Ccna R&S

Mobile: 00972598053163
Facebook : Ahmad H Mashaikh
E-Mail ahmad.private.mashaikh@gmail.com
Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh
Networking Fundamentals

CCNP .CCDP
82............................................................IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header
71........................................................................................
WLAN
IPs IP .
CCNA 200-120:
CCNA :
: ) (ICND1 and ICND2

Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices 1 and 2
: CCNA CCNA 200-120 , 200-125
) (On Line

IP
). (WAN
CCNA
:
: IP EIGRP, VLANs, Ethernet,
ACLs.
Cisco Certified Network

Associate
.
61....................................................
59..................................................................
55.................................................................................
53..........................................................
51..............................................
45........................................................................................
27...................................................................................................OSI
25...................................................................... Protocols
17............................ Physical Media
12..............................................Network Architectures
11.......................................................
5 ......................................................................
Networking Fundamentals
) Level ( 1

.

.

.

. .

LAN

) (Satellite WAN
PAN
.
.
.
.
. Mesh networks
.Star networks
.Bus networks
.Tree networks
.Ring Topology

.
ARPANET Advanced
Research Project Agency Net .
) (NSF National Science Foundation
ARPANET

) (www ) (www (World
) Wide Web ) (ISOC
)( ..
Netscape Navigator. 1996 )(
.

)( . :
:
. .
: :

Local Area
Network LAN
.
500
hub switch
.

.
.

.
)Storage Area Networks - (SAN
:

.
)Wireless Local Area Networks - (WLAN
)Metropolitan Area Networks - (MAN
)Personal Area Networks - (PAN
)Global Area Networks - (GAN
)Wide Area Networks - (WAN

)Campus Area Networks - (CAN
)Local Area Networks - (LAN
Types of Networks by Geographical Area

:
-
.
- .
-

.
-
.

.

.
.
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
: MAN

) (MAN ) (LAN
.
: PAN

.
: WAN

.
: LAN

.
: CAN

.
Client / Server Networks
- .
- .
- .
- .
- 20
.Workgroup
- .
Peer to Peer -
Peer to Peer Networks
Network Architectures
: SAN

.
: GAN
.
: WLAN

.
: Star Topology

Terminator
.Backbone
: Bus Topology
Physical Network Topologies
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- Client / Server
: Hybrid Topology Network

.
: Mesh Topology
: Point to Multipoint Topology
: Point to point Topology
: Ring Topology
Coaxial Cable

.

.
.
- :

Fiber Optic Cable Twisted Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable . .
Twisted Pair Cable . .
Fiber Optic Cable . .
x
.
Physical Media
: Coaxial Cable -
,

. .
.
. - ,
.
.
.
.
. Ethernet

.
- : .
.
.

.
.
.
.
- :
.

.
.

. .
- :

.
AT&T
.
.
1000
Cat6
1000 .
Cat5
Cat5
16.
10.
4.
100.
Cat4
Cat3
Cat2
Cat 1
UTP 6 :
- Unshielded Twisted Pair / UTP
Thin net Thick net.
net.
- Shielded Twisted Pair / STP
: Twisted Pair Cable -
mbps Thin
mbps Thick
Thick net Thin
- :
- : Buffer coating
.
- : Cladding
.
- : Core
- : fiber optic cables
STP UTP RJ- 45
Rj-45 :
) (Crossover cable
) (Straight cable
STP : UTP
- .
- .
- UTP :
- .
- .
- .
STP UTP :
Category 6
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
- ) 100/ (
200,00/.
single mode fiber

.

micron 9 1 0,001
nm..-.
multi -mode fibers

.
micron . .
200000 .
- 100
- .
- .
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

TCP/IP
.
:LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
IP
) (Network Layer osi
) (packet
.
:IP - Internet Protocol

) (www
. HTML
:HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
) (HTTPS
/
.
.
.
:HTTPS - Secure HTTP
Secure Socket Layer SSL

.
:SSL - Secure Sockets Layer

ESMTP Extended SMTP
:SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

. POP
:POP - Post Office Protocol
:FTP - File Transfer Protocol

. 123
.UDP
:NTP - Network Time Protocol

IETF )(

.
:SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
IP Hosts
Workstation TCP/IP
) (IP address conflict IP
) (
.
:DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

IP
. IP
:DNS - Domain Name System
Port 0 65535
0 Port 1024
.
Protocols
.
.
.
.
:UDP -User Datagram Protocol
.
.
VoIP.
.
:TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
PPP Point to Point Protocol

.
) (Data Layer . TCP/IP
:PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol
) (Reverse ARP : RARP

ARP
. RARP
:RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
Address Resolution Protocol

) (ARP
-
.
:ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
Ping Packet
Internet Groper
Troubleshoot

Ping Packets 32 bit Echo Packet

.
:. ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol

IP /
).(TCP/IP
1994 .
x )(Routing
:
) (Layers.
) (ISO 1983 7498

.
: OSI Source device

.Destination device
Open Systems Interconnection
OSI
7- Application layer
6- Presentation layer
5- Session layer
4- Transport layer
3- Network layer
2- Data link layer
1- Physical layer
: 7 ) (
.
- Troubleshooting.
- . Encapsulations
- OSI

Ping

Tcp/ip OSI

physical ) data link . ( Tcp
- OSI
.
-
.
-
.
: OSI Layers
Speed development of new technology

Allows for modular software development

Provides a standard for hardware development

: OSI
6- Presentation layer
:
.
: Application layer -
)(Application
Mozilla Firefox Outlook

Application layer .

Google Chrome Mozilla
Firefox
FTP Client
Outlook Application layer
Application
layer
. Application layer
7- Application layer
OSI Layer :
SNMP , DNS , FTP , LDAP , LMP , NTP , HTTP , DHCP ,

Open VPN , SMTP , POP3 , IMAP , WAE , WAP , SSH, Telnet
, SIP , PKI , SOAP , rlogin , TLS / SSL .
: .
JPEG , MPEG , ASCII , EBCDIC , HTML , AFP , PAD , NDR ,

RDP , PAD , AVI .
: Presentation layer -
Presentation layer

Application layer
Presentation layer
png , jpeg
, gif .
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
TCP: Transmission Communication Protocol
Transport layer -

Session

Session

) (single

) (half duplex

,
SAP, RTP, NFS, SQL, RPC, NETBIOS NAM, NCP, SOCKETS,

SMB, NETBEUI, 9P.
: Session layer -
) ( Full duplex

)(Full duplex

TCP Connection oriented protocol

, UDP Connectionless

UDP

TCP
.
4-Transport layer
5- Session layer
x

.
x
) ( 0 to 1024
.
-:
- TCP
. or UDP
- .
Flow-control
flow control Sequencing

Acknowledgments .
- , flow control Error correction
: Transport layer
FTP = Port 21, Telnet = Port 23, SMTP = Port 25, DNS = Port 53,
TFTP = Port 69, SNMP = Port 161, RIP = Port 520.
TCP UDP :
UDP
TCP
.
UDP TCP UDP

TCP
.
UDP : TCP
x
. TCP

.TCP
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
TCP Connection-Oriented

.
UDP Connectionless
TCP

.Three Way handshake
UDP :
x
. TCP
Connection Based

Three Way handshake
, .
TCP: Transmission Communication Protocol
TCP : UDP
.
.
.
.
.
).(IMP
.
) RAM ( .
Logical Link Control LLC Bits

Bytes Frames Frame
Logical Network Topology
Token ring star Frame
== Frame
== Media Access Control MAC :
Mac Address
Frame
.

.
.
SCCP, GRE, OSPF, ARP, RIP, Routed-SMLT
IPv4, IPv6 , IPx , ICMP , IPsec , IGMP,CLNP,EGP,EIGRP,IGRP,IPx
: Network layer -
Packet
Packet Transport layer
segment Network layer
segment Packet IP
Packet
routing
RIP , EIGRP , OSPF
.BGP
) (Packet ) (FRAME
) (binary data
.
)( .
) (Interface Message Processor IMP
.
2-data link layer
3- Network layer
PC
PC
PC
Switch Core
Router
Switch , HUB
NIC, Cable
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
x
:
Data
Data
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bites
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
x :
Data link layer - Physical layer
1-Physical layer
Physical layer

,
Frame
Frame BITS

.
Data link layer
TCP/IP Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol TCP
.

.
.
.

PC

.
Linux )(php

) (ASP
). (HTML
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

)World Wide Web (www
) File Transfer Protocol (FTP .
(SMTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

.
TCP/IP

TCP/IP :
TCP/IP
.
:

.

.
.
TCP/IP Hardware
Software
.
DARPA .

.
1970
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TCP/IP

.TCP/IP

OSI Layers
TCP/IP
. TCP/IP

.

TCP/IP
.

.
Passive Hub - .
Active Hub - .
Hybrid Hub - .
Smart (intelligent) Hub - .
x . HUB
x

.
x .
x Physical Layer
.
- : HUB
,

.
Network Devices
OSI
OSI .
Internet
Transport
Application
Network Interface
: TCP/IP
Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TCP/IP
DHCP
IP IP
) (

IP 32
8
131,107,2,200 8
1 255 )(
): (TCP/IP
: SOCKETS
TCP/IP
.
.
TCP/IP .
TCP/IP : IP
IP
IP.

.
x
Twisted pair

.
- : Repeater

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- .
- .ffff.ffff.ffff
- .Mac-Address
- Mac-Address-Table .
- .OSI
- .Collision Domain
- ) . ( One to One
Mac-Address

Frame Mac-Address
Frame Broadcast
.
-

8
5

.
x Switch : Hub
- : Switch

Bridge Physical
Layer Data Link Layer OSI

Switch

.
Gateway
: External Gateway -
.
: Internal Gateway -

Gateway .
x Gateway :
- : Router
. Newtork Layer
Modem -
Router -
: ADSL
ADSL .
x :
- 10.0.0.0
192.168.1.0

.
-
Source Destination
.
- : Gateway
OSI

Router
Gateway
.
Full Duplex
Half Duplex
Simplex
-
-
-
. OSI
.

.CSMA/CD
.
NIC = Network Interface Card
- : NIC
NIC
) (Transceiver NIC NIC
MAC Address
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bridge
- : Bridge LAN
Routing Table
.
Methods of Sending Data in the Physical Media

Networks
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Multicast
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Unicast

Any Cast IPv6
.
)(Simplex
)(Full Duplex
)(Half Duplex
Methods of Sending Data in the Network
: Collision Domain
.
: Broadcast Domain
IP Broadcast Domain
.

Broadcast
Broadcast IPv6 . Any cast
Any cast
---------------------------------------------------------------------
: Any cast : - .
- DDOS
.
- .
-
.
Broadcast Domain : Collision Domain
x : Hub Broadcast .Collision Domain
x : Switch , Collision Domain

.Broadcast
x : Router Broadcast
. Collision Domain
x :

.
x Hub Repetar
LAN Switch
Router .
x :

.
:
,

.
Collision Domain
Broadcast
x Broadcast Domain 1
x Collision Domain 4
x Broadcast Domain 1
, .
x HUB
One Collision Domain

,

, ) ( IP
Broadcast , ffff.ffff.ffff
. Mac Address -
, .
x ,

, Mac Address
Broadcast .
1700 routers
2820 Switches
1900 Switches
700 routers
ACCESS Layer
6500 switches
12000 router
8500 switches
6500 switches
4000 switches
4000 routers
3600 routers
4000 switches
DISTRIBUTION Layer
CORE Layer
- : Core Layer
Distribution
.
- : Distribution Layer
Access Layer ) (Vlan
.
- : Access Layer
,

.
x
.
1- Access Layer
2- Distribution Layer
3- Core Layer
Collision Domain
.Broadcast Domian
x :

A . B
Broadcast A and B . Collision Domain 3x Broadcast Domain 2
CD : BD
Cisco Three Layers Hierarchical Model
(00000000) x 8
8 Bit Byte

32
.
x : Byte
8
0 1 8
:
x : Bit 0 1

.OSI
x 32 bit
Octet
.
x 8
255
8 .
x bit Byte
IP
.
IPv4 Address

.
Cisco Three Layers Hierarchical Model
Internet protocol
IP Address - IPv4 / IPv6
: Class A A 1 126 0 127

0 127 A
1 126 0 127 .
x IPv4
IP
.
A , B , C , D , E :
x
x
x
x
0.0.0.0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
255.255.255.255 IP
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
.
0.0.0.0 IP
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
.
IP
8 32
8 0
8
:
255.255.255.255
0.0.0.0
- : Decimal System
0 255
:
IP 8
32 .
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits Octet 8 bits
- :Binary System 0 1
:
x IP
.
A , B , C , D , E
A , B , C D , E
:
A B C
.
:Class D .
:Class E .
IP Address Class
2^7 = 128
2^6 = 64
2^5 = 32
2^4 = 16
2^3 = 8
2^2 = 4
2^1 = 2
2^0 = 1
0 7 :

8 .
: . IP
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
N Network H Host C
2,097,152 C
255 .
192.168.1.0
N. N. N. H
x C
, :
: Class C C 192 . 223
Subnetmask B 255.255.0.0 .
N Network H Host B
65,534 B
16,384 .
150.1.0.0
N. N. H. H
x B
, :
: Class B B 128 . 191
Subnetmask A 255.0.0.0 .Subnetmask
N Network H Host A
126 A 16,777,216
.
10.0.0.0
x A
:
N. H. H. H
x
.

IP
.

