KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SALEM, 637 504

Beyond Knowledge

Paper Presentation
on

NANO TECHNOLOGY
PRESENTED
P.GUGAN(9715184744)
(valladurais@gmail.com)

nanoparticles,

ABSTRACT

liposomes,
A basic definition of Nanotechnology is the
study manipulation and manufacture of
extremely minute machines or devices. The

metal

nanoparticles,

micelles,

quantum

dots,

dendrimers.
This is the effect of
nanotechnology on shaping the future.

future of technology at times becomes easier

to predict. Computers will compute faster,
materials will become stronger and medicine

INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology offers the

will cure more diseases .the technology that

works at the nanometer scale of molecules

unprecedented

and

paradigm-changing

and atoms will be a large part of this future,

opportunity to study and interact with

enabling great improvements in all the fields

normal and cancer cells in real time, at the

of human presence. A supercomputer no

molecular and cellular scales, and during the

bigger than a human cell. A spacecraft no

earliest stages of the cancer process.

longer or more expensive than the family

Through the concerted development of

car. These are just a few promises of

nanoscale devices or devices with nanoscale

nanotechnology.

materials and components, the NCI Alliance

is

for Nanotechnology in Cancer will facilitate

expected to be the basis of $1 trillion worth

their integration within the existing cancer

of products in the United States alone and

research infrastructure

will create anywhere from 8, 00,000 to 2

A nonvolatile, fast and vast RAM has been

million

is

built with the combination of semiconductor

expected to have a revolutionary impact on

and nanotechnology, named as NRAM

medicine. A variety of medical processes

(Nano

occur at nanometer length scales. Among the

visualizes a future "vasculoid" (vascular-like

approaches for exploiting developments in

machine) that would replace human blood

nanotechnology in medicine, nanoparticles

with

offer some unique advantages as sensing,

distributed

delivery, and image enhancement agents.

vasculature as a coating. It could eradicate

Several

heart disease, stroke, and other vascular

Within

available

decade,

new

nanotechnology

jobs.Nanotechnology

varieties

of

nanoparticles

including,

are

polymeric

RAM).

some

problems;

Robert

500

Freitas

trillion

throughout

remove

A.

Jr.

nanorobots
the

parasites,

bodys

bacteria,

viruses, and metastasizing cancer cells to

shrunk to submicron size should be able to

limit the spread of bloodborne disease; move

pick up and assemble molecular parts like

lymphocytes faster to improve immune

their large cousins in factories around the

response; reduce susceptibility to chemical,

world pick up and assemble nuts and

biochemical, and parasitic poisons; improve

bolts.Unfortunately,our intiutions are about

physical

and

replicating systems can be led seriously

partially protect from various accidents and

astray by a simple fact:the only replicating

other physical harm. With the availablitity of

systems most of us are familiar with are

mature molecular nanotechnology we could

biological self-replicating systems.

endurance

and

stamina;

replace blood with a single complex robot.

Nanotechnology could,in the future,be used
to rapidly identify and block attacks.
Distributed

surveillance

systems

could

NANO TECHONOLOGY IN
CHIP MAKING

quickly identify arms buildups and offensive

Nanotech method for making microchip

weapons deployments,while lighter,stronger

components which it says should enable

and

by

electronic devices to continue to get smaller

powerful molecular computers would let us

and faster. Current techniques use light to

make

help etch tiny circuitry on a chip, but IBM is

smarter

materials

radically

improved

controlled
versions

of

existing weapons able to respond to such

now

threads.Replicating manufacturing systems

themselves into even smaller patterns.

could rapidly churn out the needed defenses

Because the technology is compatible with

in huge quantities.

existing manufacturing tools, it should be

using

molecules

that

assemble

While Nanotechnology does propose

inexpensive to introduce. IBM says it hopes

to use replication,it does not propose to copy

to pilot the nanotech process in about three

living

are

to five years. The company's researchers

wonderfully adaptable and can survive in a

used the novel approach to make part of a

complex

environment.

device that acts as a type of flash memory,

Instead,Nanotechnology proposes to build

which retains recent information when an

molecular machine systems that are similar

electronic gadget is turned off. Such

to small versions of what you might find in

memory is commonly found in handheld

todays modern factories. Robotic arms

computers, mobile phones and digital

systems.

