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^~_Q Z~ ^~ _Q H~# g =O^#= KC K<_. 24 =# "# H H$ g
`_

O_# QH.
6:23 ''Q~ (1) W`_ J.H.18:7 qOK|_# fu Qh (2) ^~ "_# Q~ Qh (J.H.
19:29 20:4 I Hi. 1:14) H (3)III # =.1 K |_# Q~ O_=K#.

''=`O=# Pu^qKK<_ O = D q^" # Pu^ = J=~= . HO`

=Ok q "iH Hey# =#~` W`~ O`=, x~OKK# O`=# "~ H~H #
} Y~# i OK^~. HO` =Ok, W`x = P~^# xq`= _H#@ q `#
~O\x WK^~. Q` 100 OII #O_ Q$ P~^# ^~}"# q. ` HO= : O = 16:1
K_=.

''Z~#, @ } Y*< ^~_ J.H. 19:22 II u". 4:20 _ W`xx Qi qOK|_Ok.
270

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''H ~ Wk \# ~. nx == ''4=. W`_ | `i

^~ _ O_=K#.
\# + `i

J# =@ ''3= Jx ==. (=.22)
16:24. D =K#= p# w ` # 46, 61, Z, a, =i 0150 ^ . Hx w ` Wk
16:23 `~ "`# =iHxO\ Wk 16:27 `~ "`# K_Q
=. Wk "_#@ +" # P^~=
^ . Hx `~ = , Z<.Z.Z.a., Z<.P~.Z,q. \.W.q. =i Z<.*.a. D =K#O ^ . .a.Z4 D
q^= Q q_@@# 'Z `~Q u H (xOQ J=~O ) KOk#kQ iQ}O zOk. D uH Wk x~~ O|_#,
=yO =i qq^ w ` =.14, 15 =i 16 =yO L# ^#=# Qi# LkH`
O|OkOz#k.
Z<.Z.Z.a. (` `~=) ~QO: 16:2527
2527 =" # J#[# q=# q^
Q#@, J<k #O_ ~ =Q LOK|_ ~C_
` H ~ |_# =~=, x` ^=x P[ H~= =H
, Y< ^~ "iH `|_
#k. D =~=#
J#iOz# < "~ H~= Q#, H # Qi# H@
# H~= Q#, q=# ~ ~ @
H= O`_#, Jkf *#=O`_<# ^=xH, H ^~, x~O`~= == HQ#QH. P"<.
16:2527. w + W^O`
XH "H=Q L#k. D Pj~K#= 14= J^= 15= J^=
z=~# K_Q
=. D O = `< OQ "# H = x =Y JO=# =~ =~
KC O^~ = .
1. Z O =# "# uH Wk =yO O_=K#.
2. ~= }= L# "i H~ ZO^H#Q
Z. Z#_ ~= @}
=# ^iOK^ , J~#\Hh 26 =OkH = `e*
K<_.
a. 16= J^= "@"
^@Q J|^ ^ # Qi qOK|_Ok.
. ^# Q= w ` J<H ~= qq^ Q= qOK|_#k.
| ~ O_ QQ nxx "
O_=K#. J^= 114 ~= O =##, 116
Z O =##, ^~}OQ D q^O Q K |_# =@ g\ =# ["| K =K#. (1) D H =
= J<H =Ok }Ozi, J#` =: (2) ~= QO^= w ` 16= J^= O_
Uk ^# ` = H (3) | 14:115:13 =~ J|^ ^ # QiOz K |_Ok.
16:25 ''H=O`_# P# Wk ^=xH# =iH J^`"# ~. H` x|O^# =_
~ L yOK|_Ok. (Z. 3:20 ^ 24).
^=_ q# U q^O Q |~_ Q=xO=.
1. "~ ^~
2. H # Qi kOK@ ^~
3. ~ =Q LOK|_#, ~H}
# Qi# ^=x x` }oH# (=~=), ` H ~ @ ^~.
q "~# Qi# *#= ^~ |~ |_^~. WC_ "~ JO^iH JO^@ LOK|_Ok.

`HO=: ''=~= ^=_ =#= q"K## Qi Pk #O_ XH L^x Hey<_,

`< xH ~= _ W^ L^ = H#yOk (Pk. 3). D L^ xH O|OkOz# K# `
x|O^# QO^= | ~ |_#q (Pk. 3:15 12:3 x~. 19:56 =i =H
QO^= x ~uH
Jax =H ~ "H Q _). Uk U"# \Hh , K =# H~= \H += Q ^ .
(I Hi. 2:68). H =i i^` ~H` | +" # k. =~= J# =@#
q"K< }oH "`x qiOK@ L yOz <_. (I Hi. 4:1 Z 6:19 H. 4:3 I u". 1:9).
Uk U"# \Hh D =@# J<H ~H= # PK#` L yOz <_:
1. J# K~ |_#@ Wb $^ # HO` =@Q Hi# ~ #. J# K# D
Ja Q= J<H =Ok ^ # =O^Q =zOK|_# H Q JOwHiOK@ O`=Q
xKO k (~=. 11:2532)
2. H ^~, H
xH K~ |_# J<H =OkH "~ `e * |_Ok (~=. 16:2527 H.
2:2).
271

3. ~ O_= ~H_
q #`# s~ (I Hi. 15:557 I ^ . 4:1318).
4. H
== # H OnHiOK@ (Z. 1:811)
5. J#, ^ "~ (Z. 2:113:13).
6. H , O =# =^ L# |O^ `= H J<#`# q" == O|OkOz
^= ^~ q=iOK_. (Z. 5:2223).
7. J# "Q#= Ok# [ K~ |_, =i H # e# "ix L`u K
@ H~
J#Q `# "# =#"o Kiy~# H ~=# uiy fHx =K@ H P`
=# "Q#= xezi. (Pk. 6:5, 1113 8:21 1:2627 5:1 9:6 H.1:2628)
8. JO` k#= H q~k (I ^ 2:111).
=.
9. Pk= O = =~=# Qi K # ~O= I u". 3:16 K_Q
16:26 ''WC_ `H~|_#k D =~= H ^=x }oH =#"oHO`\H ` H ~ |_#k.
Jk U^#Q H # Qi# "~ (Z. 2:113:13).

'' Y < ^~ ^=_ D =~=# H H =H`
=, iK~ ^~ ` H ~_. Wk `
x|O^# =H
^~ =O^Q K |_Ok. qOz# ^, =i J#` H@| _# H` x|O^#
O Pq~== ^=x H }oH #k. (Pk. 3:15 12:3 x~. 19:56 ~i. 31:3134).

''x`_# ^=_ HO^ `HO= K_=.
`HO=: x``=
'~|~ a, Qi
<, `# H QO^= , '<x" P ^ F >" O\ ''x``= QiOz XH
PHH ~ " # q+ = "_
H q+}
"# Sx J# ^= H` x|O^# QO^= 40 HO> Z= ~=
x` r==# O|OkOz "_|_Ok. nx HO` Q= ` = W=|_ |=uQ#, qye#
Q= q +` H= W=|_ "Q#=Q# K |_Ok. Wk JO`=Hx ^=x LxHx QiOz,
~= 16:26 , JO`= Hx H H x` [# H~" # t`~ |ex QiOz, c 9:12, 13:30,
=i QuOz# Q= O|OkOz ~=. 16:25 2 u". 1:9 f`. 1:2 "_|_Ok.
D ^= x` r==# QiOz =`. 18:8, 25, 41 ^ 7#, x` tH# QiOz =` 25:46
x` < f~ tHqk, =~ 3:29 c. 6:2 x` <#= 2 ^ . 1:9# "_|_Ok. D ^= D
=K< JO`=# QiOz, =i P< f~ ZC_ [~Q#., ^x q=~}, ^x =~ H P
q^" # J^$+= # O^H# ^u "^Q#q P=H=Q x``=# [~Q#@ ~_ ~ K#k.
=#= q +`# QiOz, qye# r= ~` =# O|O^" \^ , Jq <u H u , x``=
"Q Z LO\ HkQ =`" Q OKQ
=. XH" , XH q^O Q ^=x "HO K~ @ ~@,
=iH q^O Q =#= ^x #O_ ^~" _^ =i Y< =O^Q K |_# H~=
=#= x`tH
# ^O`= HO^ x=|_H, =#= Q OKx pH\ L#^x K |_ O_Q
=#= H
^=x = O^ " O z x` r== H~ Z^~ K xH_Q LO_=#.
(. 318319).