8 byte 8 bit

8 IP

.
Subnetmask C 255.255.255.0 .
8
:
x 1
1
0 .
x

:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
x 50
50
32 16 2 50
32 + 16 + 2=50 50
1 32 , 16 , 2
0 .
1 1 0010
0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
x 168
168
128 64 168
128 32 8
128 + 32 + 8 = 168
168 1
128 32 8 .
0 1 0 0 000
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
192

192
128 + 64 1

.
x 192
192 192 128
128 1 128
128 192 192
192 64
1 , 64 128 + 64= 192
0 0 0 000
1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
- :
192.168.50.1
8
.
- .
-
0 . 1
- .
8
byte . 32 byte
255.255.255.255
255 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1
255 8 byte :
1 1 1 1 111
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
:

.
- ISP

Public IP Address .
255.255.255.255
- General Broadcast Address
Reserved Multicast Address 224.0.0.0
-
.
- : E 239 254
169.254.0.0
APIPA = Automatic Private IP Addressing
- APIPA
. IP
127.0.0.1
- Loop Back Interface

.
-
-
-
-
1.0.0.0 : A 126.255.255.254
: B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.254
192.168.0.0 : C 192.168.255.254
239.0.0.0 : D
- Private IPv4 Address
IPv4
00000000 = 0
10000000 = 128
11000000 = 192
11100000 = 224
11110000 = 240
11111000 = 248
11111100 = 252
11111110 = 254
11111111 = 255

IP

:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Binary System: 01111110.11111111.11110000.00010100
Decimal System :126.255.240.20
126.50.1.1 A :
Binary System: 10101100. 00010000.00000001.00000001
172.16.1.1 B :
Binary System: 11000000. 10100000.00110010.00000001
192.168.50.1
:
-
-
-
-
x
-
IP
A

Subnetting

.
:
Broadcast

Broadcast
.
.
.
.
.
:Subnetting
IP .

IP Subnetting
-
. VLSM
- Subnet Mask
.
- Packet Default Router
.
Class Less
- IP Classes .
- Subnet Mask
.
- Packet
. Routing Table
Class Full
x
x
/8
/16
/24
/8
Class Full / Class Less :

: Class Full
ip: 10.0.0.0 / 8 /8
ip
. Class Full
: Class Less
Subnetting VLSM

ip : 10.0.0.0/16
Class Less

.
: Class Full / Class Less
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
0-127
128-191
192-223
224-239

255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.0.0.0
Class Full / Class Less
10.31.255.255
10.31.255.254
10.63.255.255
10.95.255.255
10.127.255.255
10.127.255.254
10.96.0.1
10.96.0.0/11 255.224.0.0

10.95.255.254

10.64.0.1
10.64.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.63.255.254
10.32.0.1
10.32.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10. 31.0.1
10.0.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.0.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
:Block size
Block size 32
64 Block size .
2^1 = 2 2
2^2 = 4 4
2^3 = 8 8
8 3
5

.
Subnet mask 255.224.0.0
. 128 + 64 + 32 = 224
CIDR /8
/11 11 /8
. 1 + 1 + 1 + 8 = 11
1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1
^
5 .
128 , 64 , 32 1
^
:
1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0
x
.
) 10.0.0.0/8 ( A 10.0.0.0/8 255.0.0.0
8
.

8 :
CIDR /24
/27 27 /24
. 1 + 1 + 1 + 24 = 27
x A
.
Subnet mask 255.255.255.224

. 128 + 64 + 32 = 224
2^1 = 2 2
2^2 = 4 4
2^3 = 8 8
8

.
1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
128 , 64 , 32 1
^ :
1
^
8 .
1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
192.168.1.0/24 255.255.255.0

8 :
) 192.168.1.0/24 ( C 192.168.1.0/24 255. 255. 255.0

8
.
10.159.255.255
10.191.255.255
10.223.255.255
10.255.255.255
10.255.255.254
10.224.0.1
10.224.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.223.255.254
10.192.0.1
10.192.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.191.255.254
10.160.0.1
10.160.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
10.159.255.254
10.128.0.1
10.128.0.0/11 255.224.0.0
192.168.1.159
192.168.1.158
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.255
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.126

192.168.1.255
192.168.1.96/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.97
192.168.1.224/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1. 223
192.168.1.222
192.168.1.94

192.168.1.193
192.168.1.64/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.65
192.168.1.192/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.191
192.168.1.62
192.168.1.190
192.168.1.32/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.30
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.0/27 255. 255. 255.224
192.168.1.33
192.168.1.161
192.168.1.160/27 255.255.255.224
192.168.1.129
192.168.1.128/27 255.255.255.224
: 4 Colon
2005:5::100::70 Colon
.
2005:5:100::70

Colon :: :
2005:5:100:0:0:0:0:70

0005
:
2005:0005:0100:0:0:0:0:070
2005:0005:0100:0000:0000:0000:0000:070
x
IPv6 Address
Format :

64 bit Network ID
64 bit .Host
fec80:0000:0000:0000:0c41:1536:3f57:fef5 IPv6

BroadCast Any Cast .
Unicast, Multicast, Any Cast
: IPv6
- 340
4.3 .
- DNS , BGP, OSPF, :

.DHCP RIPng, EIGRP ,IGMP , UDP ,TCP
- IP Header v6 IP Header v4
IP Header .
-
.
-
.
-
IPsec
IPsec .
- BroadCast
Any Cast
.
: IPv6
: IPv6 ) ( IPv4
IPv6
). (IPv4
x 128 bit
Octet 16
hexadecimal
16
.IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6
IPv6
: NAT
NAT-PT
.
: NAT Protocol Translation (NAT-PT) -

IPv4
IPv6

.
: Dual Stack - IPv4

IPv6

IPv4
IPv6
.
x IPv4 : IPv6

IPv4 IPv6
, Transition IPv4 to IPv6

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Loopback interface
127.0.0.1 . :1
Loopback interface ::1 = 127.0.0.1 -
Multicast Address ff02::1 -

224.0.0.0
. ff02::1
Global Unicast Address = Public IP Address -

Public IP Address Global
.Unicast
Private IP Address
.Unique-Local Address
.Unique-Local Address = Private IP Address -
APIPA
.Link-Local Unicast Address
Link-Local Unicast Address = APIPA -
Private IPv6 Address
IPv6
:IHL x IP 32 bit
. 4 bit
x :Version
IPv4
Header .4 bit
x
.
Version , IHL , Type of Service , Total Length , Identification ,

Flags , Fregment Offset , Time to live , Protocol , Header
Checksum , Source Address , Destination Address , Options ,
Padding .
x IPv4 Header 14 .
IPv4 Header . IPv6 Header
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header
:IPv6 Header 32 byte .40 byte
:IPv4 Header 32 byte .20 byte
IPv4 Header
IPv6 Header .
x IP Header Header
Header

Header
IPv4 Header IPv6 Header
.
IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: IPv6 Over IPv4 Tunels -

IPv6

IPv4

.
Checksum, Option, Fragmentatio :
: Destination Address x IP
128 bit
128 bit .
: Source Address x IP
128 bit
32 bit . 128 bit
: Hop Limit x Time to live Hop

Limit .
: Next Header x Protocol Next

Header .
: Payload Length x Total Length

Payload Length .
: Flow Label x
.
: Traffic Class x Type of Service

.Traffic Class
x :Version
IPv6
Header .4 bit
:IPv6 Header
IPv4 Header 14 8
8 .
IPv6 Header
Padding x :Data

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:Options x
0 .32
: Destination Address x IP
. 32 bit
: Source Address x IP
. 32 bit
: Header Checksum x

.
: Protocol x
. 8 bit
: Time to live x

. 8 bit
: Fregment Offset x

. 13 bit
: Flags x
. 3 bit
: Identification x
. 16 bit
: Total Length x
.16 bit
: Type of Service x

. 8 bit
238.................................................................Dynamic Routing IPv6
220............................................................................Passive Interface
217.............................................................Autonomous System (AS)
215...........................................................EIGRP Metric Calculation
213...........................................................
204.............Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP
155...................................................Open shortest Path First OSPF
141.............................................Routing Information Protocol RIP
141..................................................................Dynamic Routing IPv4
124.......................................................................Static Routing IPv4
119................................................................................Routing
111............................................Remote Access , Telnet
104.......................................................................Password Recovery
98...........................................................................Router Passwords
95......................................................Install packet tracer
93.................................................................Basic Command Router
91...............................Cisco Modes DevicesNetwork Architectures
90.......................................................
88................................................ Router Devices
Routing Networks
Routing Networks
Level ( 2 )
123456-
CPU = Central Processing Unit

Memories
RAM = Random access memory
ROM = Read-Only memory
Flash Memory
NVRAM = Non Volatile Random access memory
-
-
-
-
-
-
: Router Components -
x
.
Devices Router
-
-
-
-
-
-
: Boot Sequence
Post = Power on self-Test
Boot Strap
ISO = Internetwork OS
RAM
Startup Configuration
NVRAM RAM
Running Configuration
.
:

.
Cisco Router Boot Sequence
:
) (DCE ) (DTE
) (Cisco 2522 .
) (DCE/DTE
: Port Serial
DCE = Data Communication Equipment -
DTE = Data Terminal Equipment -
:Console Port
Console

.
:Auxiliary Port

.
:LAN Interfaces
.
:WAN Interfaces

.
: Interface
:NX-OS .
:IOS-XR
.
Router (config) #
Router (config-router) #
Router (config) # router eigrp 1
Routing Protocol Mode
Router (config-subif) #
Router (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/1.1
)( Sub Interface Configuration

Mode
Router (config-if) #
Router (config) # interface fast Ethernet 0/1
Interface Configuration Mode
Router # Config Terminal
:IOS XE IOS

.
Router #
Router > Enable
Global Configuration Mode
:IOS .
> Router
Privilege Exec Mode
Cisco IOS
- - . - . .
Cisco Modes Devices
User Exec Mode
> Rommon 1
Rommon Mode
Continue with configuration dialog? [Yes/no]:
Setup Mode
>?
> enable
# disable
> terminal history size
All Command
To get to Privileged Mode
To get back to User Mode
To set the command buffer
size
Router > terminal no editing
To disable advanced editing
features
Router > show history
To show the command buffer
Router # config t
Enter global configuration
mode
Router # show version
View IOS version
Router # show interface
Display interfaces on router
and their status
Router # show ip interface brief
Check interface status
Router # show ip protocol
Display ip protocol info
Router # show protocol
Display which protocols are
configured on the router
Router # show flash
View IOS version, size of
IOS, and free space in
FLASH
Router # show running-config
View current configuration
file (RAM)
Router # show startup-config
View saved configuration file
(NVRAM)
Router # show processes cpu
View CPU utilization
Router # show processes
View info about programs in
RAM
Router # reload
Reboot the router and reload
the startup config from
NVRAM
Router(config) # no ip routing
Disable IP routing on a router
(enabled by default)
Router(config)# hostname Router1 Give the router a hostname
Ctrl+A
To move to the beginning of
the command line
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Basic Command
To move to the end of the

command line
Ctrl+F
To move forward one
character
Ctrl+B
To move back one character
Ctrl+W
To move forward one word
Ctrl+U
To erase a line
Ctrl+R
To redisplay a line
Router # Ctrl+Z
Ends configuration mode and
returns to privileged mode
Router # show ip route
View the IP routing table
Router # debug ip rip
View RIP Debug
Router # debug ip igrp events
View IGRP Debug
Router(config) # no router rip
Disable RIP routing
Router # copy flash tftp
Backup IOS to file server
Router#copy tftp flash
Upgrade the IOS from the
file server
Router # copy running-config tftp Copy running config file
from RAM to TFTP
Router # copy tftp running-config Copy startup config file from
TFTP to RAM
Router # copy tftp startup-config Copy startup config file from
TFTP to NVRAM
Router # erase startup-config
Erase the configuration file in
NVRAM [run initial config
dialog]
Router(config)# boot system flash Tell router which IOS file in
(ios_filename)
Flash to boot from
Router(config) # boot system tftp Tell router which IOS to
(ios_filename) tftp_ip_address
request from the TFTP server
(fallback)
Router(config) # boot rom
Tell router to boot from IOS
in ROM
Routerconfig) # service password- Passwords can be encrypted
encryption
Routerconfig) # no service
To de-encrypt the passwords
password-encryption
Ctrl+E
https://www.itechtics.com/download-cisco- ..........
/packet-tracer-6-2-free-direct-download-link
-
-
-
-

. Next
.Next
Next . Install
.
.Finish
......
: Packet Tracer ,

.
Install packet tracer
No :

Console
.
Console

.
x :
And Password Recovery
Router Passwords
Router -
Switches -
Hubs -
Wireless Devices -
Connection -
End Devices -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (config-line) # login
Router (config-line) # Password cisco456
Router (config) # line aux 0
- : Aux
Ctrl + C Router # .
Router # config t
Router > enable
. Port Console - Aux .
Router (config-line) # Password cisco123
Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config) # service password-encryption
Router # config t
- : .
Service password-encryption
Router > enable
Router (config) # enable password cisco789
Router # config t
Router > enable
. Port Aux - .
: Enable
Password Recovery
Enter
, Enter
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. Enable

.
Router (config) # enable secret cisco789

:
Router # copy running-config startup-config
Rommon > reset
Rommon > confreg 0x2142 :
Ctrl + C . Rommon
: Ctrl
+ C . Rommon
:
.
-
-
-
-
Console .

