Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

MATHEMATICS
DRILL-EXERCISE-1
ELEMENTRY INTEGRALS
If f and g are functions of x such that g ( x ) f ( x) then,

f ( x)dx g( x) c g( x) c f ( x) , where c is called the constant of integration.

n
x dx

'

x n 1
c, n 1
n 1

ax
a dx ln a c (a 0)
2

xdx tan x c

2
cos ec xdx cot x c

|x|

e dx e

cos xdx sin x c

sin x dx cos x c

sec

x dx ln | x | c

cosecx cot xdx cosecx c

sec x tan xdx sec x c

x
dx sin 1 c
a
a x
1

dx
1
x
tan 1 c
2
a a
a

1
x
dx sec1 c
a
a
x a

Rules of Integration
(i)

a f ( x )dx a f ( x )dx

(f ( x ) g(x ))dx f ( x )dx g( x )dx

(ii)

Integrate the following with respect to x:

1.

x3 x2 x5

2.

(1 2x )3
x4

4.

x4 x2 1
2( x 2 1)

5.

5 cos x 3 sin x

7.

3 cos x 4
sin 2 x

8.

tan2 x

9.

(tan x + cot x)2

10.

x 2 1
x2 1

3.
2
cos 2 x

(1 sin 2 x )

6.

cos 2 x
cos 2 x sin 2 x

ERCISE - 2

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-1

4

1.

3 3 2 2 5 5
x x x +C
4
3
8

2.

3.

x - 2 tan-1 x + C

4.

5.
7.
9.

5 sin x +3 cos x - 2 tan x + C

4 cot x - 3 cosec x + C
- 2cot 2x + C

- (1 + 9 x + 36x2 ) / 3x3 + 8 n|x| + C

1 3
( x 3 tan 1 x ) + C
6
6. - sec x cosec x + C
8. tan x - x + C
10. - cos x + sin x + C
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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-2
Simplest form of integration by substitution
1
Rule : I f f ( x )dx F( x ) C , then f (ax b)dx F(ax b) C
a
1
Illustration 1: cos(3 4 x )dx sin(3 4 x ) C
4

Illustration 2 : Evaluate
Solution :

Let,

5x 3
dx

5x + 3 = t

5dx = dt So,

5x 3
dx

log | 5x 3 |
1 dt
1
= log | t | =
+c

5 t
5
5

Integrate the following with respect to x:

1.
2.

(i)
(iv)
(i)

3.

(i)
(iv)

4.

(i)

5.

(i)

cos2 x
sin 5x sin 3x
sin4 x
1
ax b
(1 cos x )
dx
3x 4
dx
(2x 3)3

(ii)
(v)
(ii)

cos3 x
(iii)
cos x cos 2x cos 3x
cos4 x

sin 4x cos 2x

(ii)

cot (4x + 5)

(iii)

(v)
(ii)
(ii)

(1 cos x )
dx
5 2x
dx
(5 2x ) 2

(vi)

x
x
cos ec 2
2
2
sec(ax + b)

(iii)
(iii)

sec 2

3 2x
2dx

(3 2x )
dx

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-2

1.

(i)

1
( x sin x cos x ) + C
2

(iii)

1
(cos 6 x 3 cos 2 x ) + C
12

(ii)

1
(9 sin x sin 3x ) + C
12

(iv)

1
( 4 sin 2 x sin 8x ) + C
16

(v)

1
(12 x 6 sin 2 x 3 sin 4 x 2 sin 6 x ) + C
48

2.

(i)

1
(12 x 8 sin 2 x sin 4 x ) + C
32

(ii)

1
(12 x 8 sin 2 x sin 4 x ) + C
32

3.

(i)

1
n (ax b) + C
a

(ii)

1
n sin( 4 x 5) + C
4

(iii) - 4 cot x + C
(v) 2 2 sin

x
+C
2

(iv) 2 2 cos

x
+C
2

(vi) a n tan 2 (ax b) 4 + C

4.

(i)

1
n (3x 4) + C
3

(ii)

1
n (5 2 x ) + C
2

(iii)

- n (3 - 2x) + C

5.

(i)

1
1
.
+C
4 (2 x 3) 2

(ii)

1 1
.
+C
3 5 3x

(iii)

1
1
.
+C
6 (3 2 x ) 3

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-3
Integration by substituion

If integral is of the form f (g(x))g(x) dx, then put g(x) = t, provided

i.e.

f (t)dt exists.

I = f (g ( x )).g( x ) dx , put g(x) = t g( x )dx dt then I = f ( t )dt

Illustration 1: I = e x (sin e x )dx ,

Solution :

put ex = t e x dx dt

I = sin t dt cos t C cos(e x ) C

Illustration 2: Evaluate :

Solution :

a3 x3

dx

x 3/ 2
Integral of the numerator =
3/ 2
Put x 3/ 2 t
We get I

2
dt
2
t
2
x
sin 1 3 / 2 c sin 1

3 a3 t 2 3
a
3
a

3/ 2

Derived Formulae

cot xdx ln | sin x | c

tan xdx = ln |secx | + c

sec xdx = ln|secx + tanx| + c
cos ecx dx = -ln |cotx + tanxn| + c

Integrate the following with respect to x:

(i)

(ii)

(iv)

cos x
a b sin x

(v)

(vii)

ax n 1
bx n c

1
(viii) x n x[n (n x )]

(x)

sec x cos ecx

n (tan x )

2.

(i)

x2 tan x3

3.