''="# J#[# `|_#k. Wk XH 'P"i " i
. ^x =Y`x
`e*
@ w a D "H= z=~ LOK|_Ok. P# x` L^ "# = [#
"~ JOkOK|_@##k ^=_ O^~_. (Pk. 3:15)
''q=# q^Q@ #_O|_#@

Z< . Z.Z . a.
Z<.H.*.q
''q=# q^Q@
Z<.P~.Z.q
''q=# q^_Q@ fHx ~|_#@
\.W.q.
''q=# q^Q@ #_O|_#@
*.a.
''q=# q^Q@ fHx ~|_#@
D "H=# J~= K H#@ qq^ =~= #q. Wk (1) H # QiOz# ^O`= (2) H
272

#O^ #=H= H (3) "~ ^q HOQ q^

_Q @, q^
` H#Q@# zOKK#k.
"^O` ~O Q q^
`, =~ =# =i q= XH ^x` XH\ H|_#qQ LO_e.
(=~. 1:15 J.H. 3:16, 19, 20:21).
16:27 ''*#=O`_# ^=_ Wk UH ^=`~^# L^~} (ku. 6:45). H = = ^
=`= = XH XH ^=} Hey L#k. J~#\Hh H i ^= `= =i i^`
H i == =## ''=Q~ XH>

#, ''u`= xH #_#.

''x~O`~= == H# QH 3:23x ` HO=# K_=.

''P" < 1:25 L# ` HO=# K_=.
KiOKH# :
Wk XH J^# "M# =~^ i x. nx == h O`a `~ = h" ^_=. =#
u XH~O =#= Hey# "Q #_==#. h=, a , i^` h `~ = =Y=.
x# q=iOK J=H= XH "M#H~ W=_^ .
D KiOKH# QO^= x =Y q+ # Qi PzO K
@ W=|_#q. Wk
PK# HeyOK@H Qh, W" PK# H=.
1. ~= O =# " H ~#\Hh "~O^~ Z `e#.
2. iK~ ~O_# QiOz# Y<^~ U"< L#"? (16:1 I u" . 3:11, 5:316)?
3. D J^= J<H =Ok
# Qi qOK\ L# L^ "q\?
4. J|^ ^ ^# =i "~ J#iOz# q^#=# q=iOK=.
J#|O^= XH\
w "H~} ^ q=~}
bh w J#|_, H~< w, = JQ O_~ (H.. 336323) =^ ^~ O`=#
[~Oz# <\ #O_ 800 O_ (H..300 H.. 500) =~ P O` "_H +Q LO_#k. Wk
H== qnHiOK|_# "# +H^, Qh z# P O`= O^#, =^^~
O`=O^# ~ O_= *f +Q L yOK|_#, Z< q^= Q H`^ # +.
H` x|O^# ~K# "_|_# w + ^xx L yOz# ~K~ ` ` H" # k, (H
=i c uH ~K~ ` ZO^H#Q "~ J~qH +# L yOzi. Q#H "i ~K#
J~qH + = ^~#, x~} ~= ^~# q`O K |_ LO@Ok. J~#\Hh ,
H~< w + "# l O@ (` x|O^# w `~ = ) Kkq, L^iOzi. l O@ _
=`$+ w + Hx O_` =# "|_Ok.
Wk H` x|O^# QO^= i # "H~}
x~}= =#= Z^~K_ _^ q+ x
*H O K
K#k. Wk ` H" # k, J~#\Hh D HOk "\ ="# kQ L#k. (1) l O@
(2) ^ ~K# # | =i (3) SQ ^= H#Q#|_# i. D q^" # i`
H` x|O^# q[ <`H" # "H~}
x Z^~ K_Q
=?
H~< w + H "H~}
H}
, H` x|O^# H~< w +, XH ^= ^~=
=O\k. J<H q^= Q Jk "H~}
x q^ ~ ==. O^~ = =# ^ =~^ i x.
^= q"# O^~ x Hey L<~, Q#H "H~}
x~}= (1) XH =H H "H~}
^u
=i (2) XH ` H O^~ = "Q< Q OKQ
=. w "H~}
~=#, x~}=#,
=yO q=~} ~K@ ^ = H^.
H~< w =Y=Q =\_ @ L Q_ +. `~K
Q nx "M#=# ==
=@ H ~= =i ~H= . J<H =Y "H H ^= "^@ =K@ ^~ ^x
PkH `# H#~ |_`Ok. w H ^= H =Y`x QiOK@ =_ =H =K~=
K P=H= (1) H=, ~=, == ^q H ^#` (2) H ^= H ^q H
==. (x O@= K
@) =i (3) O^~ = H X~=_. ("H q< H==).
273

Z.
H= =i L^ = =y~# H~= H =yO Hx H~=# H ^= `
LO_# O^~ = # O|OkOz#^ O@Ok. Wk ^~}OQ ''O~" # =i ''JO~" #
Jx =|_`Ok.
1. O~" # J# H= H~= O= O g^ ^$+ @#. U^ [iyOk Jx K#, Qh
^xx qOz =~q K ^. ^x P~O= , HQK# H~=, ^x =yO K |_^ .
2. JO~" # H= XH H~= P~O" H#QKO_@ g^ ^$+ @#. Wk YQ
[~Q H~=, H#QK LO_ H~=, =$k KO^K# H~= J# ^= ^~ nxx
q=iOK=K#.
a.
QO^H ~ [~QK# H~x U q^O Q K< _ J# ^xx P^~= K Hx ^x Hx
QiOK=K#.
1. Jk OO kOz#k P~~
2. Jk Oq Oz#k =i u
= ^x ~q_ #k. O~" # (~ H)
3. Jk ~= Oq OzOk, ^x u
= ^y #k, Hh WC_ ( ~ H)
4. Jk Oq OKK#k =~= # H=
5. Jk WO` ~= Oq OKK#k JO~" # H=
6. q +`
Jk Oq OK# q +` H=.
D H "M#= U q^= Q L Q_ # J# q+ # `H#@ XH |"#
L^~} ^= ''~H}
. Wk J<H q^= # H, ^x Q=#= =i =yO K@ Wk
L yOK|_Ok.
1. P"i ''~HO K|_# (~= 8:24)
2. ~ H (O~" # ) ~HO |_ui, =i u
= H#QK L#k (Z. 2:5, 8)
3. =~= # H= ''~HO |_K L<= (I Hi. 1:18 15:2)
4. q +` H= x=Q ~HO |_^~ (~=. 5:9, 10 10:9).
.
H H ^$+x x@, "M# H~
J ~K~ ` `# "x =H ~ @ XH
xi+" # Hx Z#H#@ H~}x `H#@ uOK"~. U q^" # `~ = x u P~~
H=. Wk [OQ x~t O|_x, Q~
x, Jx H ~=. Wk O^~ = # += Q
`e*
#@ qq^ ^` L yO|_Ok. Wk H =O XH H~= Oq OzOk Jx =`"
KC #. Q` HO [iy# H~x K<`H == =`" ^$+O K|_`Ok. U^< W`~ H=
"_|_# _ U^ xi+" # H~x <H K |_K#^x ==. J~` g\ ="q\?
1. ~H >< : Wk [iy~# Hx Qi, ^x e `x Qi KC #. Hx =~
Wk P"i =i =~= # H= H~H. ^~}OQ, P H~= =#<# e `= H H~=
=yO ^$+ x`Ok. L^: Z. 2:5 =i 8, ''~HO |_ <~, =i ~HO |_K
L<~.
2. ~H ><: Wk ~ H >< =O\^ #k. J~` nx e `x QiOz# =#
LO_^ . L^: ''`~ ^~=<^ |@ xKO_# (#. 18:16)
3. [O\ >< (=~=# H=): Wk JO~" # H~x QiOz KC #. ^~}OQ nx
^$+ H#QK LO_ O @# g^ LO@Ok. L^: ''P# O^ xez O_ "_=_# =
K _, ^=x ==Q \# "_ = K *_ (I # 3:6,9)
4. WO~H ><: (JO~` # zOK H=). D H H= =~= # HO` nxH
Q OO ^=, '~ H =i ' ~ H H =^ L# O|O^= =O\k. 'WO~ H WO`
274