Ctrl + C .
.Rommon

Rommon > confreg 0x2142 Enter
Rommon > reset
.
Router (config) # no enable secret
Router # Copy running-config startup-config
Router (config) # end
Router (config) # config-register 0x2102
Router (config) # no service password-encryption
Router # copy startup-config running-config

:
Router (config-line) # exit
Aux
No :
Router > enable
Router (config-line) # no password
Router (config) # line aux 0
Router (config-line) # exit
Console
Router (config-line) # no password
Router (config) # line console 0
Enter .
. Console Port , Aux Port
Show running-config -
OK
.
Show running-config .
- Enable .

vty
PC 2
. vty
Telnet Clients Telnet Serve r,

.
. Telnet
Local Logon
. Telnet
Telnet Server Telnet Clients .
) (Telnet TCP/IP TCP/IP

) (Telnet

Online
. ( Database , chat ) Services
: Telnet
TCP/IP

.
Remote Access , Telnet
: ) (Telnet ) (Telnet )(
:

) (Telnet ) (Telnet
.
LAB
x Telnet
Cisco Packet Tracer Student .
- Telnet TCP .Port 23
. Telnet
Source Telnet
.
. Telnet FTP Client
.Telnet
. Telnet POP Mail
POP
Mail . Post Office Protocol
- : Telnet
Router > enable
No
0/0
vty .
IP :192.168.1.1 -
Mask : 255.255.255.0 -
GY : 192.168.1.100 -
PC 2
, .
Interface FastEthernet 0/0 -
GY : 192.168.1.100 -
Mask : 255.255.255.0 -
.IP : 19.168.1.1 -
Router (config) # line vty 0
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (config-line) # end
Router (config-line) # password cisco123
0 0 4
: - . vty
x vty :
vty .
192.168.1.100 0/0 up up .
Router # config t
Router # show ip interface brief :
Ctrl + C
Router (config-if) # end
0/0 up

.
Router (config-if) # no shutdown
Router (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
- :
Interface fast Ethernet 2 0/0 0/1 0/0

.
Command Prompt DOS

.
- .
PC 2 Command Prompt :
vty

SSH
vty
.
:PC > telnet 192.168.1.100

. 789
- :
RIP v1, RIPv2
Distance Vector
Direct
Connected
IGRP
Static Routing
EIGRP
Default
Routing
Routing Table
Link Status
OSPF
Dynamic
Routing
x router
IP address
data link layer Ethernet token-ring
.
x
:
: Directly attached network IDs metric

.
-
-
: Network ID

: Network mask mask IP network
IP
: Gateway
: Interface Interface
"
Interface
: Metric

x :
-
-
x
-
: Routing Table

) ( .
.
IP TCP/IP
.
IP
) (
) ( .
) (route print
) (command prompt
.route delete, route change , route add :
" .
x : Routing Table
Routing Table
Packet
.
x : Packet

Interface

Routing Table .
: Packet
.
: Routing

, Packet
.
Routing
Classful Classless
, IP .
:Dynamic Routing - Interior

Gateway Protocols Exterior Gateway
Protocols
.
-
Distance Vector

IGRP RIP v1 RIP v2
.
-
Link Status Protocol

OSPF EIGRP
.
Dynamic Protocols

Packet
.
:Dynamic Routing -
:Dynamic Routing -

,

.
:Default Routing -

, ) ( 1
" " S ip : 0.0.0.0 mask :
0.0.0.0 Gy : 192.168.1.100
.
:Static Routing -

,
" " S ) (Static
) (1 ) (0
.
:Direct Connected -

, " " C
) (Connected ) (0
.
- :
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
IP: 192.168.1.1 .
PC 0
f0/0 .
GY: 192.168.1.100
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
IP: 192.168.1.0/24 .
x ) : Network ( 1
- .
- .
:Static Routing x Cisco Packet Tracer

Student
:
Static Routing IPv4
Routing
x :

.
: Routed Protocols x Data

. Routing Table
:Routing Protocols x Packet

Network Layer 3 OSI
, Packet
.
x Routing Protocols
Routed Protocols :
f0/1 . Router 0
Router 1 Router 1
Router 0 f0/1
x ) : Network ( 3
GY: 192.168.2.200 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
IP: 192.168.2.1 .
PC 1
GY: 192.168.2.200
f0/0 .
Mask: 255.255.255.0 .
IP: 192.168.2.0/24 .
x ) : Network ( 2
GY: 192.168.1.100 .
Router # config t
Router > enable
192.168.1.100 . f0/0 . Router (config-if) # exit - f0/1 .10.0.0.1
No ................
- 192.168.1.0/24
Router 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mask: 255.0.0.0 .
.Router 1
GY: 10.0.0.2 f0/1
.Router 0
GY: 10.0.0.1 f0/1
IP: 10.0.0.0/8 .
x .
192.168.2.200 . f0/0 . Router (config-if) # exit - f0/1 .10.0.0.2
Router # config t
Router > enable
- 192.168.2.0/24
No ................
Router 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.0.0.0/8
Router 1 .
10.0.0.1 . f0/1
. Router (config-if) # end
RAM .NVRAM
Router # copy running-config startup config
Router 0 f0/0 192.168.1.0/24 f0/1
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router # show ip protocol

Up or Down
x
:
x

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.0/8

Static Routing

.
Router 1 f0/0 192.168.2.0/24 f0/1

10.0.0.0/8 .
Router # config t
Router > enable
10.0.0.2 . f0/1
. Router (config-if) # end
RAM .NVRAM
Router # copy running-config startup config
Router # config t
Router > enable

10.0.0.2
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24

. Router 1
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Static Routing : - Router 0 .............
192.168.1.0/24
.
: Router 1
Router # show ip rout
10.0.0.0/8 192.168.1.0/24
" " C ,
192.168.2.0/24

192.168.1.0/24 Router 1
Router 1
:
Router 0
Router 0

:
Static Routing : - Router 1 .............
192.168.1.0/24
.
Router 1
Router 1

:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1/0] 192.168.2.0/24 Next Hop

] [1/0

.
Router 0 Router1
192.168.1.0/24 .
192.168.2.0/24 10.0.0.2/8
: Router 0

192.168.2.0/24 .
Router 0
Router 0 :
Router 0
ping 192.168.2.200 packet

5 packet 192.168.2.200
:
Router 0 Ping 10.0.0.2 Router 1

Success ping
5 packet packet 4 packet.
x 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
10.0.0.0/8 .
x

Ping .
x Ping
:
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router 1

192.168.2.0/24 .
x

.
x Static Routing
. Static Routing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PC 0 192.168.1.1 4 packet .
ping PC 1 192.168.2.1 ping PC 0

192.168.1.1 :
PC 1 192.168.2.1 4 packet .
PC 0
ping PC 0 192.168.1.1 ping PC 1

192.168.2.1 :
Router 1
RIP
, RIP
.......
: Distance Vector
RIP 15 15
15
15 . Hop Count
RIP2
) (OSPF
IS-IS RIP IPv6
RIPng) RIP ( .1997
RIP = Routing Information Protocol
Dynamic Routing IPv4
x

.
Router (config) # ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 f0/1
: RIP IGP

RIP
.
x 15 .
x RIP
.
x ) (Metric Hop Count

.
x RIP . 120
x
.Routing Table
x Distance Vector
. Protocol
x Application
. Layer
:RIP
. RIP
) ( .
15 RIP.
RIP . RIP
UDP . 520.
: RIP
) (Bellman-Ford
1967 . ARPANET
: Metric
AD metric
RIP metric
EIGRP
Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, Load
metric , OSPF bandwidth
AD metric.
x Administrative distance .
x : Administrative distance

Administrative distance
Routing protocol Administrative
distance
AD
.
x PC 1
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.4.0/24 PC 4

,
.
224.0.0.9
120
15

RIPv2
x RIPv2 224.0.0.9
x RIPv1
x 255.255.255.255
4 4
RIPv1 1 2
RIPv1 1
2 Broadcast 255.255.255.255
1
2 3 4 3 4 RIPv1
3 IS-IS 4
OSPF

1 2
RIPv1
RIPv2 .
255.255.255.255
120
15
RIPv1
RIPv2
- ( RIPv1 , RIPv2 , RIPng ) RIP :
AD metric
RIP Table AD EIGRP EIGRP

192.168.9.0 3
metric .
EIGRP RIP show ip route Router 0 :
x
-
-
-

RIPv2 ........
:
. 192.168.5.0/24
. 192.168.10.0/24
10.0.0.0/8
192.168.5.0/24 192.168.10.0/24
.RIPv2
RIPv2 R1 R2

.
R1 R2

.
RIP
RIP Configuration
Router (config-router) # network 100.0.0.0
Router (config-router) # version 2
Router (config) # router rip
Router # config t
Router > enable
- : RIP Configuration
R1 R2
RIPv2 R1 R2
224.0.0.9
RIPv2 .
: RIP - Update Timer

30
RIP
30 .
Distance Vector Protocol RIPv1 Classfull VLSM . Subnetting

RIPv2 Classless VLSM . Subnetting
: RIP 30

RIP

EIGRP
OSPF .
RIPv2
RIPv1
- Route Invalid Timer

180
.
- Hold Down Timer
180 .
- Route Flash Timer
240
.
Router (config-if) # exit
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R1 -
Router (config-router) # end
R1 RIPv2 . R2
Router # config t
. RIPv2
R1
.RIPv2
192.168.10.0/24 . ( R ) , RIPv2 10.0.0.2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R1
RIPv2

: R2 R1
R2
. R2 RIPv2 -
Router # config t
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R2 -
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: RIP EIGRP
OSPF

RIP
EIGRP OSPF
.
Packet Packet .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!!!!! .
R1
x R1 Router # ping 10.0.0.2

R2 !!!!!
..... .
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 Ping R1

R2 Packet

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
192.168.5.0/24 10.0.0.1 , RIPv2 ) . ( R
R2
!!!!!
R2
x OSPF .OSI Layer

x .IGP = Interior Gateway Protocol
OSPF
OSPF UDP
. 89
RIP
(BGP) . OSPF .

OSPF.
(ABR). ABR

.
) 0( 0.0.0.0
OSPF
OSPF
.
32
IPv4.
) (
.
.
OSPF
.
OSPF -
- .

) (LSDB .
LSDB OSPF
: OSPF )(IP
) ( .
.
) (BGP
.
: link
state .
OSPF IGP = Interior

Gateway Protocol .

Autonomous System . OSPF
) : ( OSPF link
state . Link State
Routing
Open shortest Path First
OSPF
- Routing Table OR Forwarding Database
Router # show ip ospf database

,

,
OSPF

.
- Topology Table LSDB

= Link State Data Base
Router # show ip ospf neighbors
OSPF

OSPF .
OSPF Tables OSPF
- Adjacency Database OR Neighbor Table
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
.Standard
. Link State Protocol
.Open Source
SPF = Shortest Path First OR Dijikstra
.Algorithm
.IP = Internet Protocol
IPx . Apple Talk
SPF .
. Has Unlimited hop count
.
.Administrative Distance 110
VLSM . Subnetting
Classless .
4 Load
.Balancing to 4 equal Paths
Triggerd Update and
.Periodic Update
: ) (Topology Table
) (Neighbor Table ). (Routing Table

.Area
.Cost
it is the Metric .

.
OSPF OSPF Routers
224.0.0.5 . OSPF DR 224.0.0.6
Area 0
. Backbone Router
Backbone Router -
OSPF - :
- 5 :
OSPF
.
OSPF Routers
OSPF
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area 0 Area 1
Area 0 .
Regular Area OR Non backbone Area -

Area 1 , Area 2 Area 0 Area 1 ,
. Area 2
Backbone Area OR Transit Area -
- : Area
. Area 0
Area 0
Area 1 , Area 2 , Area 3
Area 0
Area 0
Area x : OSPF

.Area0
OSPF Area , OSPF
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # show ip ospf route

Frame Relay . MPLS
NBMA = No Boradcast Maulti-access Network -

DR . DBR
BMA = Boradcast Maulti-access Network -
OSPF
.
Point to Point Network -
OSPF
OSPF Networks Types
(BDR) :
) ( DR
) . ( DR
Backup Designated Router = BDR -
(DR):
.

) (DR ) (NBMA .
NBMA
.
Designated Router = DR -
OSPF OSPF
OSPF
OSPF .
Autonomous System Border Router = ASBR -
Area
Area Area 0
Area 100 Area 0 Area 100
ABR .
Area Border Router = ABR -
Area 1 Backbone
Router . Area 1
Internal Router -
:Two Way State -

Hello Packet
Unicast Reply Router ID

Adjacency
Database OR Neighbor Table Two
.Way State
:Init State - OSPF

Hello Packets
OSPF
OSPF

Adjacency Database OR Neighbor
.Table
: Down State -
OSPF

OSPF
Hello
Packets
Hello Packets 224.0.0.5 Multicast
Point to Point Broadcast

Frame Relay
.Unicast
OSPF

OSPF
5
.
OSPF
OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies
) (2
:Exstart State -
DataBase Description DBD

.
-
Link-State Update LSU ..
Router LSAck
..
area .. Routers
. Full-State
- Router
..
up-to-date .. Link-
State Request LSR ..
LSR . Loading State
- DBD Link-
State Acknowledgment .LSAck
: Exchange State -
DBD Router ID
Summary DBD

Sequence numbers
. DBD
) (1
: Router Priority -
OSPF ).Priority Default (1
:
Router # show ip ospf neighbor
Router ID
..........
Router # show ip ospf interface
Router ID . Neighbor Adjacency Database
: Router ID -
OSPF . BMA
Hello Packets
.
x : Hello Packets
1- Router ID
2- Router Priority
3- Hello (default 10s for broadcast network, default 30s for nonbroadcast network) and dead (4 times of hello) timers.
4- Authentication password.
5- Area ID
6- Subnet Mask
7- Designated router and backup designated router is ip address
8- Known neighbours
: Hello Packets -

.
OSPF .
5 .
LSA 0x80000001 0x7FFFFFFF . LSA
OSPF Packet Types
OSPF
: Area ID - Area 0
Area 100 .
:
.
-
default 10s for broadcast network
.
- PPP
MPLS Frame Relay
default 30s for non-broadcast network
.
- 40
4 itmes of hello 10
4
.

