National Turnout Workshop Module 2 Session A - Design and Components

RA TURNOUT WORKSHOP
National Turnout Workshop Newcastle, May 2013

MODULE 2 SESSION A TURNOUT DESIGN AND COMPONENTS
Robin Stevens (QueenslandRail)
1.
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of turnouts and their components.
The turnout is the basic track structure which is used for diverting traffic from one track to another. It is
by far the most common track structure, and the most complex in all its forms, consequently this paper
examines the various types of turnouts and their components.
2.
HISTORY
Simple turnout designs have been around since the beginning of railways in the 1800s with the British
having the most influence. The early designs were uncomplicated with only easy to manufacture
components used. The turnout layouts comprised straight switches followed by a circular curve. This is
known as a secant design as shown in Figure 1. Early American designs and Australian designs
closely followed the British trend.
Straight Switches
Circular Curve
Figure 1: Secant Design Turnout
The European and English/American turnout technologies however were on a divergent path from as
early as 1890 till the mid 1980s. The breakthrough that really advanced standards in Europe came in
1925 with the development of state railway turnouts as part of a standardization drive following the
unification of the railways of various German states.
The main improvement being the design of tangential turnouts where the switch curves tangential to
the straight stock rail as shown in Figure 2.
Curved Switches
Circular Curve To Toe
Figure.2: Tangential Design Turnout
This design of turnout produced significant improvement in wear on all parts of the turnout particularly
at the switches. This concept then spread quickly through to other European countries.
National Turnout Workshop
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Robin Stevens
QueenslandRail
Turnout Design and Components
By the mid 1980s American and English railways were starting to see the advantages of the tangential
design. This design is now used extensively throughout the world in both high speed and heavy haul
applications. The tangential design has been further enhanced to include parabolas where very high
speed turnouts are required.
The secant design is still widely used in many railways although it has been enhanced significantly
since the early days. This design of turnout is the simplest and cheapest to manufacture and install.
However they are generally only used on minor lines and yards due to the higher maintenance that is
required.
3.
TURNOUT DESIGN - SECANT
3.1
Early Design
The early turnout geometry consisted of a circular curve, tangent to the main line track.
Although the geometry is calculated mathematically, the turnout was installed to a best fit situation (i.e.
with a straight switch and part of the crossing straight, with the radius 'eyed in'). This resulted in two
kinks. One at the heel of the switch and one where the radius meets the crossing at the theoretical
point as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Early Turnout Design

3.2
Improved Design
The geometry was considerably improved by incorporating a straight switch. This removed the kink at
the heel of the switch resulting in better riding characteristics as the switch kink was much greater than
the crossing kink. The penalty for the new geometry was a longer 'lead' distance and a sharper radius
as shown in Figure 4.

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Robin Stevens
QueenslandRail
Figure 4: Improved Turnout Design
The following definitions and formulae are used when calculating the geometry of a turnout where there
is a curve tangent at the heel to the theoretical point of the crossing.
Heel of Switch (HS)
The switch end having full rail section.
Toe of Switch (TS)
The thin end of the switch (opposite end

to heel).
Theoretical
Point of Crossing (TPC)
Intersection of gauge lines at crossing.
Radius (R)
Radius of the centre line of main line curve.
radius (r)
Radius of the turnout curve measured to

the rail on which the crossing lies.
Gauge (G)
Gauge of track (QR 1067 mm).
Crossing Rate (N)
Rate of crossing, expressed as the side

of a right angled triangle on unit base.
Crossing Angle (A)
Angle of the crossing in degrees
1
Tan 1
N
=
Switch Angle (B)
Angle between switch gauge line and stock rail gauge line.
d Thickness of Switch Tip

Sin 1
=
Heel Centres (d)
The distance between gauge lines at

the heel of the switch.
Switch Length (S)
Length of the switch from heel to toe.
Short Lead (H)
Distance from heel of switch to T.P.C.

measured along the main line.
Lead (L)
Distance from toe of switch to T.P.C. of

crossing measured along main line.

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QueenslandRail
Formulae
1
S
2 A B
G d Cot
Lead (L)
radius (r)
offset y
d x Tan
2 B Sin 1 x Sin B
r

=
3.3
G d
Cos B Cos A
Sample Calculation
The following shows the calculations necessary in designing a 1 in 10 narrow gauge simple turnout
assuming the turnout radius is tangential to the heel of the switch and tangential to the crossing at the
T.P.C as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: 1 in 10 Simple Turnout
Known Parameters
Switch length (S)
Crossing Rate (N)
Heel Centres (d)
Thickness of Tip
Gauge (G)
= 5000 mm
= 1 in 10
= 160 mm
= 3 mm
= 1067 mm
Calculations
Switch angle (B)
d Thickness of Switch Tip
1 160 3
= Sin
5000
1
= Sin
= 1.799 degrees

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QueenslandRail
N
1
= Tan 1
10
= Tan 1
Crossing angle (A)
= 5.710 degrees
1
S
2 A B
= G d Cot
Lead (L)
1
5000
2 5.710 1.799
= 1067 160 Cot
1
5000
2 7.509
= 907 Cot
= 188820 mm or 18.820m
Radius (R)
=
=
G d
Cos B Cos A
907
0.999 0.995
= 202922 mm or 202.922 m
Offsets are generally calculated at 1m intervals to allow accurate installation of the turnout in the field.
To calculate the offset at say Short Lead (H) = L-S = 13820 mm
Offset (y)
= d x Tan
x
2 B Sin 1 Sin B
= 160 13820 Tan
13820

