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Code of Practice for Metal Detection &

X-ray Systems
Author:

Sarah Ogston-Gray

Date Issued: 02/06/09

Applicable to: Product:


Country:
Group
Date Revised:

Legal and Technical Document Matrix No.

Food

Revision Due: 02/06/10

375

Tesco Stores Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Tesco supplies this document for use of the
immediate recipient
Aims :
To set a common standard for the detection of metal (and other foreign body) contamination of
Tesco food products.
Objective :
To reduce the risk of contaminated product reaching the customer, and achieve the best possible
detection of metal foreign bodies in final packed product.
Scope :
To cover all aspects of metal contamination in Tesco food products (including pet food).
Contents :
1. Introduction and Overview
This COP is structured in 3 main sections: General Metal Detection Systems, Metal Detectors
and X-ray.
2.

General Metal Detection Systems


2.1 Location of Metal Detection System
2.2 General Sensitivity
2.3 General Testing
2.4 Calibration/Maintenance
2.5 Detector Failure
2.6 Rejected Product
2.7 Training

Metal Detectors
3.1 Factors Effecting Metal Detection
3.2 Metal Detectors (3 types)
3.2.1. Conveyor Mounted Systems
3.2.2. Vertical Packaging Systems
3.2.3. Pipeline Systems

X-ray
4.1 Principles of X ray
4.2 Benefits of X-ray
4.3 X-ray Equipment
4.4 Sensitivity
4.5 Testing
4.6 Reject Mechanisms
4.7 Plaster Control
Appendix I
Factors Effecting Metal Detection
Appendix II, III, V
Guidelines on Sensitivity
Appendix V
Foreign Body Densities
Acknowledgements
Metal Detection COP V1 375
Page 1 of 19

1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW


Even with the most stringent controls possible on production techniques, metal contamination can
and does occur. Every sieving, crushing, cutting, mincing, mixing or packing process introduces a
potential risk of contamination.
All Tesco suppliers and their suppliers must have in place appropriate systems for the prevention of
metal contamination. These must include good working practices to prevent metal contamination
backed up by effective metal detection and rejection systems, this may also include the use of
magnets, e.g. on mechanical sieves. Appropriate metal detection systems may include: Metal
Detection or X-ray. The system must be appropriate for the product being produced.
This COP must be read in conjunction with Tesco Food Manufacturing Standard (TFMS).
Any failures to meet this COP need to be discussed with the relevant Tesco Category
Technical Manager (CTM) or Senior Tesco Technical Manager e.g. LTM (Non UK). If the
system is effective the Tesco CTM may provide an approved deviation to the site with
agreement that the requirements be fully met when the system is upgraded or new
equipment is purchased.

2. GENERAL METAL DETECTION SYSTEMS

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Section
15.1

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration

Base

Item
Metal
Detection

Detail
All products must be examined through a metal detection
or x-ray detection system.
Documented justification, based on risk assessment must
be given if metal detection (or X-ray) is not in place.

The risk assessment must be approved by Tesco CTM. Filtration may be an acceptable alternative
to metal detection however this needs to be justified through risk assessment and approved by
Tesco CTM. Magnets may be in place in some sites (in addition to other controls), which must be
inspected at a pre-determined frequency.
2.1 Location of Metal Detection Systems
Metal detection inspection systems should be located at the end of the product packaging process,
or as close as possible to the finished packing point and in-line with the main production flow.
Individual packs must be checked where possible. If this it is not possible this must be approved by
Tesco CTM.

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O 15.5

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Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item

Detail

Equipment
Foreign
Body
Detection

All foreign body detectors must be located as close as


possible to the finished packaging point unless authorised
by the Tesco Technical Manager.

Some processes may use metal detection systems upstream in the process for quality or
equipment protection purposes. This COP relates to the final Critical Control Point (CCP) metal
detection system.
Metal Detection COP V1 375
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2.2 General Sensitivities

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O 15.6

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Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Base

Item
Equipment

Equipment
Foreign Body
Detection

Detail
Foreign body detection equipment (metal detector, x-ray,
colour sorter or magnets) must be specified as appropriate
for the products that are being examined.
Equipment must be upgraded to improve detection
sensitivity where advances in detection are developed.
The operation and sensitivity of the detector in use must
be well understood by relevant site personnel.
All foreign body detectors must have adequate security
devices, so only authorised personnel have access to alter
settings.

