swung another 180
back to the initial point, the bubble offset is the
same as the offset you allowed to remain in the
180 rotated position.

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III.

Explain the method of carried out a leveling work

We selected two corner points in the road from galle road to frazer. The horizontal line was
selected and by using the tape and ranging poles the straight line was maintained while wooden
pegs were driven into the ground at a same interval from each other till the last point. The pegs
were used to mark the stations. After all the stations were marked with same interval, the level
was placed on the tripod in a position where the initial stations were visible.
There are 2 methods to calculate the levels,
1. Rise and fall method
2. Height of collimation method
Height of collimation method was been used to determine the levels in this practical job and we
want know the bench mark , firstly the back sight reading using the staff was taken, then three
inter sight readings of the stations were taken.
After this the staffs was moved to another position, this method of levelling type is called the
differential levelling. But before moving the instrument, fore sight reading was taken. Again
before continuing with the inter sight reading a back sight reading was taken,
Finally the readings were finished by taking the reading of the start point and the completed field
book was attached at the close of the report. The data from it was used to calculate the reduce
levels and by using the arithmetic check.

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II.

Compute reduce levels and determine errors in leveling.

BACK

INTERMEDIATE

FORE

HEIGHT OF

REDUC

SIGH

SIGHT

SIGH

COLLIMATION

DISTANCE

REMARKS

LEVEL
Bench

1.273

101.273
1.299

100.000
100.974

mark (100)
0

1.481

99.792

10

1.511

99.762

20

1.479

99.794

30

1.325

99.948

40

1.293

99.980

50
Turning

1.565

1.216

101.622

100.057

point 1

1.549

100.073

60

1.604

100.018

70

1.650

99.972

80

1.801

99.821

90

1.701

99.921

97
Turning

1.295

4.133

1.561

101.356

point 2

100.004

Bench

1.352
4.129

100.004

mark (100)

4.133
0.004

100.000
0.004

Error = 0.004
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Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

Rise and fall method

BACK

INTERMEDIATE

FORE

SIGHT
1.273

SIGHT

SIGHT

REDUCE
RISE

FALL

LEVEL
100.00.

DISTANCE REMARKS
Bench
mark (100)

1.299
1.481
1.511
1.479
1.325
1.293
1.565

0.026
0.182
0.030

1.216

0.032
0.154
0.032
0.077

99.974
99.792
99.762
99.794
99.948
99.980
100.057

0
10
20
30
40
50
Turning
point 1

1.549
1.604
1.650
1.801
1.701
1.295

0.016
0.055
0.046
0.151
1.561

0.100
0.140

1.352

0.057

100.073
100.018
99.972
99.821
99.921
100.061
100.004

60
70
80
90
97
Turning
point 2
Bench
mark (100)

4.133

4.129

0.551

4.129

0.547

0.004

0.004

0.547

Error = 0.004

(b) Dehiwala Municipal Council of Sri Lanka has decided to develop the Frazer ground.
Assume you have been appointed as an officer in charge of this development and required
to submit a report after completing the following activities.
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Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

I.

Identify appropriate instruments and equipments for the above particular job

Theodolite
Theodolite can be used to measure the angle in both horizontal and vertical plane. There are
different types of theodolites available for different purpose.

The equipment used for traverse surveying

Theodolite
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Tripods
Leveling staff
Plumb bob
Pen, field book, ranging rods, poles, tape, arrows

Process of Measuring Horizontal Angles Using a Theodolite

1. Setting up the Theodolite: This includes mounting the theodolite on a tripod and making sure
it is comfortable for the user.
2. Unlock the upper horizontal clamp.
3. Rotate the theodolite until the arrow in the upper or lower rough sight points to the feature of
interest and lock the clamp.
4. Look through the main eyepiece and use the upper horizontal adjuster to align the vertical
lines on the feature of interest.
5. The reading is taken by looking through the small eyepiece. Using the minutes and seconds
adjuster set the tone of the degrees on the horizontal scale so the single vertical line on the
bottom scale is between the double vertical lines under the selected degree.
6. The reading is the degree which has been aligned and the minutes and seconds read from the
right hand scale and is the horizontal angle from the reference line.

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Process of Measuring Vertical Angles Using a Theodolite

1.

Setting up the Theodolite: This includes mounting the theodolite on a tripod and making

sure it is comfortable for the user.

2.

Unlock the vertical clamp and tilt the eyepiece until the point of interest is aligned on the

horizontal lines. Lock the clamp in place.

3.

Looking through the small eyepiece, use the minutes and seconds adjuster to align one of

the degrees on the vertical scale with the double lines just below it.
4.

The reading is the degree that has been aligned and the minutes and seconds is read from

the right hand scale.

5.

To complete the reading, it may be necessary to measure the distance from the theodolite

to the point of interest.

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We have found the level of the theodolite using the plate level bubble tube and foot screws.
Position a

Figure 20:- Leveling method of Theodolite

Align the plate level bubble tube with two foot screws. Centre the bubble by rotating the two foot
screws in opposite directions.
Position b

Figure :-21 Leveling method of Theodolite

Align the plate level bubble tube with the third foot screw. Centre the bubble by rotating the third
foot screw (only).