.
: Authentication password -
.
Hello (default 10s for broadcast network, default 30s for non- -
broadcast network) and dead (4 times of hello) timers.
6- Checksum, 7-AuType, 8-Authentication, 9- Data
1-Version , 2- Type, 3-Packet Length , 4- Router ID , 5- Area ID,
x OSPF Packet Header

: DBD
:DBD Header
Header 31 Bit
Header Hello Packets
.
: DBD = Data Base Description - Packets

OSPF
Packets

Packet .
: Known neighbours -8

.
.........
: Designated router and backup designated router is ip address

-
DR and BDR
.
: OSPF
Wildcard Mask Wildcard Mask .
: Subnet Mask -
.
3-Advertising Router
2-Link State ID
1-Link State Type
x Link State Request

: LSR
.LSR
Header
Header 32 Bit
:LSR Header
: Data -

.
: Authentication -
.
: AuType -

.
: Checksum - .
: Area ID -
ID .
:Router ID -
OSPF .
:Packet Length - OSPF

.Header
x
x
x
x
x
Hello Packets .
Data base Description .
Link State Request .
Link State Update .
Link State Acknowledgment .
:Type -
:
:Version - OSPF
.
: LSR = Link State Request -

,

LSR

LSR

.
x Link State Update

: LSU
1- LS Age
2- Options
3- LS Type
4- Link State ID
5- Advertising Router
6- LS Sequence Number
7- LS Checksum
8- Length
9- LSA body / LS type
:Advertising Router -

.
:Link State ID -
.
x Neighbor Table
.
x Routing Table
.
x LSDB
.
:Link State Type -

.
:LSU
Header Header 32 Bit
.
:LSU = Link State Update - Link State

Advertisemant
OSPF .LSU
: LSA Type 2 = Network LSA x LSA

broadcast
.
:LSA Type 1 = Router LSA x LSA

LSA
.
LSA Type 11 = AS Opaque
LSA Type 10 = Area Local Opaque
LSA Type 9 = Intra Area Prefix
LSA Type 8 = External Attributes
LSA Type 7 = External LSA for NSSA
LSA Type 6 =Multicast OSPF LSA
LSA Type 5 = External LSA
LSA Type 4 = Summary LSA = ASBR LSA
LSA Type 3 = Summary LSA = ABR LSA
LSA Type 2 = Network LSA
LSA Type 1 = Router LSA
Types of link-state advertisements
LSU LSA Link State Advertisemant

11 LSA .
: LSA body / LS type - LSA

LSA LSA Packet Header
LSA body / LS type
. LSA
: Length - LSA .
: LS Checksum - LSA LSA

.
: LS Sequence Number - LSA

LSA
.4 bits
:Advertising Router -
IP .4 bits
: Link State ID -
OSPF IP
.4 bits
: LS Type - LSA
.1 bits
: Options - OSPF
OSPF .1 bits
: LS Age - LSA
. 2 bits
:LSAck
Header Header 32 Bit
.
:LSA Type 10 = Area Local Opaque x

.OSPF
: LSA Type 9 = Intra Area Prefix x

.
:LSA Type 8 = External Attributes x

BGP OSPF
OSPF OSPFv3
IPv6 address .
: LSA Type 7 = External LSA for NSSA x

. OSPF
: LSA Type 5 = External LSA x

Area
Area
.
: LSA Type 6 =Multicast OSPF LSA x
.
: LSA Type 11 = AS Opaque x

.
:LSAck = Link State Acknowledgement -

header LSA headers
LSA
LSA headers
.
. Types of link-state advertisements
: LSA Type 3 = Summary LSA = ABR LSA x

Area

Area
.
: LSA Type 4 = Summary LSA = ASBR LSA x

ASBR
Router ID ABR . ASBR
11 7
7 :
Router Dead Interval : 40 seconds

40
.
x Hello
Packets .OSPF Header
OSPF x

.background network
x

.
R1 R2

.
LSA .
R2 LSA . LSU
R2 DBD R1 LSR R1
. R2
OSPF Header LSA

,
,
OSPF IPv4
Src 10.0.0.1 . Dst 10.0.0.2
LSA Type 1 , LSA Type 2. LSA Type 3 ,
R2 DBD R2 :
:RID - Router ID Priority

RID
OSPF
OSPF

10.10.10.10
11.11.11.11 DR
Router ID 11.11.11.11
DR BDR
.
:Priority - Priority
Priority Default 1 0
255 0
DR BDR
Priority Default 1 Priority Default 2
DR Priority Default 2
Priority Default 1 BDR
Priority Default 1
RID .
Attached Router
.

header LSA headers
LSA
LSA headers
.
x :
DR and BDR
:Loopback IP Address -

100.100.100.100
200.200.200.200
DR BDR
.
:224.0.0.5 x DRother
.
:224.0.0.6 x DR BDR
.
OSPF DR BDR . DRother
: DRother DR BDR DRother Two

, Way State DR BDR . Full State
: BMA
Frame
Relay PPP
DR
.BMA

DR DR
OSPF DR
Broadcast
.
:High Physical Interface -

fastehternet
giga ethernet OSPF
DR BDR .
OSPF DR BDR

OSPF

.
: DR

.
x

OSPF

DR BDR 10.0.0.0/8
DR . BDR
x OSPF 7
.
x 7
Area :
. . 192.168.1.0/24
. . 192.168.2.0/24
. . 192.168.3.0/24
. . 192.168.4.0/24
. . 192.168.5.0/24
. . 192.168.6.0/24
. 10.0.0.0/8 Area 0
.
OSPF
OSPF Configuration, Network BMA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config-router) # network 15.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
Process id
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (config) # router ospf 1
- : OSPF Configuration
Subnet Mask Wildcard Mask :

: Subnet Mask x 255.255.255.0
: Wildcard Mask x 0.0.0.255
- Process id 1 65,535
OSPF RIP EIGRP Subnet Mask

RIP Wildcard Mask
, OSPF Process id
OSPF

Process
id .

R3 R2
.

Router # config t
Router > enable
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: R2 -
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R3 -
R2 R1
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R1 -

R4 R3
.

R5 R4
.
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R6 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R6 R5
.
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R4 -
Router # config t
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router > enable
: R5 -
Router > enable
- R2 :
x 7
R1
OSPF
OSPF

7 ,
. OSPF
R1
Router > enable
- R1 :
OSPF O O . OSPF
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R6
OSPF .
R4
R2
Router > enable
R3 R4 R5 R6
:

10.0.0.0/8 Area 0

10.0.0.0/8
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
BMA
.
7 R2 .
R3
DR 192.168.1.1
R1
.
BMA Point-to-Point
.
R2
R2 .
R1 DR

DR R2
DR
BDR 192.168.3.1
.
R1
DR BDR
OSPF :
7 Backbond
Area 0 10.0.0.0/8 .
R6
R5
OSPF R1 :
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router > enable
- R2 :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R1 R2
.
- R1 :
R1
OSPF

.
. . 192.168.1.0/24
. . 192.168.2.0/24
. 150.0.0.0/8
.
x

OSPF

DR BDR 10.0.0.0/8
DR . BDR
x OSPF 3
.
x 3
Area :
OSPF
OSPF Configuration, Network Point-to-Point

.Cisco Routing Protocol
EIGRP Enhance to IGRP
EIGRP .EIGRP
EIGRP
Link Status Protocol
.Distance Vector
Netxt Hop Count 224
. EIGRP
Dual
.
.

.Triggered Update
Periodic Update

.
.224.0.0.10
OSPF
EIGRP .
= Autonomous System
AS OSPF .Area
Administrative distance 90 EIGRP
EIGRP

.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
EIGRP
R2
!!!!! R2 .
DR . BDR
R1
R1 Ping R2 !!!!!
.....
...........R1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R2
.
EIGRP .
5 .
- : Hello Packet

EIGRP

Hello Packets, Update Packet, Query Packet, Relpy Packet, ACK Packet
EIGRP Packet Types
EIGRP
EIGRP Table
EIGRP
- Routing Table OR Global Routing Table
Router # show ip ospf topology

Metric .
- Topology Table
Router # show ip ospf neighbors

EIGRP

. EIGRP
- Neighbor Tabe
.
.
.MD5
.IP, Apple Talk , IPx

.
EIGRP UDP . TCP
.Network Layer 3
Summarization .
CIDR . VLSM
.Classless
Header .
1- Version
2- Opcode
- Flags
- Sequence
- Ack
- Autonomous System Numbers
3- Check sum
4- TLVs / EIGRP Message
- :
: EIGRP Packet Header

Header Header 31 bit :
:Type / Length / Values Types -

EIGRP Message
.Message Format
: EIGRP Packet Header -

AS Header
Header 31 Bit
.
: IP Packet Header - IP Packet

IP Source
Address IP Destination Address
.EIGRP
:Data Link Frame Header -

MAC
Destination Address MAC Source Address
.
x
.
1- Data Link Frame Header, 2- IP Packet Header, 3- EIGRP

Packet Header , 4- Type / Length / Values Types.
Encapsulated EIGRP Message :
: Hello Packets
EIGRP Message Format
.
: ACK Packet -
.
:Version .
: Opcode
.
: Flags Header .
: Sequence .Header : Ack AS AS .
:Autonomous System Numbers .
: Check sum .
: TLVs
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Update Packet -

EIGRP

.

: Relpy Packet - . Query Packet
ACK

.
: Query Packet -

Dual ACK
.
EIGRP ,
AS AS 1
AS 1
.
x 7
.
1- Hello Packet
2- Hello + Update
3- Ack
4- Modify Topology Table
5- Update
6- Ack
7- Modify Topology Table
- 224.0.0.10 . Multicast
: Periodic Update
.
: Triggered Update
.
Triggered Update Periodic: Update
NBMA = Non Broadcast Multiaccess

Frame Relay , MPLS 60
180
.
BMA= Broadcast Multiaccess Network /

Point to -Point
Hello Packet 5
15 .
: EIGRP x
.
EIGRP Neighbor Adjacencies
EIGRP
EIGRP .
x .Successor
x .Feasible Successor
EIGRP Successor, Feasible Successor Routes
EIGRP Metric Calculation
:Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM) x

EIGRP Network Layer 3
IPx
. AppleTalk
:Diffusion Update Algorithm (Dual) x

EIGRP

.
:Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) x

Packet Packet
EIGRP
.
:Neighbor Discovery / Recovery x

Hello Packets
.
)Neighbor Discovery / Recovery (NDR

)Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP
)Diffusion Update Algorithm (Dual
)Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM
1234-
AS = Autonomous System
AS 100 AS 200 AS
AS
EGP , BGP . AS
x : Exterior Gateway Protocol

AS AS 100 AS 200

EGP
, BGP .
AS

AS .AS
x : Interior Gateway Protocol
- AS AS :
:AS

AS EIGRP
AS

Exterior .
EIGRP
EIGRP Key Technologies
x : EIGRP

.
f 0/1 R1 .HOST1
R1
HOST1
... R1
Router (config -router) # passive-interface fastethernet 0/1
Passive
Interface .

R2 R3
R1
.
: Load Balancing x .
:Load Balancing .
EIGRP
EIGRP Load Balancing
: Passive Interface
.
Passive Interface
Router # config t
Router > enable
- R1 :

EIGRP

.
Router (config-router) # exit
x EIGRP 7
.
x 7
AS :
. . 192.168.1.0/24
. . 192.168.2.0/24
. . 192.168.3.0/24
. . 192.168.4.0/24
. . 192.168.5.0/24
. . 192.168.6.0/24
. 100.0.0.0/8
.
. . AS 1
EIGRP
EIGRP Configuration, Network BMA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # show ip eigrp neighbors
Router # show ip eigrp topology
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AS number 1
Router # config t
Router > enable
- : EIGRP Configuration

R2 R1
.

R3 R2
.
Router # config t
Router (config- router) # end
: R3 -
Router > enable
: R4 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R4 R3
.
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R2 -
Router # config t
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router > enable


R6
. EIGRP
Router # config t
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R6 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router > enable
: R5 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R5 R4
.
R6 R5
.
Router > enable
R2 7 R2
.
100.0.0.0/8

100.0.0.0/8
100.0.0.1 100.0.0.2

BMA
.
x R3 R4 R5
R6
:
- R2 :
x R1
7 R1

EIGRP
EIGRP

7 ,
. EIGRP
R1
Router > enable
- R1 :
x : EIGRP D
D .EIGRP
R2

.
Router > enable
R4
R5
R3
R6
Router> enable
- R1 :
-
-
-
fec1::1/64
fec2::1/64
2001::1 /64
- : 3
- .
Router # config t
Router > enable
x
IPv6
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (configt) # show ipv6 route
Router (configt) # ipv6 route fec0:1::/64 2005::2
Router (configt-if) # ipv6 address fec0::1/64
Router (configt) # interface fastethernet 0/0
Router (configt) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Static Router IPv6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IP Address v6 -
Static Router IPv6 -
Routing Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng) -
Enhanced Interior Gateway (EIGRP) -
Open Shortest Path First (OSPFv3) -
IPv4
IPv6 :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x
7
100.0.0.0/8 EIGRP
.
: R2 -
:R1
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fce1::1/64
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address 2001::1/64
Router (config) # ipv6 unicast-routing
Router # config t

: R2
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fce2::1/64
Router> enable
Router # config t
Router # config t
Router > enable
R1 R2
R1

Ping :
R2 R1 !!!!! .
R2
:R2
Router (config) # do show ipv6 route
Router (config) # ipv6 route fec1::/64 2001::1
R2 :
Router # config t
Router > enable
C

S
S Static L
APIPA

FEC1::2/64
FEC2::2/64
.2001::1/64
R1
: R1
Router (config) # do show ipv6 route
Router (config) # ipv6 route fec2::/64 2001::2
- R1 :
Router (config) # show ipv6 router
Router (config-if) # ipv6 rip 1 enable
Router (config-rtr) # exit
.
.
.
fec1::1/64
fec2::1/64
2001::1 /64
- : 3
- .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x RIPng
Process ID Process ID
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Process ID
Router (config) # ipv6 router rip 1
x : RIPng
:RIPng x RIP RIPng

RIPng
RIPng Port
521 UDP Process ID
. Multicast Group FF02::9
)(RIPng
Routing Information Protocol Next Generation
Dynamic Routing IPv6
x

. EIGRP , OSPFv3 , RIPng
IPv6 :
- R2 :
RIPng :R1
Router (config-if) # ipv6 address fec1::1/64
Router # config t
Router> enable
- R1 :

RIPng
R2 RIPng . R
Router (config) # show ipv6 route
R2 RIPng .
R1 RIPng R
] [120/2 .
x RIPng
:R2
Router # config t
Router> enable
x RIPng

R1 :
Router (config) # ipv6 router ospf 1
Router # config t
Router> enable
Router (config-rtr) # router-id 100.100.100.100
- R1 :

OSPFv3
.
Router (config-if) # ipv6 ospf 1 area 0
.
.
.
fec1::1/64
fec2::1/64
2001::1 /64
- : 3
- .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x OSPFv3
Process ID
Area ID
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Process ID
x : OSPFv3
:OSPFv3 OSPF
OSPF OSPFv3

IPsec Authentication Encryption
FF02::5 / FF02::6
OSPFv3 OSPF
.224.0.0.5 / 224.0.0.6
)Opne Shortest Path First (OSPFv3

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OSPFv3 x

: R1
Router # config t
Router> enable
: R2 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.OSPFv3 -
R2 . OSPFv3
R1 O OSPFv3
. [ 110/2]
R1
Process ID
Router # show ipv6 eigrp topology
Router # show ipv6 eigrp neighbors
Router # show ipv6 eigrp interfaces
Router # show ipv6 route
Router (config-if) # ipv6 eigrp 1
Router (config) # ipv6 router eigrp 1
x : OSPFv3
:EIGRP

IPv6, Interior
Gateway
224.0.0.10 FF02::A
Router-ID .AS
)Enhanced Interior Gateway (EIGRP
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor / Router # show ipv6 ospf database
R2 .BDR
R2
R1 DR R2 .
R1
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor , R1
R2 OSPFv3 . O
R2
:Route Poisoning RIP

RIP

Route Poisoning Matric
16 .Next Hop
: Split Horizon

.
:
1- Maximum Hop Count
2- Split Horizon
3- Route Poisoning
4- Hold Downs
5- Periodic Updates Triggered Updates
Routing Loops Avoidance
: Maximum Hop Count

RIP , EIGRP
.
- . BGP
BGP TCP 179

.