Sites must work to achieve optimum levels of sensitivity in conjunction with the equipment
manufacturer (i.e. the smallest metal pieces which can be consistently detected not a high level
of false rejects), and approved by your Tesco TM. The sensitivity settings should to be
documented.
2.3 General Testing

Section

O 15.10

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Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Testing of
Equipment

Detail
The foreign body detector must be fully operational at
the start of production. An effective testing method
must be in place and all checks must be documented.
Detectors must be checked at the beginning and end of
production (for Tesco product) and minimum hourly
unless agreed otherwise with Tesco.

All checks on the metal detection system must be documented and signed by the trained individual
who has carried out the check. The actual time should be recorded.
These checks should include:
- Start of production, hourly, end of production
- No .of rejects
- Fail safe checks (where applicable)
- Corrective actions for any failed checks
- Investigation on rejected product
Confirmation of metal checks should be recorded as Pass/P or Fail/F (or equivalent in local
language). Ticks and dashes should be avoided.

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2.4 Maintenance / Calibration (All Metal Detection Systems)

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15.9

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Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Equipment

Detail
The foreign body detection system must be serviced at
regular intervals, either by the equipment manufacturer or
trained contractors (minimum annually).

It is generally not possible to calibrate metal detectors but they need to be serviced regularly. The
whole system needs to be checked e.g. sensitivities, rejection, fail safes etc. All new metal
detection system installations should be checked by engineers from the equipment supplier.
Evidence of a satisfactory installation should be verified and documented before production
commences. Systems should also be re-validated in the event of their being re-located within the
manufacturing environment and should be re-validated on an annual basis thereafter.
The system must be serviced at regular intervals, either through a service contract entered into
with the manufacturer, or on site engineers trained by the manufacturer (documentary evidence of
training must be retained). A stock of suitable spare parts should be maintained.
2.5 Detector Failure (All Metal Detection Systems)

R O

Section

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15.13

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Medium
High
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Base

Item
Detector
Failure

Detail
In the event of a metal detector test failing (whether due
to failure to detect a test piece or failure to reject product)
all material that has been checked since the previous
satisfactory test must be isolated and retested through a
unit that has been confirmed to be working correctly.
A detailed procedure must be in place to handle incidents
when metal is found in material. A full investigation must
take place to ensure the source of contamination is
identified and the risk of other materials being
contaminated must be assessed. Corrective actions must
be put in place to prevent a recurrence. Record details of
the investigation.

Any test piece which fails to be detected is considered to be a failed test. The line must be stopped
(where possible) and product isolated (using hold procedure) from the last good check. The
equipment must be fixed by an engineer prior to production re-starting. The re-testing of product
which has been isolated after a test failure must be documented on the metal detection records.
2.6 Rejected product (All Metal Detection Systems)
If product is rejected it must be investigated for metal contamination. If the product is temperature
controlled or delicate it should be disposed of due to the risk of temperature abuse. Ideally all
rejected product should be disposed of, however if there is a high level of rejected product it should
be successfully passed through the detector 3 times in different orientations. If it fails on one of
these occasions it should be investigated for metal contamination and disposed of. If the product
successfully passes 3 times it can be accepted. Rejected product collection box release keys
should be held by nominated staff only. If multiple rejects are observed the line should be stopped
for investigation. If a combined metal detection and check weighing system is in use. The system
must be set up so that the metal detection rejection always overrides the weight rejection if the two
occur together.
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2.7 Training (All Metal Detection Systems)

15.14

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

1.15

Base

Section

Item
Training

Training

Detail
All staff involved with foreign body detection must be
trained not only in the technical and operational aspects
but also the principles of metal and foreign body detection
to ensure full understanding of the purpose.
Personnel in the factory who monitor CCPs must have an
understanding of HACCP and have specific training
against the latest version of the relevant monitoring
procedure.