Living

natural

systems

cameras. At the moment, for example,

microchip circuitry is put on silicon wafers
using a lithographic process in which the

NANO

TECHNOLOGY

IN

MEDICINE

image of the design of how the wires are to

be laid out is first projected on to the

It will deal with the problems involved in

prepared wafers. With the new technique, it

designing and building a micro-scale robot that

is the polymer patterns that provide the

can be introduced into the body to perform various

initial stencil - in this instance, for the

medical activities. The preliminary design is

crystalline array used to make the flash

intended for the following specific applications:

memory. Scientists

is

Tumors. We must be able to treat tumors; that is

approaching its limits because of the

to say, cells grouped in a clumped mass. The

difficulties of focusing light at very small

specified goal is to be able to destroy tumorous

scales - and new technologies are required if

tissue in such a way as to minimize the risk of

computer power is to continue to increase at

causing or allowing a recurrence of the growth in

its

the body.

present

rate.

say lithography

Nanotechnology

engineering with atoms and molecules in the

realm of just billionths of a meter is one
possible way forward. "We are patterning at
20-nanometre dimensions and, depending on
who you talk you, that's about 10 times
smaller than standard lithography. While
IBM used the new process to build a tiny

Arteriosclerosis. This is caused by fatty deposits

on the walls of arteries. The device should be able
to remove these deposits from the artery walls.
This will allow for both improving the flexibility
of the walls of the arteries and improving the
blood flow through them

underlined the

Blood clots. The cause damage when they travel

technology could be useful for making

to the bloodstream to a point where they can block

microprocessor components, which are more

the flow of blood to a vital area of the body. This

complex.

can result in damage to vital organs in very short

memory device, Black

order. By using a microrobot in the body to break

up such clots into smaller pieces.

DEVELOPMENT

OF

SILICON

CARBIDE

then

pyrolyzed

in

an

appropriate

environment to yield a SiCNT. A more direct

approach would employ Chemical Vapor

NANOTUBES (SICNT) FOR

Deposition (CVD) using reduced partial-

SENSORS

pressures of reactants and trace amounts of

AND

catalysts to directly obtain SICNTS . This

ELECTRONICS

more direct fabrication attempt would rely

The objective of this task is to evaluate

multiple approaches to synthesize and
characterize the highest performing SiCNTs
for high temperature & high radiation
conditions. Also to develop sophisticated
modeling and simulation technologies that
will facilitate the research and development
of various chemical techniques for SiCbased nanotube (SiCNT) fabrication and to
further expedite the design and prototyping
of more complicated assemblies and devices
made from SiCNTs.

which parallel the direct CNT formation as

well as an indirect approach involving
derivatization of a CNT to a SiCNT. One
indirect approach that may be envisioned to
produce a SiCNT, which can be thought of
as a chemical derivative of a CNT, starts
with a CNT that is modified by chemically
different

functional

groups

catalytic (trace metal) substrate.

compared with theoretical SiCNT modeling
results. The electrical properties include
investigations into potential semiconductor
properties that could be extended to higher
(than CNT) temperatures. Once fabricated,
the SiCNTs electrical

and mechanical

properties would be characterized and

Electrical activity of SiCNTs could also be
studied as a function of adsorbates, which
could ultimately lead to applications such as

Multiple synthetic approaches are planned

attaching

on high temperature (2000C) CVD using a

Silicon-containing
to

the

CNT

(functionalizing). This derivatized-CNT is

nano-gas-sensors for harsh environments.

Mechanical properties to be studied include
tensile and compressive stress for structural
components (e.g. actuators) and also their
effect

on SiCNT electrical

properties.

Knowledge gained from these fabrication

results and empirical investigations can be
incorporated

into

the

models

of

the

simulation environment to improve fidelity.

Cellular Reprogramming, Diagnostics, Drug

NANOMEDICINE

Delivery,

Gene

Therapy,

Human

Enhancement, Imaging Techniques, Skin

Care, Anti-Aging.

THE

COMING

ERA

OF

NANOROBOTS
During the last 50 years,science fiction
literature

has

used

and

described

nanotechnology as an inherent part of the

future.Ultra small robots able to enter the
human

body

and

repair

damage

tissue,nanosize logical chip implanted into

the brain to control human functionality are
two of the common objects .Current
advances

in

understanding

Nanotechnologies
of

the

biology

and
at

the

molecular level will render these concepts

Nanomedicine may be defined as the

reality in the near future.A Nanorobot can be

monitoring, repair, construction and control

defined as an artificially fabricated object

of

the

able to freely deffuse in the human body and

engineered

interact with specific cell at the molecular

human

molecular

biological
level,

nanodevices

systems
using

and

at

nanostructures.