BGP , EGP
.
)Exterior gateway routing (EGP
OSPF ,
.EIGRP , RIP,
)Interior gateway routing (IGP
- :
: BGP

ISP

.
Baisics
)Border Gateway Protocol (BGP
: Periodic Updates Triggered Updates

.
:Hold Downs RIP

180
180 180
.
List of best paths to destination networks
BGP BGP .
1- Neighbor Table
List of BGP Neighbors BGP peers, Configured statically
2- BGP forwarding database table
List of all Networks learned from each neighbor
3- IP routing table
BGP Table , BGP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x
x
x
x
Multi homed Coustomers
x
x
x
x
Single homed Customers
: BGP
BGP
.
BGP . EGP
BGP AS
. EIGRP

.
BGP .Path Vectory
TCP
.
BGP Peers Table , Topology Table
.Routing Table
BGP .
BGP
BGP .

.
BGP .
BGP .
Application TCP
. Port 179
BGP
, BGP

.

30 Sec
AS
5 Sec .

.
Admin distance 20 BGP Ex
BGP In . Admin distance 200
. Vlsm , CIDR , Classless

. Split-horizon
:Established State
.
: Open Message
ID.
BGP
.
3- Update Message
4- Keepalive Message
1- Open Message
2- Notification Message
x BGP

:
BGP
BGP Messages
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:IP routing table

BGP
.
:BGP forwarding database table

BGP
.
:Neighbor Table
.BGP
- :
: Keepalive Message
60 Sec
.
:Open Confirm
.
:Active 2 State
.
:Open Sent
.
:Connect State
.
:Active 1 State
.Active
:Idel State
.
x BGP

.
BGP Startup Operation , BGP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Notification Message
.
: Update Message
.
)377.............................................Network Time Protocol (NTP
: Full Mesh Fashion

:
- AS AS AS.
Route reflector - .
)367............................First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP
)356................................... Network Address Translation (NAT
)340................... Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP
339.................................................................Ether Channel
333...............................................................................Port Channel
)329...............................................Per Vlan Spanning Tree (PVST
Full Mesh Fashion (sessions between all BGP neighbors) to avoid

split horizon rule.

Loops

.Loops Network
328...............Optimizing Spanning Tree Protocol
STP switch port states 326...............
)314...................................................Spanning Tree Protocol (STP
Disables BGP Synchronization so a router can advertise routers

in BGP without lerning them in IGP , but make sure that you
make all restrictiong to avoid black holes .
Router (Config-Router) # no synchronization
Synchronization
x BGP Split horizone rule : Avoid routing loops inside the AS
311..........................................Switch Port Modes
308.......................................................................Router on a Staick
)295.....................................................VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP
)278.....Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN
277.....................................Cisco Switch Configuration Command
270...................................................................................Switch
263....................................Ethernet Frame Format
260..............................................Ethernet LANs
Ethernet LANs and Switches
:Synchronization x BGP
Rule IBGP
IGP
.
Ethernet LANs and Switches
BGP Synchronization
) Level ( 3
ThinNet 5
Mbps 10 BaseBand
) (Network Span 925
30 500 Base2 10
Base 2
(Coaxial Cable) :
ThickNet 10 Mbps 10
BaseBand ) (Network Span
2500 100
500 Base5 10
Base .

) (Data Rate:
): (Medium
Giga Ethernet = 1 GB | Ten Giga Ethernet = 10 GB
Ethernet = 10 MB | Fast Ethernet = 100 MB
x : Ethernet

.
: Ethernet : Mbps Fast Ethernet : 10
Mbps Giga Ethernet : 100 Gbps 10 Giga
Ethernet 1 . Gbps 10
: Ethernet
) (frames
) (workstations ) (LANs 1
physical layer 2 data link layer
OSI Model
- 1 OSI -
-
OSI - MAC Address
).( Data Link Layer

WAN . Router
: Ethernet Token
Ring
.
:Local Area Network = LAN

.
Ethernet LANs
x Header Tralier
Data and Pad
Header ,
.
x Header Header 26 bytes

6
.
x Ethernet Frame Header
. Header
1- Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter Fields
2- Destination MAC Address Field
3- Source MAC Address Field
4- Length/Type Field
5- Data and Pad Fields
6- Trailer Field / Frame Check Sequence Field
:Ethernet Frame Format x

26 6 .
Ethernet Frame Format
IEEE :
8023ab = 1 GB
802.3u = 100 MB
802.3at = POE
802.3ae = 10 GB
802.3x = Full Duplex
(Optical Fiber) : UTP

) (switches hubs
.
UTP Mbps 100 Mbps 100

Gigabit .
UTP .-.
Mbps 10 BaseBand
) (Network Span 500 100
. BaseT 10.
Twisted Pair : Shielded Twisted Pair

) (STP ) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP
.
10
Broad36 .-. Mbps 10
BroadBand )(Network Span
3600 1800.
Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Detection CSMA/CD
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Length Bytes 2
MAC- client data . data
: Ethernet 802.3 :
x Destination Address DA Source

Address SA Type Header .
.
Preamble Bytes 7
Source Destination
.

Framing Data Link Layer 3
Network Layer 4
IP Packets .
Data and Pad Fields
: Data and Pat Field x

0800 IP
protocol 8137
. Protocol IPX
Length/Type Field
: Length / Type Field x
Bytes 6 MAC Address Frame

Frame
.
Source MAC Address Field
AS = Source MAC Address Field x
Destination MAC Address Bytes 6

,
Data Link Layer 2
MAC Address
, ) (Uni Cast ) (Multi Cast
). (Broad Cast
DS = Destination MAC Address Field x
Bytes 4
Frame Check Sequence FCS
) (Cyclic Redundancy Check CSC
DA
FCS
FCS .
Trailer Field / Frame Check Sequence Field x
: Preamble and Start Frame Delimiter Fields x
Switch Ports
DCE - Hub Switch - DTE -
. Switch
Node Switch
) (Switched Networks Collision Free .
Switch :
Bridge

) ( ) (.
Bridge Hub

.. Bridge Hub
.
Bridge :
Hub Frame

Segment

.
Hub :
(Data communication
) equipment DCE
( Repeater
Hub( Bridge Switch Routers
Segment
Network Interface Cards NICs
.
Segmentation
..
)( ..
Segmentation :
Segment Collision Domain

Multiple Collision Domain
.
Segmentation :
:
..

) (grambled
/
) (back off time/delay

.
: ""
Carrier
..
. :
)
( .
: A B C D Medium
Segment.. A B
A
MAC D A
) C D ( .
) (BroadCast
.
.
)(Data Terminal Equipment DTE

.
x :

.
Forward filter Table
Content Addressable Memory Physical Address MAC
Address Table
MAC Address Table
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IEEE 802 MAC-48

.
) (- )(:
. : address2 01:23:45:67:89:ab
address1 01:23:45:67:89:ab Cisco

. ab 0123,4567,89 : .
Switch ..
Segment Switch
port

.

. ) (Data Link OSI
: Ethernet Hardware
)adapter address , physical hardware address Address (EHA
address.
)(Media Access Control

(LAN).

.
Media Access Control OR Mac Address
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Full Duplex port

..
Mbps 100 Full Duplex
. Mbps 200
Half Duplex port switch

DCE DTE NIC
.
Switch : Full Duplex technology Half

Duplex Technology
TCP/IP
IP ) (ARP Address Resolution
Protocol ) (IPv4) (NDP Neighbor Discovery
Protocol (IPv6). broadcast
Ethernet ( Frame (
. Data
link OSI
.
Address learning :
x
MAC - Address
Broad Cast: ffff.ffff.ffff

....
x

.
1- Address Learning
2- Filtering / Forwarding Deision
3- Loop Avoidance
x
.
x : Source MAC Address

.
x
One
, Collision Domain

Mb 100
.
: Switch Hub

Source MAC Address
.
Switch

Switch Three function
Frame .........
Frame Frame
PC2 PC3
....
Frame PC1 PC2 PC3

Frame Switch
Frame
.
Filtering / Forwarding Deision :

Frame

.....
Loop
PC3 PC1 Frame Frame

....
Frame PC1 .
Frame Frame PC1

Port 1 ..........
Loop Avoidance :
) ( Switch

STP .
: Rapid Frame Forwarding -

.
Header : Fragment Free -

.Fragment
: Automatic Buffering -

Frame FCS check Header
,
.Buffering
: Cut Through -
: Store and Forwarding Frame :Error Checking -

Header.
1- Store and Forwarding

2- Cut Through
3- Fragment Free
Frame
:
Cisco Switch Configuration
(Switch) Frame
All Command
Displays MAC address table
information for the specified
MAC address
show mac address-table agingDisplays the aging time in all
time
VLANs or the specified
VLAN.
show mac address-table count
Displays the number of
addresses present in all
VLANs or the specified
VLAN.
show mac address-table dynamic Displays only dynamic MAC
address table entries.
show mac address-table interface Displays the MAC address
table information for the
specified interface.
show mac address-table learning Displays MAC address
learning status of all VLANs
or the specified VLAN.
show mac address-table static
Displays only static MAC
address table entries.
show mac address-table vlan
Displays the MAC address
table information for the
specified VLAN.
end
Return to privileged EXEC
mode.
show mac address-table learning Verify the configuration.
[vlan vlan-id | interface interface
slot/port]
copy running-config startup(Optional) Save your entries
config
in the configuration file.
Switch > ?
show mac address-table address
Command
Vlan .
1- Data Vlan
2- Default Vlan
3- Native Vlan
4- Voice Vlan
5- Management Vlan
Type of Vlan
Vlan
---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
: Vlan - . BroadCast
- .
- .
- .
- ,

.Vlan
Vlan - BroadCast Domain
BroadCast Domain
.
Vlan : Subnetting - Subnetting IP Address

IP Address A,B,C
.
Vlan -
.
: Vlan .
Vlan 1 Vlan
2 Vlan 3

. Vlan
Vlan 3 ip: 192.168.3.1
Vlan 2 ip: 192.168.2.1
Vlan 1 ip: 192.168.1.1
Vlan 1, Vlan 2, Vlan 3 .
Vlan :
: Vlan

Vlan Vlan

.
)Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN
1- Static Vlan Port

2- Dynamic Vlan Port
- .
Vlan
Vlan Switch Port Modes
-------------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------------
Normal Range x 1 1005

1005
1005
Vlan
,
Extended Range 1006
4096

4096 .
1- Normal Range From 1 up to 1005

2- Extended Range From 1006 up to 4096
Vlan Vlan ,
,
.
: Management Vlan
HTTP
Telent , SSH , SNMP . Vlan
: Voice Vlan Network Voice

Voice Vlan Voice

Voice Vlan . Network Voice
: Native Vlan Default Vlan

Native Vlan IEEE 802.1Q
Tag 4 byte
.
: Default Vlan Vlan

Vlan
Default Vlan
STP, CDP, VTP,

.
: Data Vlan Vlan

.
Vlan ID Range
Vlan
- ISL header .
) : Inter-Switch Link (ISL

, Frame Frame
ISL header ISL header 26
byte Vlan
.
x ISL header .
1- Inter-Switch Link (ISL) , 2- IEEE 802.1Q
Frame Trunk Port .
Trunk Port
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x Trunk Port
SW2 SW3 Vlan 200
Trunk Port
. Vlan
: Static Vlan Port

Vlan , Vlan
.
: Access Port -
. Native Vlan
: Trunk Port -

Vlan Frame
Vlan . Trunk
x : Trunk Port
Vlan 1 Vlan 1
Vlan 1
,
Trunk
Vlan
Trunk ,
:
1- Access Port , 2- Trunk Port
Vlan .
Vlan Port Type
Vlan
: Dynamic Vlan Port

.Vlan
: VLAN - DESTINATION VIRTUAL LAN ID FIELD 15 bits Virtual

LAN ID
- :
ISL header :
: HIGH BITS SOURCE ADDRESS (HSA) FIELD -
: LENGTH FIELD - 16 bits
: SOURCE ADDRESS (SA) FIELD Source MAC Address

, Frame . 48 bits
- :
ISL header :
: USER DEFINED FIELD 4 bits .Ethernet
0011
0010
0001
0000
ATM
FDDI
Token-Ring
Ethernet
Encapsulated Frame
Type Value
, .
: TYPE FIELD - 4 bits
: DESTINATION ADDRESS (DA) FIELD 40 bits ,

.
VLAN - DESTINATION VIRTUAL LAN ID FIELD

BPDU FIELD
INDEX FIELD
RES FIELD
x
x
x
x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOURCE ADDRESS (SA) FIELD