3 METAL DETECTION
Most metal detectors in the food industry are based on a balanced coil system. A metal detector
will usually contain 3 coils. The transmitter coil will generate a field that is designed to reveal metal
particles in order to make them detectable. This process is called illuminating the metal particle.
The remaining two coils are designed as receivers and are connected together to detect the
presence of an illuminated metal particle. The detection is related to the conductive and magnetic
properties of those metals.
3.1 Factors Affecting Metal Detection:
The detail of the factors affecting metal detection are in Appendix I.
- Metal Type (App 1a Fig 1)
- Metal Shape & Orientation (App 1b Fig 2)
- Aperture Size / Position in the Aperture (App 1c Fig 3)
- Detector Frequency (App 1d Fig 4)
- Environmental Conditions (App 1e)
- Packaging Material (App 1f)
- Product Characteristics (App 1g)
3.2 Type of Metal Detectors
There are 3 main types of metal detectors:
Conveyor Mounted Systems (3.2.1)
Vertical Packaging systems (3.2.2)
Pipeline Systems (3.2.3)

P
P

Section

O 15.4

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Equipment
Metal
Detectors

Detail
All metal detectors must have the capability of detecting
ferrous, non-ferrous and stainless steel (with the exception
of foil packed products or similar metalized films).

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If it is not possible to use a conveyor mounted system the metal detection system should be
agreed with your Tesco CTM. Ferrous in Foil metal detectors should be used on foil packed
products.
3.2.1

Conveyor Mounted Systems

3.2.1.1 Sensitivity
In appendix II there is a table which gives guidance on realistic achievable metal detection
equipment sensitivity.
For products which are greater in size than those stated in appendix II, or in instances where the
levels of performance cannot be met, consult with equipment manufacturers. Acceptable levels of
sensitivities must be agreed with Tesco TM and detailed on specifications.
The sensitivity of the equipment is essential in determining the type and size of pieces of metal
detected. The equipment sensitivity is appropriate if all of the following parameters are met:- The sensitivity can be maintained without periodic adjustment.
- The detector gives minimal false signals and does not reject good product.
- Detector does not go blind after detecting a large metal piece.
- Detection in different orientations.
(for further information on sensitivity contact your equipment manufacturer)
3.2.1.2. Reject Mechanisms

P
P

Section

O 15.7

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Equipment
Conveyor
Systems

Detail
A conveyor type detection system must have:
An effective automatic rejection system
A locked box to receive rejected product
A fully enclosed area around the search head and
rejection box
A visual or audible alarm system in the event of
detection
Belt stop systems may only be used for bulk or sensitive
items. Where belt stop systems are in use these must have a
visual or audible alarm.

There are a variety of reject devices available which may include:


- Carriage retracting band
- Air blast (these can be unreliable if you have a drop in air pressure).
Ensure that the air pressure is sufficient to cope with any potential metal contaminants e.g. metal
bolts.
- Sweep/diverter arm
- Pusher
If the area around the search head and rejection box is not fully enclosed an action plan needs to
be agreed with Tesco CTM in order to rectify. The reject box should be locked when access is not
required to retrieve product. The key /secure code should not be accessible to unauthorised
personnel e.g. not left on the line. The reject box should be enclosed so that it would not be
possible for someone to retrieve product from the bin without opening the locked box.
If the equipment does not have a visual or audible alarm a bin full fail safe must be in place.
An approved deviation may be given by the Tesco CTM if the system is effective.
Metal Detection COP V1 375
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3.2.1.3 Belt Stops


The use of belt stop systems needs to be approved by Tesco CTM. The belt must stop
immediately. All products must be removed from the line for investigation. The re-start procedure
must be secure and only implemented by nominated personnel (i.e. key holder or security code).
3.2.1.4 Testing Conveyor Metal Detector Systems

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Base

Item
Testing of
Equipment

Detail
Conveyor Metal Detector Systems
Detectors must be checked using clearly identified test
packs at the same temperature as standard product passing
down the line and test pieces of a defined size (based on
risk assessment).
The test pieces must be passed through the detector in the
centre of the aperture with the test pack unless agreed
otherwise with Tesco.
Test packs must be passed successfully through the metal
detector prior to being used for the check. Test packs must
be allowed to be rejected fully into the bin.
Consecutive leading and trailing checks must be
completed in long packs to ensure the reject mechanism
can successfully reject. The test must be representative of
how products would normally travel through the detector
during normal production.

The test packs must be representative of the products going down the line e.g. shape and density.
Actual product should be used as test packs unless agreed with Tesco CTM.
The packs used to make up test packs should be passed through the metal detector before they
are used to ensure that they do not contain metal.