2 1.799 Sin 1
Sin 1.799
202922

2 7.510
= 160 13820 Tan

= 160 + 907.028
= 1067.0 mm
= Gauge

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QueenslandRail
3.4
Latest Design
With the introduction of concrete and steel turnout members, the installation geometry of turnouts has
to be identical to the design geometry otherwise fastenings (etc.) cannot be accurately located. This
type of turnout requires the crossing leg to be curved at a specific distance from the nose to allow for
crossing blocks.
The turnout is made left or right handed complete with plates and stock rails. This allows a quicker
installation and higher precision in the switch area. As traffic speeds increase, passenger comfort and
safety become more critical.
Much longer turnouts with larger radii and small crossing angles are required with particular attention
paid to the design of switches and crossings (e.g. 1 in 25 with swing nose crossing).
The following example is for a turnout using the same parameters as the example in section 1.3 except
the crossing is straight for a distance of 1 m from the theoretical point of the crossing on the turnout leg.
The short straight allows room for bending equipment to be used in the field to bend either leg
according to which hand (Left or Right) is required (Refer Figure 6).
Figure 6: Latest Turnout Geometry
Additional Formula
Yc
= 1000 Sin B
= 99.50 mm
Xc
= 1000 Cos B
= 995.04 mm
If the gauge (G) is modified by subtracting Yc from it, all the formulae in 3.3 can be used but the Lead
(L) and Short Lead (H) must have Xc added to them.
The Lead (L) will be longer for straight leg crossings and the radius (r) sharper.
The maximum speed at which a switch should be used is related to its effective radius. (i.e. the
minimum radius a point on the centre of a vehicle would trace out as it moves This is normally taken to
be a curve based on the path of the mid-point of a vehicle as it moves from the straight track through
the switch as shown dotted on Figure 7.

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Figure 7: Effective Radius
Formulae
B
Bogie Centres
= Tan Switch Angle *
assuming 11000 mm bogie centres & switch angle 1.799 degrees

B
= 172.79 mm
B
2
= 86.4 mm
Effective Radius
Bogie Crs 2 * 1
8
A
2
11000 * 1
=
8
86.4
= 175.058 mm or 175 m
Assuming max. cant deficiency
= 55 mm
Maximum Velocity through switch
Effective Radius x Cant Deficiency

8.9
175 x 55
8.9
= 32.9 km/h
Normal speed through this switch is 25 km/h for the turnout road.
A well designed turnout would have the effective radius approximately equal to the turnout radius.
Curved switches have lower lateral forces applied to them as a vehicle is diverted onto the turnout
road. Consequently, the wear at the tip is less than straight switches especially if the stock rail is
undercut.
The switch may have a compound curve (i.e. the radius between switch tip and where the switch is full
head will be larger than the radius of the turnout). This is necessary to maintain the effective radius of
the tip.
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QueenslandRail
4.
TURNOUT DESIGN - TANGENTIAL
Turnouts with geometrics different from the standard designs have been in use for many years in other
parts of the world. With tangential designs the switch entry angle of these tangents are significantly
smaller than the angles in standard turnouts. This translates to less wear at the switch points and a
reduction in turnout maintenance.
Tangential turnouts generally incorporate asymmetric switches. By using this type of switch section the
stock rail is able to be elastic fastened on both sides. The disadvantage of using this section is that the
heel end of the switch must be forged then flash butt welded to standard rail section.
4.1
Design
In tangential geometry designs, the turnout curve begins at the actual point of switch and ends at a
point a set distance away from the TPC (refer Figure 8). The diagram below shows the geometry used
in calculating the turnout parameters.
RADIAL LEAD
O
W
M
X
RA
DI
US
90
TPC
GAUGE A
Figure 8: Tangential Turnout Geometry

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QueenslandRail
Sample Design
Calculations
Known
Known
Divergent Speed =
Gauge =
50
1067
km/h
mm
Known
Calculated
Rail Size =
Rail Centres =
60
1137
kg
mm
Formulae
K = Rail Centres/(9.81x3.6)
Calculated
K=
Maximum Allowable Cant Deficiency

Known
Narrow Gauge
Known
Standard Gauge
Known
Broad Gauge
Calculated
Cant Deficiency to be used
Radius
Formulae
Formulae
Calculated
Crossing Angle
Known
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Cant Deficiency = KxV/R

R = KxV/Cant Deficiency
Centre Line R =
Gauge Radius =
Crossing Opening L =
Effective Gauge N = A L=
P = R N=
Cos B = P/R=
B=
B=
Turnout Dimensions
Calculated
Straight Length C =
Calculated
M = C x Cos B =
Calculated
W = N / Sin B =
Calculated
X = N / Tan B =
Calculated
0=W+X=
Calculated
Radial Lead = O + M =
8.94
55.0
75.0
90.0
44.7
500.0
500.5335
mm
mm
mm
mm
m
m
92.271
974.7
499.6
1.0
3.57630
1 in16.
mm
mm
m
1479.2
1476.36
15626.3
15595.8
31222.1
32698.441
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
deg
It is not practical to machine the switch to a knife edge. Further design enhancements are undertaken
at the switch tip. At a designated thickness (5 mm as shown in Figure 9) a tangential line is drawn to
match in with the undercutting on the stock rail. This allows the switch tip to be hidden under the stock
rail undercutting and gives an effective switch thickness of 5mm.

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TOE OF SWITCH
Robin Stevens
QueenslandRail
LEAD = TOE TO TPC

Y
T
90
END OF RADIUS
UNDERCUT LINE
Figure 9: Switch Tip Machining
Formula
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Known
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
5.
Y= {R - (R-0.005)x(R-0.005)} =
Cos Z = (R-0.005)/R =
Z=
V= 5/Tan Z =
Undercut Distance U =
T = U/Tan Z =
S=Y-VT=
Lead = Radial Lead S =
2.237
1.000
0.3
1118.6
1.7
380.3
0.738
31.960
m
deg
mm
mm
mm
m
m
PARABOLIC TURNOUTS (REFER FIG. 10)
Where turnouts are used on high speed lines it is necessary to minimise the lateral forces further. This
can be achieved by using a parabolic design turnout. In this design a parabolic curve at the switch is
followed by a large radius tangential curve followed by another parabolic curve. This arrangement
gives an extremely small entry angle and consequently low lateral forces. However, this design results
in a very long turnout and is only used when the turnout angle is very low Eg. 1 in 30.
Figure 10: Parabolic Turnout

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QueenslandRail
6.
FLEXING OF TURNOUTS
When turnouts are constructed on curved track, they are known as either Similar Flexure or Contrary
Flexure turnouts.
6.1
Similar flexure turnouts
Similar flexure turnouts follow the same direction as the main line curve.
There are two types of Similar Flexure Turnouts (Refer Figure 11):
Similar flexure turnout on the inside. This is when the crossing is on the inner rail of the main line and
the turnout curve has a smaller radius than the main line.
Main
Turnout road
Similar flexure turnout on the outside. This is when the crossing is on the outer rail of the main line and
the turnout curve has a larger radius than the main line.
Turnout road
Main
Figure 11: Similar Flexure Turnouts

6.2
Contrary Flexure Turnouts
Contrary flexure turnouts curve in the opposite direction to the main line curve (Refer Figure 12).
Turnout road
Main
Figure 12: Contrary Flexure Turnout

For details on how to design a flexed tangential turnout refer Appendix A.