LENGTH FIELD
AAAA03 (SNAP) FIELD
HIGH BITS SOURCE ADDRESS (HSA) FIELD
x
x
x
x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x DESTINATION ADDRESS (DA) FIELD

x TYPE FIELD
x USER DEFINED FIELD
Switch (config) # exit
Switch (config-if) # exit
Switch (config-if) # switchport access vlan 3
Switch (config) # interface fastethernet 0/7
Switch (config-vlan) # exit
Switch (config-vlan) # name PMP
Switch (config-vlan) # vlan 3
Switch (config-vlan) # name IT
Switch # copy running-config startup-configt
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
Switch (config) # vlan 2
Vlan Configuartion
Vlan Switch
. IEEE 802.1Q
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Frame format : encapsulate , .
x : IEEE
.ISL
ISL
IEEE 802.1Q , ISL IEEE
802.1Q Tag Frame 4 byte
ISL Encapsulation Frame 26 byte
IEEE 802.1Q
Tag Frame Frame
.
IEEE 802.1Q -
: RES FIELD FDDI

Token Ring Ethernet .16 bits
: INDEX FIELD ,
.
: BPDU FIELD 1 bit STP VTP , CDP

Frame

, Frame network loops
.
frame trunk VLAN

VLAN .
Switch # config t
Switch> enable
Switch (config-vlan) # name HR
- SW 1 :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: Vlan 2 Vlan 1
, 1002 , 1003
, 1004 , 1005

.
x
Vlan
Vlan .
x
-
Vlan , :
Vlan Trunk Port .
:
192.168.1.0/24
Vlan 2 . Name IT
192.168. 2.0/24
Vlan 3 . Name HR

.
SW 1 SW 2
. Trunk
x Request timed out .

vlan 3

.
vlan 2 vlan 3 , vlan

2 vlan 3

...
Ping vlan 2 vlan 3 ,
vlan 2 Command
Prompt
vlan 3 .
Switch # show vlan
vlan 2 vlan 3
:
SW 1
Switch # copy running-config startup-config
Switch (config-if) # end
Switch (config-if) # interface fastethernet 0/4
Switch (config-if) # interface fastethernet 0/4
Switch (config-vlan) # name HR
Switch # config t
Switch> enable
: SW 2 -
vlan 3 vlan 2 vlan 2 ,

vlan 3
,
SW 1 SW 2
Switch # show vlan
vlan 3 vlan 2
:
SW 2
VTP Vlan
Vlan
Vlan

. VTP
Trunk port Frame .
VTP
Vlan
Vlan
VTP Vlan
: VTP
VTP
VLAN Trunk Protocol
Switch # config t
Switch> enable
: trunk .
SW 2 SW 1 . trunk
x switchport mode trunk down

up ,
.
Switch (config-if) # switchport mode trunk
- SW 1 :

Trunk

Trunk .
: VTP Pruning .
: : VTP Server -
VTP Domain
Vlan
Vlan
.
: VTP Client -

Vlan
.
: VTP Transparent -
VTP VTP
Server VTP Client
VTP Server .VTP Client
Client 3- VTP Transparent Server
2- VTP Client
1- VTP Server
:VTP Mode VTP

.
VTP Mode
: VTP Domain

VTP VTP Domain 1
VTP Domain 2 VTP
. Domain
VTP
VTP Advertisements
: VTP Advertisements

.
VTP Frame Structure
: VTP Revision Number .
VTP Version
VTP VTP
.
1- VTP Domain Name
2- VTP Password
3- VTP Version
: VTP Version 3
.
: VTP Version 2
.Token Ring Vlans : VTP Version 1
: VTP :VTP Version -
Switch # show vtp password
Switch # show vtp status
. VTP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Switch (config) # vtp password 123
Switch (config) # vtp mode client
Switch (config) # vtp version 2
Switch (config) # vtp domain ABC
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
VTP Client
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Switch (config) # vtp mode server
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
VTP Server
VTP
VTP Configuartion
Switch (config) # end
Switch (config) # vtp mode server
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
: Vlan
SW 1 vtp
. VTP Server
SW 1 VTP Server
- SW 1 :
VTP Vlan
VTP

.
VTP Server
VTP .
x
.
:
192.168.1.0/24
Vlan 2 . Name IT
192.168. 2.0/24
Vlan 3 . Name HR

.
SW 1 VTP Server
SW 2 SW 3 VTP Client
.
Vlan , :
Vlan VTP Server
Trunk Port
.
VTP
VTP Configuration LAB
Switch (config) # end
Switch (config) # vtp mode client
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
- SW 2 :
SW 2
SW 2 VTP . SW 2
,
VTP .
vtp SW 1 .VTP Server
SW 1
SW 1 Vlan HR , IT .
vtp SW 1 Vlan vtp

.
- . VTP
SW 3
:
SW 2
SW 2 Vlan .
SW 1 Trunk Port f0/1 , f0/2 SW 2

SW 3 .
SW 1 : Trunk Port
Vlan vtp , SW 2
SW 1 , SW 2
Trunk Port ,
SW 1
.
SW 2
SW 2 :
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1Q 2
Router on a Staick VLAN

Router on a Staick
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config-subif) # ip address 192.168.1.100 255.255.255.0
subif
Router (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0.1
Router # config t
Router > enable
Vlan

Gy

Router on a Staick .
: Router on a Staick Vlan

Vlan Router on a
Staick .
:Router on a Staick Vlan

Vlan
Vlan

Gy .
Router on a Staick
Router on a Staick
Router on a Staick Configuration
Router # Show ip interface brief
f0/0
. Vlan
x : Vlan 1
Vlan 2 Router on a
. Staick
Router on a Staick .
.....
....
Router on a Staick Gy
. Vlan
: Trunk Port .
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (config-subif) # end
Router (config-subif) # encapsulation dot1q 5
Router (config-subif) # exit
x R1 :
f0/0 Router on a Staick

Trunk Port
...
f0/24
:
Switch > enable
Switch # config t
Switch (config-if) # switchport mode trunk
: No Negotiate
.
: Dynamic Auto Access

Access Access
Trunk .Trunk
: Access Access
.
: Trunk Trunk Port

.
: Dynamic Desirable
Access
Access .Dynamic Desirable
: Dynamic Desirable
Trunk Port ,

.
,
, .
1- Dynamic Desirable
2- Trunk
3- Access
4- Dynamic Auto Access
5- No Negotiate
6- DTP = Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Switch Port Modes
Bridge ID ................................
1- Bridge Prioirty , 2- MAC Address
:Bridge ID
Root Bridge Non Bridge
Bridge ID ..
BPDU
Root Bridge .
x BPDU = Bridge
Protocol Data Units
,
,
.
x : BPDU
Root Bridge , Non Bridge

.
- . Root Bridge
- . Non Bridge
- : STP
x
,
,

,
.
.Data Link Layer STP juniper .

- STP IEEE . 802.1D
:STP

STP

STP
.
Spanning Tree Protocol
STP
: BP = Block Port .Cost
: DP RP
RP Non Bridg .
: RP = Root Port
Non Bridg
Root Bridge .
: DP = Designated Port Root

Bridge .
1- DP = Designated Port
2- RP = Root Port
3- BP = Block Port
: STP Port
, Cost
Cost STP Prot ,
.
STP Prot Cost Values
Root Bridge
,

.
- : STP
BPDU
Bridge Prioirty MAC Address
, Prioirty
Prioirty
, Root Bridge Prioirty
Mac Address
BPDU

Root Bridge
.
- : Root Bridge
: Mac Address
.
: Bridge Prioirty
, 0 to 65535 .Default Value = 32768
x
Root Bridge Non Bridg
,
, Non Bridg F 0/1 RP = Root Port

Root Bridge ,
F 0/ 2 BP = Block Port
STP loop

.
.STP
SW 2
- SW 2 :
Root Bridge DP = Designated Port

, SW
2 .
SW 1
Switch # show spanning-tree
Switch > enable
Root Bridge , SW 1
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2

SW 1 MAC
Address : 0000.0000.0000.1 MAC SW 2
Address : 0000.0000.0000.2 SW 1

Root Bridge
, SW 1
Root
Bridge .
x SW 1 , SW 2
2 ,
STP
, Root Bridge

:
, STP
STP
.
SW 1
: STP

.STP
SW3 , Non Bridg F 0/1 BP = Block Port

,
F 0/2 RP = Root Port
Root Bridge
.Root Bridge
- SW3 :
Root Bridge SW 2 DP = Designated Port

,
SW3 .
- SW 2 :
SW1 , Non Bridg F 0/1 RP = Root Port

Root Bridge
, Root Bridge F 0/ 2 = DP
Designated Port SW3 .Non Bridg
SW 1
Switch > enable
SW 1 : STP
Root Bridge , SW 2
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3

SW 1
MAC Address : 0000.0000.0000.2 SW 2
MAC Address : 0000.0000.0000.1 MAC SW 3
Address : 0000.0000.0000.3 SW
2 Root
Bridge , Non Bridg Cost

Cost 19 .
SW 1
Root Bridge SW 1 DP = Designated Port

,
SW 2 .
- SW 2 :
x Root Bridge
, SW 1
Prioirty 32768 SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3 ,
SW 4
SW 1
MAC Address : 0005.5EAE.6CBB
MAC Address : 000A.F3EE.0929 SW 2
MAC Address : 0060.47C9.E392 SW 3 SW4
, MAC Address : 00D0.BAC0.2BBA
SW 1
Root Bridge , Non Bridg
Cost
Cost 19 ,
SW 3 SW
x SW 1 , SW 2 , SW 3 , SW 4
2 ,
, STP

, Root Bridge

:
Switch > enable
4 SW 3 SW 1
SW 2
SW 4 ,
SW 3 SW 4 Cost 57
SW 3
SW 1 Cost 19
SW 1 SW 2 Cost 38
SW 2 SW 4 Cost 38
Cost 57 .
x SW 1
: STP
x :
SW 4
- SW 4 :
, Non Bridge SW 2
.
x
STP
,

.
Fa 0/4 Altn BLK

.Root Bridge SW 1
Fa0/3 Desg FWD SW 4 .
Fa0/2 Root FWD Root SW 1

.Bridge
Fa0/1 Desg FWD SW 4

Root Bridge .Non Bridge
SW 2
SW 3 : , Non Bridge SW 3
.
SW 3
:Disabled
.
: Forwarding
.
: Learning 15
Access

.
: Listening Access
Trunk 15
.
Fa 0/4 Altn BLK

Root Bridge SW 1 .Non Bridge
Fa0/1 Root FWD SW 1

.Root Bridge
SW 4 .
Blocking
Listening
Learning
Forwarding
Disabled
12345-
30
, .
STP switch port states
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x STP

. STP
Blocking
30 :
: Blocking
.
: Backbone Fast

RLQ BPDU

.
:
.
: Uplink Fast

.
: Access ,
.
:Port Fast
30 sec Listening,
Learning
30 sec
.
STP ,
, STP
.
1- Port Fast
2- Uplink Fast
3- Backbone Fast
4- RLQ BPDU = Root Link Query
STP
Optimizing Spanning Tree Protocol
:PVST
PVST
STP
Vlan

.Load Balancing
PVST
Per Vlan Spanning Tree
1- Point to Point
2- Shared
3- Edge
- :
RSTP
Root
Designated
Alternate Root
Backup
Disabled
12345-
x RSTP bridge port roles
1- Discarding
2- Learning
3- Forwarding
RSTP Blocking Listening

Discarding Listening
15 Sec .
x RSTP switch port states
1- Blocking , 2- Listening , 3- Learning , 4- Forwarding , 5- Disabled
STP switch port states
. RSTP . STP
STP RSTP .
: RSTP STP
802.1w
STP 20 Sec
RSTP 6 Sec
STP .Root Bridge
RSTP
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
- .OSI
- .Trunk
- :
100 Mb Port Channel

400 Mb .
x
STP
Loop ,

Port Channel ,
,
.
: Port Channel .
Port Channel
Link Type
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-protocol pagp
Switch (config-if-range) # channel-group 1 mode desirable
Switch (config) # interface range fastethernet 0/1 4
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
Port Channel Configuration
x
100 mb , STP
. Root Bridge
x Port Channel
400 mb
.
- :
IEEE .
2- Limk Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) - IEEE 82.1AD
1- Port Aggregation Protocol (PagP) - Cisco
Port Channel Protocols
Logical Port STP

, Logical Port
Physical Port .
- .
- .
,
.
, 100 mb / 100 mb , 10 mb /100 mb / 1000 mb

.
SW 1 F 0/1 , F 0/2 , F0/3, F0/4 channel-

protocol pagp
.
- : STP
SW 1
Switch # show running-config
Switch > enable
x :
SW 1 :

.400 mb
. SW 2
Switch (config-if-range) # end
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
SW 2 :

. SW 2
Switch (config-if-range) # end
Switch # config t
Switch > enable
SW 1 Port Channel .
Ether Channel
Ether Channel
.
: Ether Channel

Port
. Channel
:Port Channel .
:Ether Channel Port Channel

.
Ether Channel
STP SW 2 , Non Bridge

Port Channel
400 mb .
SW 2 F 0/1 , F 0/2 , F0/3, F0/4 channel-

protocol pagp
.
- : STP
SW 2
Switch # show running-config
Switch > enable
SW 2 Port Channel .
x :
STP SW 1 , Root Bridge

Port Channel
400 mb .
: Dynamic Configuartion

DHCP
DHCP ,
DHCP

.
: Static Configuration
,
,

.
x

IP
IP
.
- .
3-Alternate Configuartion
2-Dynamic Configuartion
1-Static Configuration
- : DHCP
DHCP
DNS BOOT DHCP ) (MAC
IP DHCP BOOTP .
DHCP :
. -
) (Client-Server DHCP
. System Administrator
IP HOST
Workstations TCP / IP
) (IP address conflict
IP ) (
.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol = DHCP
:Server Sends a DHCP ACK Unicast

