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HOW TO DO COMPOSITIONS
Formal letters | Informal letters | Narratives | Descriptions
SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
www.callan.es
www.callanschool.info
www.metodocallan.info
Content Pages
Callan School of English S.L.
SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
Formal letters
Notes and useful language
Informal letters
Notes and useful language
Narratives
Notes and useful language
Descriptions
Notes and useful language
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FORMAL LETTERS
Write the name and address of
the person or company you are
writing to on the left-hand side,
below the date.
23 Oxford Road
Cheltenham
GL504QZ
4th August 20__
The Manager
Goldspar Office Equipment
54 Old Market Malvern
WR122PO
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Complaints
In the first paragraph, clearly state your reason for writing. Use
the middle paragraphs to explain the details, beginning a new
paragraph for each main point. In the final paragraph, sum up
and / or say what action you want to be taken.
Try to be clear and factual rather than emotional. Use the final
paragraph to say what action you want to be taken now:
Endings
Don't forget! If you began with a person's name, e.g. Dear Mrs
Blake, you must end with Yours sincerely, not Yours faithfu
lly.These endings are followed by a comma.
Job applications
First make it clear which job you are applying for, and mention
where you saw the advertisement, and when. Give all the neces
sary information about yourself (including age, qualifications,
past employment and other experience). Say why you are par
ticularly interested in the job, and what you have to offer. Use
a new paragraph for each main topic. It may also be useful to
mention when you would be available for an interview:
I was interested in the advertisement in
(newpaper / magazine) on (date) and I would like
to apply for the post / position of (job title).
I am 21 years of age and I have a Diploma in Business
Administration.
My reason for applying is that I am interested
in tourism and I would like to be able to use my
foreign languages.
I would be happy / able to attend an interview
at any time which is convenient to you.
Apologies
Explain why you are apologizing and what the reasons were for
your behaviour. If possible, offer to make up in some way (e.g. by
paying for the damage) and / or promise that the problem won't
happen again:
I am writing to apologize for the things I said
at our last meeting / losing my temper.
Enquiries
In the first paragraph, explain what information you need. If
you are responding to an advertisement, mention where you
saw this.
Use extra paragraphs to mention any specific questions you
would like answers to:
I am writing to enquire about...
I was interested in your advertisement in
The Daily News and I would like to have further
information about...
I would be grateful if you could send me
full details of...
Could you send me your brochure / catalogue.
I look forward to hearing from you / receiving
the information.
Opinions
I strongly disagree with / I completely agree
with Mr. Smith's letter, which appeared yesterday.
I was interested to read the article on immigration
in Monday's edition of your newspaper but I don't
think it gave all the facts.
I was interested / fascinated / amused / delighted
to see / hear / read...
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INFORMAL LETTERS
Write your address (but not your
name) on separate lines in the top
right-hand corner.
23 Oxford Road
Cheltenham
GL504QZ
Dear Gill,
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Love Hazel!
Endings
It is usual to end with a polite remark, written on a separate line:
Request
In some cases, you may want to introduce your request imme
diately. In others, you may prefer to begin your letter with some
brief news before going on to make the request, with reasons,
and emphasize how grateful you would be for the help you are
asking for:
I'm writing to ask for your help / you to do me (if you
could do me) a favour.
Please let me know how much the bill is and I'll gladly
pay it.
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News / information
I thought you might be interested to hear about /
know that...
This is just to let you know that...
By the way, have you heard about / did you
know that...?
NARRATIVES
Describe a journey you made when everything went wrong.
OPENING
To catch
the reader's
inttention
Past continuous
to set the scene
I had spent a week staying with friends in Eastern Europe and I was now-beginning my journey home. Having got to the station in good time to catch
the train, I went to the ticket office to buy a ticket. Imagine my dismay when
Perfect participle
for events before
the main events
the ticket clerk explained that the train had been cancelled and that there
wasn't another one that day. Luckily, there was a bus I could catch, but it
didn't leave for two hours so I spent the intervening time walking the streets
Events in clear
sequence
of the town, getting hotter and stickier by the minute. When I finally boarded
the bus, all the seats had been taken, so I had to stand for the first hour of
the journey.