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QueenslandRail
7.
SLEEPER LAYOUT
Turnout sleepers that are laid out in a fan shaped pattern are also being used in modern day turnouts as
shown in Figure 13. This pattern alleviates the need for left and right hand turnout sets and plating.
Figure 13: Fan Shaped Sleeper Layout

.
8.
TURNOUT COMPONENTS - GENERAL
The most common form of connection is the turnout, which is the part of the track that allows trains to move
from one track to another. Turnouts can be on either straight or curved track.
A turnout is a complete track unit consisting of switches, stockrails, crossings, closure rails, check rails,
plates, rail braces, heel blocks, studs, chocks and bearers, and associated fastenings as shown in Figure 14.

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Checkrail unit
Crossing
Heel
block
Closure rails
Switch stops
Bearers
Stockrails
Rail
Brace
Plates
Switches
Figure 14: Basic Turnout Components

8.1
Direction of a Turnout
Turnouts are classed as facing or trailing turnouts, depending on the direction of travel of the train. Facing
points are used to turn the rail traffic on to another track.
This is determined by whether the train sees the front (or face) of the points when it travels over the turnout
(facing), or it sees the points after travelling over the rest of the turnout first (trailing). (See Figure 15 showing
a facing turnout).
8.2
Hand of Turnout
When you look at a turnout from the points toward the V crossing:
A left hand turnout curves towards the left. (See Figure 15).
A right hand turnout curves towards the right. (See Figure 15).
V Crossing
Turnout curves
to LEFT
Points
Left hand turnout
Turnout curves
to RIGHT
Right hand turnout
Figure 15: The hands of turnouts

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QueenslandRail
9.
SWITCHES
A set of points is a fully assembled pair of switches and stockrail units with chairs, switch stops, rail brace
plates and the required rodding attached to correctly operate the switches (Refer Figure 16).
Points may be interlocked (that is connected by rodding to points machines and operated remotely as part of
the signalling system), or non-interlocked in which case they are operated manually by levers placed next to
the points.
Heel
block
Switch stops
Bearers
Stockrails
Rail
Brace
Plates
Switches
Signal Interlocking
Figure 16: Set of Switches (Points)

A standard switch consists of a section of rail or rail steel that has been set and machined to a design shape,
then drilled to detail to accommodate gauge rod brackets and heel blocks.
When it is set against the stockrail, it directs the wheel flanges and causes the change of direction of traffic.
9.1
Hand
Due to the machined shape of the switches, they are classified as being either right or left hand. To identify
switches, you must stand at the points looking back towards the V crossing. The switch on the right is the
right hand switch; the switch on the left is the left hand switch. (See Figure 17).
V Crossing
Left hand switch
Points
Right hand switch
Figure 17: Switch Handing

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QueenslandRail
9.2
Standard
Standard switches (Refer Figure 18):
have a narrow machined point of 3mm
no machining on the stockrail
the switch rail is machined and vertically set to override the foot of the stockrail
have a straight stockrail.
Figure 18: Standard Switch

9.3
Heavy Duty
Heavy Duty (Railcorp) switches (Refer Figure 19):
have a machined point 19mm thick,
have a joggled stockrail,
are used in 53kg turnouts ONLY,
are only used where the points are in the facing direction and are subject to heavy wear.
Joggle
Figure 19: Heavy Duty Switch

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9.4
Housed
If heavy duty switches and joggled stockrails are used on both rails, a switch housing is provided on one of
the switches.
The housing is a specially machined component with a hardened checking face. It acts as a checkrail to
control the position of the wheels when they pass the joggle and switch points (Refer Figure 20).
Points
Housing
Heavy duty
switch
Joggle
Figure 20: Housed Heavy Duty Switch

9.5
Undercut
Switches for use with 50kg and 60kg rail have the stockrail undercut by machining to allow the switch to move
partially under the head of the stockrail. The foot of both the switch and stockrail sit at the same level (Refer
figure 21).
Points
Figure 21: Undercut Switch

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QueenslandRail
9.6
Asymmetric
Switches used with 60kg tangential designs are called asymmetric. They are not machined from rail. They
have a thick web and are shallower than conventional and undercut switches. Asymmetric switches ride on a
raised slide table.
The switch rail material is forged at the heel to form the shape of the rail section so that it can be welded to
the closure rail. A section is cut out from the rail foot at the heel to reduce the force required to operate the
points.
It is easier to maintain adequate heel flangeway opening for a given toe opening compared with conventional
and undercut switches because the asymmetric section is far stiffer then the standard section in horizontal
bending.
The asymmetric shape is more stable under the wheel load (Refer figure 22).
Figure 22: Asymmetric Switch

9.7
Heeled (Pivot)
Heeled switches are switches that pivot from a gapped joint between the switch rail and the adjoining closure
rail.
The heel block and fishplate at this joint are designed to allow the movement. The switch length is the total
length of the switch rail.
9.8
Flexible
Flexible switches are machined from longer rails and fixed towards the end of this rail with blocks to the
adjacent stockrail (Refer Figure 23).
A section of the switch rail foot is removed close to the securing (heel) blocks and the switch is designed to
flex over its length.
Figure 23: Flexible Heel Switch