=O^ P~O" WC_ Py~# JO~"# H~x, H ~" P~O"# H~ P~Ox

zOKK#k. L^: ''JC_ ~+= "~O^~ # P# ^ |@ =KK LO_i H
~+= JO`
P# ^ " @ P~OaOzi. (=. 3:5)
5. 'K~ >< (q+` H=): Wk q +` H= [~Q H~= ^$+x x@
zOKK#k. Wk O= = ^$+ xH O= = [~Q@ J=H=#^? J# H}=
KK#. O @# H x`# Qi =\_ #. L^: ''"~ ^# , "~... (=`. 5:49)
II. "~ (H ^ = ~ = )
Z. "~ J##k H ^= H H ^x H~ =^ L# O|O^x q=iO k.
a. H" "~ (H Q H ^= ~=) ^~}"# k, Z^~ KK#k, H ^=
H H~= H~ ^~ [~QK#^x <H K |_x su ~_Q KC @.
. " "~ (Hi} Q=) '" "~ J#Q "e uxk =# Oq Oz# H
^= H H~x H~ O^H#@. D "e uxk =# x~iOK|_# H~x H~ O^H#@.
D "e uxk =# x~iOK|_# H~x w H` x|O^# D HO^ W=|_# 'l+<
(qH ~H " # J^=) ^~#, 'H (qH ) ^~# zOK|_`Ok.
1. hupo ^~ H "# uxk J\
" H (qH ) ` He K
x (=`. 1:22 J.H. 22:30).
" H (qH ) ` He K
x (=`. 1:22).
2. dia ^~ H "# =^ =i` uxk, 'J\
3. ^~}OQ en ^~ XH ~+ #"# uxk 'W#+" O@ H ^H = Q LO_ (qH ) `
He K
x.
4. Hx O^~` H "# uxk Qh, ~+ #"# uxk Qh 'W<+" O@ H (^H = Q
LO_ qH ) ` He K
x.
_.
'q_ "~ (H H =^ ~=). nx == H ^= H xx H~ K
@
=i H ^= H x <~ Q #@. `~ KQ Wk =HQ ` ^ Z= K
H
~= Jx OkOK|_Ok. D x~}= U^ XH =~= "H=x H~# QiOz <H K Ok.
w nxH qq^ ~H# ", J#"^= H=. D ~= H Hx L^~} WH_
W=|_#q.
1. 'iH ": (H~ ^ , "#H =H#) H~ `# `# <~ Q K H# H~= L^: ''`#
`< Li@H<# (=`. 27:5).
2. 'WO>h": H~ `# < `# x K
@. L^: `# `< "Q ^` "+= ^i OKH<#.
(II Hii. 11:14).
3. '~H : ~ O_ (W^~ ) H~
XHi XH~ H~" x x~OK@ / x K
@. L^:
''"~H" PK# Ki .
III. =_ ( H ''" _ ) : ==.
Z. H~< w + 4 ''=_ (==) L#q. "= O` ''H ^ xH L# O|O^x
Wk zO k, HhO ~K~ ` L^ O H~O. =_ (") ~ O_ q"# ~H= Q ql O|_#q.
D ~ O_O\ XH\ "" x (ie\), ~ O_=k ^, J^# (>x
e\ (O|OH" , WO~\"
=i P\" ) zOK#.
a. ""x `e* == (WO_H\" =_), =#"#^ O_, H~ O"x,
(Oq OzOk, Oq OKK#k) `e*
#. Wk Ki` P^~OQ HH~##, ~K~ ` L^ O
H~= ^x O= O. w "H~}
Ox " (=_) Wk XH> H~= Oq Oz# =x
275

QiOz +O Q KC K#k, J~#\H WH_ nx `O =Y"# k H^.

. '|O H" =_ q +`
[~Q= H~x =H ~ #. XH H~= [~Q
^ , Hh P
q^O Q [~Q@ J=H=#q. Wk ^~}OQ q +`# QiOz `@ L yOK^~.
WH_ D ~ O_O\H =`" =O>, '|O H" HO` J#=<x =H ~ #. Wk ^~}OQ POQ=
"could" "would" "may", H "might", J# ^=
` z~ .
_. 'P\" =_ J##k ^O`~ O Q ^ =# HiH# =H ~ #. Wk '|O H" HO>
HOKO Z=Q "" xH ^Q~ Q LO@Ok. 'P\" Hx +~` # |\ ^ =# q+ x `e*
#.
H` x|O^# P\" ` =Q L yOK|_Ok. Wk Z=Q ^~}OQ "_ "H "_|_Ok.
''J@#~^ (^=_ P q^O Q K _, H .*.q.) J# "H= 15 ~= "_|_Ok. (~=. 3:4, 6,
31 6:1, 15 7:7, 13 9:14 11:1, 11 I Hi. 6:15 Q. 2:17 3:21 6:14). W`~ L^~} I ^ . 1:38 20:16, J.H.
=.
8:20 =i I ^ 3:11 K_Q
W. 'WO~\" =_ ^`# zOK P[, J~` WH_ =`= H\OK "x H
Ja= =Y=. Wk XH =HH Hey# K =# ^ = J##k zOK#, =i Wk
=iH =HH Hey# J=H=` _# +~` =# ^ =. D q^" # P[ H` x|O^# x
=~= #H=#, 'P~~ H=# zOK "\# H#|_#.
Z. Hx "H~}
i (J=H H )x =iH ~H" # (=_) ==Q KC ^~.
Wk H` x|O^# w ~ ^~}O, nxH ^~}OQ "~ _H " (Verbal Adjective) Jx JO\~.
Wq ^xH O|OkOz #" P =Y H ^= (Main Verb)` _ `~ = K |_#. D
J=# H # (i ) qq^ ~HQ `~ = K
^~. D q+ O ^ "# x WOw+
`~=# ijeOK@ =Ozk. H~ ~zOz# ''^ a W< @O\ H \<+< J`kHOQ
H~=Q LO@Ok.
l. H~= Oq Oz# Hx Uk QiOKx q^O Q 'P~~ H" WO_H \" (Aorist
Active Indicative) Qi O
k. U W`~ H= Qh, '"~ (Voice) Qh J ~K~ ` =H ~ =#x
H~Hx# ` H" # , "M# O|O^" # =Y`# Hey LO@Ok.
IV. w i*#= x "iH D HO^ W=|_# ~ H
J=~" # =K~= JOkOK#.
A. Friberg, Bargara and thimothy, Analytical Greek New Testment, Grand Rapids : Baker, 1988.
B. Marshall, Alfred. Interlinear Greek-English New Testment, Grand Rapids; Zondervan, 1976.
C. Mounce, William D. The Analytical Lescicon to the Greek New Testment; Grand Rapids; Zandervan,
1993.
D. Summers, Ray, Essentials of New Testment Greek, Nashville; Broadman, 1950.
E. Accademically accredited Koine Greek Correspondance course available through Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, IL.
V. <="K H = (Nouns) :

Z. "H=x W`~ Q <="KHxO_ O|O^x |\ <="KH= ~= (Case)

x |\ P ~H= Q ql Ozi. ~= J##k iu x |\ <= "KH= [~Q ~ =~.
Wk "H=x W`~ Q=` <="KHxH Q OO^x |\ =~#. H~< w +
<="KH= P ~=x ## qH ~H " # J== (Preposition) ^~ zOK|_#.
<="KH= H u H ~= P O|O^ =# QiO|_=K#. Q#H qH ~H " #
J== (Prepositions) D ## (D ` #) += Q ql OKQ
~H =$k KOk#q.
a. w ~= (` , Cases) D HO^ W=|_# 8 ~H= Q ql O|_#q.
276

1. ^= qH (Nominative Case) (~=) ~ @@#, [OQ Wk "H=x H "H

Q=x H~# QiOz KC @ L yO|_`Ok. Wk H ^= ` _ ~ = Q LO_
<="KH= #, H q+}
=# _ He ''J [~Q=K, ''J =~=K Jx (to be,
become) "_|_#q.
2. Genitive Case : Wk =~# L yOK|_Ok =i Jk U ^xH O|OkOz#^ #^
^x H q= nxH W=|_`Ok. Wk ''U ~H= J# ["| K Ok. ^~}OQ Wk
POQ= Preposition (qH ~H " # J== H) "of" ^~ =H ~ |_`Ok.
#, Hh Wk
3. Ablative Case : '*x\" H = Wk P "H= [~Q =~# `e*
q_=@# q=iOK#. Wk ^~}OQ ==, H=, P^~= =i ~x ` H=Q@#
q=iOK#. Wk `~K
Q POQ= "from" (#O_) J# qH ~H J== ^~ `e*
#.
4. Dative Case : =HQ ` PHx QiOz q=~} ~K#. Wk =u~Y=Q H=K# H J#=Q
LO_ = K #. ` ~ K Q Wk J + " # H i } Q = . Wk ` ~ K Q WOw + Preposition "to" (H~ ) ^~ `e*
#.
5. Locative Case : Wk _ Dative Case = xK
#, J~` ^x =O, HO H
H~ O|O^" # ^
qiOK#. Wk ^~}OQ POQ Prepositions is, on, at, among, during, by, upon
and beside (, g^, =^, =^ , P HO, # =i H #) J# "\ ^~ `eK |_`Ok.
#. Wk
6. Instrumental Case : Wk _ Dative Case =i Locative Case = xK
=~x H =[=# `e*
#. Wk POQ Preposition "by" or with (^~, `) J# ^= ^~
`e* |_#.
7. Accusative Case : XH H~= H =yO# QiOz `e *
#. Wk ^x qux
QiOz `e*
#. Wk =Y=Q L yOKH##k Main Object. Wk "How far"? H "To What
extent" (ZO` =~ , ZO`H=) J# "\ ^~ ["| K O
k.
8. Vocative Case: Wk <~ Q XH ^xx QiOz KC @ L yO|_#k.
VI. CONJECTIONS AND CONNECTORS