(iv)
(i)
(iii)

tan (3x + 4)
sec (tan x) sec2 x
(ii)
sec (ax + b)
cosec (cosec x) cot x cosec x

1.

(iii)

ex ex
ex ex

(vi)

1
x n x

(ix)

1 tan x
1 tan x

(iii)

cot x
x

x2
1 x3

(ii)

(1 x 2 ) sin 1 x

sec 2 x
1 tan x

cot (n x )
x

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

4.

Evaluate

5.

(i)

sin( x a ) sin( x b) .
dx

ex cos ex

xe

(v)

e x (1 x )
cos 2 ( xe x )

e sin x

(1 x 2 )

(iv)

3 x4

(ii)

(iii)

e n x
x

(ii)

3 sin x sec4 x

(ii)

3e 2 x
1 e4x

cos x
(1 sin x ) 2

(ii)

sec 2 x
(1 tan x )3

(iii)

(1 n x ) 2
x

(i)

4x3 cosec2(x4)

(ii)

x3 sin x4

(iii)

ex sec2 (ex)

10.

(i)

sec 2 (n x )
x

(ii)

ex tan (ex) sec (ex)

11.

(i)

(1 x )

(ii)

12.

(i)

x 2 tan 1 x 3
1 x6

(ii)

6.

(i)

(i)

tan 2 x sec 2 x
1 tan 6 x

(iv)

1
e ex

8.

(i)

9.

7.

sin x cos x

(iii)

x5
1 x12

2x

[ 2 ( 2 x 3) 2 ]

tan x sec 2 x
x

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-4
Some Standard Results :

(i)

(iii)
(v)

(vi)

1
1
xa
dx
n
C
2
a
2a
xa
1
dx n | x x 2 a 2 | C
2
2
x a
x 2
a2
a 2 x 2 dx
a x 2 n | x
2
2
x
a2
x 2 a 2 dx
x 2 a 2 n | x
2
2

(ii)

(iv)

a x
2

dx n | x a 2 x 2 | C

a 2 x 2 dx

x 2
a2
x
a x 2 sin 1 C
2
2
a

x 2 a 2 | C
x2 a2 | C
1

OR ax 2 + bx + c or ax 2 bx c
ax 2 + bx + c
Write the Quadratic expression in the form of a perfect square as shown below

Integral of the form :

Illustration :

3x 2 4 x 5

1
3 x2

4
5
x
3
3

Integrate the following with respect to x:

1
1.
(i)
(ii)
2
( 2 x 3x 4)
(1 x 2 )

2.

(i)

3.

(i)

4.

(i)

5.

Evaluate:

1.

(i)

(1 2 x 3x 2 )

dx
x 3x 4

1
4 5 16

x
6 3 38

1
3

1
2 11

x
3
9

(3x 4 x 1)
2

(iii)

( x x 1)
( 2 x 2 3x 4)
1

( x 2 1)

(ii)

( 2 x 2 3x 4)
1

1
3

(ii)

(3x 2 4 x 1)

(iii)

(ii)

(1 2 x 3x 2 )

(iii)

(5 x 6 x 2 )

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE - 4

n ( 4 x 3) 2 4 x 2 6 x 8 + C

(ii)

n (3x 2) 9 x 2 12 x 3 + C

(ii)

n x x 2 1 + C

(iii) n ( 2 x 1) 2 x 2 x 1 + C
2.

(i)

n x x 2 1 + C

3.

(i)

4x 3
23 2
( 2 x 2 3x 4)
n ( 4 x 3) 2 4 x 2 6 x 8 C
8
32

1
(3x 2) (3x 2 4 x 1) 1 / 18 3 n (3x 2) 9 x 2 12 x 3 C
6
1
2
1
(iii) ( 4 x 3) (2 x 3x 4 ) 41 / 32 2 sin [( 4 x 3) / 41 ] + C
8

(ii)

4.

(i)

1
sin 1[(3x 1) / 2] + C
2

(iii) sin-1(2x - 5) + C

(ii)

3x 1
2 3 1 3x 1
(1 2x 3x 2 )
sin
+C
6
9
2

5.

(i)

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2
2x 3
tan 1
+C
7
7

Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-3

1.

2.

(i)

1
n (1 x 3 ) + C
3

n sin-1 x + C

(iii) n (e x e x ) + C

(iv) (1/b) n (a + b sin x) + C

(v) n (1 + tan x) + C
(vii) (a/nb) n (bxn + c) + C
(ix) n (sin x + cos x) + C

(vi) n n x + C
(viii) n [ n ( n x)] + C
(x) n [ n (tan x)] + C

1
n (sec x 3 ) + C
3

(ii)

n [sin ( n x)] + C

(iii) 2n sin x + C

(iv)

1
n[sec(3x 4)] + C
3

(ii)

1
1

(1 / a )n tan (ax b) + C
2
4

(i)

3.

(ii)

(i)

n tan tan x + C

4 2

(iii) n tan cos ec x + C

2

4.

1
sin( x a )
n
+C
sin(a b) sin( x b)

5.

(i) sin ex + C

(ii)

1 x4
e +C
4

(iv) e sin 1 x + C

(v)

tan( xe x ) + C

3 4/3
sin x + C
4

(iii) x + C

(ii) sec3 x + C

6.

(i)

7.

(i)

(ii)

3
tan 1 (e 2 x ) + C
2

(iii)

1
tan 1 x 6 + C
6

8.

(i) -1/(1 + sin x) + C

(ii)

1
(1 tan x) 2 + C
2

(iii)

1
(1 n x ) 3 + C
3

9.