By the time we arrived, I was exhausted and longing for a shower, so I
Sequence
links
looked for a taxi and showed the driver the name of the hotel my friends had
New paragraph
for each main
stage
recommended. You've guessed it! He didn't recognize the hotel and wasn't
interested in finding out where it was. Instead, I took a tram but, believe it or
not, the tram broke down before we reached my stop. Fortunately, I had a
map so I walked the last kilometre before practically collapsing in the hotel.
Things seemed to go better after that. I was relaxing in my room when an
American girl I'd met at Reception knocked on my door and said, Hi, I've-got a lot of food left over from my journey and I can't possibly eat it all. I was-wondering if you'd like to come and share it? She was very friendly and we
ENDING
had great fun picknicking and chatting about our adventures. My flight was
to explain the
final result, or to
surprise or amuse
the reader
leaving the next morning so, after an hour or so, I said goodbye to her and
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Verb Tenses
Tense use:
The Story
It's usually easiest to write a story which is based on your own
experience, but don't be afraid to change the details slightly or
invent new parts if this helps to make the story more interesting
or entertaining. It is usual to decribe events in the order in which
they happened and to use a new paragraph for each main stage
of the story. The sequence of events is also shown by verb tenses
and time links.
When I got on the bus all the seats had been taken.
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re another starts.
Time links:
Before... then...
At first...
next...
While... later...
During...
after that...
When... afterwards...
as soon as...
finally...
immediately... eventually...
once...
in the end...
last(ly) / at last
after / afterwards
DESCRIPTIONS
Write a description of a favourite member of your family.
Describe a town or city anywhere in the world which you particularly like.
INTRODUCTION
Sets the scene
Different tenses
to fill in the
background
height and medium build, and he's got curly, mousy hair and a fair complexion.
As he's quite shortsighted like me, he wears glasses. The clothes he likes are
mostly casual: jeans or shorts and a tee-shirt. I don't think I've ever seen him
in a suit!
He's a very active person who loves the outdoor life. He's extremely particular
and he can build or repair almost anything, no matter how complicated it is.
-Another characteristic he has is that he's very outgoing. If you go to a show
Character
with him and members of the audience are invited onto the stage, Chris will
Vary the
sentence
structure
be the first to volunteer. The thing I appreciate most about him, however, is
his sense of humour. If I'm depressed, he can always cheer me up with a joke
or a funny story.
Sums up your
feelings
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They say you can choose your friends but not your relations. In Chris's case,
I feel I'm very lucky because he's not only my cousin but also one of my best
friends.
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CONCLUSION
Personalization
Tenses
You may be asked to write a description in the present, in the
past or to make a comparison between the past and the present.
Think carefully about the tenses you use:
Sentence Structure
One problem which arises with this kind of writing is that you
can find yourself beginning all your sentences in the same way:
He looks... , He's got..., He wears... This makes the description
rather boring to read, so try to vary the sentence structure: His
eyes are..., The first thing you notice is..., Another characteristic is...
Vocabulary
Descriptions give you a golden opportunity to show off your
vocabulary. Don't waste it! Avoid using a narrow range of adjec
tives like big / small, good, nice- think about better, more preci
se ones.
Describing People
Possible aspects: your relationship with the person / how you
met, their appearance and style of clothing, their character, and
your personal feelings about them.
Appearance
S/he looks / seems / appears...
S/he's got short, curly hair and a fringe.
S/he's short with a pale complexion.
Clothes:
Callan School of English S.L.
SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
Describing objects
Possible aspects; structure, shape, colour, material, use.
Shape
It is shaped like a circle / It's circular in shape /
It's star shaped
Straight, curved, horizontal, diagonal, vertical,
pointed, sloping
Sensory Perception
It looks / seems / appears / ... + adjective
It tastes / smells / feels / sounds... + adjective
It feels / sounds like... + noun
It's a pretty pale pink colour.
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SCHOOL OF ENGLISH
www.callan.es
www.callanschool.info
www.metodocallan.info
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Avda. Diagonal 472, 1a planta
08006 Barcelona
Tel1. 934 155 452
Tel2. 933 686 148
Tel3. 934 155 438
info@callanschool.info
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