, IP DHCP .
: Clinet Sends a DHCP Request Broadcast

DHCP
IP DHCP IP

, IP
IP .IP
:Server Sends a DHCP Offer Unicast

IP Unicast
IP
DHCP
.
: Client Sends a DHCP Discover Broadcast

, IP
, Broadcast
, IP
DHCP , IP
Offer
.
.
1- Client Sends a DHCP Discover Broadcast
2- Server Sends a DHCP Offer Unicast
3- Clinet Sends a DHCP Request Broadcast
4- Server Sends a DHCP ACK Unicast
: Alternate Configuartion
Static Dynamic
,
Alternate ,
Alternate APIPA
.
DHCP :
1- IP Address
2- Subnet Mask
3- IP Default Gateway
4- DNS Server
5- WINS
6- Time
IP ) (DHCP Lease Stages .
Alternate Configuartion
IP :
Router # config t
Router > enable
. - DHCP Server .
- A
. 10.0.0.0/8
DHCP Server
DHCP Server
.
Router # show ip dhcp binding
Router (dhcp-config) # end
Router (dhcp-config) # dns-server 10.0.0.99
Router (dhcp-config) # default-router 10.0.0.100
Router (dhcp-config) # network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
Router (config) # ip dhcp pool HR

Excuded-address
.
Router (config) # ip dhcp excuded-address 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.50
DHCP Configuration
DHCP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:DHCP Relay Agents DHCP

DHCP
DHCP

Broadcast DHCP
DHCP Relay Agents

DHCP
DHCP Relay Agents

.
:DHCP 50% )(renew

DHCP IP
87.5% DHCP
DHCP DISCOVER
IP .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DHCP Client . UDP Port 68
Server DHCP . UDP Port 67
DHCP UDP :
DHCP DORA
- - MAC IP
: Client Reservation DHCP

IP IP
DHCP MAC
Address :
IP 10.0.0.1
.
IP DHCP Server .
DHCP Server
.
Router (dhcp-config) # end
Router (dhcp-config) # dns-server 10.0.0.99
Router (dhcp-config) # default-router 10.0.0.100
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (dhcp-config) # network 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
Router (config) # ip dhcp pool HR
x :
- DNS .10.0.0.99/8 IP
- IP . GY : 10.0.0.100/8
- IP
DHCP Server .
IP DHCP
DHCP
.
DHCP :
DHCP :
- DHCP
.
- .IP 192.168.1.0/24
- . IP 192.168.2.0/24
- DNS .
- IP .

DHCP :
IP DHCP Server :
PC 2 Static DHCP
IP 10.0.0.2
DNS .
DHCP
:
IP , Fast Ethernet 0/0
....
DHCP :
,

Host-NM-10/100 ,

,

:
x
,
,
.
x
DHCP Server
,
............
,
.
IP , Fast Ethernet 0/1 ......
DHCP .......
Services DHCP :
Pool Name , IP Gy
IP DHCP .
Laptop 1 IP .
IP PC
.1
PC1 .192.168.1.0/24
x :
,

.
x : DHCP
Off .ON
x
......
DHCP .
DNS Start
IP Address SubnetMask
. Add
Static NAT Private IP Public IP

Public IP .
Private Network Public Network

,
Src 10.0.0.15 Dest
200.0.0.10 200.0.0.10

123.0.0.0/24
NAT
,
10.0.0.15

.
: Static NAT
Private IP
Public IP
Static NAT
Private IP Public IP

1- Static NAT One To One

2- Dynamic NAT Group To Group
3- PAT NAT One To Group
- .
- .
- .
: NAT
: NAT
: NAT
Private IP
Public IP
Defult Gateways )
( ,

.
)(NAT
Network Address Translation
: NAT NAT
.
x

RIP
NAT PAT

Pool , Public IP

NAT Pool
.

NAT
Pool
.
: Dynamic NAT NAT Pool

Public IP ,

.
NAT PAT
NAT
NAT PAT
.
:PAT NAT

Public IP

.
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router # config t
Router > enable
Dynamic NAT Configuration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IP IP .Public IP
Router (config) # ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.9 52.53.54.55
Static NAT Configuration
NAT
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inside Outside
.
1- Global Address = Public Address

2- Local Address = Private Address
NAT
NAT Names
Router # config t
Router > enable
R2 : x
. RIPv2
x : inside , outside
.
:
NAT

. NAT
: NAT

NAT NAT
. RIP
NAT
Router # config t
Router > enable

NAT PAT .
192.168.1.0/24
.
192.168.50.0/24
RIPv2 .
192.168.2.0/24
. NAT

NAT

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool IT overload
Router (config) # ip nat pool IT 65.65.65.1 65.65.65.10 netmask

255.255.255.0
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
PAT NAT Configuration
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool IT
Pool
ISP netmask
. Pool

255.255.255.0
R2 .
R RIPv2 * S default gateway

0.0.0.0
.
x R2
.
x R1 .

. NAT-PAT
x R1 Ping .R2
RIPv2 NAT-PAT NAT-PAT

RIPv2
Router (config) # ip nat inside source list 1 pool IT overload

255.255.255.0
Router (config-if) # ip nat outside
Router (config-if) # ip nat inside
:FHRP

IP

First Hop Redundancy Protocols = FHRP
x NAT

Packet
IP NAT

.
R1
R2
NAT PAT .
Packet
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
R1
NAT PAT
Router # debug ip nat .
.

192.168.1.1 65.65.60.1
.
:
: Standby
.
: Actice
- : HSRP

IPv4 IPv6
) IPv6 ff02::66 IPv4 224.0.0.102 (HSRP
UDP Port 1985
)(00:05:73:a0:0X:XX) IPv4 00:00:0c:9f:fX:XX
.IPv6
x
HSRP version 2
IPv4 224.0.0.2 all

routers UDP Port 1985
) (00:00:0c:07:ac:XX

.
x
HSRP version 1
:HSRP version HSRP .
: HSRP .
x FHRP

.
)1- Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP

)2- Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP
)3- Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP
- : FHRP
IP .
: HSRP

Gateway

IP

.
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (config) # interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1 HSRP .
R1 f 0/0 192.168.1.3/24 f 0/1

. 192.168.2.2/24
R2 f 0/0 192.168.1.2/24 f 0/1
. 192.168.2.3/24
Virtual IP 192.168.1.1/24
.192.168.2.1/24
: Gy
192.168.1.1 Gy
.192.168.2.1
Router # config t
Router > enable
Router (config-if) # standby 1 preempt
x :
x :
x 192.168.1.0/24 .
x 192.168.2.0/24 .
HSRP HSRP
.
Group
Virtual IP
Router (config-if) # standby 1 ip 10.0.0.0
Router (config-if) # standby 1 priority 90
HSRP Configuration
HSRP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x HSRP
10
224.0.0.2 all routers
.
- : HSRP
x Actice
priority . Actice

Router (config-if) # standby priority 90
Router # config t
Router > enable
: R2 -
. R2 R1 -
HSRP R2 R1

. Actice
x
Gy

.
Group

Virtual IP
Group
Virtual IP
Active = Master, Standby = Backup
VRRP Master
. Backup
HSRP Active
. Standby
HSRP
:
:VRRP HSRP

.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gy 192.168.1.1

.
- :
Router # show standby
HSRP
R1 :
R1 Virtual IP

. R2
Router # show standby brief
x
.
Router (config-if) # vrrp 1 preempt
Router (config-if) # vrrp dby ip 11.1.1.1
Router (config-if) # vrrp 1 priority 90
Router # config t
Router > enable
VRRP Configuration
VRRP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
224.0.0.18 Hello Packet -
Virtual Mac Address = 00-00-5E-00-01-XX
OSPF and EIGRP using IP Protocol -
x
x
x
x
x
Router (config-if) # glbp 1 preempt
Router (config-if) # glbp ip 12.1.1.1
Router (config-if) # glbp 1 priority 100
Router # config t
Router > enable
GLBP Configuration
GLBP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. Active Virtual Gateway (AVG)

. Active Vritual Forword (AVF)
. Multicast ip 224.0.0.102
. UDP Port 3222
.Mac Address 0007.B400.XXYY
: GLBP
OSI
Load Balancing
.
408................................Virtual Private Network VPN
405.................................Multi Protocol Label Switching MPLS
394.................... Frame Relay Protocol
388 ...................................................Authentication Methods PPP
386 ......................Point to Point Protocol PPP
379........................................................Wide Area Networks WAN
Router # config t
Router > enable
:
:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config) # ntp update-calendar
Router (config) # ntp authentication-key 1 md5 cisco
Router (config) # ntp server 192.168.1.100
NTP Configuration
NTP
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x NTP UDP .123
: NTP
, .
WAN
)Network Time Protocol (NTP
WAN
) Level ( 4
x

Leased Line .
x Leased Line

.Leased Line
: WAN

.
)Wide Area Networks (WAN
: WAN
.
WAN

WAN

x

.
- : Leased Line
: Leased Line -
ISP Leased Line

.
Leased Line, 2- Circuit Switching, 3- Packet Switching
x WAN Connection Types

.
Packets
.
WAN OSI Layer .
WAN .
: Circuit Switching - Reverse Charging

.
- Call
.Redirect
Circuit Switching - Circuit-

Switching

.
: Flag

.
: FCS
FCS

.
: Data
.
: Protocol
PPP, HDLC .LLC Header
: Flag Frame

.8 bits
HDLCv2 - 7
Proprietary
.
HDLC - 6
.
HDLC .
HDLC
. IP Header
x Leased Line
. HDLC , PPP
) : High Level Data Link Control (HDLC

.
: Control
Flow Control
.8 bit
: Address IP
.8 bit
- Physical Layer
.
- Data-Link Layer
.
Serial
)Data Communication Equipment(DCE
X.25
OSI Layers :
: X.25 Packet-
Switching Data Communication Equipment
) (DCE )Data Terminal Equipment (DTE
X.25
Router . Gy
- .
- .
- .
-

.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-

.
-

.
-
.
: Packet Switching -

.
-

.
- : Circuit Switching
- : Packet Switching
Header HDLC
Header PPP
HDLC
PPP
Header HDLC
Header PPP Header
:
PPP Header Header

HDLC .
: PPP WAN
Data Link OSI Layers
HDLC
PPP
.HDLC
Physical Layer, Data-Link Layer, Network Layer
X.25
Packet-Switching
. OSI Layers
x

.
x

DCE
DTE , X.25
.HDLC
x
Full Duplex
.
-
. Packets
)Point to Point Protocol (PPP
:
Clear Text .

User Name and Passowrd
Authentication

PPP

Authentication

.
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) -
- Authentication :
PPP

Authentication
.
PPP Authentication Methods

PPP
- Multilink
.
- Error Detections
Header

.
- Compression
.
- Authentication
.
- Negotiation
.
- , Network Control Protocol

) (NCP Encapsulation
PPP
Network Layers IP , IPx , Apple Talk
.
- ) Link Control Protocol (LCP

PPP
. PPP
PPP .
Feature
HDLC PPP
Error detection
Yes
Yes
Error recovery
No
Yes
Standard Protocol Type field
No
Yes
Default on IOS Serial links
Yes
No
No
Yes
Supports synchronous and as
asynchronous links
- PPP .HDLC
Router # config t
Router > enable

Serial Cable
ppp

:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config) # username R2 Password cisco123
Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap or pap
Router (config-if) # encapsulation ppp
Router (config) # interface Serial 1/0
Router (config) # hostname R1
Leased Line Configuration

- : Leased Line Configuration


. MD5
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) -
R1 R2 :
R1 # copy running-config startup-config
- :
R1
Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap
Router (config) # interface Serial 0/3/0
Router # config t
Router > enable
R1 :
223.255.255.0 ppp
.

.
.
- .
- .
- .X.25
- ANSI CCITT/ITU
Frame Relay Forum
. Frame Relay
-
.WAN
- Connection-Oriented
)Permanent Virtual (PVC
Circuit .
- PVC
.Frame Relay
: Frame Relay
:Frame Relay Packet Switching

Frame

56 kbps , 45 kbps

.
Frame Relay Protocol
- :
Router (config-if) # ppp authentication chap
Router (config) # interface Serial 0/3/0
Router # config t
Router > enable
- R2 :
- Full
. Mesh
: Frame Relay

Frame Relay
Frame Relay
. Frame Relay
:CTE Frame Relay

.
-

Customer
) Termination Equipment (CTE PVC
, . Frame Relay Service Point
- .
Frame Relay :
-
.
- .
-
.
:Frame Relay
-

In-Band Congestion Signaling

.
- Switch
DLCI
.
-
-
.
DLCI
. Frame Relay
Frame Relay
PVC
.

Frame .
: Frame Relay
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
.
.
ISDN
.
.
.
: Frame Relay
- . Frame Relay
- .
-
. Frame Relay
-
Frame Relay
- RIPv2
.
- Frame Relay Frame
.Relay
Frame Relay Frame Relay

Frame Relay
Frame Relay

Frame
Relay .
- Hub and Spoke Topology

.
- Partial Mesh
.Topology
- :
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay
Frame Relay

RIPv2 , EIGRP , OSPF
.
: -
: -
R1 (config-router) # end
DLCI 301
DLCI 302
R1 (config-router) # network 172.20.3.2
Serial 0/0/0. 302
R1 (config-router) # version 2
R1 (config) # router rip
R1 (config-if) # exit
R1 (config-if) # no shutdown
R1 (config-if) # ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1 (config) # interface fastethernet 0/0
R1 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0
R1 (config-subif) # ip address 172.20.3.2 255.255.255.252
R1 (config-subif) # frame-relay interface-dlci 103
R1 (config-subif) # interface serial 0/0/0.103 point-to-point
R1 (config-if) # interface serial 0/0/0.102 point-to-point
R1 (config-if) # encapsulation frame-relay
R1 (config) # interface serial 0/0/0
Router # config t
Router > enable
:
R1
Serial 0/0/0. 301
IP Address Serial 0/0/0.302 172.20.2.1
IP Address Private Network f0/0 192.168.2.1/24
(R3)
DLCI 203
DLCI 201
Serial 0/0/0.203
Serial 0/0/0.201
(R2)
DLCI 103
DLCI 102
Serial 0/0/0.102
Serial 0/0/0.103
(R1)
: -

Router # config t
Router # config t
R3
R2
Router > enable
R2
.
R1 .
Router > enable
Packets Successful
Faill
.
Add

.
Frame Relay
.
Config Serial :
Frame Relay :
DLCI

DLCI Frame Relay
.
:Customer Edg (CE) -

LAN .WAN
:Provider Edge (PE) -

.
:Provider Router (P) - .ISP
- : MPLS
Successful
:
MPLS

.
:MPLS WAN

MPLS Frame Relay
MPLS
OSI Layers
IP IP
Packets
Frame .
)Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MPLS

Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet.
.
.
.
) (RVSP
(CR-LDP).