(i) - cot x4 + C

(ii)

1
cos x 4 + C
4

(iii) tan ex + C

1
tan 1 (tan 3 x ) + C
3
(iv) tan-1(ex) + C

10. (i) tan ( n x) + C

(ii) sec ex + C

11. (i) sin-1 x2 + C

(ii)

12. (i)

1
(tan 1 x 3 ) 2 + C
6

sin 1 2 x 3 / 2 + C

(ii) tan x

+C

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-5
Integrals of the type :

Linear
,
Quadratic

Linear
Quadratic

Linear Quadratic

px q
px q
dx ,
dx,
(b)

(c) (px q) ax 2 bx c dx
ax 2 bx c
ax 2 bx c
Write px + q = m (derivative of quadratic expression in the denominator) + n = m (2ax+b) + n
Equating m and n by the coefficients of x and constant term on both sides.

i.e., (a)

Now,

1.

ax bx c
2

2ax b dx

ax bx c
2

2
x (1 x x )dx

(ii)

(iii)

4x

(iv)

3x

(ii)

3x

2x 3

(2x 5)

3.

(i)

4.

(i)

5x 6

dx

( x 2)dx
2
2x 3

x3 3

( x 2 2)

dx
ax bx c
2

2 3x x 2 ) dx

8 x x dx

(i)

2.

5.

px q dx

2x 1

dx

(2x 3)dx
2
4x 5

dx

x 4 4x 2 6x 3
(5 6 x x 2 )

x4

(ii)

(3 2 x x 2 )

x3

(iii)
6.

7.

(ax 2 2bx c)

Evaluate
Evaluate:

x 3 dx

( x 2 2 x 2)
x 2 2x 3
( x 2 1)

in two different ways.

dx

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE - 5

1.

1
5
2x 1
(8x 2 2 x 11) (1 x x 2 ) sin 1
+C
24
16
5

(i)

2
1
(ii) (8 x x ) sin

1
2

2.
3.

2x 1
+C
33

(iii)

(4 x 2 5x 6) 7
n 8x 5 (8x 5) 2 71 C
2
8

(iv)

(3x 2 2 x 1)
1

n (3x 1) (3x 1) 2 2 + C
3
3 3

1
17
2x 3
( 4x 2 18x 1) (2 3x x 2 ) sin 1
+C
6
4
17
2
tan 1[( x 1) / 2 ] + C
(i) 2 n ( x 2x 3)
3

2
(ii) 3 n (3x 4x 5)

13
3x 2
tan 1
+ C
3 11
11

4.

1 2
( x 4) ( x 2 2) 3 n x x 2 2 C
3

5.

(i)

1
(2 x 2 27 x 227) (5 6 x x 2 ) 139 n 3 x x 2 6 x 23 C
6

(ii)

1
7
(3x 3 7 x 2 4 x 30) (3 2 x x 2 ) n ( x 1) x 2 2 x 3 C
12
9

1
3abc 5b 2
2 2
2
2
(
2
a
x

5
abx

15
b

4
ac
)
(
ax

2
bx

c
)

(iii)
6a 3
2a 3

6.

1
1
(2 x 2 5x 7) ( x 2 2 x 2) n ( x 1) x 2 2 x 2 + C
6
2

7.

1
5
( x 4) ( x 2 1) n x x 2 1 + C
2
2

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dx

(ax bx c)
2

Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-6
x2 1
Integrals of the forms: 4 dx,
x 1
x2 1
x 4 1 kx 2 dx,

1.

tan x dx,

x2 1
x 4 1 dx,

x2 1
x 4 1 kx 2 dx,

cot x dx

x2
x 4 1 dx,

x2
x 4 1 kx 2 dx,

tan x cot x dx,

1
dx,
1

1
dx,
1 kx 2

tan x cot x dx

1
1
1 2
1 2
x2 1
x dx
I1 4
dx
1 x2 dx ,
1
x 1
2
x 2
x 2
x
x

x2 1
dx
x4 1

1
1
1 2
1
x 2 dx
x
dx , put x + t
2

1
x
1

x2 2
x 2
x
x

2.

I2

3.

2
1
1

1 2 1 2 dx
dx

2
1
dx
1
2 dx
1
x x
I3 4
= 4
= x 1
=
2
2
1
2
2 x2
x kx 1 2 x kx 1
x2 2 k
k
2
x
x
1

4.

5.

1
1
dx
1 2 dx
2
1
1
x
x
2 x2 1 k 2 2 1
x 2 k
x2
x

1
1 2 dx
1
x
2
2
1
x

k2
x

1
1 2 dx
1
x
2
2
1
x k 2
x

2
2
x2
1 2x 2
1 (x 2 1) (x 2 1) 1 x 1 dx x 1 dx

I 4
dx 4
dx
dx
x 4 1
2 x4 1
x 1
2 x 1
2
x4 1

2
2
1
1
2
1 (1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 ) 1 1 x dx 1 x dx

I 4
dx 4
dx
dx
x 4 1
2 x4 1
x 1
2 x 1
2
x4 1

Evaluate the following:

1.

dx
x 4 1

4.

x 2 3x 1
x 4 x 2 1 dx

7.

1
x 4 a 2 x 2 a 4 dx

10.

tan x dx

2.

x2 1
x 4 x 2 1 dx

3.

dx
x2 1

5.

x2 3
x 4 2x 2 9 dx

6.

x 2 2x 2
x 4 2x 2 4 dx

8.

x2 5
x 4 2x 2 4 dx

9.