The site should only use test pieces which are controlled and the size of the metal can be verified
e.g. they are manufactured with a serial number or issued with a certificate.
The test pieces must be passed through the detector in the centre of the aperture because this is
the least sensitive part. This could be in the centre of the pack, on top or underneath. If the test
piece is not in the centre of the pack then it must be attached to the product.
If it is not possible to place the test pieces in the centre of the pack (e.g. frozen product and this is
the centre of the aperture) it needs to be agreed with the Tesco CTM
Metal Detection COP V1 375
Page 7 of 19

Tesco packs should be made up on an hourly basis with product from the line. If it is not practical to
do this and test packs are made up in advance, the test packs must be controlled and labelled with
product, date, test piece size and type. If the product is temperature controlled it must be kept at
the same temperature as the product going down the production line. Test packs should be
disposed of at the end of the shift. The use of test packs over a longer period of time must be
approved by Tesco CTM.
If packs are made up in advance and the test piece is not visible Tesco may request that the packs
be opened to verify the test piece size and type during an audit or visit.
Product Testing - Consecutive Test
All test packs (Ferrous, Non Ferrous, Stainless Steel) should pass through the detector one after
each other with normal spacing/line speed. The line should be running where possible.

For Ferrous in Foil Detectors two test packs are required including two ferrous test pieces
of the same size.

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Product Testing - Memory Test


The test packs should be sent through the metal detector with a standard pack in between (which
has already passed through the metal detector). This should be carried out at the start and end of
a shift and be documented.

PRODUCT

(TEST)

PRODUCT
(STD)

PRODUCT

(TEST)

PRODUCT
(STD)

PRODUCT

(TEST)

DETECTOR
HEAD

It is a failed test if any of the test packs are not rejected. If a standard pack is rejected the line must
be stopped and the issue should be investigated e.g. timing of reject mechanism.

Product Testing Leading and Trailing


Consecutive leading and trailing checks must be completed in long packs to ensure the reject
mechanism can successfully reject. A pack is considered to be long if it is greater in length that the
depth of the detector head (see diagram below). These checks should be completed hourly as per
the consecutive test above.
Depth of Detector Head

The test should be completed as above. The 1 st pack should contain the metal at the front of the
pack and the last pack should have the test piece at the back of the pack. The test packs should
be marked with the location of the metal if it is not visible.
The Consecutive, Memory test and Leading and Trailing test (where appropriate) should be
completed as per this COP. (the Consecutive and Leading and Trailing tests may be combined into
one test) Deviations from this will need to be agreed with Tesco CTM.

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3.2.1.5 Fail Safes Systems

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Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Fail Safe
Systems

Detail
Detector fail safe systems where fitted, must be
challenged at regular intervals (minimum start and end of
day) to make sure they are effective.
Reject confirmation
Bin full
Air pressure low
Search head failure
Back-up sensor

Electronic equipment for metal detection is generally very efficient in terms of performance,
however, with poor working methods or incorrect set up you could potentially have a machine
which could let metal through. The following fail safe systems are available:
-

Reject confirmation system: automatic belt stop fail safe system, to confirm metal
contaminated products have not successfully entered the reject bins.
Bin full system: an automatic belt stop fail safe system which activates should the reject
product collection box become full.
Air pressure system: an automatic belt stop fail safe system, to cover air pressure failures to
the rejection mechanism.
Search head failure: an automatic belt stop fail safe system to confirm detection head fault.
Back up sensor: an automatic belt stop fail safe system, to activate should product back up
under out the feed belt of the metal detector.

A method for checking fail safe systems should be developed where possible (e.g. a method
forsearch head failure may not be feasible).
If fail safes are not in place, the sites need to discuss with the relevant Tesco CTM. When
new equipment is purchased fail safe devices are strongly recommended. The need for fail
safes may become a future requirement.
3.2.1.6 Multi-Packs
Where products are sold as a multi-pack, the individual items must be metal detected. Where this
is not possible this must be agreed by your Tesco CTM.
3.2.2

Vertical Packaging systems

Vertical packaging systems consist of a throat metal detector and a bag former beneath. They can
be used for certain product types e.g. snacks and confectionary. Please see an example below:

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3.2.2.1 Sensitivity
In appendix III there is a table which gives guidance on realistic achievable metal detection
equipment sensitivity. Typical sensitivity values can vary for processes of this type but the data is
provided as an indication of sensitivity attainable.
For metal detectors with a minimum aperture dimension greater than those stated in appendix III,
or in instances where the levels of performance cannot be met, consult with equipment
manufacturers and acceptable level of sensitivities must be agreed with Tesco TM. The controls for
sensitivity must be secure and only possible by nominated personnel (i.e. key holder or security
code).