Z. w + Ju OH = "# +, ZO^H#Q Jk J<H Connectors (Ok K

^= ) Hey#k.
Jq PK## H# ("H Q=, "H= =i ~Q qQ=). Jq H =@
J##k `~KQ q=~}`HOQ =Y=. x*xH D Ok K ^= ~K~` =##
Q OK@ ^i K#. ~K~ ` Uq `e* =#x P_ K<_ Jk f~xOK@ Wk K
=Y=.
a. WH_ Hx Conjunction =i Connections, =i "\ == W=|_#q. (D =K~=
H.E. Dana =i Juliank. Mantey "# 'Z =#= Q=~ P ^ w # >"
O\ #O_ Q Oz#k).
1. Time Connectors (=x `e*
^= ) When ''ZC_
Z. Z~, Z~_D, >, , >, @< (H~) "When" (ZC_).
a. " While (ZC_` )
. \<, Z< (H~) "Whenever"
_. ", JH, "H (H~) "Until" (=~ )
1) " (W<x \") "before"
1) "Since, "When", "as"
2. Logical Connections

277

Z. L^ =:
1. # (H~) , (H~) , "in order that", "that"
2. (articular accuative infenitive) - "that"
3. (articular accusative infinitive) H ''Z~ (articular accusative infinitive) - "that"
a. u
= (L^ =#, u
xH "H~}
= Ju ^Q~ O|O^= #k)
1. (infinitive, Wk K [O) "in order that", "thus"
2. = (H~) ''JO^# |\ (so that)
3. J~ "so" (H|\)
. H~}= H ^~}=
1. Q~ (H~}= / == H ^i f# iu / =yO) ''H~ ''ZO^H#Q
_. J#""# (TOK`y #)
1. J~, ~#<, > ''JO^# |\
2. _" , (Strongest in ferential conjuction) - "on which account, "where-fore" "there-fore"
3. F~< ''J@ `~ "`, ''Q#H, JC_, ''|^Q
4. \<< ''P H~=Q
W. q~^= Q H q^ = Q
1. J (|"# q~^= ) ''Hh, ''`C (except)
2. _ ''Hh ''U q^= Q<# #, ''J~#\Hh , on the other hand,
3. H ''Hh
4. "\~, F< ''ZQ# #
5. < ^xH |^Q (Z=Q H "~
)
6. F< ''ZQ# #
Z. @
1. , H` (introduce comparitive clauses)
2. H\ (in compounds, H`, H`\, H`~, H`~)
3. (c uH)
4. D ''HO>
l. H#yOK@ K
H =~
1. _ ''=i ''WC_
2. H ''=i
3. ^" ''=i
4. # F< ''Jk
5. F< ''JC_ (#)
278

K. <H KC @ L yOK#q.
1. J ''x"# , ''B#, ''x*xH
2. J~ ''x[=Q ''x=Q ' '+= Q
3. Q~ ''Hh x[OQ, ''x=Q, ''x[=Q
4. _ ''x[=Q
5. W# ''_
6. H ''_, ''x[=Q, ''+= Q
7. "O\ ''x[=Q
8. F< ''x[=Q, ''g@x\x |\
VII. + ~ ` ` _ # "H =
Z. +~` ` _# "H=#Q XH\ H ^xHO> Z= +~` L# "H=x ==. D
"H~}
x~}= "M#=# _ `Ok, ZO^H#Q "H=x H x K
@ H
K H =@ H~}#, +~` # =i i` # `e *
#. 4 ~H= +~` L#q.
QO^H ~ L^ = H~= x[=x P~OK `y# u #O_ H ~K< [#= xq`" # iu
#O_ H == HiH Q u =~ H#Q#.
a. "^\ `~Q u +~` ` _# "H= ''J~` (if) J# ^= ` _ =HH i OK|_#\Hh
QO^H ~ L^ O H~O x[=x P~OK`Ok, H ~K< [#= xq`= Jx KC #. J<H
O^~ Wk (Since) ''JO^=# Jx `~ = K |_Ok. Uk U"# \Hh "^\ `~Q u +~` `
_# "H=h ` =x KC @ ^ . `~K
Q g\x "kOK@, H ~@# Zu K@
L yOzi. (=`. 12:27).
. ~ O_= `~Q u +~` ` _# "H= ~ ^~}OQ `xH =u~Y=Q LO@Ok.
` ^~" # q+ # QiOz KC #.
L^: 1. D# =H
# _ `# =@Hx# D =` , Z@=O\^ iy_#.
(H 7:39).
2. ''g~ "+# #q#@~# ### #=^~. g~`x Y#= #=x _ <
=@ UQ #=^~ (# 5:49)
3. ''<x\Hh =#+# O`+@ Q~KO_# _, H ^_# HH =^#
Q. 1:10.
_. =_= `~Q u +~` ` _# "H= ^~}OQ q +`
[~Q H~=# QiOz
KC #. P H~= [~Q@ L# J=H=# QiOz KC #. Wk ^~}OQ Oq OK@# Qi
KC #. "H= Jk H Wk J# ^= g^ ^ # H ^= H x Jx=. "^\
# #O_ L^~} : 1610 2:4, 6, 9, 15, 20, 21, 24, 29, 29: 3:21, 4:20 5:14, 16
W. <= +~` ` _# "H= [~Q#x KC @ J=H= xkQ LO@Ok. H` x|O^#
Wk J^~}=. x*xH O~" # 4= `~Q u +~` ` _# "H= ^ . nx ~ O_ Q=
q=~} i _ #@ =. 4= `~Q u +~` ` _# Q= "H= (~O Q=)# L^~}
I . 3:14. ~
O_= Q= Q= (=yO Q=)# L^~} J.H. 8:31.
VIII. x+^ = :
Z. Me J# iH
` _ Present Insparitive (XO@iQ =`= H^) _ H#QKO_#
279

H~= P"
|_@# <H KC #. Hx L^~} : '' q g^ ^# = =~H#=^. ..
(=`. 6:19) ''g }=# Qi zO` _= ^ (=`. 6:25). ''g J==# ^su ^# =Q
=# JyO _... (~=. 6:13). ''^=x i^` # ^Y ~ _.... (Z. 4:30) =i
''=^ =` =`
O_ _... (Z. 5:18).
a. Me iH
` _ P"i |O H" ''HhO ~OO Hx q+ x <H KC K#k. Hx
L^~}: '.... Jx `OK=^ (=`. 5:17) ''... zOuOK =^ (=`. 6:31) ''... Q _= ^ (II u"u.
1:8).
. Subjective Mood ` Double negative J##k K |=Q =u ~ Y` # ` @
L yOK^~. ''H^, J Z#\H H^ H ''U i` # J [~Q^ . Hx L^~H}
:
''J`_# \Hh =~}= O^_ (#. 8:51) : ''HQ *
O_@H <x#\Hh ... (I Hi. 8:13).
IX. Pi H (ARTICLE)
H~< w + Definite Article (xi ^= ) "the" POQ= =< x K
#. nx
=Y"# x U^#Q "@Qx H= P#" K@. ^= , ~ H "H=H XHx ^$+x
=oOK@ nx x. H` x|O^# QO^= XHH ~K~ ` XHH q^O Q "_ <_. Definite article
D HOk q^O Q _ x K
#.
1. ^$O`= H#~ K ^# = = qk OK ^# =Q x K
#.
2. WO` ~" iK = K |_# q+ = H =HH K#Q KOK@ xK
#.
3. H ^= ` _
# "H= H~# QiOK =~= Q xK
#.
L^: ''^=_ P` <_ #. 4:24 ''^=_ "Q

<_ I #. 1:5 ''^=_
= <_ 4:8,16.
a. POQ= x 'x' H 'xn' = H~< w + Definete Article ^ .
Indefinite Article H
=@ =# ^x ==.
1. XH q+ O H == H q= g^ ^$+ LO_@.
2. XH q+ = H ~H= g^ ^$+ O_@
. Article H x Uq\ `H#@ H` x|O^# O_` q"# `=
Ki.
X. w H` x|O^ # Q O ^ = ^ #` K O K @ =~ = :
Z. H` x|O^# QO^= XH q+ x <H KC @ L yOz# OHuH q^<. OkHQ,
^u H~= L yOK ~K~ ` H =i c uH QO^ ~K~ `.
a. WO` =O^ <# K #@Q 'P"i H" WO_H \" <H KC @ ''Q~ Q#, ~ O Q
L yO|_#kQ L#k, Hh U W`~ Voice Qh H= Qh, H Mood "M# =Y [#=
H L#k. nx == J"i H" WO_H \" =Y` "H~}
O|O^" # PK# `~K
Q
"_|_^ . L^: ~=. 6:10 (~O_ ~)
. H~< w + ^ H==.
1. H~< w WOw+ = ^ H== "~H + P^~_ #k HH XH ` H ~" #k.
Q#H ~K~ ` ^ H==# K@ ^~} ^ H=x L yOK=K#.
Z. ~K~ `, K^ =K# =HH <H K =##Hx# q+ =
a. K^ =K# =Hx P~~ q+ O.
280