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(cot x ) dx

Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-6

1.
2.
3.

tan 1

2 2

x 2 1
1
x2 2 x 1

n 2
+C
2x 4 2
x 2 x 1

1
x 2 1
tan 1
+C
3
3x
1

tan 1

2 3

x 2 1 1 x 2 x 1
n 2
+C
3 x 4 x x 1

x 2 1
2x 2 1
3 tan 1
+C
x
3

4.

tan 1

5.

1 x 2 2x 3
n
C
4 x 2 2x 3
x2 2 1
2
1
1 x 1

tan 1
tan

3 C
2
2
x
3

6.

7.

1 1 x 2 a 2
1
x 2 3ax a 2

tan
n 2
3
2
2a
ax 2 3 x 3ax a

8.

x2 2
3
x 2 6x 2

tan 1
n 2
C
4 2
x 6x 2
2x 8 2

9.

10.

1
2 2

1
2 2

t2 2 t 1

t2 2 t 1

t 2 2 t 1

t 2 2 t 1

1
t 2 1
tan 1
, where t
2
2t

1
t 2 1
tan 1
, where t tan x + C
2
2t

(cot x ) + C

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-7
Integrals of purely trigonometric functions :

sin

(A)

(i)
(ii)

tan

(B)

If m is an odd positive integer, put cos x = t.

If n is an odd positive integer, put sin x = t.
m

(i)
(ii)

cot

(C)

x cos n x dx

x sec n x dx

If n is an even positive integer, put tan x = t.

If m is an odd positive integer, then put sec x = t.
m

(i)
(ii)

x cos ec n x dx

If n is an even positive integer, put cot x = 1.

If m is an odd positive integer, put cosec x = t.

Integrate the following with respect to x:

1.

(i)

2.

(i)

3.

(i)

sin

sec

x dx

(ii)

x dx

(ii)

cos ec x dx
4

sin

sec

(ii)

sin

x dx

x dx

x cos 4 x dx

(iii)

tan

4.

(i)

sin x cos x dx

(ii)

sec

4/7

x cos ec10 / 7 x dx

5.

(i)

(1 cos x ) 2 / 7
(1 cos x )9 / 7 dx

(ii)

sec

8/9

x cos ec10 / 9 x dx

6.

(i)

7.

(i)

8.

Show that :
(i)

x sec 3 x dx

tan x

sin

tan

x cos 4 x dx

(ii)

x dx

(ii)

dx
1
sin 3 x cos x 2 tan 2 x n tan x + C (ii)

sin

cot

x cos 4 x dx

x dx

sin 3 x
sin 2 x 2
cos 4 x dx 3 cos3 x 3 sec x + C

cos5 x
cos 4 x 4 cos 2 x 8 sin x
dx

(iii)
+C
sin 4 x
3 sin 3 x 3 sin x
3
cos5 x
sin 4 x
dx
sin 2 x n sin x + C
(iv)
sin x
4

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE - 7

1.

2.

3.

4.

1
( x sin x cos x ) + C
2
1
5
5
5
cos x sin 5 x cos x sin 3 x cos x sin x x + C
(ii)
6
24
16
16
1
2
tan x sec 2 x tan x + C
(i)
3
3
1
4
8
tan x sec 4 x tan x sec 2 x tan x + C
(ii)
5
15
15
1
2
1
1
2
cos 7 x sin 5 x + C
(i) cot x cos ec x cot x + C
(ii)
2
3
7
5
1 5
1 3
(iii) sec x sin x + C
5
2
7
(i) 2 tan x + C
(ii) (cot x ) 3 / 7 + C
3

(i)

7
1
tan x
11
2

11 / 7

5.

(i)

+C

(ii)

9(cot x )1/ 9 + C

1 3
1
1
cos x sin3 x sin3 x cos x (x sin x cos x) C
6
8
16
1
1
1
3
5
3
5
3
( x sin x cos x ) + C
(ii) cos x sin x cos x sin x sin x cos x
8
16
64
128

7.

1
tan 2 x n sec x C
4
1
1
5
3
(ii) cot x cot x cot x x C
5
2

(i)

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6.

(i)

Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-8
Integrals of the form of
1
a sin x b cos x c dx ,
Method of integration:

a sin x b cos x dx, a b sin x dx and a b cos x dx

1

For such integrals, we put tan

Integrals of the form of

2t
2dt
1 t2
x
= t sinx =
,
cosx
=
2
2 & dx =
2
1 t
1 t2
1 t

a sin x b cos x c

p sin x q cos x r dx

Method of integration
Write Numerator = A (Denominator) + B

d
(Denominator) + C
dx

i.e.
a cos x b sin x c A(p cos x q sin x r) B( psin x q cos x) C
where A, B and C are the constants which are determined by comparing coefficients of sinx, cosx and constants
on both sides and now solve as told in section (D) just given earlier.
Integrate the following with respect to x:
1.

a b sin x

2.

3 sin x 4 cos x dx

3.

4 cos x 5 sin x dx

4.

2 cos x sin x 3 dx

5..

1
5 4 cos x dx

6.

sin x 2 cos x 3 dx

dx

3 cos x 4 sin x

5 cos x 6

3cos x 2

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-8

1.

3.

[3x - n (4 cos x + 5 sin x)] / 41 + C

5.

2
tan x / 2
tan 1
C
3
3

6.

x
a tan b
2
tan 1
C
if a 2 b 2
2
2
2
2
(b a )
(a b )
x
a tan b ( b 2 a 2 )
2
2
n
C if b 2 a 2
2
2
x
(b a ) a tan b (b 2 a 2 )
2
1 x
tan C
if b a
a
4 2
1 x
cot C
if b a
a
4 2
2

2.

