28-Sep-2016

Environmental Noise Control

Module 5
Dynamics Of Machines

Noise - unwanted sound

Industrial noise
Noise inside factory
Noise outside Factory

4 category
1.
2.
3.
4.

Continuous machinery noise

High speed repetitive action with tonal sound
Flow induced noise
The impact of a working tool or work piece.

Industrial Noise Control - Strategies

Reduction in noise level
Mainly sound between 2000-5000 Hz.
Noise is a system problem with three parts
1. Source
2. Path
3. Receiver

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Noise control at Source

1. Through vibration Control

Proper balancing f m/c
Using dampers
Working frequency range 5-500Hz
Lubrication
Changing straight spur gears with helical gears
Isolate vibrating parts using isolators
Steel or rubber spring

m/c speed <11rps

Rubber in shear

From 11.7 20 rps

Compressed steel braid

All speeds

Rubber or cork in
compression

Noise control at Source

2. By changing location/orientation of noise source

Sound intensity decreases with distance

3. Changes in design and processes

Different process instead of noisy one
Reducing power consumption will reduce noise

>20 rps

Noise control at Source

4. Using sound enclosures.
Enclose around source
Full enclosure
Large
Small
Partial enclosure
Massive partitions wont be effective since volume enclosed surrounding
the partition will become reservoir of sound energy
Provide absorbing material
Good absorbers are good thermal insulators
Hence cooling in terms of chimney is preferred
Access to components inside the enclosure

Noise control along path

Path course taken by sound
Different path diff properties of attenuation, radiation,
frequency and absorption.
Direct
Indirect
Airborne
Structure borne
Reverberation noise control by controlling noise build up
in indirect path

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Noise control along path

Pathways of airborne sound through partitions
Airborne noise pass through a partition
Transmission Loss

Acoustic materials

Posses a cellular structure with interlocking pores

Selection factors

Viscous flow losses caused by the wave propagation in the material and internal friction
losses caused by the motion of the material fiber causes noise reduction
Choice of material

Difference of sound pressure levels in front and behind the walls

Transmission loss is frequency dependent

Impact Insulation Class (IIC)

Impact noise is a structure borne noise

Can be reduced by soft materials like cork or spring
IIC is s single number rating for evaluating the performance of a floor ceiling in
reducing the impact sound.

Sound absorbing materials

All materials are acoustic material

They absorb, reflect or radiate sound and damp vibrations

Acoustic Barriers
Noise isolation help in reducing sound
Heavy non porous material or a combination of two such
materials so that their acoustic impedance is a heavy
mismatch to that of intervening air.
Barrier should contain, isolate or reflect the sound
If 60 Db on source and 40 Db is permissible 20 Db should
be isolated by barrier.
Sound hitting barrier wall (reflect) edge (diffract)
Higher attenuation barrier should be closer to source

Thickness
Porosity
Density
Flow resistance
Fiber orientation

Application
Acoustic efficiency
Cost
Maintenance
Wear resistance
Aesthetics
Environmental factors

Noise control at Receiver

Isolate only one worker

Daily noise dose save operators
Shift/rotation
Methods aimed at personnel protection
Protect employees from hearing loss
Narrow band is more hazardous
An employee exposed to noise > 85Db is
recommended for ear defender.

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Ear Defenders

Can reduce 35-45DB, depending on sound

frequency
Sound reach through additional pathway skull
Max attenuation limited to 55DB

Semi Insert Protector

Also called super aural / canal caps

Seal the external opening of ear canal

Ear Plug

Direct fit into ear canal

Made of rubber, plastic or wax impregnated
cotton
Categories
Pre fabricated ear plugs
Disposable earplugs
Custom moulded ear plugs

Sound

Produced by vibrating body

Propagated as waves through a medium
Transfers momentum and energy
Sound waves are longitudinal waves
They are parallel to the direction of wave

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Intensity of Sound

Quantity or energy propagating through a unit area

per unit time, the direction of propagation being
perpendicular to the area.
The number of sound waves passing through a point
per second is called Hertz (Hz) or cycles/sec
Human ear is sensitive to 20 Hz 20kHz
Wavelength is the distance between the like points of
two successive waves

Decibel Scale

Bel represents a ratio ten to one.

Bel = log10(A/A0)
Decibel = 10log10(A/A0)
Sound power level

Acoustic power radiated by a given sound source with

respect to the international reference of 10-12 W
Lw = 10log10(W/Wre) dB

Sound pressure level Lp

Measured directly on sound level meter

Measure a time averaged pressure rms pressure
Lp =10log10[p2/p2ref] dB
P & pref - rms pressure in N/m2
pref = 2 * 10-5 N/m2

1. Sound intensity the amount of sound energy flowing

through unit area in unit time is measured in Watts /m2

I = p2/v
P r.m.s of sound level
- medium density
v - velocity of sound in medium

In dB Li = 10log10(I/Iref) dB
Iref =10 -12 W/m2
v Characteristic impedance . At 200C and std
atmos pressure, the charac impedance of air is
(1.21kg/m3)(343m/s) = 415kg/m2

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Two measures for Sound waves

1. The frequency (measured in Hz)that determines the pitch
of the sound
2. The amplitude or magnitude (measured in Decibel
(dB)), measure of loudness

1. Sound pressure is also measured in N/m2

2. Loudness is measured in a relative unit called
sone. Amplitude of pressure and intensity is
known to produce a sensation called
loudness.
3. Pitch - Physical response to frequency,
which is directly proportional.
4. Pure Tone A sound of single frequency.
Sound produced by a diaphragm movement in
form of sine wave.

Relation between sound power level

and sound intensity level

Relation between sound intensity level

and sound pressure level

4 r

W point source power

r distance r from source

LW = Li + 10log10S

S 4 r 2

Li = Lp
In all practical cases both and considered as
same
Summation of pure tones
p rms

p p
1 rms

2 rms