. ~K~ ` `Q PzOK q+ O.
2. w ^~} ^ H== i K |_x =. J~#\Hh , L Q= L# ^ H==
D q^O Q LO@Ok.
Z. H ^= K~ @
1. H ^=
2. H~
3. i K
Q= (Complement)
a. H~ H" # H (Transitive Verb)
1. H
2. H~
3. H~
4. Indirect Object
5. qH ~ H " # J==` _# "H=.
. <="KH "H.
1. <="KH=
2. Modifier
3. qH ~H " # J==` _# "H=
3. ^ H== += KC q+ O XH =Y"# OQuQ LO@Ok. L^:
Z. ''`=` e"~=#@ K#Q <#, |~# _Ku x Wzi (Q. 2:9). ''`
"~=#@ K#Q _Ku x Wzi J# "H Q=# ql Oz ^x ^#`# <H K i.
a. ''H ` _ J# Qx ~O Q= LOzi. =~}= H O^"

#k.
. ''<< ==#, << q^= Q (c. 1:1) J# "H Q= =K#= "^\
Q= LOK|_Ok. q^ = Q HxOK D su ^=_ `## `# |~ H<#, Wk ` H`
x^~ #=Q ^ .
_. ^~}OQ <H K |_ q^#= HO` "~ D HOk "\ ^~ H#~K
| _Ok.
1. H H =iH ~= =O^Q< H#|_# ~ <== =~ =~ qOK|_@.
L^: ''Q = =~ g` LO^# (=`~ . 28:20)
2. J=~= Q Conjunction H XH =@, ^= , "H Q=, H "H=# W`~= ` H@
J=~" # ^# = H =@. nxx Ok K H q_z @|_@ (H|_x) Jx JO^~. g\ XH
^xx =iH ^x` K~ ^# = J=~" # k, Hh Jk H =@ ^$+x PHiO zOk: L^~} :
Z. ^# `, =`. 5:3 (\H <H K |_Ok).
a. #. 14:1 (H` JO=).
. ~= 9:1 (H` qQ=).
_. II Hi. 12:20 (\H <H K |_Ok).
3. W=|_# "HQ= ^= , "H Q= =~ =~ K |_@. L^~}:
281

''^=x == Hi HQ@H (Z. 1:6, 12, 14). D "H Q= u`=x =Q~ =

xx
`e*
K#k.
4. ^= =^ *f= H ^ q<= (~O) "_H.
Z. `eHQ K =@ euphemisms - =~}= J# xGkOK =@ |^Q x^ J#
=@ "_|_@. # (11:1114) H ^= J# =@# ~+ JOQ= "_@ (~`.
3:78 I =. 24:3).
a. ^=xH |^Q "_ =@ Circumslocutions ^=x ~ |^Q "_|_# ^= ,
''~
H ~[= (=`. 3:21) H ''~
H= #O_ XH ~= (=`. 3:17)
. =@ ~
1. qi Oz KC @H^ "# (=`. 3:9 5:2930 19:24)
2. O`=Q K "~. (=`. 3:5 J.H. 2:36).
3. JK`# =O^ K`# `~}= Personification (I Hi. 15:55)
4. =HH (Q. 5:12)
5. ^ Q ~# Q (e . 2:611)
6. ^= =^ ~ q<=
Z. ''O =
I) ''O = (Z. 3:21)
II) '' (Z. 4:1,4)
III) ''=|_# (Z. 4:1,4)
a. ''`O`
I) ''^ (Q. 4:31)
II) ''`O`= (Q. 5:1)
III) ''`O` (Q. 5:1)
_. ["# + O$uH O|OkOz# =i =Y"# +.
1. ''P~=# Q~Q "_|_#k (#. 4:3134)
2. ^"=# Q~Q "_|_#k ("#. 2:19 =`. 26:61)
3. ''^+= J##k ''^ c +x *f= (Pk. 29:31 ku. 21:15 H 14:36
#. 12:25 ~=.9:13).
4. JO^~ J< . + 53:6 ("all JO^~ ") # 53:11 =i 12 ("many = [#")
e K_=. ~= 5:18 =i 19 Wq ~^.
5. XH UHH ^= Q "_@ |^Q O~" # "H=Q "_@. L^: '' "#
H .
6. autos ` H su"_|_@.
Z. Wk PiH
(attributive position) P~OK^y # u ` _ O_#_ Wk P#= Jx
`~ = K |_#.
282

a. PiH
x u (Predicative position) Intensive reflective pronoun = ~ = x ~_ ~ #@
''`< ''P" H ''J^ Jx `~ = K =K#.
W.
=`$+ w + Hx a q^~
<H K |_# (=Y` W=|_# q+ ) q+ #
qq^ =~ QiOK=K#.
1. J#e\H
H H< =i WO@~ bx~ w / POQ= x O@= L yOK@ ^~#.
2. POQ `~ = XH ^x` XH\ e KKH#@ ^~#, =Y=Q `~ = ^O`
^~#. L^: "word for word" `~ = # (H.*.q, Z<.H .*.q, Z.Z.q, Z<.Z.Z.a, P~.Z.q, Z<.P~.Z.q)
_# qH DHO\` (qe", Z<.W.q, Z<.W.a, P~.W.a, *.a, Z<.*.a, \.W.q). WH_ XH =Oz
Hi. H~ K iOz#, ^ a W< @O\ H OQ*.
3. Joseph Bryant rotherhan ~zOz#, the Emphasised Bible, (Kreegel, 1994).
4. ~|~ OQ ~zOz#, OQ e@~ \<+< P ^ a (Qi < , 1976).
"H~= J^ #= K
@ q \O K# Qh H="# "M<xH Wk J=~= . D
q=~}, "M<, L^~} D O\ W=|_# "H~} O|O^"# K##
LyOK#@ w + `ex "ix K`# ~@#, ^~~@# W=|_#q.
x[=Q D q=~} K q=Q qnHiOK|_#q. g\x H` x|O^# | H}
# QQ J~=
K H#@ "@Q L yOKH#=< Qh =~" # , Hi# "# q^#= L yOK _^ . D
q=~} K^ =~ W`~ H` x|O^# "M< J#Q
"M# J~= K H##@
|~ #.
=#= =# `~ = # a Y# Q L# =K~ Q P^~OQ ij# K e.
g\H "H~}
= nxH K _ `Ok W`~ Ki` x~}=, "H O^~ = , "_H L#
^, =i =O`~ ~ Q _ L Q_ #.
J#|O^= ~O_
`~"# q=~
D "M#= H#Q#|_# `~"# q+# q=iOK su D q+O @
OkO=#. D HO^ W=|_# JO= \H L yOKH#=K#.
I. =# POQ a
x ` ~" # P^~=
Z. ` x|O^# QO^=
a. H` x|O^# QO^=
II. ''HOk ~ q=~ (` q=~) H = =i ^O`
q=~}.
III. H~"
# ~# zO|_# P^~=.
1. =# POQ a x `~" # P^~=
Z. ` x|O^# QO^=:
1. "*i\H >H (Z"\) H.. 100= OII ^ ^ _# Jv ^~ c ` "H=
` ~ K |_Ok. JK Q~
, LK~ }
, q~}, q~= z, =i LH~ }
O 6=
`|O P~O" 9= `|O =y#. "*~\ J#|_# XH @O|O ^~ Wk [iy#k. "~
L yOz# "H ~= q+, `^, ~" , + \
=i =\
" _# "H= ~=
=O\q.
2. l O@ (LXX) ~ O_= \g (H.. 285246) PiH O` JQO_ H
H= 70 =Ok O_` ^~ 70 k#= l O@ ` ~ K |_#^x O^= KC K#k.
""xH D `~= JQO_ @}= x=OKK# ^ <x HiH "~ `~
283

K |_#k. D O^= Ji
J# uH ^~ `e|_Ok. ^ _ Jv| (Z"\) u
#O_ =z# qq^ c ` O^= l O@ `~K
Q P^~_