4.

tan 1

6
3
8
2
x log| sin x 2 cos x | tan 1
C
5
5
5
2

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1
1
4
n tan x tan 1 + C
5
2
3

2x + n (2 cos x + sin x + 3) + C

Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-9
Integrals of the type
1
1
a sin 2 x b cos 2 x dx, a b cos 2 x dx,

a b sin

a bsin

dx,

dx
,
(a sin x bcos x) 2

a bsin

1
x cos 2 x

f (tan x)
where f(tanx) is polynomial in tanx
x c cos 2 x d sin cos x

Method of integration
Divide the numerator and denominator by cos2 x

Put tanx = t sec2x dx = dt, This substitution will convert the trigonometric Integrals into algebraic

Integral in the form

At

f (t)
, where f(t) is a polynomial in t. This Integral can be evaluated by the method
Bt C

which is discussed earlier.

Integrate the following w.r.t. x:

1.

1 sin

cos x

(i)

dx

(ii)

x
2 sin x
(i) sin x (1 cos x ) dx
dx
(i)
1 cos 4 x

2.
3.
4.

(i)

5.

(i)

(ii)

7.

dx

1 cos
dx

dx
(ii)
3 sin x sin 3 x

(1 sin x )

(ii)

sin x n (sin x cos x )

cos 2 x

(1 sec x )

x
x
x
x
(ii) (e e ) (e e ) sin x
(1 cos x )

x 2 ( x sec 2 x tan x )dx

(i)
( x tan x 1) 2
dx
Evaluate: (x a) (b x)

6.

sin x sin 2x

(ii)
8.

tan x cot x sec x cos ecx

dx

(3 4 cos x )
dx

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-9

(ii) 1/3 n [sin x(1 cos x) /(1 2 cos x) 2 ] C

-1

1.

(i) tan (sin x) + C

2.

(i)

1
1
1
1
n tan x cot x cos ec 2 x C
2
2
2
2

(ii)

3.

(i)

1
1 1 1 1
tan
C
cot x
tan
x

2
2 2
2

(ii)

1 t 1 1
2t
n
n
C where t = cos x
6 t 1 12 2 t

4.

(i)

2 (1 sin x )

(ii)

2 tan 1 (sec x 1)

(i)

1
1
1
sin x cos
sin x
2
2 2 n
2
sec x n (sin x cos x ) n
1
1
1
cos x sin
sin x
2
2
2

6.

(i)

7.

2sin-1
C
ba

5.

x2
2 n x sin x cos x C
x tan x 1
x a

1
tan x
tan 1
+ C
2
2

1
2 1 cos x
2 C (ii) (e x e x ) tan x C
1
2
2 1 cos x
2

(ii)

1
(sin x cos x x ) C
2

8.

7 . sin x
3 cos x 4
7 sin x
3ln

4.
c
3 4 cos x 3 4cox
7 7 3 4 sin x

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-10
Integration of irrational algebraic functions
General Rule: Always try to use substitution with removed radical sign.
dx
(A)
Integral of the type: linear linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute linear = t. This substitution will reduce the integral
to one of the known forms.
dx
(B)
Integral of the type linear quadratic
i.e.

(px q) ax bx c
2

or

(px q)

1
n

ax 2 bx c

To evaluate these type of integrals, we substitute Linear =

1
1
i.e. px + q = , This substitution will
t
t

reduce the integral to one of the known forms.

dx
Integral of the type
2
(ax b) cx 2 d

(C)

1
To evaluate these type of integrals, we substitute x = . This substitution will reduce the integral to one
t
of the known forms. Now put quantity under the radical sign = u2 and solve
m /n
m /n
Integral of the type f (x, (ax b) 1 1 , (ax b) 2 2 ,....) dx
To evaluate this type of integral we transform it into an integral of rational function by
substituting ax + b = tS,, where s is the least common multiple of the numbers n1, n2, ...

(D)

Integral of the type x m (a bx n ) p dx , where m, n and p are rational numbers.

(E)

To evaluate this type of integral observe the following steps.

If p is an integer, the integral reduces to the integral of a rational function by means of the substitution
x = tS, where s is least common multiple of the denominator of the fractions m and n.
If (m + 1)/n is an integer, the integral can be rationalised by the substitution a + bxn = tS, where s is the
denominator of the fraction p.
If (m + 1)/n + p is an integer, substitute axn + b = tS, where s is the denominator of the fraction p.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Illustration 1:
Solution:

Evaluate
(x 2)

Let I

(x 2)

dx

x 2 6x 7

dx

x 2 6x 7

1
1
1 2t t 2
1

Substitute x + 2 =
dx = 2 x2 + 6x + 7 = 2 6 2 7
t2
t
t
t

1
2 dt
dt
t
I

2
1 1 2t t
1 2t t 2
t
t2
2

x 1
t 1
1
C
I
=
sin
sin
C
(x

2)
2
2

2 (t 1)
dt

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

Illustration 2: Evaluate
Solution:

Let I

(x

dx

1) x 2 2
dx

(x 2 1) x 2 2

Substitute x

1
t

Let 1 + 2 t2 = z2
I

1
dt
2
tdt
t

dx 2 dt I = 1
1
(1 t 2 ) 1 2t 2
t
2 1 2 2
t
t
4t
dt
=
2z
dz

1
zdz
dz
2
tan 1 z C

2
2 z 1 2
z 1
1
z
2

1
2
1
I tan 1 2t C tan 1

Illustration 3 : Evaluate: x13/ 2 1 x 5 / 2

1/ 2

Solution:

