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LAB SHEET
EEL1196 Instrumentation & Measurement Techniques
TRIMESTER 2 2013-2014
*Note: On-the-spot evaluation may be carried out during or at the end of the experiment.
Students are advised to read through this lab sheet before doing experiment. Your
performance, teamwork effort, and learning attitude will count towards the marks.
Objective:
1. To examine the methods of power measurement in DC circuit and three-phase circuits, using
wattmeter.
Apparatus required:
Multi-range wattmeter: 3 V, 10 V, 30 V, 100 V, 300 V, 500 V
0.1 A, 0.3 A, 1 A, 3 A, 10 A
Ammeters: a.c .0-5 A, d.c. 0-1 A.
Voltmeter: a.c. 0-500 V, d.c. 0-10 V.
Resistors: 1 box-unit containing three 1800 , 150 W resistors.
Capacitors: 1 box-unit containing three capacitors of 4.2 F each.
D.C. Power supply: 0-240 V,
A.C.Power supply: Three phase and single phase, 50 Hz supply
1.Theory:
1.1 Power
Power in an electrical system is the product of the voltage v and current i. In SI-units, v is in
volts, i is in amperes and the power P is in watts. In d.c. circuits, v and I do not vary with time
and are normally represented as upper-case letters V and I. The power P is also constant in d.c.
circuits. We can write:
P = V.I
In a.c. circuits, we have an instantaneous power, p and an average power, P. These are given
by:
p = v. i.
P
(1.1)
1 T
=
v.i.dt
T o
(1.2)
and
= 2 V cos t
(1.3a)
= 2 I cos ( t - ),
(1.3b)
(1.4)
In equations (1.3 b) and (1.4), a + sign denotes a capacitive load (current leading the voltage)
and a sign denotes an inductive load (current lagging behind the voltage).
The average power is
P =
1 T
v.i.dt
T o
= V.I. cos
(1.5)
In an a.c. circuit, the voltage and current are represented by phasors. The term cos is called
power factor. If v and i are of different frequencies, the value of the integral in equation (1.2)
will be zero. P = VI is the appetence power and P = V.I. cos is the active power of the load.
1.2 Wattmeter terminals:
A wattmeter is an indicating instrument, which takes v and i, and performs the multiplication,
integration and averaging indicated in equation (1.2). The average power P, (also called true
power) is shown on the instrument by a pointer-position (or digitally). For connection into the
circuit, a wattmeter has four terminals - two current terminals and two potential terminals. The
connections are made such that, the current-element of the wattmeter is connected in series
with the load circuit. The load current is sent into the current-element of the instrument in a
specified direction. This direction is usually marked on the wattmeter. In the same way, the
direction of voltage-drop to be applied to the potential terminals is also given on the instrument.
If the reference current direction and voltage drop are properly taken into account, the meter will
give positive reading in a load that consumes power.
ZL
Wattmeter
A.C. Source
Load
Phase voltage: VP
VL
3
IL
3
Figure 1.3 shows the two wattmeter connection may be used to determine the power in a threephase three-wire circuit (balanced or unbalanced).
IA
W1
O
IA = IBA - IAC
W1
O
I
U
Z1
IBA
VAB
VBA
Z2
IB
Z3
IB = ICB - IBA
U
O
VCB
IC = IAC - ICB
W2
U
O
W2
(1.6)
AB-A is the phase difference between VAB and IA. VAB = VAN - VBN (Potential drop across W1)
Power indicated by W2 :
P2 =
VCB IC cosCB-C
Z2
Z3
VCB
IC
IAC
Z1
(1.7)
CB-C is the phase difference between VCB and IC. VCB = VCN - VBN (Potential drop across W2)
Sum of the powers measured by the two wattmeters W1 and W2 would equal:
PT = P1 + P2
(1.8)
The total power measured (P1+P2) is the sum of real power consumed in the three phases.
ICB
VA
IA
30
-VB
VBC
IC
N
VB
VC
IB
VCA
(1.9)
where VL is the magnitude of the line voltage and IL that of the line current.
Power indicated by wattmeter W2:
P2
(1.10)
3 VL
IL cos
(1.11)
This is the total power PT consumed by the load. Hence, the sum of the readings of the two meters
gives the total power PT consumed by the load. In this method, the reading of the wattmeter W1 can
become negative if is greater than 600 (refer equation 1.9).