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9.9
Manganese Tipped
This type of switch has a fixed heel with the rail flexing to divert a vehicle from one track to the other. The toe
of the switch is fitted with a manganese tip due to the greater forces exerted (Refer Figure 24).
Figure 24: Manganese Tipped Switch

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10.
SWITCH AND STOCKRAIL
The other area where there is a complex interface between wheel and rail is through the switch area.
There are three issues to be considered.
Protection of the switch tip
Load transfer between switch and stockrail
Profiles of switch/ stockrail to moderate stress
With the switch closed a wheel travelling along encounters the switch both laterally and vertically. With
conventional switches the switch tip must be positioned and shaped so that the wheel flange will pass
without striking the tip.
The worst case is a worn flange with an ariss (metal flow protruding beyond the wheel flange). An ariss
can be sharp and striking the switch it can climb up it or cut in behind the switch (causing a split points
derailment). The figure below shows a conventional switch with 53kg/m rail and arissed passenger
wheel. Note that the ariss forms a circumference around the wheel so that the first part of the ariss to
encounter the switch is in advance and higher up than the shown in a 2D section. The 2D ariss is
projected forward to show its 3D position in encountering the switch. (Refer figure 25)
Conventional Switch
20
10
-10
Horiz
Vert
-20
worn pass
53kg stockrail
conventional switch
projecte ariss
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 25 conventional switch with 53kg/m rail and flange worn passenger wheel with ariss.

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QueenslandRail
With undercut switches the switch top is protected by the undercut in the stockrail. The wheel cannot
hit the top of the switch. A separate problem arises when the switch widens out to full thickness and
rises to full height. In this case the wheel encounters the switch from the side rather than the end with a
lower risk of wheel climb (Refer figures 26 & 27).
39, revesby, 30, Down
20
10
-10
Vert
Horiz
-20
RailMate
Template
worn pass
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 26 The switch is tucked well under the stockrail

20
10
-10
Vert
Horiz
-20
RailMate
Template
worn pass
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 27. The switch can bear laterally but not vertically.

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QueenslandRail
For both tangential and conventional switches there is still a vertical interface where a wheel travelling
in the facing direction has wheel contact that transfers from the stockrail to the switch. Ideally this
should happen at a position where the switch is sufficiently wide to bear the load and with contact
conditions that do not produce overstressing. The figures below show the transition of vertical load for a
particular switch stockrail combination.
20
10
-10
Vert
Horiz
-20
RailMate
Template
worn pass
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 28. The switch is just starting to bear vertically. In this case the switch is still too thin.
20
10
-10
Vert
Horiz
-20
RailMate
-30
Template
new pass
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 29. Switch with new wheel profile. The contact shape on the switch is poor leading to
overstressing of the gauge corner as shown in the figure below.

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QueenslandRail
Figure 30. Overstressing of the gauge corner due to poor profile on the switch.
The other key issue for profiles in the switch area is that the stockrail encounters wheels in two different
positions. With the switch open the stockrail has the wheel flange close to it and with the switch closed
the stockrails encounters the outside of the wheel tread. The wheels are different in profile depending
on the initial wheel profile and on the wheel wear in service. The contact conditions vary depending on
where the wheel is along the switch. This makes profiling of the stockrail particularly difficult and a
compromise between the needs of both positions but with a bias towards the dominant traffic route.
The 60kg/m switch still forms some sort of reasonable contact conditions as shown in Figure 31. The
53kg/m rail shape is inherently poor producing
highDown
contact stress on the gauge corner as shown in
54, revesby, 4800,
Figure 32.
20
10
-10
Vert
Horiz
-20
RailMate
Template
worn pass
Series4
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 31. Wheel contact differences when switch is open or closed.

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QueenslandRail

Conventional Switch
20
10
-10
Vert
Horiz
-20
worn pass
53kg stockrail
conventional switch
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Figure 32. Wheel contact for 53kg/m rail with high stress on the gauge corner
10.1 Heel block
Heel Blocks are cast wedges that fit in the fishing surfaces of the rail at the rear end between the stockrail
and switch.
In heeled switches, the heel block and associated fishplates and bolts are designed to allow a movement of
the switch blade at this point similar to a hinge. The heel blocks allow enough movement in the heel Joint to
allow the switches to be reversed from side to side (Refer Figure 33).
In flexible switches there are two heel blocks attached to the end of the switch and the adjacent stockrail and
closure rail. They are fabricated blocks that rigidly fix the switch rail to the adjacent rail in the correct
geometric position (Refer Figure 34). It ensures that longitudinal thermal expansion and contraction of the
switchblade is confined to the unrestrained portion of the switchblade that lies ahead of the anti-creep device.
Heel
centres
Figure 33: Heel Block For Heeled Switches

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QueenslandRail
Figure 34: Heel Block For Flexible Switches
10.2 Anti-creep device

In some tangential turnout designs there are NO heel blocks. The switch stops and the fastening systems
hold the stockrail and the switch in the correct position.
In these designs an anti-creep device is fitted between each switchblade and its matching stockrail near the
heel end of the switch rail (Refer Figure 35). This is designed to prevent differential longitudinal movement of
the switchblades relative to their stockrails caused through rail creep.
Figure 35: Anti-creep Device

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10.3 Chairs
A chair is a flat plate that is attached with a bolt through the web of the stockrail. Chairs are used to support
the points assembly on the bearers. The type of chair is identified by lettering on the end of the plate eg. SR,
A, B, C, D.
With undercut switch designs used with 60kg and 50kg switches, the plates are flat under the
switch/stockrail.
Asymmetric switches use a different type of fastening and support system. They do not use chairs or rail
brace plates.
With the 53kg and 47kg switch designs using standard or heavy duty switches, the plates under the first 3
bearers from the point of the switch have a raised table to support the switch.
When a switch is manufactured, it is bent upwards, or vertically set, to allow more steel to be retained in the
foot of the switch while still allowing it to close up correctly.
This vertical set equals 9 mm at the point of the switch. Correspondingly, the chair that is placed on the
timber immediately under the point of the switch is provided with a 9 mm raised table upon which the switch
slides. This chair is called the A chair.
Figure 36 - A, B, and C chairs under a standard switch