level by itself.The figure below is a

A sample list of areas covered by and

schematic representation of a nanorobot that

converged

nanomedicine

include:

can be activated by the cell itself when it is

Genomics,

Genetic

needed.The stress induced by disease or

Engineering, Cell Biology, Stem Cells,

infectious attack generally leads to changes

Cloning, Prosthetics, Cybernetics, Neural

in the chemical content of the cell.The

Medicine, Dentistry, Cryonics, Veterinary

cellular chemistry is now well understood

with

Biotechnology,

Medicine, Biosensors, Biological Warfare,

from this aspect and could be exploited in

A third robot arm holds a miniature camera,

order to trigger a reaction of the nanorobots.

which is inserted through a small opening

into the patient. The camera projects highly
magnified 3-D images on a console to give a
broad view of the interior surgical site. The
surgeon controlling the robot is seated at an
ergonomically designed console with less
physical stress than traditional operating
room conditions.

We can imagine millions of these tiny robots

permanently present in the body and
repairing the damaged cells or killing
viruses with out any external action.
Robotic

surgical

developed

to

unprecedented

systems

are

being

provide

surgeons

control

over

with

precision

instruments. This is particularly useful for

minimally invasive surgery. Instead of
manipulating surgical instruments, surgeons
use their thumbs and fingers to move
joystick handles on a control console to
maneuver

two

robot

arms

containing

miniature instruments that are inserted into

ports

in

the

patient.

The

surgeons

movements transform large motions on the

NANOMEDICAL ISSUES

remote controls into micro-movements on

the

robot

arms

to

greatly

mechanical precision and safety.

improve

Other nanomedical issues include sensory

feedback, control architectures, cellular

repair

anddestruction,

terabit. An electric field applied to a

nanotube would cause it to flex downward
into depression etched onto the chips
surface, where it would contact rather
another nanotube or touch a metallic
electrode. Once bent, the nanotubes can
remain that way, including when the power
is turned off, allowing for non-volatile
operation. Vanderwaals forces, which are
weak molecular forces of attractions, would
hold the switch in place until application of
fields
of different polarity causes the nanotube to
return to its straightened position.

replication,

safety,

biocompatibility,

environmental interaction, genetic analysis,

diagnosis and treatment. Treatment covers
the full range of illness and disease, from
cardiovascular to trauma, amputations to
burns, brain, spinal and other neural

Fig: simple construction of NRAM showing

injuries/diseases,

its Various components. As shown in fig

nutrition,

sex

and

reproduction, cosmetics and aging.

sagging and straightening represent 1 and

0 states, respectively, for a random access

NANORAMS:

memory. In its 0state, the nanotube fabric

The design is quite simple. Nanotubes can

remains suspended above the electrode.

serve

addressable

When the transistor below the electrode is

electromechanical switches arrayed across

turned on, the electrode is turned on, the

the surface of a microchip, storing hundreds

electrode produces an electric field that

of gigabits of information may be even a

causes the nanotube fabric to bend and touch

as

individually

the electrode - a configuration that denotes

greater control over the material world and

1 state. This is the principle of a switching

improved our standards of living. The

device.

software required to design and model

A nanotube memory is faster much smaller

complex molecular machines is either

while consuming little power. Due to their

already

extraordinary tensile strength, resilience and

developed over the next few years. The

very high conductivity, nanotubes can be

Nano Design software is intended to design

flexed up and down million times without

and

any damage and can make a very good

molecular machines and components Within

switchingcontact.

the next twenty years nanotechnology will

available,

test

or

fullerene

can

based

be

readily

hypothetical

advance greatly, and may be fully capable of

producing tiny complex machines. The
development of nano devices that assemble
other nano machines will allow for massive
cheap

production.

Everything

from

computers to weapons to consumer goods,

Fig:

suspended

nanotube

switched

connection

and even desktop factories, would become

incredibly cheap and easy to build. If this is
possible,

the

policy

implications

are

enormous.

REFERENCES

CONCLUSION:
Though this technology today is limited to

www.hybridmedicalanimation.com

laboratories and not economically

viable, some new method of construction
will have to be introduced in order to make
the system practical. We can nevertheless to
say

our

coming

nanotechnology.

age

Adding

will

be

programmed

positional control existing methods gives us

www.foresight.com
www.nanobot.org

Nanotechnology: molecular machinery,

manufacturing, and computation, by K. Eric
Drexler, Wiley 1992.