Let I x13/ 2 1 x 5 / 2

1/ 2

2
C
x2

dx

dx

Comparing with integral of type xm(a + bxn)p, we can see that p = 1/2 which is not an integer. So check the sign
13
1
m 1 2
15

3
of (m + 1)/n n
5
(m + 1)/n is an integer..
5
2
To solve this integral, substitute 1 + x5/2 = t2 then
2
(t 2 1) 2 (t 2 )1/ 2 2t dt

5/2 x3/2 dx = 2t dt I

4 t7 t3
t5
4 2 2
4 6 2
2
4
I t (t 1) dt I t t 2t dt I 2 C
5 7 3
5
5
5

4 (1 x 5 / 2 )7 / 2 (1 x 5 / 2 )3/ 2 2(1 x 5 / 2 ) / 2

C
On substituting t = (1 + x5/2)1/2, we get I 5
7
3
5

Integrate the following with respect to x:

1.

2.

3.

(i)

(2 x )

(1 2 x 3x )

(iii)

( x 1)

( x 1)

(i)

(1 3x )

(iii)

( x 2)

(i)

dx
(x a ) [(x a )(b x)]

(ii)

(3 2 x )

(iv)

(2 x )

dx

dx

1 2x

( x 2 x 5)
2

x 2 2x 1

( 2 x 3x 4)
2

( x 2 x 1)

( x 1)dx

(2 x 2 3x 1)

x2 1
dx
x

dx

(ii)

dx

(iv)

( x 2)

(ii)

dx

dx
(3x 4 x 5)

( x 2 1)dx

(4 x 2 1)

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Drill Integration

4.

5.

by abhijit kumar jha

(iii)

(x 1)

(i)

(x

(iii)

(i)

7.

(i)

8.

(i)

( x x 1)
2

1) x 1
2

x2 x2 1

(x
3

dx

dx

dx

( x 2 2 x 3)

(i)

6.

x3

1) x 2 2

dx

(x 2)

(ii)

(2x

(iv)

(x

(ii)

x2
( x 2)

(ii)

1 x 3 x2
1 3 x
x2
( 2 x 3)

x2 1
.
(iii)
2x 3 x

(iv)

dx
(3x 4 x 5)

1) 3x 2 4

dx

( x 1)

dx

( x 3 x 2 x 1)

dx

4) x 2 9

( x 2 1) x 2 3

x
x 1
4

(ii)

x
x 1

1
(ii) ( x 3 x 2 ) (1 x )

1/ 2

1.

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-10

1 1 5x 1
sin
C
3
2 (2 x )

(i)

(ii)

1
1 4x
1 4x
n

3 C
(3 2 x )
7
3 2x
2

1
1
8 11x
8 11x
n ( 4 x 3) ( 4 x 3) 2 1
n

1 C
2 x
2
15
2x

(iii)

x 1

C
x 1

(iv)
2.

2
1
7x
n ( x 1) ( x 1) 2 4
sin 1
C (ii)
3
3 40
1 3x

(i)
(iii)

(i)

1
1 x
(1 x ) 2
( x 2 x 1) n (2 x 1) (2 x 1) 2 3 n

3 C
2
(1 x )
x 1

2
bx

C
a b x a

2
1
(ii) 4 . (4 x 1) sin 2 x C

1

x 1

2
2
(iii) 4 ( 2x 7) ( x x 1) 8 n ( 2x 1) (2 x 1) 3 n x 1

(iv)

4.

(i)

1 1 x2
C
x

1
3
1
5x 14
(2 x 2 3x 4)
n (4 x 3) (4 x 3) 2 41
sin 1
C
2
4 2
2
41( x 2)

(iv)
3.

( x 2 1) n

11

( x 1) 2
3 C
( x 1)

(3x 2 4x 5)
4x 9
4 sin 1
C
x2
19( x 2)

1
x2 1
x2 1

1 C
x 2 1
x 2 1
2

(1 x 2 )
(iii)
C
x

1
9 x 2 12
9x 2 12

1 C
(ii)
8x 2 12
8x 2 12
51
(iv)

( x 2 9) 5
5
5
5x
n

tan 1
C
2
10
( x 9) 5 10
2 (2x 2 9)

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Drill Integration

5.

(i)

(ii)

by abhijit kumar jha

n x x 2 2
( x 2 3)

2
tan 1
3

1
tan 1
5

x2 2 2
x2 2
x2 2

1 C
2x 2 2
2x 2 2
3
3

x2 3
1
2x 2 6
2x 2 6

n x x 2 3 n

1 C
10
3x 2 6
3x 2 6
5

6.

(i)

3
( x 2) 2 / 3 (5x 2 12 x 36) C
40

7.

(i)

4
x 1
1
1
1
1

4
6 tan 1 y y y 3 y 5 y 6 y8 C , where x = y6 (ii) 2 n 4
x 1
3
5
6
7

8.

(i)

1 2
( x 2 x 6) ( 2 x 3) + C
5

(iii)

(ii) 2 x n

x 1 /

x 1 C
4

44 3
x C
3

(1 x ) 1
1
3
3x 1
n
C
(ii)
.
(1 x ) 1
x (1 x ) 2

1
1 2 y
2
3y 2
n

n
, where y =
3
2 1 2 y
3y 2

x2

+C
2x 3

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-11

INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Rule : u.v dx u. v dx u . v dx dx

For choosing first and second function i.e. u and v follow the rule of I L A T E
I
=
Inverse circular function
L
=
Logarithmic function
A
=
Algebraic function
T
=
Trigonometric function
E
=
Exponential function
Integrate the following with respect to x:
1.

x e x e x

2.