#k.
3. =$` =^ K@ (DSS). Uh Jx =|_# ^ #O_ q[ # Ok#
XH `Q =# ~= i# HO (H.. 200 H.. 70) =$` =^ K@ "|_#q. =$`
=^ K@H P O` H#Q#|_# c ` , c `xH O|OkOz# `
(MT) =i LXX @OxH Hk\ =`=#@ HxOK#.
4. ` x|O^# QO^= H `~ = D ` eH U q^O Q L Q_ O k J# q+
O|OkOz# Hx xi+" # L^~}.
Z. l O@, "*i\H# J~= K H#@#, `~ = ^~#, O_` # _ `Ok.
1. l O@ + 52:14. ''JQ J< x# Kz q "O^^~
2. "*i\H u + 52:14 ''JQ x# |\ J< P~_ ^~
3. + 52:15 l O@x ~ <== "_H= ~ ~ |_#.
Z. l O@, ''JQ J<H [#= x# Kz q "O^^~.
a. "*i\H u ''JQ J`_ J<H [#=# zHiOK#
a. _.., "*i\H Y<# Q OK@ J#"^ O_` _O k.
1. _.. + 21:8 ''< e# "_, Q\
" x`=# H=e |~A g^ xK<#
. + 53:11 =K<x Qi# =# i+iOK@ l O@ =i _.Z.Z _# q.
1. l O@, _.., ''J`x P` "^# Hey# `~ "`, J`_ "Q KK#, J`_ `$
O^#
2. "*i\H Y# Q=, ''J`_ `# Hey# "^# # Kz `$ <O^#
a. H` x|O^# QO^=:
1. 5, 300 ` H w H` x|O^# ` W\Hh xez #q. 85 ` i ~_
##, =i 268 ` "`O Q ^ JK JH~ = (Jx ) "|_#q. `^ i,
H.. 18= `| H= ` = # JKxH (z# JH~ = xH) =i "|_#q. Ku "`
"|_# w "` ` 2,700. =#= P~^# ~# L yOK Y# ` 2,100 _
=#= Hey<=.
2. ~ ~_ # "|_# H` x|O^# "H Q# Hey# 85 w "` ` =
^~ ^ ~K
| _#q. "\ HxO\ H.. ~ O_= `|=, qye# "\ H.. =_=, <=
`| `n H#Q#|_#q. gx U XH Z".Z.Z. _ i H` x|O^# Y Q#
HeyO_^. H== Wq p# H=<\ w H` x|O^# QO^= Q#H "\ J<H
^ a#=x f~xOK= . x L yOK xq`= J`=~O Q "~OK|_#q. D
q^O Q "~Oz#_ ` H ^ Uq fH#^ . nxx |\ J<H ^ a Hey #q.
3. c JH~ = (P) H (01) J# ~` =|_ 'H_H <\
H , '\O_~ J##`x
^~ < ~ `=# L# i^ H `i< < Q$= H#Q#|_#k. Wk H.. 4= `xH
O|OkOz#k, Wk H` x|O^# =i ` x|O^# LO_# l O@. Wk ''JQO_~ Y#=
=O\k.
4. ''Z H (02) Q =|_ 5= `| w "`u, H_H JQO_#, SQ
x JQO_
H # Q#|_ # k.
5. ''a H (03) J#|_ 'H_H "\H#, ~" #O^e "\H< |s H#Q#|_#k. Wk. 4=, H
5= `xH O|OkOz#k. Wk ` x|O^# =i H` x|O^# Hey# l O@. Wk ''JQO_
Y#= =O\k.
284

6. '' H (04) Jx =|_ 5= `xH O|OkOz# H_H Z~q HO` Q= zk" ~Ok.
7. H_H [. nxx '_ H (05) Jx K^~. Wk H. 5= `xH KOk# w "`u. ''Wk
>~ >H Jx =|_ Y# Q =Y"# P^~=. nxH J<H K~ [iy#q, HOQ *"
=~< Wk =Y P^~=.
8. H` x|O^# ZO.Z.Z =_, H <Q ` He Hx xi+ " Hey L# XH
@O|=Q K =K#.
Z. SQ
x JQO_ Y#=.
(1) "~
Hey# 75, 66 (H. 200)
(2) uH HeyL# 46 (H.. 225)
(3) `~, ^ "|_
# 72 (225250)
(4) H` x|O^# =i ` x|O^# QO^= # Hey #, '"\H# Jx =_ H_H a.
(5) Pi[< D Y#=# =ki #O_ L^ iOKK<_.
(6) D ''Y#=# =ki KOK W`~ Z".Z.Z ` . , Z, _|, 33.
28... ^H}
H x "~ >H
(1) ^H}
PH O `~ # '`~ e <, ' < =i p# H= <\ \# `~ =
#O_ fHx L^~}.
(2) S~x L^~}
(3) \\ =i p# H= <\ e < J#"^= #O_ L^~}
(4) H_H _ ''* D Y# =kix J#iOKK#k.
. HxO\< @}
=x 'D~ [ O>< .
(1) 5,300 Z".Z.Z
80% ` D Y# =ki HxOK#.
(2) JOuH O `~ # H *H
, 'H" , =i 'u~_~\ L^iOz#k.
(3) H_H Z, "~
=`" .
(4) H_H W, (8= `| H= <\H) . H` x|O^# QO^= O`\H .
_. <= Y# ~H= *i <. Wk < O|OkOz#k.
(1) Wk =Y=Q =~ "~
K_Q
=.
(2) g\H Hx P^~= 46, =i _|.
II ''HOk~ q=~ H ''`~"
# q=~ =# =, =i ^O`.
Z. q^ U q^O Q O|OkOz#q.
1. ~, ^$ zH= Q (Z= O^~ )
Z. XH q^= Q ## ~ O_ =@ H#K, K"` O^~ = XH^x #O_ J^ q^" #
~O_= ^x g^, =@ =# XH q^"# P ~O_ =@ =^ LO_# "H= `~KQ
=ke" |_Ok.
(1) XH q^" # ~ O_ ^= H "H= XH ^x #O_ H#K ^i=@ =# q_z
@|_@ (XH ^= ~ O_ ~= Oq Oz#_ ~@# XH ^xx q_z "
@)
(2) =# ^i=@ =# w Y# Q= "H= H =~ ~ O_= ~= "@
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~OK#. Wk i^_ # ^=xH, # =#=xH =^ x|O^# O|O^" # |O^= # J=~" #
~ O_ H~= XH># |O^x ` = K H JkH ^#` xK#@ |=O`O K
#.
Literal : Wk JOu"H #O_ =z#, ~O= ^$+

Oz K
Ki``H "M# q^<xH
=iH ~. nx == Wk L=# "KH= LO_
#\Hh , ^~}"# , +" # , =#=
J#k# "_H + "MxOK@x ==.
` ~H=: Wk =#= `= "# W`~ =H ~ @ L yOK qq^ ~H# ~
^<# ^Q=, Ki` O@## zOKK#k. "|_# ` ~H=x\H qq^
^~} x= Hey LO_@` @ f ~HxH ` H" # x= _ LO_#.
` qQ=: a QO^= x P H L# qq^ `O# QiOz K Q# Wk
zOKK#k. Wk Hx =K<#, ~Q qQ# J^# Hey LO@Ok. H O^"

#
`O# Hey L# =HQ ` qQ=.
Lower Criticious: ''> = H \ [ " K _ =.
"`u: Wk w H` x|O^# O|OkOz# w ` . ^~}OQ g\x qq^ ~HQ ql Ozi.
(1) "\x "\ g^ "~ ^xx |\ ( ~, K~ =) (H) ~K# ~=# |\ (JK JH~ = , H
nxx Z".Z (Ms. UH =K#=) H ''Z".Z.Z. (Mss |=K#O)Q QiOzi.
"*i\H >: Wk JK#, W`~ ~K< ~" # Q~
# HeyO_#, "^O` O_` O`#=
^~ `~ K|_# 9= `| H= <\ ` x|O^# c a H "` ux
zOKK#k. =# ` x|O^# POQ uH Wk P^~"

#k. =$` =^= H#Q#|_# "`
uH =#"# k, =Y=Q + QO^= Q QiOK_" # k. Wk Z".\. (MT) Q =|_Ok.
L`HOH~= (Metonymy) : Wk XH == H ~#, ^x` _ L# =iH ^xx QiOz
qiOK@ L yOK XH "H~=. L^: ''h\ ` HQK#k nx J == ''`x
h HQK#q.
=~\i< "` ` (Muratorian Fragments): Wk H` x|O^# QO^= O^e =}H QO^#
(H#) zOKK#k. Wk H. 200 OII "|_Ok. Wk >O@ O=
L yOKK# 27 H = a # e LO@Ok. Wk 4= `xH =O^ ~= =[=x
P O` L# O h _ nxx ` ~K# q Jx +O Q `e*
K#k.
^~} `H`: ^=_ `## `# =#= ` H ~ H# q^< Wk XH\. Wk ^~}
H== (~= 1:19, 20) =i hu H" # =#Hx (~= 2:1415) Hey LO@Ok. nxx Qi H~.
19:16 =i ~= 12 qOK|_Ok. Wk a ^~#, #[~_# H ^~# `##
`# | ~ # ` H ` H` # qk O k.
D "^O`~ " # q^#= ''Old Earth J# L^=O ^~ H = " `
^~ =~ <H
=H}OK|_Ok. ( ~, ~K# ). ` =O`= ^=x ` = Jx zOK@ D q^#=# "~
L yOzi. H$ u ^=xx QiOz# *#=# `~z
# H O =O\k Wk ` H ` H` =`" # k
(a ). H$ u H=x QiOz ikOK `O`x Wk " `
HeyO k. Wk OHuH" #
` O Kx QiOz KC @ " `
XH =Oz J=H=x < Ja=.
<i ^O`=: <i J##`_ , HxO\< < @}
O 5= `| H= rqOz#
^ # a+. W`_ i ^O x JOuH `s^ Ok# "_, W`_ UH ~ O_
==#=x, XH\ =#= ==, ~ O_ ^= ==. Jq O~= Q L#=x ukOK_.
JQO_ ^O`" # XH XH == H"_ J# ^O`x LO OzOk. <i< H
292