The next chair back is called the B chair. The B chair has a table 6 mm tall. C chairs are next with a 3mm
table (Refer Figure 36). D chairs follow and are used as far back as the heel block. D chairs have no raised
table. The base is flat.
10.4 Rail brace plates
Rail brace plates are used under the switch assembly. A cast rail brace is attached to the switch assembly
and then bolted to the stockrail (Refer Figure 37).
The rail brace contacts the underside of the head and the top of the foot of the stockrail. It is used for
stockrail support and to maintain the gauge.
They may be used in place of A and B chairs or in places A, B, C and D chairs on some newer
turnouts.
The plates are identified by a number stamped on the end of the plate.
Figure 37: Rail brace and plate

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10.5 Switch plates and fastenings in tangential turnouts

Each turnout manufacture has there own design of plates and fastenings for switches and stockrails. They
support the stock rail resiliently without interfering with switch rail movement or maintainability (Refer Figure
38).
TKL Rail uses the Schwihag System of inner stockrail bracing clips and special elevated side tables.
PRE uses the PVT Clip inner stock rail fastening.
VAE uses their own patented switch fastening system
Figure 38: Asymmetric switch sitting on raised plates

10.6 Switch stops (switch studs)
Switch stops are made from castings, rolled angle section or extended bolts (Refer Figure 39). They are
bolted to the web of the stockrail through the chairs or rail brace plates. When the switch is in the closed
position, they make contact with its web, providing support for the switch as it is subjected to the thrust of
wheel flanges.
When replacing switch stops, make sure
you use the correct size. The stops get
longer towards the heel.
If the stops are too long, they will not allow
the switch to close.
If the stops are too short, they will not
support the switch.
Figure 39: Switch stops

10.7 Switch rollers
Special rollers, which are either built into the bed plates or clamped to the stockrail and sit under the switch,
are sometimes used to assist flexible switches in opening and closing (Refer Figure 40).
Figure 40: Switch roller systems from different manufacturers

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11.
CLOSURE RAILS
The closure rails form the remaining portion of the turnout. These rails are crowed to their correct radius
before installation and are fastened on flat double shouldered track plates.
The closure rails on the turnout road must be laid with the correct offset from the mainline to ensure the
correct radius from the heel block to the V crossing.
12.
CROSSINGS
12.1 Theoretical point and practical point.

Theoretical point (Refer Figure 41)
The point where the gauge faces of the running line and the turnout rail would intersect is known as the
theoretical point. The theoretical point is the start point for all turnout and crossing dimensions.
It is usually punched marked on the wing rails over the centre bolt. If, however, the punch marks are not
visible, you can find the theoretical point of a straight crossing as follows:
Stretch a string line along the gauge faces from the front leg to back leg of the crossing. Hold the string
16mm below the running surface.
Stretch a second string line along the opposite gauge faces, once again from the front to back leg and hold
the string at 16mm below the running surface.
Mark the point at which the string lines cross over or intersect. This is the theoretical point of intersection.
Theoretical Point of intersection
Practical Point
Figure 41: Theoretical and Practical Points

Practical point
The end or nose of the point rail is known as the practical point of the crossing.
The gauge and the checkrail effectiveness are measured from the practical point.

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12.2 Crossing rate

The crossing rate is a measure of the angle made by the rail gauge faces at the theoretical point.
The larger the crossing rate, the smaller the angle, the faster the speed through the crossing.
The identifying catalogue number of the crossing is stamped on the top surface of the wing rail end along with
the manufacturers identification. In newer crossings the information is engraved on a label attached to the
web of the crossing showing details of geometry, date of manufacture, material used in the crossing and work
order number (See Figure 42).
Rail size
Crossing
rate
Manufacture
date
Catalogu
e No.
Crossing
material
Figure 42: Crossing Identification Label
The catalogue number (Railcorp) gives details concerning the rate of the crossing, whether it-has a left or
right hand point rail and whether it has the front, back or both legs curved.
To determine the crossing angle if no identification is available:
Locate the theoretical point by string lining the gauge faces of the crossing.
Mark this point.
Locate a point where the gauge faces of the point rail and wing rail separate to a distance of exactly 100mm.
Accurately measure the distance between this point and the theoretical point.
The crossing rate is equal to this measurement, divided by 100.

e.g.
The distance from the theoretical point to the point where the gauge faces separate 100mm is equal
to 1050 mm.
Therefore, crossing rate = 1050/100 = 10.5.
crossing rate = 1:10.5.
Figure 43: Crossing Rate
Wing rail
Theoretical intersection of crossing
Point rail
100mm
100mm
10.5
Housed rail
1050mm
Wing rail
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12.3 Type of Crossing

There are 2 types of V crossings
Fixed crossings or Switchable crossings
12.4 Fixed crossings
These crossings have a wheel flange gap in both rails. Wheel transfer of fixed crossings depend on
matching wheel and rail profiles. Fixed crossings are used in conjunction with check (guide) rails to provide
lateral guidance in the crossing area.
Fixed crossings may be:
Fabricated crossings.
Rail Bound Manganese crossings.
Compound crossings
Fully cast crossings
12.5 "V" Crossing
"V" Crossings are necessary to allow the wheel passage across a rail gap (Refer Figure 44) . The fabricated
"V" Crossing as used in low speed turnouts and in yards, consist of a "V" (a point rail and a splice rail shaped
like a vee) and two wing rails blocked. The flange way gap provides for the passage of the flange of the
wheel and as such puts a discontinuity on the rail. This area (between X and Y) can require high
maintenance if the transfer rail profile is not designed correctly or if heavy axle loads or high speeds are
required.
Figure 44: Fabricated Vee Crossing