3.2.2.2. Reject Mechanism


On detection of metal the detector should send a signal to the bag-maker to produce a double bag
or stop. The system should also be fitted with an audible and/or visible alarm to indicate that the
system is stopped due to a metal contamination incident. The re-start procedure must be secure
and only possible by nominated personnel (i.e. key holder or security code).

3.2.2.3. Testing

Section

O 15.10

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Testing of
Equipment

Detail
Inline Systems
An effective testing method must be in place for the
equipment. Refer to advice from the equipment
manufacturer.

When testing vertical packaging lines, ferrous, non-ferrous and stainless steel test pieces should
be independently placed in the product flow and successful rejections observed (i.e. double pack
made and audible and/or visual alarm activated and line stops). Only a nominated key-holder
should be permitted to re-start the system.
Confirmation must be sought that the test piece has been captured in the double pack produced.

3.2.3

Pipeline Systems

Liquid, paste and slurry type products can be inspected as they are pumped through a pipeline
prior to being dispensed into the final pack. This form of inspection is recommended in applications
where the product is packed in metal containers - e.g. tin cans.
Systems of this type should incorporate an automated reject valve system immediately after the
metal detection head with an audible and visual indicator to signal when contamination is found.
Contaminated product should be rejected into a suitable secure container.

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3.2.3.1 Sensitivity
In appendix IV there is a table which gives guidance on realistic achievable metal detection
equipment sensitivity. Typical sensitivity values can vary for processes of this type but the data is
provided as an indication of sensitivity attainable.
For metal detectors with a minimum aperture dimension greater than those stated in appendix IV,
or in instances where the above levels of performance cannot be met, consult with equipment
manufacturers and acceptable level of sensitivities must be agreed with Tesco TM. The controls for
sensitivity must be secure and only possible by nominated personnel (i.e. key holder or security
code).
3.2.3.2. Reject Mechanism
Systems of this type should incorporate an automated reject valve system immediately after the
metal detection head with an audible and visual indicator to signal when contamination is found.
Contaminated product should be rejected into a suitable secure container.
3.2.3.3 Testing
With pipeline systems, test pieces should ideally be placed in the product flow and successful
rejection observed.
In instances where placing a test piece in the product flow is not practical, the system may be
tested by inserting test pieces between the pipeline and the detection head (in the direction of
product flow) and observing the operation of the reject system.

Sensitivity standards set in these instances should reflect that the test piece is not passing through
the centre of the aperture (sensitivity is therefore higher). In these instances, the size of the test
piece used should be adjusted to compensate (e.g. smaller test piece size).

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4. X-RAY
4.1 Principles of X-ray
This system uses a generator to project a beam of low energy X-rays through the product onto a
sensor. The action of the product moving through the beam results in a greyscale image being
produced. This greyscale image is then analysed for various abnormalities (contamination /
product integrity faults).
4.2 Benefits of X-ray
In many cases better detection will be achieved over conventional methods due to:
- No effect from packaging (metallised film or foil packaging).
- No effect from product (moisture / temperature / conductivity etc).
Does not suffer from ferrous / non-ferrous / stainless differentiation (except aluminium).
Detects some non-metallic contaminants glass, stone, bone, dense plastics and rubbers.
Inspection of product in glass jars and metal cans.

4.3 X-ray Equipment


There are 2 main types of X-ray equipment:
Conveyor System
Pipeline System
4.4 Sensitivity
The ability of the X-ray to detect foreign bodies relates to the density of the contaminant. (See
Appendix V) The capability of the equipment used should be related to the potential contamination
risks inherent with the process and product.
4.5 Testing
Please refer to manufacturer guidelines for testing procedure. The test piece size and materials
should be agreed with Tesco TM.

Section

O 15.10

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration
Base

Item
Testing of
Equipment

Detail
X-Ray Detection Systems
The test pieces must be placed in the worst case
scenario area. Refer to advice from the equipment
manufacturer.

Please refer to metal detection section 3.2 for testing procedures and test pack make up.
4.6 Rejection Mechanism / Failsafe (See section 3.2.1.5)
4.7 Plaster Control
In some circumstances metal detectable plasters may not be picked up by X-ray equipment. In
these circumstances additional plaster controls need to be implemented (see below)

Section

O 10.6.2

Base
Medium
High
Aspiration
ASPN

Item
Plaster Control

Detail
There should be plaster reconciliation at the end of the
day or shift.