(i)

x n x

(ii)

xn n x

3.
4.
5.
6.

(i) x (n x ) 2
(i)
x tan-1 x
(i)
sin-1 x
(i)
x2 sin x
(iii)
x cos x cos 2x

(ii)
(ii)
(ii)
(ii)
(iv)

x ln x
x cot-1 x
x sec-1 x
x2 sin2 x
x cos3 x sin x

7.

(i)

x
sin 2 x

(ii)

x n (1 + x)

8.

x3 sin(a n x)

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-11

1.

x 1e x x 1e x C

2.

(i)

3.

(i)

4.

(i)

5.

(i)

6.

(i) - x2 cos x + 2(x sin x + cos x) + C

(iii)

1 2
x n ( x 2 / e) + C
4

(ii) [xn + 1/(n + 1)2] n (xn + 1/e) + C

(ii)

x2
(2ln x 1) C
4

1 2
1
( x 1) tan 1 x x + C
2
2

(ii)

1 2
1
( x 1) cot 1 x x + C
2
2

x sin 1 x (1 x 2 ) + C

(ii)

1 2
[ x sec 1 x ( x 2 1) ] + C
2

1
[18(n x ) 2 24 n x 16]x 3 / 2 + C
27

(ii)

1 3 1
1
x (1 2 x 2 ) sin 2 x x cos 2 x + C
6
8
4

1
1
(3x sin 3x cos 3x x sin x cos x ) + C
81
2

1
1
4
(12 x 8 sin 2 x sin 4 x ) + C
(iv) x cos x
4
128

7.
8.

(i) - x cot x + n sin x + C

(ii)

1 2
1
( x 1) n (1 x ) ( x 2 2 x ) + C
2
4

sin a n x tan 1 + C
4

16 a
x4

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-12
Special Use of Integration By parts:

f (x) dx (f (x)).1dx

(i)

Now integrate taking f(x) as 1st function and 1 as 2nd function.

g(x)

f (x)

(ii)

dx

f (x) g(x)
.
dx
g(x) g(x1 ) n

g(x)
f (x)
Now integrate taking
as 1st function and g(x ) n as 2nd function.
g (x)
1
x
(iii) If integrand is of the form e f(x), then rewrite f(x) as sum of two functions in which one is derivative of other.

e f (x) dx e
x

(g(x) g (x))dx e x g(x) c

Illustration 1: Evalute: l n x dx

1
I = l n x dx (l n x.1)dx l n x.x .xdx = xlnx - x + c = x(lnx - 1) + c
x

Solution:

x2
Illustration 2: Evaluate:
dx
(x sin x cos x) 2

x2
x cos x
x sec x
dx x.sec x
dx =
tan x c
Solution:I =
2
2
(x sin x cos x)
x sin x cos x
(x sin x cos x)
x 1 x
Illustration 3: Evaluate: 2 e dx
x 1
2

2
2x
1
x 1 x 2x 1

2
2
Solution: I = 2

2
2
(x 1)
(x 1) (x 1) 2
x 1
2

1
2x
is 2
Here derivate of 2
So,
x 1 (x 1) 2
Illustration 4 : Evaluate:
Solution:

x x 1
e x 2 1 dx
2

ex
c
= 2
(x 1)

2 sin 2x
1 cos 2x dx

2
sin 2x

x 2 sin 2x
dx I = e x

I= e

dx
1 cos 2x
1 cos 2x 1 cos 2x

2
2sin x cos x
x
x
2
I = e 2cos 2 x 2cos 2 x dx e sec x tan x dx

x
2
x
I e [tan x sec x]dx e tan x c

Integrate the following with respect to x:

1 x x
(1 sin x ) 12 x
e
e
1.
2.
3.
(2 x ) 2
1 cos x
5.

1sinx

e 1cosx dx
x

6.

(i) x5 tan-1 x2

(ii)

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( x 2 1) x
e
( x 1) 2

x5 cos x2

4.

x ex
(x 1)2 dx

Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

1

7.
9.

x 2 e m sin

e m tan x
(iii)
(1 x 2 ) 3 / 2

(iv)

x
e ( x 2) (2x 3)dx

8.

(1 x 2 )

cos 1 x
x 3 dx .

Prove that :
x
1
1
x
1
1
dx x tan x 2n cos x
dx x cot x 2n sin x
(i)
(ii)

1 cos x
2
2
1 cos x
2
2
x
11
1
1

dx x tan x 2n cos x
(iii)
1 sin x
22
22

11

11

(iv) 1 sin x dx x cot 2 2 x 2n sin 2 2 x

x

10.

sec

11.

(i)

12.

(i)

x dx

(ii) (sin x cos x )e x dx .

tan 1 x 3dx

1
( x a ) ( x b)
sin x
sin( x a )

13.

(i)

14.

ex (cosx - sinx)

(ii) n x ( x 2 a 2 )
1
(ii) tan

3x x 3
1 3x 2

15. ln (x2 + 1)

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE-12

1
x
2

1
sec x + C
2

1.

e /(2 + x) + C

2.

3.

(x - 1) ex / (x + 1) + C

4.

ex
C
x 1

5.

e x cot

6.