12.6 Hand of fabricated crossings.
All fabricated crossings are also referred to
as being either right or left hand (Refer
Figure 45). To identify a crossing, stand at
the back of the crossing and look toward
the practical point. A right hand crossing is
one where the point rail is on the right, a left
hand crossing where the point rail is on the
left.
Housed rail
Chocks
Point rail
A left hand crossing has the point rail on the

left hand running rail of the turnout (the rail
that connects to the left hand switch).
As a general rule, the point rail should
always be laid for the main line or the line
carrying the most traffic. This is due to the
point rail being more durable than the
housed rail.
Wing rails
rail
Left hand crossing

Figure 45: Fabricated Crossing Hand

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12.7 Compound Crossing

A compound crossing is a crossing V point that is manufactured from a single cast nose that is welded to
head hardened rails to complete the V. This replaces the point/housed rails in a fabricated crossing.
Compound crossings may be manufactured from manganese steel, chrome vanadium alloys or other
materials.
12.8 Compound Manganese Crossing
The crossing vee is manufactured from a cast manganese nose which is explosively hardened and
flashbutt welded to head hardened vee rails (Refer Figure 46). The corresponding distance blocks are
welded to the crossing vee and assembled together to from the crossing assembly.
Manganese Nose
Head Hardened
Wingrails
Figure 46: Compound Manganese Crossing
12.9 Chrome Vanadium crossing

A Compound Chrome vanadium crossing is a compound crossing V point that is manufactured from a cast
chrome vanadium steel nose which is welded to head hardened rails to complete the V (Refer Figure 47).
Figure 47: Chrome Vanadium Crossing

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12.10 Identifying crossings

Compound crossings are identified by the following code on the crossing identification label.
MN - Compound Manganese (MANG also used in some).
CV - Chrome Vanadium (CHV also used in some).
If there is no plate on the crossing, or the plate is unreadable, the type of material can be established using
the following guidelines.
If the nose is manufactured from two standard rail sections, machined and fitted together it is a fabricated
crossing (normal rail steel).
If the nose is manufactured in one piece it will be either Compound Manganese or Chrome Vanadium.
If the one piece nose was installed in track before 1999 (Railcorp) it will usually be Chrome Vanadium (Refer
Figure 48).
If the one piece nose was installed in track since 2000 (Railcorp) it will usually be Compound Manganese. All
current V crossing noses are manufactured from Compound Manganese.
Chrome Vanadium crossings have the crossing chocks welded to the crossing nose.
Manganese crossings have the crossing chocks glued or cast to the crossing nose (Refer Figure 49).
Manganese crossings can also be identified in the field by the stainless steel insert, 8mm to 15mm wide, that
can be found where the crossing head width is about 84mm. Once paint/ dirt is removed the insert will be
shiny (Refer Figure 50).
The manganese noses are non magnetic while the those made from rail steel and chrome vanadium are
magnetic. That is a magnet will not stick to manganese crossing noses but will stick to other types.
Chocks attached
With Epoxy
Chocks welded
to crossing insert
Figure 48: Chrome Vanadium Crossing
Manganese Crossing Nose
Figure 49: Manganese Crossing
84 mm
approx.
Stainless Steel Insert
Figure 50: Stainless Steel Insert with manganese crossing

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12.11 Rail Bound Manganese Crossings

Rail bound manganese steel crossings (Refer Figure 51) use a manganese steel casting in the high wear
areas, i.e. the transfer area, with rail bent around the casting and forming legs on the crossing. This allows
standard "thermite" welds to be used however an impact joint still remains at the tang.
Figure 51: Rail Bound Manganese Crossing

12.12 Monoblock or Solid Cast Manganese Steel Crossing
In solid cast manganese steel crossings (Refer Figure 52 & 53) the whole crossing is cast in one piece with
areas on the four legs allowing either fishplating or thermite welding to standard rail sections .
Leg Ends Can Be Either

Fishplated or Welded.
One Piece
Manganese Casting
No Blocks or Bolts.
Figure 52: Monoblock Solid Manganese Crossing

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Figure 53: Monoblock or Solid Cast Manganese Steel Crossing

12.13 Switchable Crossings
These crossings close the gap in one track that is being made active for traffic allowing a continuous surface
for the wheel to run through the crossing. Wheel transfer in switchable crossings is without any impact for
any wheel profile. Switchable crossings have no flange gap in the active track and thus do not require
guardarail/checkrails. They can have either Swing Nose or Spring Wing.
12.14 Swing Nose Crossing
Swing Nose Crossings (Refer Figure 54) are fabricated crossings, used in medium and high speed turnouts,
where the point of the crossing can be moved horizontally with the use of motor driven signalling equipment.
Swing nose crossings have no guardrail/checkrails.
Figure 54: Swing Nose Crossings

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12.15 Spring Wing Crossing

A switchable V crossing (Refer Figure 55) with both a fixed and spring wing leg. The spring wing effectively
eliminates the flange way gap when using the main line thus reducing the wheel generated impact in the
crossing. The wheel flange forces the spring wing open when taking the siding road.
Figure 55: Spring Wing Crossings

