UNIT

46

Using unless, as long as, provided (that), in case and

in case of to express conditions
You wont have your son back
unless you pay us 10 million
dollars by 11 a.m. today.

OK! Ill give you anything

as long as hes safe.

We use unless, as long as, provided (that), in case and in case of to express
conditions. Like if-clauses, clauses with unless, as long as, provided (that) and
in case can appear either before or after the main clause. We use the simple
present tense to talk about the future in these clauses.
Unless you start writing the song now, you will not get it done by Monday.
You will not get the song done by Monday unless you start writing it now.

We use unless to mean if not.

Unless he apologizes, they will not forgive him. (= If he does not
apologize, they will not forgive him.)

We use as long as and provided (that) to mean on condition that. They have a
similar meaning to if.
As long as they pay the entrance fee, they can go on any of the rides in
the park. (= If they pay the entrance fee )
She will go to Secondary 3 next year provided (that) she passes all subjects.

D We use in case to talk about possible situations and the precautions we will
take.
I will take the key in case you are not home tonight. (= because you
might not be home tonight)
E

We use in case of to mean if there is. We use a noun or noun phrase after
in case of. The clause with in case of can come before or after the main clause.
In case of fire, do not take the lift. (= If there is a fire )
Do not take the lift in case of fire.

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Unit

46

Exercises
46.1 Match the clauses.
1 They will give you a free gift

(a) in case of typhoon signal no. 8.

2 I will text Mr Kwan

(b) as long as the weather is fine.

3 We will go for a picnic tomorrow

(c) unless we have completed the

test.

4 We are not allowed to leave the room

5 We should not go to school

(d) provided that you present this

coupon.
(e) in case he has no time to check
his email.

d _ 2 ________
e _ 3 ________
b _ 4 ________
c _ 5 ________
a _
1 ________
46.2 Fill in the blanks with unless, as long as, provided that, in case or in case of.
in case of
1 We must stay calm _____________________
emergency.
Unless
2 _____________________
you queue up properly, the tickets will not be distributed.
as long as/provided that you do not give up.
3 We will support you _____________________
in case
4 They have brought a map with them _____________________
they get lost.
as long as/provided that you are not under 18.
5 You can watch this film _____________________
unless
6 Samuel will quit his job _____________________
the company gives him a pay rise.
In case of
7 _____________________
typhoon or rainstorm, we should stay at home.
As long as/Provided that you answer all the questions, you will receive a souvenir.
8 _____________________
46.3 Read the situations and make sentences with the words given.
1 Jessica will be late if she does not leave now.

Jessica will be late

leaves now
__________________________________
unless she
____________________________________.

2 Joe has backed up his files as the computer may crash.

Joe has backed up his files

computer crashes
__________________________________
in case the
___________________________________.

3 You can trade in your mobile phone if it is in good condition.

(that) your mobile phone is in good condition, you can trade it in

Provided _____________________________________________________________________.

4 If there is a power suspension, switch to the backup power supply.

suspension, switch to the backup power supply

In case of power
____________________________________________________________________.

5 You can travel as much as you want the whole day if you have a one-day pass.

You can travel as much as you want the whole day as long as you
have a one-day pass
__________________________________________
_________________________.

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UNIT

47

Using so, so that and so as to to express results

Its 2 a.m., Mimi. What are
you doing?

I couldnt sleep, so Im
watching TV.

But you are watching a horror film! You

should watch something relaxing so
that you can fall asleep more easily.

He wants to buy a shirt,

so he is saving money.

He is saving money

so that he can buy a shirt.

so as to be able to buy a shirt.

We use the connective so to talk about the results of something. We use so

only in the middle of a sentence. We often put a comma before so, but not
after it. (See Unit 43, Book 2)
She likes reading, so she often goes to the library.
It was Mothers Day yesterday, so Daisy bought her mum some flowers.

We use so that to talk about the purpose of doing something. We often use
modal verbs such as can, will, may (for sentences about the present or future),
could, would and might (for sentences about the past) after it.
She got up early so that she could listen to her favourite radio programme.
We have to get a taxi so that we can get to the airport on time.

D We can also use so as to to talk about the purpose of doing something. It is

followed by a bare infinitive.
She got up early so as to listen to her favourite radio programme.

We put not before to to make the statement negative.

We have to take a taxi so as not to miss the flight.