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Appendix I Factors Affecting Metal Detection


1a) Figure 1: Table metal type

1b) Figure 2 Diagram Orientation

1c) Figure 3 Aperture

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1d) Figure 4 - Frequency

Traditionally range between 10kHz to 1MHz


Generally:
- Lower frequencies = poorer sensitivity.
- Higher frequencies = better sensitivity

particularly to non-ferrous and stainless steel

1e) - Environmental Conditions


Systems should be specified in conjunction with the equipment supplier (where possible) to ensure
they can perform effectively in the intended working environment. Performance should not be
adversely affected by external electrical interference or by plant operating conditions e.g. wet
environments, areas of high vibration, extremes of temperature or harsh hygiene procedures.

1f) - Packaging Material


Different packaging materials can effect sensitivities (refer to equipment manufacturer)
Paper, cardboard packaging
Glass (jars & bottles)
Moulded Plastics (jars & bottles)
Poly Film
Metallised Poly Film
Aluminium Foil
1g) - Product Characteristics

Dry Products
- E.g. sugar, flour, snacks, confectionery, cereals, etc.
High Sensitivity

Wet Products (product effect applications)


- E.g. ready meals, meat, fish, sauces, preserves, etc.
Reduced Sensitivity

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Appendix II Recommended Sensitivity (mm) based on Pack size (Conveyor Systems)

Stainless Steel 316

Ferrous

AluminiumNon-Ferrous/

Stainless Steel 316

Ferrous

AluminiumNon-Ferrous/

Stainless Steel 316

ALUMINIUM FOIL PACKED


PRODUCTS

AluminiumNon-Ferrous/

WET PRODUCTS
and METALLISED FILM
PACKED PRODUCTS

Ferrous

DRY PRODUCT
INCLUDING NONMETALLISED FILM
PACKED PRODUCTS

Up to 50mm

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.5

3.5

1.0 4.0

50mm - 100mm

1.2

1.5

2.0

2.0

2.8

4.0

1.0 - 4.0

100mm 150mm

1.5

2.0

2.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

1.0 6.0

150mm 200mm

1.8

2.2

3.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

1.0 6.0

PRODUCT
HEIGHT

Appendix III Recommended Sensitivity (mm) based on Aperture Diameter (Vertical


Packaging)

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Detectable
Not
Detectable
dependant on products
thickness/homogeneity/density and size
of contaminant
APERTURE
DIAMETER

DRY PRODUCT
INCLUDING NON-METALLISED FILM
PACKED PRODUCTS

WET/FROZEN PRODUCTS
and METALLISED FILM PACKED
PRODUCTS

Ferrous

NonFerrous/
Aluminium

Stainless
Steel 316

Ferrous

NonFerrous/
Aluminium

Stainless
Steel 316

Up to 100mm

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.5

2.0

2.5

100mm - 150mm

1.2

1.5

1.8

1.8

2.5

3.0

150mm 200mm

1.5

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.8

3.5

200mm 250mm

1.8

2.0

2.5

2.5

3.2

4.0

Appendix IV Recommended Sensitivity (mm) based on Aperture Diameter (Pipeline


Systems)

WET PRODUCTS
INTERNAL PIPE DIAMETER

Appendix V

Ferrous

Non Ferrous/
Aluminium

Stainless Steel
316

Up to 50mm

1.5

2.5

3.0

50mm - 100mm

2.5

3.0

4.0

Foreign Body Densities

Density Chart (kg/m3)


Water

1.0

Hair

0.32

Cherry Pit

0.56

Insects

0.59

Wood (Oak)

0.65

PP

0.9

Ice

0.92

UHMW

0.94

Nylon

1.15

PVC

1.7

Teflon

2.19

Bone

2.2

Stone

2.52

Glass

2.6

Aluminum
Iron

2.71
Metal Detection COP V1 375
7.15
Page 18 of 19

Steel

7.86

Stainless Steel

7.93

Most food product

Not Detectable by X-ray

Detectable by X-ray dependent on products


thickness/homogeneity/density and size of
contaminant

Acknowledgments
This COP was developed in consultation with Mettler-Toledo and Loma Systems.

Metal Detection COP V1 375


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