.
.

.
RSVP ) (CR-LDP
Cisco
.
: VPN

VPN
.
: VPN

Remote Access

VPN VPN

VPN

VPN .
Virtual Private Network
VPN
: -
ISP

.
-

.
32 bits MPLS Header

:
Layer 2 Header [MPLS Header] IP Packets
Label Label :
MPLS Label
Header

MPLS Label
MPLS Routing
Table
MPLS Label
Label .
MPLS : Label
)VPN, Security Protocol (IPSec
)Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP
- .
)Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP
)Point T Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP
- :
:VPN Tunneling x
VPN
.

)(Tunneling
.
VPN
GateWay
Target Network
Clients
.
IP Public
.

VPN

VPN

. VPN
x :
x VPN :
Dial up VPN
)Point to point VPN (IP VPN
Site to Site VPN
)Site to Multi Site VPN (DM VPN
MPLS VPN
12345-
VPN VPN

.
Point to point VPN (IP VPN) .
VPN

Dial up VPN
.
Dial up VPN .
: VPN
VPN
:
: VPN
- Security

VPN
.
- Scalability
.
- Remotely Connection

. VPN
- Cost Saving VPN

VPN
. IP Public
: VPN
- Anti Reply

.
- Confidentiality

.
- Data Integrity
.
- Authentication
.
VPN VPN .

Point to point VPN
.
Site to Multi Site VPN (DM VPN) .
MPLS VPN
.
MPLS VPN .
Site to Site VPN .
: ACL -
.
-
.
- ACL Filtering
.
- OSI Layer .
-
.ACL
- .
-
.
- ACL
.
- ACL Premit , Deny
.
- .
: ACL

.
Networks Security
427.........................................................................Firewall
425..........................................................Network security
424 .............................................Authentication Methods
422 .......................................................Switch Security
)416.........................................................Access Control Lists (ACL
)Access Control Lists (ACL
) Level ( 5
Standard
Router # config t
Router > enable
Standard
Router (config-if) # ip access-group internet out
Router (config) # exit
Router (config-std-nacl) # permit any
:
Premit
.
Premit
Deny
Router (config-std-nacl) # deny host 172.16.10.5
Router (config) # ip access-list standard internet
Router # config t
Router > enable
A Single Host Address
host 172.16.10.5
Any Source Host Any
Any
A . B . C . D Address to match 172.16.10.0 0.0.0.255
- :ACL
: Name ACL
.
: Extended
Web Server
http Telnet

. Destination IP Address , Source IP Address
: Standerd

Source IP Address . 1-99
ACL
.
1-Standerd , 2- Extended , 3- Name ACL
- WildCard Mask . ACL

- : ACL
Host
Standard Name ACL
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 1 out
Router (config) # interface fastetherent 0/0
Router (config) # access-list 1 permit any
Router (config) # access-list 1 deny host 172.16.10.5
/ Extended ACL Configuration
ACL
ACL Configuration

Router (config) # ip access-group 101 in
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 100 in
Router (config) # access-list 101 permit ip any any
Router (config) # access-list 101 deny ip host 10.0.0.2

192.168.1.2 0.0.0.255
Router # config t
Router > enable
-
-
-
: -
. 192.168.1.0/24
. 172.16.1.0/16
ACL 10.0.0.0/8
.
.
: x
ACL
:
Router (config-std-nacl) # permit ip any any
192.168.1.1 eq http
Router (config-std-nacl) # deny tcp host 172.16.10.5 host
Router (config) # ip access-list extended http
Router # config t
Router > enable
Extended Name ACL
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router (config-if) # ip access-group 10 in
Router (config) # interface fastetherent 0/0
Router (config) # access-list 10 permit ip any any
192.168.1.1 eq http
Router (config) # access-list 10 deny host 172.16.10.5 host
Router # config t
Router > enable
Extended

Hub Broad Cast
Hub

.
)Trucking Dynamic Protocol (TDP
-
.
x :
: Switch Security

.
ACL Extended 10.0.0.0/8

192.168.1.0/24 .
x 172.16.1.0/16

ACL 10.0.0.0/8
.
x 10.0.0.0/8
192.168.1.0/24
ACL
172.16.1.0/16
.
10.0.0.0/8 .
Switch Security
- CHAP
.
-
. Certifcate Authority
-
. Something You have
-
. Something You Know
: Authentication

.
Authentication Methods
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Vlan Vlan
Vlan
Vlan .
- Vlan 1

Vlan .
- Vlan

.
-
.

Switch (config-if) # switchport port-security maximum 1

? Switch (config-if) # switchport port-security mac-address

? Switch (config-if) # switchport port-security violation

-

. Port Security
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport nonegotiate
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport mode access
Trunk
Trunk Trunk .
Switch (config-if-range) # switchport mode trunk
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/1-10
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/1
- Kerberos
Tickets

Kerberos
.
:Availability

.
: Data Integrity

:

100 1000000
.
: Data Confidentiality

: .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:

.
:

:
.
.

.
Network security
.
.
- PAP

. Kerberos
.

.
.

.

AT&T "
) (Application Layer Firewall
) (Proxy server
DEC . SEAL
.

)( .
:
.
-

.
: Firewall
/

.
Firewall ,
.

.
.
"
" .
): (Application Layer Firewall
: Stateful Filters

.
:
.
) (TCP ) (UDP
" " )

.

) (TCP) (UDP .
) (packets
.
)
"" .
1988 )(DEC

.
AT&T
.
: Packet Filters
-
-
Backup , SNMP , Syslog , Wire shark , NetFlow
OSI
.
TCP/IP . OSI

.

.

.

:
x
.
:

OSI
Show

.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
461..........................................................Wireless LAN
457.........................................................................Quality of service
450........................................................................Cloud Technology
446.........................................................Virtualization
444.........................................Software - Defined Networking SDN
443..................................Vlans Allowed in Trunked Interface
442.............................Router Ways With Packets
441.................................
440.............................................................................................Syslog
437.........................Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP
436..............................
435....................................................Access List ACL
434............................IPv4 / IPv6
Troubleshooting 430 .........................
) Level ( 6
- Physical

.
- Data Link

Data Link .
- Network

.
- Transport
TCP , UDP

FTP ,
TFTP .
- Session

Session

.
- OSI
- Application
Remote Control

.
- Presentation

.

.

.

.

.

Subnet
Mask .
IPv4 / IPv6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. STP
Portfast .
Switch (config-if) # spanning-tree portfast
Switch (config) # interface fastetherent 0/5
STP
Vlan .
Switch (config) # no spanning-tree vlan 1,2,3,4
VTP .
Switch # show vtp status
Trunk .
Switch # show interfaces trunk
Vlan
.
Switch # show van
x : Vlan Problems
Router # show controllers serial 0/0/0

.
- :
Router # traceroute
Router # ping
RIP Trobleshooting
: Dynamic Routing
Router # traceroute
Router # ping
- : Static Routing
Router # show ip nat translations
- : NAT

ACL .
Router # show ip interface
Router # show access-lists / Router # show ip access-lists
ACL - Access List
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x DHCP
DHCP

Pool .
x
DHCP

DHCP
DHCP Realy Agent
DHCP .
x
DHCP
DHCP
.
x DHCP

Pool
.
-
192.168.1.1
.
- DHCP
:
EIGRP Trobleshooting
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Router # traceroute
Router # ping
Router # show ipv6 eigrp neighbor
Router # show ipv6 eigrp database
Router # show ip eigrp database
Router # traceroute
Router # ping
Router # show ipv6 ospf neighbor
Router # show ipv6 ospf database
OSPF Trobleshooting
1- SNMPv1 , 2- SNMPv2c , 3-SNMPv2u , 4-SNMPv3
: SNMP -
: Management Info Base

SNTP
.Object ID (OID)
: SNMP Agent
.SNTP
.SNTP : SNMP Manager
1- SNMP Manager , 2- SNMP Agent , 3- Management Info Base
: SNMP

.
UDP . Port 514 - .(Spluck , Kiwi Syslog) Syslog
: Syslog

. Action
Syslog
SNMP UDP 161. , 162
: Inform .
: Traps
.
: Set SNMP Manager

IP .
: Get Next .
: Respinse .
: GET SNMP Manager SNMP

Agent .
1- GET , 2- Respinse , 3- Get Next , 4- Set , 5- Traps , 6- Inform
- : SNMP
1- Cut-Through
1- Process Switching

.
2- Fast Switching
Router Ways With Packets

64 .
3- Fragment-Free
2- Store and Forward
Switch Ways With Frames
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12345-
Emergencies
Alerts
Critical
Error
Warning
6- Notifications
7- Informational
8- Debugging
Syslog Levels
.
Switch (config-if) # switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-2
: Vlans Allowed
Vlan Vlan
Trunk Interface
Trunk Interface Vlan

.
Vlans Allowed in Trunked Interface
.

SDN
.

.

.

.

.
. GMPLS , MPLS

.

.
SND

. virtualization
SDN
SDN

.
: SDN
OpenFlow
Control plane . Data planes

:
The control plane

The Data
plane .
)Software - Defined Networking (SDN
: Binary Translation BT
XYZ
BT .

.
Virtualization ,
Emulation

Super Nintendo
Playstation Atari 2600

.
: Emulation
Paravirtualization , Binary Translation , Emulation

Vm Citrix
.
: Paravirtualization PV
Sun
.
. PV xBSD
.

.

IBM

.

Bitmaps VMCS
. 32
VMResume
.
VMResume .
VMLaunch Virtual Machine Control Structure
.

VMPTLRD

.
VMLaunch . VMResume

.

. Virtual Machine Manager
VMM VT 4
""
.

Transaction
. processing
) (Client-server model
)(

) (Autonomic Computing "

.
.

)( .

.

.
. IP
DNS

.

session id
.
: Cloud Technology

Cloud Tech

.
:

.
Cloud Technology
:
" " .

Payment
.Card Industry Data Security Standard
:

.
) (

.Gov Cloud
: Public Cloud

: Cloud Computing Types
.

.
.
Cloud
.

. Cloud
.
: Cloud
"
Infrastructure as a Service
) (hardware virtualization

.

) ( .

.
: Cloud infrastructure
:
) (segregation of duties

.
: Data protection

.
. - .

,

. :
: cloud storage

.

.

.
.
:Cloud engineering

.

.
.
: Private Cloud

.

Hybrid Web Hosting

)( :
.
) (
"
hybrid cloud computing
ibm hp
(VMware)

.
.
.

. "
) (Cloud Security Alliance
.
: Cloud computing security

.

.

.
.
"
" .

.
.

.

.
.
.

.

.
.

.
.
QOS
Quality of service
x
x
x
x
x
x
.

.

.
.
.
.
.
:
.
:

.
:

.
:

.
:

) (Identity management
.federation services

. .

.
.

.
. isochronicity
.

.
.

.

.
.

.
.

"" "" . :
. :
.

.
" " . " "
"" .
DiffServer ) (
.
: QOS

.
) (QoE
"" " .

.

.
.

.
: Wide Area Network WAN

Wireless LAN WLAN
.

.

.

WLAN

.
. .

.

.
.
/
.

. ''.

.
.

60

LAN ) (Local Area Network

:
: Networks Wireless
:

. .
Wireless LAN
: PCI
100 200 2004 30
.
:

.
:

.
:

) (

:

.
) (wirelessness

.
- -
.

.
:
- 2 ) (access point
.

.
- 1 ) (wireless computer cards

.
.
) (WLAN
) (

2004

WLAN wireless local
area network radio
frequency RF .
.

:
.

Wireless
LAN

.
Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching How to Master
)Cisco CCNA Routing and Switching (200-120

Official Cert Guide Library
CCENTCCNA ICND1 100-101 Official Cert

Guide By Wendell Odom
CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-101

Official Cert Guide By Wendell Odom
:
.
MAC: .
: Distributed Coordination Function
Point Coordination Function MAC Layer

.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS
Infrared IR
:
:
IEEE 802.11
: IEEE 802.11

Lakehead

.

.
Wired
Equivalent Privact WAP Wi
Fi Protected Access WPA
.

Ethernet

Ccna R&S

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Ccna R&S

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Mobile: 00972598053163

Facebook : Ahmad H Mashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

82............................................................IPv4 Header / IPv6 Header

: ) (ICND1 and ICND2

: CCNA CCNA 200-120 , 200-125

Cisco Certified Network

17............................ Physical Media

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

)Storage Area Networks - (SAN

)Wireless Local Area Networks - (WLAN

)Metropolitan Area Networks - (MAN

)Personal Area Networks - (PAN

)Global Area Networks - (GAN

)Wide Area Networks - (WAN

)Local Area Networks - (LAN

Types of Networks by Geographical Area

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Client / Server Networks

Peer to Peer Networks

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Physical Network Topologies

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

: Hybrid Topology Network

: Point to Multipoint Topology

: Point to point Topology

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Fiber Optic Cable Twisted Pair Cable

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

- Unshielded Twisted Pair / UTP

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Thin net Thick net.

- Shielded Twisted Pair / STP

: Twisted Pair Cable -

Thick net Thin

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

- : fiber optic cables

STP UTP RJ- 45

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

single mode fiber

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Eng. Ahmad H Almashaikh

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

:LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

:IP - Internet Protocol

:HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

:HTTPS - Secure HTTP

Secure Socket Layer SSL

:SSL - Secure Sockets Layer

:SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

:POP - Post Office Protocol