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J^ tH}
=# q`_ <i ^O`x =u~dOK_. JOuH~ Ki` P^~OQ "H~}

~O Q, ` x= "Q "M#= K
KO__k , J~` JQO_ , <Q q^#
(~OH~ P^~OQ "MxOK@) "M< =Y @}
" #k. <i L^Q=
#O_ `yO|_ K~ " |_#.
J ~K~ ` (Original Author) Wk Pk Y<# "# QO^H ~
# / ~K~ `# zOKK#k.
i: SQ ^= # O|OkOz#, "@ L yOK XH q^" # "H ~_ . Wk #^
LO_ s_ J# "H #O_ f|_`Ok. g\ g^< =# p# w H` x|O^# ` "|_#q.
=O`~ "H Q (Parallel Passages): Wq a JO`
^=x =# W=|_#k J# `O#
=H ~ Q. =i, JO^#|\ qkOK ~ Q# Wq SH ==# fHx =K# =i
i # su "MxOK#. J+" # , qk OK JO# "MxOK O^~ = _ P q^" #
`O K
"iH Wk _ #. W=|_# ~OxH J=~" # +" # "HQ=, J^
q^O Q W`~ JO= J=~" # ~ Q H#Q#@ _ Wk _ #.
Paraphrase : Wk a
`~ = O|OkOz# XH ^O`=. a `~ = u ^= XH ^x`
XH\ O|O^x Hey#^# q+ x ^$+
LOKHx f c, w ^ U + `~ =
K
K#" P + "\ ==# u ^xH JOkOKe. ^#, "H# q_z\ H =O ^x
"x =`= =H ~ q^<x J=OaO _^x Wk K O k. D ~ O_ ^O` #_= J^`" #
=iH q^#"=#Q J ~ QxH ` H ^#`xz ` H= <\ "H~}
O|O^" #
+ =, *f= ~=xH `~ = K |_=#. D O+}# QiOz#, +" # qq^
~H= ^O`=# ' =i '\ ~zOz#, ' @ s_ ^ a ~ P W\ =~, .35
K_=.
~Q qQ=: Wk Q^ Q= "M<xH J#=Q LO_ ~ Q=. Wk XH XH =Y
PK# =i ^xH O|OkOz# W`~ q=~} LO@Ok. =#= D q^" # =MO ^$+
xe# _ z# q+ # Qh, J ~K~ ` L^ =# Qh J^ K
=.
~H e[O (Parochialism) : Wk Of "^O` / O$uH i` KKHx ~# H `
^~}. Wk a P ~H= [ O$u qo`"#^# `x JOQHiOK^, H
J#~OKH#^.
'q^= (Paradex) : Wk XH ^x` =iH\ qk OKH# ~ O_ ` =# zOKK#k. ~ O_O\
=^ XH q^" # Xu_ LO_#\Hh ~ O_# ` =. a x J<H ` qk OKH#
` =Q< O^ ~ |_#q. a ` XO@iQ JH_H _ LO_ #H `= H^, #H `
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XH~ . W`x `` = ~O H= <\ JQO_ ,
SQx J<H =Ok O_`# `^i JQ<# q`O KOk. J`_ q g^ =#
HxOK#^O`
H =O T =i Pf = =i H #=<Q `OK_. "^O` O_`
`~ "` H= \ H ^O` / Q Pf ik ie Kzi.
^ q H L^ =: Wk XH q+x QiOz =O^Q< =#= J~= KHx q^#=#
zOKK#k. ^~}OQ =#= "HQx K^ =H =# ^xx QiOz x~
, < f~
K O \=. nxx H `=, =O^Q< x~
fH#@, =O^Q< `OK@ Jx JO^~.
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=K O^~ = Qh ^$+
LOKH#O_ W`~ =K<# L^ i "MxOK q^<x
>H O Q Jx JO^~. Wk J ~K~ ` H L^ = #O_ =K<# f" =HQ ` L^ x
293

~_ ~ @ W`~ =K<# JH_ LOK@ ^~ a JkH~=# KOK@ uOK@.

^ ^ L^= ^=`=: ^ rq` D @= ||# x` =
(H.. 586538) P~O" O k. ^ [, ^" =O `y ~Ok, ^ rq`
#QQ ` JkH" # k. ^ =`f` rq`O ^ O$u, "=, P~^# , a
~# = =Y=# O`iOKHx#q. Wk H= ''
=`x H '[ =`xH
i=#"# kQ L#k. H.. 70 ~+= `# = H=
=`K~= x

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@` @ ^ =` O|O^" # rq` q^<x x~t OzOk. Wk
PK~}
suQ# '`^ q=iOz# q^#O ^~ = # qiOK@ ^~# q=iOK=K#.
` H` Wk =#=` ^=_ =@_ `O# W=|_# ~. See Page 393.
Semantic Field : Wk XH ^xH O|OkOz# ==xO\x zOK#. Wk x*xH P O^~
P ^= L yOK q^<xH O|OkOz#k.
lO@: Wk w +xH `~ = K |_# ` x|O^# QO^= # @|_# ~. Wk SQ
^= x JQO_ @}
= L# H xq`= 70 k< 70 =Ok ^ O_`
^~ "~OK|_#^x O^= KCK#k. Wk | H.. 250 "|_ O_=K#x
O^= KC K#k. (x*xH Wk "@ =~ 100 OII HO> Z= =O J~Ok).
D `~ = K =Y"# k. ZO^H#Q (1) Wk "*i\H uH eKK@ Pk= ux =#
~KK#k (2) Wk 2= =i 3= `x ^ `~ = u x =# `e*
K#k. (3)
H # ^ u~ iOK@ =O^ "# QiOz# "i JO =# `e *
K#k.
nxx "LXX" Jx `~.
<\H: Wk H.. 4= `xH KOk# w "`u. Wk <~ ~ ` O`OQ K |_K#
''*
= J# ^ = L# 'IIH`i< < P== [~# ^ O_` _# O_~ J##`x
^~ H#Q#|_#k. Wk c =~= x "^\ JH~ " # P ` P~OaOK|_# "`u. Wk `,
=i H` x|O^# x Q=xO\x Hey #k. Wk p# Jx Z".Z.Z XH\.
~K=lOQ: Wk L=OH~=# yOz `x q=iOK@ =#=. Wk Ki`, `
O^~x q_z\ W`~ ^` ^~ ~ Qx q=iOK@# zOKK#k. (^~}OQ U ~ O_
^ XH "x Hey LO_=). ^~}OQ "\ U XH\ L#\Hh "H= H ==
=`= =~^ . Wk c ^ Q=x =_ =O`~ ~=# _ zOKK#k. Wk
x["# _ ^ = Q= XH "x =H ~ ~ O_ O
# zOKK#k. (H~. 103:3).
'| Q H}= (Syntax): Wk w +x "H= H x~}x zOKK#k. Wk
`O H ==O`\x =H ~ #@ P "H Q# XH "H=Q J=~@ O|OkOK#^
#k.
'O^\H : Wk c ^ Q=# O|OkOz# =_ ^= XH\. XH ^x =iH\Q
xiOK|_# c ^ =x O
# QiOz KC K#k. Hx O^~ nxx ''H= \H Jx
_ OkOK^~. (H~. 19:79)
'"\H ul: Wk a "M#= XH Q=. Wk a `#, XH q^O Q LO_#@#,
*#H"# su# XH ^x` XH\ [`K@ uOK#. Wk Ki``H"#k HH,
`iH" # k, qq^ ~HQ H = =` "^O`=# KC @ #k. (^=_, =x+, =, ~H}

"II).
'`^: ^ PK~ ==~# XH H= ^u J=~@# `^ JO^~. D PK~
==~ <~ ~ `= g^ "+ ^=x =# W=|_#=x ^ qOK^~. x*xH
`Q ^ ^ *#Q qOK^~. ~ O_ "~ ~ '`^ ` H=. XH\
||# O|OkOz#k. ~ O_=k z#k, OiHxk, < KOk#k.
'>= H\[": Wk a O|O^" # "` ` # QiOz# J^#=. '> = H\ [ "
294