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13.
CROSSING DESIGN PROFILES
13.1 General
At a standard crossing the wheel tracks across from the wingrail to the nose of the crossing in the facing
direction (or vice versa in the trailing direction. The wheel is at one end of an axle the other wheel is located
between the running rail and the checkrail which limits the lateral position of the wheel at the crossing.
There are a number of factors which control the position and shape of the wheel rail interface through a
standard crossing:
The wheel back to back (distance between inside faces of the wheels on an axle)
The difference between track gauge and the flangeway opening at the checkrail (sometimes known
as the checkrail effectiveness)
the flangeway opening at the crossing.
The wheel design profile, which can range from a traditional conical wheel to a designed worn shape
such as the WPR2000. The wheels can also be of different widths. There is also a variation possible
in the wheel flange design which can be full flange, 7/8 flange or 3/4 flange. New wheels normally
have full flanges and these narrower profiles may be turned in service.
The wear and worn shape of the wheel profiles in service. The variation between the new profile and
the worn profile is a factor in the range of contacts that need to be accommodated.
In this section the longitudinal position of any point in the crossing nose area is always referenced by the
nose width (the width between the gauge faces of either side of the nose). This means that the
determinations are applicable whatever the crossing design rate e.g. the 16mm point on at 1 in 8.25 crossing
looks the same in profile as a 1 in 15 crossing.
13.2 General Design Principles
Design principles are the fundamental influences which have been determined to limit any designs that may
be developed including proprietary designs by external firms.
The first requirement is that a wheel approaching the nose of the crossing does not strike the nose end on
(facing direction) or contact the nose whilst it is still very thin (facing or trailing).
The second requirement is that the wheel approaching the wing does not strike the wing side on (trailing
direction) or have the outside of the wheel (excluding the chamfer) run on the sloping edge of the wing (facing
or trailing). The position of this point will depend on two main factors the flangeway width and the shape of the
edge of the wing. It will also depend on the wheel width which may be different for different vehicle types.
With the starting and ending positions defined this sets bounds on the minimum longitudinal crossing nose
slope that be achieved. A steeper slope means a higher impact. For crossings particularly blunt angled
crossings this impact can be quite high and much greater than for normal rail irregularities such as dipped
welds.
The requirements for general purpose crossings that can be used anywhere are as follows:
13.3 Early Transfer Nose Tip Position
The crossing nose contact with the worst new wheel full flange wheel profile with the wheel flange set against
the nose must not occur before the nose width is at least a minimum width (eg 16mm). To achieve this the
depth of the wheel below the wing would need to be set at some minimum value.
For materials such as Manganese which are soft initially and work-harden an allowance may be made for
the expected deformation.
The slope of the nose ramp section that runs from the nose down to the chocks supporting the nose must not
be contacted by the worst wheel profile position combination (full flange wheel profile set as far to the gauge
side as permitted by the checkrail assuming standard checkrail effectiveness). Curved ramps are permitted
where these prevent such flange contact or provide additional tolerance.
The vertical slope on the side of the nose should be defined (typically it is around 4 vertical to 1 horizontal).

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13.4 Late Transfer Nose to Wing Position

The second requirement is that the wheel approaching the wing does not strike the wing side on (trailing
direction) or have the outside of the wheel (excluding the chamfer) run on the sloping edge of the wing (facing
or trailing). The position of this point will depend on two main factors the flangeway width and the shape of the
edge of the wing. It will also depend on the narrowest wheel and the allowable wear (tread hollowing).
13.5 Limiting Contact Stress on the Nose
The contact stress on the nose will depend on the width of the nose at contact and its shape. Regular contact
should not occur until the bearing area of the nose is 12mm or more. The theoretical nose width at the gauge
point will be wider than this e.g. if the nose is 27mm wide at the gauge point (16mm below the wing) it will
only be 23mm wide at a height of 8mm below the wing (see figure 56).
Wing Height
Nose depth
16mm
Gauge Point
1
4
Bearing
width nose
Figure 56: Crossing profile showing nose width.
The nose profile shape should reflect the wheel profiles that will contact it considering both the new wheel
design shape and the in-service wear shapes. It should also consider the range of possible lateral wheel
positions, from having the flange hard against the wing (as in the figure above) or up against the nose.
Nose shapes for new crossings will be symmetrical to accommodate wheels travelling on both routes through
the crossing i.e. in the figure above the nose profile should consider the mirror image of the wheel profiles.
13.6 Limiting Contact Stress on the Wing
The contact stress on the wing will depend on the bearing area of the edge of the wheel on the wing. The
worst case is with the narrowest wheel with the flange hard against the opposite wing rail. It will also depend
on the shape of the rail in the bearing area.
On a 60kg/m rail the edge of the rail drops away causing a mismatched contact. There should be a minimum
bearing area of the wheel contacting the rail at a position where the slope on the wing rail is not excessively
steep. (Refer figure 57)

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Xing Profiles 60kgm Rail Minimum Wing Contact
-80
-60
1 in 5 slope defines
max contact
position on rail
-40
-35.7
3mm min wheel
tread contact
-20
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
60kg rail D=0 Nose=29 flangway=42
Checking Rail
20
New Wheel
xing nose
Rail Level
40
Figure 57: Sample wingrail contact limits 3mm minimum contact at slope 1 in 5.
On a wing with a constant slope the contact minimum should be set on the slope itself (not the radius on the
gauge corner of the wing) see figure 58.
Prototype Monoblock Crossing Showing Wing Contact
-60
-50
-40
-30
mimimum
bearing contact
is 3mm on the 1
in 20 sloping
section
-20
-10
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
10
30.5mm
20
30
NewPass Wheel L
40
Figure 58: wheel contact on wing with constant slope.

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13.7 Impact
A wheel traversing a crossing nose encounters an impact as it transfers from the wing to the nose (or vice
versa). The impact is equivalent to a dipped weld. There are three components to this angle. The most
important is the slope of the nose (relative to the wing) which is particularly dependent on the crossing angle.
Slope
causing
impact
Figure 59: Wheel impact from slope of nose

There is also a component due to the greater of:
The vertical movement of the wheel by virtue of the contact point moving towards the edge of the
wheel which has a coned angle (figure 60) or:
The vertical movement of the wheel due to the edge of the wheel dropping as it tracks along the
gauge corner towards the edge of the wingrail.
pro rata y
#DIV/0!
-45
wheel drops as
point of contact
moves
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Figure 60: Wheel impact from slope on edge of wheel tread

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Xing Profiles Wheel Edge

-44
-39
-34
w heel drops as edge

moves dow n corner of
w ing.
-29
-24
-19
100
120
140
160
180
Figure 61: Wheel impact from slope on edge of wheel tread

The impact forces involve a contact stress which affects rail stress and crack growth and large scale P2
forces which affect rails, sleepers and ballast. For this review a limit in the overall dip angle has been related
to track speed.
13.8 Improving Crossing Nose Shape

The adoption of a nose transverse profile that is more conforming to the general wheel profile will reduce the
contact stresses. The ideal shape is probably reflected in the shape achieved in service by the normal wear.
However the closer the nose is initially to the this worn shape the less damage is done in getting there. In
setting a shape both routes over the crossing nose have to be considered.
Xing Profiles
crossingcrossing
nose shape for
60kg/mare repaired in services. Simply grinding flow
Low wear profiles can be installed
new- new
or when
noses
With contact for various wheels and 6mm offset from wing.
and fatigue damaged material
during
routine
maintenance
can
assist.
(full shape shown but only applied to mid-point of nose)
-80
-60
-40
-33.6
-20
-40
-20
20
40
60
0
56, -29.2
20
40
80
100
new shape 140

120
160
60kg rail D=6 Nose=24 flangway=44
Checking Rail
New Wheel
Pass some tread & flange wear
Pass mod tread neg flange wear
Pass typ flange worn
DDIC worn
freight only 130?
freight mod worn
loco low wear ANZR1
xing nose
Rail Level
Design Nose Level
180
Figure 62: worn shape on crossing nose, a reflection of various wheel profiles.