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II.

Set up, complete all temporary adjustment and use the appropriate instrument for
above typical surveying task
Temporary Adjustments
Initial Leveling- We had level the tripod and we checked it by eye estimation. Frazer ground is
not much flat so it is little difficult to level the tripod. But by adjusting the tripod legswe had
leveled it.
Initial Centering- We used Plumb Bob to check the initial centering and we pointed the plum bob
accurately to the cross mark in our wooden pegs. We already drove a wooden pack inside the soil
so that only we can get an accurate centering.
Leveling of the Instrument- We leveled the theodolite. We had already done with initial leveling
and initial centering only to level the theodolite. Proper leveling of theodolite is more important
in traverse surveying. Otherwise all our work which we will be done in theodolite and all the
measurement will be wrong.
Final Centering- We checked the final centering by using an optical plumb. We accurately
pointed the center in the peg because f cross hairs are slightly away from the center of the peg,
then the slight movement of the instrument on the tripod can be applied to achieve a final.
It can be checked by the optical plumb. If cross hairs are slightly away from the center of the
peg, then slight movement of the instrument on the tripod can be applied to achieve final
centering.

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Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

III.

Explain the method of carrying out a traverse survey

The area to be surveyed is to be studied well

Then before we start the surveying we should have a sketch

Then we have to create survey stations on the ground using wooden pegs.

Then take tie measurement for each station. Three tie measurements are to be taken for

each survey station.

And then we have to get Oblique

After that we have to place the tripod on survey station A

Then we have to fix the Theodolite above the tripod

Then we have to place the prism at station B to have the distance and measurement

Then we have to focus the station B using telescope

Then we have to take distance and angle for station B

And then we change the prism to station D

And again we focus station D using telescope.

Then again we have to take distance and angle of station D

Same way will be used to have the angles and distances of every station.

IV.

Coordinate Sheet

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Angles
A
B
C
D

Lengths
AB
BC
CD
DA

88 3 20
92 31 20
83 1 03
96 27 00

64.60m
61.021m
65.043m
55.96m

Sum of the angles = 360 2 43

Total error = 360 2 43 - 360 00 00
= 2 43 = 163
Error per angle = 163/ 4 = 40.75
Corrected angles
A = 88 2 40

B = 92 30 39

C = 83 00 22

D = 96 26 19

Calculating whole circle bearings

WCB of AB = WCB of AD + angle A = 120 0 0 + 88 2 40= 208 2 40
WCB of BC = backward WCB of AB + angle B = 208 2 40 180 0 0 + 92 30 39
= 120 3319
WCB of CD = backward WCB of BC + angle C =120 3319 + 180 0 0 + 83 00 22
= 383 33 41 = 23 33 41
WCB of DA = backward WCB of CD + angle D = 23 33 41 + 180 0 0 + 96 26 19
= 300 00 00

Latitude and departure

Latitude
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AB
BC
CD
DA

-56.98
-31.00
59.58
27.98
-0.42

-30.36
52.54
25.95
-48.46
-0.33
Table 4

Total linear error = 0.422 + 0.332 = 0.18 + 0.12 = 0.3 = 0.55

Line

AB
BC
CD
DA
-0.42

WCB

Lengt
h

208 2 64.60
40
120

m
61.021

3319
m
23 33 65.043
41
m
300 00 55.96
00
-0.33

Latitude

Departur
e

Correction
Corrected
Latitud
Latitud Departur
Departure
e
e
e

-56.98

-30.36

0.13

0.06

-56.85

-30.3

-31.00

52.54

0.07

0.12

-30.93

52.66

59.58

25.95

0.14

0.05

59.72

26.00

27.98

-48.46

0.08

0.10

28.06

-48.36

0.42

0.33
Table 5

Coordinate sheet

Station
A
B
C
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Corrected

Coordinates

Latitude

Departure

-56.85
-30.93

-30.3
52.66
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North
1200
1143.15
1112.22

East
2500
2469.7
2522.36

Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

D
A

VI.

59.72
28.06

26.00
-48.36
Table 6

1171.94
1200

2548.36
2500

Area of our traverse surveying location.

(1200 2468.12+1143.98 2522.1+1112.64 2547.62+1172.72 2500 )/2-(2500

1143.98+ 2468.121112.64+ 2522.1 1172.72+2547.62 1200 /2

=(11613359.87-11620940.15)/2

= -7580.28/2

=3790.14m2
(Sum of solid products-sum of dot products)/2
(1208

2462 +1138

2498+1106

2528+1106

2462+1174

2528+1174 2498)/2 (1138

2528+1208

(2974096+2876864+2820300+2932652)/2(2842724+2722972+2967872+3080400)
=

(11603912-11613968)/2

=10056/2m2
5028m2

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2550)/2

Fundamentals Of Drawings & Surveying

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