For a balanced three-phase system, the reactive power:
Q=
VLILsin
Caution:
HIGH VOLTAGE!!!. Please make sure that all the connections are correct before switch on
the power supply.
You are required to get the permission from the instructor to switch on the power supply.
2 Experimental Procedure:
2.1 Power Measurement in DC Circuit
1. Establish the connections for power measurement in DC circuit according to the circuit diagram
shown in Fig. 2.1 and select the ranges on the wattmeter as indicated.
2. Adjust the source voltage to 10V such that the current through the circuit is 0.1A. Adjust the
resistor such that the resistance is 100Write down the reading of the wattmeter, taking into
account its multiplication factor.
I1
A
100
Wattmeter
(10V, 1.0 A)
10Vd.c.
V1
W.
Calculate the average power from theory and compare the measure value.
I1
A
W1
(300V, 1 A, UPF)
O
I
U
V
415V
3
2.2.1: a) Establish the connection for power measurements in a three-phase star connection load
according to the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 2.2(a). (Note that in this circuit
arrangement, a three-phase balanced supply feeding a balanced three-phase load.)
b) Adjust the load to 470 and connect in star connection. (The load consists of three equal
resistances.)
c) Use wattmeter, W1 and W2, to measure the power between line A and line B, and between
line B and line C. The current circuit of W 1 is connected in series with line A, and that of
W2 is connected in series with line C of the three-phase circuit. The potential circuit of W 1
gets the voltage VAB applied across it. The potential circuit of W2 has the voltage VCB
across it.
d) Adjust the three phase supply voltage to be 250 V line-to-line. Read the corresponding
values measured, I of the ammeter, V of the voltmeter and P 1 and P2 of wattmeter W1 and
W2. Record the measured values in table 2.1. Calculate the total power P consumed by the
load using the formula:PT = P1 + P2
e) Repeat the measurement of (d) by adjusts the three phase supply voltage to be 150 V and
100 V. Record the measured values in table 2.1.
V1
W2 I
O
(300V, 1 A, UPF)
I1
W1
(300V, 1A, UPF)
I
U
V
415V
3
2.2.2: a) Establish the connection for power measurements in a three-phase delta connection load
according to the diagram shown in Fig 2.2(b).
b) Adjust the three phase supply voltage to be 150 V line-to-line.
c) Read the corresponding values measured, I of the ammeter, V of the voltmeter and P 1 and
P2 of wattmeter W1 and W2. Record the measured values in table 2.1.
V1
O WI2
a) Connect three capacitors of equal value of 4.2 F each in delta as shown in Fig. 2.2(c).
b) Adjust the three phase supply voltage to be 150 V line-to-line.
c) Read the corresponding values measured, I of the ammeter, V of the voltmeter and P 1 and
P2 of wattmeter W1 and W2. Record the measured values in table 2.1. (NOTE: One of the
wattmeter is a negative reading as the pointer will shows value less than zero.)
d) Modify the wattmeter connection to obtain the reading for the wattmeter that gave
negative reading.
I1
A
W1
(300V, 1A, UPF)
O
I
U
V
415V
3
V1
W2
(300V, 1 A, UPF)
NATURE OF
LOAD
I1
Amps
V1
Volts
P1
Watts
P2
Watts
TOTAL POWER
P= P1+P2 (W)
Experimental
Theoretical
Resistive load in
star (symmetrical)
R =470 /ph
V = 250 V
Resistive load in
star (symmetrical)
R =470 /ph
V = 150 V
Resistive load in
star (symmetrical)
R =470 /ph
V = 100 V
Resistive load in
(symm.)
Rph= 470 /ph
Capacitive load in
(Symmetrical)
C=4.2 F/ph
4. Laboratory Report
The report should contain the following:
a) Objective.
b) Schematic diagrams and Basic Theory.
c) Tabulation of observed and computed data.
d) Answers to the exercise questions.
e) Your own results and conclusions.
Important:
You are given one week to prepare, write and submit your lab report to the same
laboratory.
All reports must be neatly handwritten. Neatness and carefulness are counted.
Write your own report and use your own findings and results, similar reports wont
be given marks for both the original and the copied ones.