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13.9 Improving Wing Shape
The traditional 60kg/m rail shape is not very suitable to accommodate the edge of the wheel. The rapid
reduction in height as the wheel moves across causes additional impact, reduces the available transfer
area and results in additional wear and fatigue damage due to the mismatched shapes of the edge of
the wheel and the corner of the rail.
Profiles of some crossing types already have a squarer profile (such as RBM or monoblock), some are
Xing Profiles
modified
improved by machining of the gauge
face- new
edge
of wing
a 60k/m rail (and adjusting the chocks). It is also
With contact for various wheels
flange width 44
possible to repair weld a square profile to the wingrail.
nose width 28
-80
offset 0
-60
-40
-34.5
-20
-40
-20
20
40
60
80
100
120
20
40
new shape
160
180
60kg/m140
rail wing
Checking Rail
New Wheel
Pass some tread & flange wear
Pass mod tread neg flange wear
Pass typ flange worn
DDIC worn
freight only 130?
freight mod worn
loco low wear ANZR1
xing nose
Rail Level
Design Nose Level
Series1
Series10
Figure 63: comparison of square wing and natural 60kg/m shape.

Xing Profiles Wheel Edge
-44.000
-39.000
-34.000
-29.000
-24.000
-19.000
100.000
120.000
140.000
160.000
180.000
Figure 64: comparison of square wing and natural 60kg/m shape detail view.
13.10 Other Design Improvements
Other design improvements for crossing shape and impact could be achieved by:
Reducing the flangeway width. Modern flangeways are around 42mm compared to the
traditional 44mm. Each mm reduction in flangeway width makes available an additional 2mm
wheel contact on the wingrail (since the extremity of wheel contact is governed by the width of
flangeways on either of the nose). The downside of reducing the flangeway width is a greater
potential for jamming of a wheel in the flangeway and for potential of wheel impact at the elbow
in the throat of the crossing in the trailing direction.
Reducing the variety of wheel profiles and wheel widths that need to be accommodated.
Reducing the level of wear permitted on wheels.
Using a narrower wheel flange (eg 7/8 profile) which reduces the potential for impact at the
crossing nose.

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14.
GUARDRAIL/CHECKRAIL UNIT
The guardrail/checkrail units are opposite the V crossing. The purpose of the guardrail/checkrails is to
control the position and direction of the vehicle wheels as they pass through the flangeways of the crossing.
(Refer Figure 65).
The unit consists of a length of rail (called the guardrail/checkrail) with a flared bevel machined on each end,
hardened on the checking face, bolted through chocks/shims to a closure rail (called the guardrail/checkrail
carrier). The centre of the checkrail should be opposite the theoretical point of the V crossing.
Straight guardrail/checkrails are chamfered. This means that the same size chock can be used all the way
through and there is no need for shims. (Refer Figure 66).
On some turnouts (eg tangentials) the guardrail/checkrail is higher than the guardrail/checkrail carrier. They
are made from special guard rail section (UIC 33) and bolted to special elevated guard rail chairs. This is
called a raised guardrail/checkrail. (Refer Figure 67).
The centre of the guardrail/checkrail is usually opposite the theoretical point of the crossing.
Due to the construction of V crossings, there is a gap between the practical point and the throat across
which there is no rail to guide the wheel. When a wheel follows the outer rail of the turnout the tendency is for
it to travel outwards when it reaches the gap. If this occurs, the wheel flange could travel on the wrong side
of the crossing and derail. This is prevented by the guardrail/checkrail that engages the back of the opposite
wheel and guides the flange onto the correct side of the crossing point.
This action takes place each time a wheel moves in a facing direction through a crossing and the whole
safety of the movement depends on the checkrail. Consequently, the maintenance of the correct position and
rigid fastening of the guardrail/checkrail is of particular importance.
Some guardrail/checkrail flangeways are adjusted by using spacer shims with the chocks.
Figure 65: - Guardrail/Checkrails at the v crossing
Figure 66: - Guardrail/Checkrail machine chamfered from straight rail

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Figure 67: - Raised Guardaril/Checkrail
15.
KEY POINTS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
The location of turnout infrastructure is important and should consider a variety of issues such as geometry,
drainage and formation, clearances and others as described above. The renewal of turnout infrastructure
should also consider similar issues including improvements over time. The replacement of conventional
turnouts with tangential is now a common for designers. There are a number of issues that need to be
considered.
16.
SOURCES
Inputs from this paper are a consolidation of the experience of Robin Stevens & Greg Beh (QR) and crossing
profile design review inputs from Malcolm Kerr RailCorp.
17.
FURTHER READING
th
British Railway Track 7 Edition Volume 5

18.
REFERENCES
RailCorp manual Track Fundamentals and QueenslandRail Track Standards.

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19.
APPENDIX A

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National Turnout Workshop Module 2 Session A - Design and Components

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National Turnout Workshop Module 2 Session A - Design and Components

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RA TURNOUT WORKSHOP

National Turnout Workshop Newcastle, May 2013

Figure 1: Secant Design Turnout

Circular Curve To Toe

Figure.2: Tangential Design Turnout

Turnout Design and Components

TURNOUT DESIGN - SECANT

Figure 3: Early Turnout Design