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=`" # qQ =#q. Wk ` =^ L# =`# q=iOK@` P~OaOz `, H` x|O^#
J ~K~ ` L yOz# =@ =~ " `Ok. Wk ^~}OQ '~ H\ [ " (HOk
~ H\ [ ") Jx =|_`Ok.
>H i: Wk H.. 1633x ''Zbg~ uQ =$k KOkOk. ^q HOQ Wk `~ "u H=x
w ` #O_, 'Z~ (15701535), '< (15461559) =i 'Zbg~ (16241678) \#
` #O_ L`u K |_# w u H ~=. An introduction to the textual criticism of the New
Testment, .27 A.T. ~|~
< , [ O>< Y#= >H i Jx K_. * O >< Y#= =_
w "`u @O ` = ^#` Hk. (t= O` , JQO_ , [ O>< ) . Wk J<H
`Q Ku` "|_# "` =# =z# ~@ Hey L#k. Uk U"# \Hh '>H i
=# H~ |^Q ^~ |_# `= u Jx A.T. ~|~ < K#. D w "` u O^=
(` HOQ 1522x Z~ =_= K ~}) 1611x 'HOQ *" =~< P^~=# ~OKK#k.
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(PkHO_= #O_ ku ^H O_= =~ ). Wk, ^, c a J`kH =Y=
Q qQ=.
>r: XH ` H q^#= "MxOK@. Wk H` x|O^# ` =. ` x|O^# "HQ
P Q~
~= H#Q#|_@. JQO_ ~ "M< xq`O L yOK XH
=Y = `=. D q^" # "M#= ~@ ^~` #O^ =# H` x|O^# QO^=
"|_# L^~} =`" L yOK@ =Ozk.
"\H#: Wk H.. 4= `xH O|OkOz# w "` u, "\H< |s H#Q#|_#k. ~OO
Wk, ` x|O^# , JH =i H` x|O^# # Hey #k. `~ "` H= Hx Q=
H~Ok (PkHO_=, H~# , c uH, Hi uH,
"# "# uH =i H@
#
QO^= ). J ~K~ ` =@# x~t OK@ Wk _ `Ok. nxx "^\ JKx
JH~ = ''a Q~ nxH \i .
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Jx `~. ~=< H`eH O = H `~ =
P^~= J~Ok. Wk H. 380 [iyOk.
*# `=: Wk z# P O`xH (=i P^ xH O KxH) Ju ^~}"# `
~H= . ^q HOQ Wk ^ Q=, "`, "= ^~,
i `" # r=<xH J=~" # x=
x|O^# # kOK@ K
XH `=. g\ Z= Q=, =^xH QH, =HQ ` O Q
PKiOK@ kOz#q JkH= . Wk Ki` L^~} L yOK ^ Qh, rq`#= =
=i ij# P^~_

#k. a , |, ~= w`= ^~ ^=x # `# J#q Oz,
^=x P~kOK_, J~` =`~ " # O K ^$H^= f =Hh , f HO# XH q^O Q LO_^ .
XH ` ~H= Q Wk ^~} `# `e ~ #. Uk U"# \Hh D ~H `=
Jx O^~ = L Q_ ^ . Wq f =HQ ` O^~ i_x ^~} "~.
D O_` lq`xH O|OkOz# Ju H+" # J_Q@ #Hxi. `~K
Q O^,
=`~ " # ^O`# (|, O y) tOK"~. rq`O Oq OK H i `" # i`
O|OkOz `eH\ ["| =`"# , L^H" # , u x HeOK~.
OK z`= =i OK L^=: Wq ~ O_ XH ^x` XH He
O_ ^. Wq ~ O_#
$+H O|OkOz# `uH `O. ''O K z`= J##k ''Wk Z Jx, ''O K L^ =
J##k ''Z=~ Jx ==. D ~ O_ ^= # Z=~ $+O K~ J# # "
(Z Jx
H^) PkHO_= 12 J^ "M<xH O|OkOz#q.
": Wk ` x|O^# x x|O^# O|OkOz# ~. Wk x~ 3:14 q=iOK|_Ok. nx
== ''L#k L# "_. ^ D =@# LKi OK@
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295

Q#H nxH |^Q c ^" # ''J^< ==, '' = Jx eK"~. D q^O Q, D x|O^#
<== POQ= `~ = K |_Ok.
J#|O^= <Q
^O`=# QiOz# "~=
q=# QiOz#, H =`=# QiOz# "~= q+ O <# ` H" # ^ fH##.
J~#\Hh , #<~Qx "~, =` ~" # < L^ x JOK< "
@ < "~= _ `O^x
`OKK<#. "^O` ~" # J<H ~H= # ~@, "= K@ K H#K# =# k<, <
"^O`x QiOz# D HOk ~O= W=|_Ok.
1. a, ` x|O^#, =i H` x|O^# QO^=, ~O|_#k, ~@ xk,
JkH~=Qk, x``= Q ^=x =@. Wk ^=x =# ~O|_, J^~}"# <H` =
=#= K` "|_#k. ^=xx Qi, P# OH=# QiOz# +" # ` =# P^~=.
`# O = H q=##, PK~}
_ P^~" #k.
2. ^=_ XH_, P# x`_, $+H ~ , q"K _. ^$"# "\Hh , ^$= Hx "\Hh ,
== ## $+H ~ P<. P# <ku , hu=O`_# , qOK"_ =i H ^=_.
P# `## `# =_ =H` = |~H<_ `O_, =~_, i^` _ "~ ~Q
L<~, J~#\Hh XH_ <~.
3. ^=_ `# $+O z# O Kx `# n#= LOKHx <_. `# $+x QiOz#
=~x }oH `##k =i =HQ ` O Q f =#=x z`= ## `# ^$+ #k. ^=xH
`eO_, ^=x J#=u O_ Uk [~Q^ , J~#\Hh =#= q+ O# ^=^`
q+ O# `O`OQ x~
fH# J=H= W=|_Ok. ^=x ZxH # =#=_,
P# =#=O^~ Z#H#|_^~. P O @## QiOz# ^=x q +` *#= =#=#
x~t OK|_#, =O^Q "|_# Y#= H~= #_KH##@ |=O`= K ^. =#
f XH~O =# PK##, =# H # =#" ^=.
4. =#"o, ^=x ~ =O^, = xkQ $lO|_#\Hh ^=x g^ u~Q@
Ki. XH J^~}"# uxk =# kO|_#\Hh, P^=, = W+~H=Q =
K# O^ "~ ^ . "i H u~Q@, =#"o##, $+ ## == KOk. P^=
^~ JO^iH OHqOz# u #O_ q_O |_@#, OH= =# =HQ ` O Q K# =
#O_ q_^ H =# ^=x H$, =i ^ J=~" #q.
5. ^=_, `# "# =#"oH, H= }, =i ^=x` uiy SH ~ |_@# J=H=
Wz<_. H , ^=x XH XH =~_, =#"=`~xH =z, = x rq`= rqOz,
`# t`~ =~}= ^~, =#"o = xq`"# i~= KeOK#. ^=x`
SH~ |_@#, P#` "= Hey O_@# =~= . P# K, =yOz#
H~= #O^ q=OK@ ^~< ` ~H}
=~H =~= ^ .
6. H #O^ =# J#Q OK|_# H= } =i q"K# =# u XH~
=HQ ` O Q O^H#=#. H
^=_ =#H#Q O|_# ^=x "Q< O^ z`O Q
#qH OK@ ^~#, = #O_ =~@ ^~# D H~= Oi K |_`Ok.
7. = #O_ =~ =# O^@ =##, H #O^ q=OK@ =## =# u
XH~ HqO|_uq, =i q"zO|_uq. D #`# "=# P^~=, =# =i#,
=~KO_# rq`=. =#=# QiOz# ^=x Qi U^ XH k<# ~
H= " @ H^ Qh, WC_
H # e# rq`= rqOK@.
8. i^` _ ''=iH , P# ` ~# "ix H ^ #_O K@#, "~
296

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@ ` = H= L<_. ~H}
Ok#
=O P`
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JyO |_# iK~ ^q HOQ H H , L^ = J#|_ =~= P`

= e OK#@ #_O Ke. a H= H~=# H#yOz#@ =# k#= _ P

P` xK
K#k.
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K
@H uiy HxH ~<

<_. Z=~ H #O^ q=Oz~, Z=i ~ Q]
r=
QO^= O^ "|_
#^ "~, P# uiy =z#C_ == s~# ^i OKHO^~. x`
x`= "~#` LO^~. J~`, P# `=# Z=~ OkOK~ "~ uH ^=x
"=O^e P#O^=# ^~= K |_^~. "~ `#`#, "x ^`` _ tHO |_^~.

297