(i)

x
C
2

1 4
( x 2) sin x 2 x 2 cos x 2 + C
(ii)
2

e m
(iv)
2

1 6
( x 1) tan 1 x 3 x 3 ] + C
6

e m

(iii)

(m 1)
2

cos( cot 1 m) , where tan 1 x + C

1
1
2

cos 2 tan 1 + C , where sin 1 x

m

m
(m 2 4)

7.

(2x2 - 5x - 1)ex + C

10.

1
1
1
1
tan x sec x n tan x + C
2
2
4
2

8.

(1 x 2 ) cos 1 x / 2 x 2 + C

11. (i)

1 9
1
x tan 1 x 3 [n ( x 6 1) x 6 ] + C
9
18

(ii) ex sin x + C

12. (i)

3
3

2
2
2
( x a ) ( x b ) + C
3(a b)

(ii) x log x (a 2 x 2 ) (a 2 x 2 ) + C

13. (i) sin a n sin (x - a) + (x - a) cos a + C

14. ex cosx + C

3
1
2
(ii) 3x tan x n (1 x ) + C
2
15. xlog(x2 + 1) - 2x + 2 tan-1 x + C

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-13
INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

x2 1
x 2 1 dx
(2 x 1)
(x 2 1)(2x 3) dx

x 2 dx
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)

x3 3
x 3 3x dx
x5
x 3 2x 2 5x 6 dx

6.

x2 x 1
(x 1) 2 (x 2) dx

7.

x2 1
(x 2)3 ( x 1) dx

8.

x 3 4 x 2 5x 2
x 3 4x 2 5x 2 dx

9.

57 x 3 25x 2 9 x 1
(x 1) 2 (2x 1)(5x 1) dx

10.

x 2 3x 4
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) dx

ANSWERS TO DRILL EXERCISE 13

1.

x + n [(x - 1)/(x + 1)] + C

3.

9
4
1
n ( x 3) n ( x 2) n (1 x ) + C
10
15
6

4.

x n x

5.

1 3
1
32
243
x x 2 9 x n ( x 1) n ( x 2)
n ( x 3) + C
3
6
15
10

6.

1
( x 2)3

n
+C
x 1
( x 1) 2

8.

x + 12(x + 1)-1 + 28 n (x + 1) - 36 n (x + 2) + C

9.

- 10(x - 1)-1 + 35/6 n (2x - 1) - 2/15 n (5x - 1) + C

2.

1
1
1 3 n x 3 (1 3 )n x 3
2
2

5
1
12
n ( x 1) n ( x 1) n ( 2 x 3) + C
2
10
5

+C

7.

2
x 1 7 1
5
1
n
.
.
+C
27 x 2 9 x 2 6 ( x 2) 2

10. 4 n | x 1 | 16 n | x 2 | 11 n | x 3 | C

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-14
List of Some Functions whose integration cannot be expressed as a finite Algebraic combination or
composition of Elementary Functions.
1.

sin x
x

2.

cos x
x

3.

1
ln x

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2
1 k 2 sin 2 x , x R; k 0, 1 and k < 1
cos(x2)
sin(x2)

sin x
cos x
2

9.
10.

ex
2
ex

11.

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

1 x 2
x3
1 x5
1

k p cos x , k p, k 0, p 0 ; k, p R and k + pcosx > 0

1 x 3
x tanx
x2
1 x5

17.

(1 x )(1 k x )
2

(k 2 1) etc.

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Drill Integration

by abhijit kumar jha

DRILL-EXERCISE-15
INTEGRATION BY SUCCESSIVE REDUCTION

Find the reduction formula for tan n x dx

Illustration 1:

If In =
Solution:

tann x dx, to prove that (n 1) (In + In2) = tann1 x.

Here In =
=

tan

x dx tan n 2 x tan 2 x dx =

tann2 x sec2 xdx

tann2 x dx =

tan n 1 x
n 1
Hence (n 1) (In + In2) = tann1x .

tann2 x (sec2 x 1) dx

tann2 x sec2 x In2

In In 2

Illustration 2:

Prove that

the value of
Solution: If In =
=

(1 x
1

(1 x

2 2

dx
2 n

dx
1
x
dx

(2n

3)

2
n
2
n

1
2
n

1
(1 x ) 2(n 1) (1 x )
(1 x ) , n N Hence, compute

dx .
1
n
x
.2x.x dx
2 n
(1 x )
(1 x 2 ) n 1

x
x2 11
x

2n
dx
2n[In I n 1 ]
2 n
2 n 1

(1 x )
(1 x )
(1 x 2 ) n
x
(1 x 2 )n

= 2n In+1 = (2n - 1) In +
replace n n - 1

2(n - 1) In = (2n - 3) In-1 +

2(n 1) (1 x

In =

x
(1 x 2 )n 1

2 n 1

(2n 3)

Now, put n = 2

(1 x

dx

1 x

tan 1 x c
2
) 2 1 x

DRILL EXERCISE - 15

2 2

x n dx

x a

In =

2.

If In = x.cos ec n x.dx, n 3. Prove that

then prove that In +

n 1
1
a.I n 2 .x n 1. x 2 a
n
n

1.

In =

dx
,n N
2 n 1
(1 x )

1 n2
1

.I n 2
. cosecn2 . x y x cot x

n 2 n 1
n 1

3.

If I n (log e x) n dx, prove that In + nIn-1 = x(logex)n.

4.

If In =

(x

dx
x
2
(2n 3) n 1 c
2 n , then prove that 2(n - 1) a In =
2
a )
(x a 2 ) n 1

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