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Unit

47

Exercises
47.1 Fill in the blanks with so, so that or so as (not) to.

so as to
1 Clara does exercise every day _________________
keep fit.

so
2 Tina and I felt hungry, _________________
we went to the canteen.

so
3 The show was starting, _________________
we turned off our mobile phones.

so as not to
4 The athletes drank plenty of water _________________
suffer from dehydration.

so
5 My computer crashed, _________________
I could not check my email last night.

so that
6 We bought the concert tickets early _________________
we could sit in the front.

so as to
7 Terence bought a bakery cookbook _________________
learn how to bake a cake.

so that
8 Mum has prepared some sandwiches _________________
we can bring them to the
party.

so that
9 Farmers use pesticides on their crops _________________
the crops will not be
damaged by pests.

so that
10 Uncle Victor bought a car _________________
he can drive to work.

so as not to
11 The thief hid in the room _________________
be found by the police.

so
12 Thomas has a temperature, _________________
he cannot go to school today.

47.2 Read the situations and make sentences with the words in brackets.
1 These escalators are closed at night because it saves energy. (so as to)

These
escalators are closed at night so as to save energy.
_____________________________________________________________________________

2 Jessy does not eat ice cream since she is on diet. (so)

Jessy
is on diet, so she does not eat ice cream.
_____________________________________________________________________________

3 They waited under the roof because they did not want to get wet. (so as to)

They
waited under the roof so as not to get wet.
_____________________________________________________________________________

4 Mr Lee has put some reference books on the shelves. We can borrow them. (sothat)

Mr
Lee has put some reference books on the shelves so that we can borrow them.
_____________________________________________________________________________

5 Joe went to the police station because he lost his wallet. (so)

Joe
lost his wallet, so he went to the police station.
_____________________________________________________________________________

6 Mr Yung locked the door of the laboratory because he did not want students to
enter it without permission. (so that)

Mr
Yung locked the door of the laboratory so that students could/would not enter it without
_____________________________________________________________________________
permission.

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UNIT

48

Using although/though and despite/in spite of to express

contrast
John Lo finished the race
despite the pain in his ankle.
Lets give him a big hand!

Although
Though
Despite
In spite of

the dress is beautiful,

I seldom wear it.

the crowd,

we managed to get to the front of the room.

We use although/though and despite/in spite of to express

contrast. Though and although are followed by a clause
and can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a
sentence.
Although the cake looks nice, it does not taste good.

Though is more
common than
although in informal
English.

They were still talking although the librarian had

asked them to keep quiet.
Though Ive been playing football for years, Im still not very good at it.
I didnt see Tracy though we were both at the conference.
C

Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun or noun phrase. They can be
used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.
Despite her hard work, she failed the Maths test.
They went hiking despite the poor weather.
In spite of the poor air quality in the area, Mr Yeung has not moved away.
We were not happy in spite of the victory.

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Unit

48

Exercises
48.1 Circle the correct words.

1 Sylvia is still very thin ( though / in spite of ) she eats a lot every day.

2 David heard every word I said ( although / despite ) the noisy background.

3 ( Though / Despite ) it is late at night, my neighbours are still playing music

loudly.

4 The shop owner did not blame us ( although / in spite of ) we broke some goods
in the shop.

5 Joan Cheung finished university ( though / in spite of ) her physical disability.

6 ( Although / Despite ) the questions were difficult, the little boy answered all of
them correctly.

7 ( Though / Despite ) the negative comments, the singer still sang confidently on
the stage.

8 ( Although / In spite of ) their busy schedules, my parents celebrated my birthday

with me.

9 My grandparents travel a lot ( though / despite ) their age.

10 The oranges are sour ( although / in spite of ) they look nice.

48.2 Read the situations and make sentences with the words given.
1 It was raining heavily. However, Pauline walked to school as usual.

Pauline
walked to school as usual
heavy rain
_________________________________
despite the
____________________________________.

2 He lost the match, but he had practised very hard.

he had practised very hard, he lost the match

Although ___________________________________________________________________.

3 The weather is cold, but Jenny is only wearing a light jacket.

cold weather, Jenny is only wearing a light jacket

Despite the
_____________________________________________________________________.

4 Tony is naughty, but his parents never scold him.

Tonys
parents never scold him
is naughty
________________________________
though he
_____________________________________.

5 Julia lives near the school. However, she is always late.

lives near the school, she is always late

Though Julia
_____________________________________________________________________.

6 Simon has a heavy workload, but he never complains.

Simon
never complains
heavy workload
_______________________________
in spite of the/his
___________________________________.

7 The flowers are beautiful. However, we should not pick them from the tree.

We
should not pick the flowers from the tree
are beautiful
________________________________________
although they
___________________________.

8 There was a traffic jam, but they arrived at the airport on time.

a/the traffic jam, they arrived at the airport on time

In spite of ___________________________________________________________________.

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