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INTRODUCTION
The shear failure pattern of reinforced concrete beam is
brittle and sudden, which is more critical and unsafe than the
flexural failure pattern of the same beam. It is important to
improve the shear performance and ultimate shear strength
of reinforced concrete beams for civil engineering structures. Thus, many different techniques to increase the shear
strength of reinforced concrete beams have been used in
past decades. For example, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites were widely applied to improve the shear
capacity of reinforced concrete beams.1-8 However, the increment of shear strength of reinforced concrete members using
this technique is also limited due to debonding between FRP
sheets and the concrete surface. It is a significant issue to
improve the shear performances and ultimate shear strength
for common reinforced concrete beams by enhancing their
internal shear-resistant abilities. Much research has been
conducted to enhance the shear strength of reinforced
concrete beams through using prestressed concrete,9 highstrength concrete,10 steel fiber concrete,11-15 ultra-highperformance concrete, and high-strength steel.16 NevertheACI Structural Journal/July-August 2016
701
Fig. 1Profile and cross section detail of SRCB-1 and SRCB-2. (Note: Dimensions in mm; 1 mm = 0.0394 in.)
Fig. 2Profile and cross section detail of SRCB-3. (Note: Dimensions in mm; 1 mm = 0.0394 in.)
shear performance of reinforced concrete beams of small
shear span-depth ratio with embedded profile steel trusses
and demonstrate its flexural-shear failure pattern; 2) to
compare the composition ways and enhance efficiency of
the embedded steel truss for achieving better shear performance; 3) to propose an analytical model for shear failure of
reinforced concrete beams with embedded profile steel truss;
and 4) based on the mechanical principle, to improve understanding of the failure mechanism and the current calculation method for composite steel truss and concrete beams.
This paper presents experimental studies of five reinforced concrete beams with and without embedded steel
trusses under the shear load of small shear span-depth ratios
(1.3 to 1.7). The shear performance and failure mechanism
of specimens are studied in depth. According to the interior
force equilibrium equations of failure section of specimens
and Mohrs circle theory, as well as the observation of experimented facts, a theoretical analysis model for flexural-shear
failure of a reinforced concrete beam with embedded steel
trusses is proposed in this paper. It may improve the current
design method for shear strength of a reinforced concrete
beam under shear load of small shear span-depth ratio.
Applying these research results, steel truss bars can be used
in the practical engineering case where the cross section of
reinforced concrete beams is limited where higher shear
strength of beam is needed, and the shear load of small shear
span-depth ratio is encountered.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
The reinforced concrete beam under the shear load of
small shear span-depth ratio presents more brittle character702
Fig. 3Profile and cross section detail of SRCB-4. (Note: Dimensions in mm; 1 mm = 0.0394 in.)
Fig. 4Profile and cross section detail of SRCB-5. (Note: Dimensions in mm; 1 mm = 0.0394 in.)
Diameter, thickness, mm
Reinforcement
363
465
210
Reinforcement
12
405
522
200
Reinforcement
16
378
472
200
Reinforcement
22
393
557
200
Flat steel
30 x 4
266
363
200
Angle steel
40 x 40 x 4
345
519
200
Angle steel
30 x 30 x 3
348
522
200
SRCB-1
SRCB-2
SRCB-3
SRCB-4
SRCB-5
41.54
41.73
44.11
40.41
42.36
34.11
34.10
34.56
33.72
34.13
Test specimen
SRCB-1
SRCB-2
SRCB-3
SRCB-4
SRCB-5
343.448
399.655
480.000
503.448
589.655
16.366
39.759
46.586
71.687
20.104
25.971
47.541
364.138
458.966
514.828
553.103
656.897
26.042
41.383
51.894
80.398
12.171
20.511
43.125
57.725
92.645
111.758
84.847
111.571
60.494
93.604
46.985
93.280
4.464
6.984
29.119
13.348
26.593
56.462
552.307
199.014
495.721
SRCB-1
SRCB-2
SRCB-3
SRCB-4
SRCB-5
Steel ratio, %
2.12
2.12
3.25
3.25
3.25
0.34
0.67
1.14
0.98
0.98
364.138
458.966
514.828
533.103
656.897
26.042
41.383
51.894
80.398
12.171
20.511
43.125
7.435
27.595
Fig. 7Strain curve of steel truss rod and strut of specimens. (Note: 1 kN = 0.225 kip.)
ultimate strength of steel truss reinforced concrete beams as
demonstrated by the aforementioned experimental results.
The rods of embedded steel trusses directly increase the
flexural strength and diagonal tension-resistant capacity
of reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses.
Meanwhile, the struts of embedded steel trusses effectively
improve the compression-resistant capacity of shear-compression region of reinforced concrete beams with embedded
steel trusses, and no buckling problem of steel strut members
occurs because the steel struts are perfectly embedded into
the concrete. From Fig. 6 and Table 2, one can observe that the
yield and ultimate strength as well as the elastic and elastoplastic deflection stiffness of reinforced concrete beams with
embedded steel trusses (SRCB-3, SRCB-4, and SRCB-5)
have increased greatly compared with that of traditional
common reinforced concrete beams (SRCB-1, and SRCB-2),
which may be considered special comprehensive contributions of embedded steel truss skeletons. Therefore, the stiffness and strength of embedded steel truss skeletons become
important effect factors on the shear capacity of reinforced
concrete beams with embedded steel trusses.
Notably, SRCB-5 has the triangle steel truss form
that provides better structural stiffness and enhances the
compressive strength of shear-compression region of reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses. In
addition, SRCB-5 has additional horizontal web reinforcements compared with SRCB-4. The ultimate shear strength
of SRCB-5 is increased by 18.77% due to the action of the
horizontal web reinforcements, which indicates that the
horizontal web reinforcements also improve the ultimate
shear strength of reinforced concrete beams with embedded
steel trusses by preventing diagonal cracks in the web of
the beam from developing. From these test observations,
it was proven that the embedded steel truss skeletons in a
triangle form and the horizontal web reinforcements are two
important factors that improve the ultimate shear strength
and deformation stiffness of reinforced concrete beams with
embedded steel trusses.
Ultimate shear strength model for reinforced
concrete beams with embedded steel trusses
According to the test results of reinforced concrete
beams with embedded steel trusses (SRCB-3, SRCB-4, and
SRCB5), the longitudinal angle steel near the support can
706
reach its yield strength (Fig. 7) and concrete in the shearcompression zone can also reach its compressive strength at
failure state (Fig. 5). From the test results, the longitudinal
angle steel has a direct effect on ultimate shear strength of
reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses. The
failure pattern of reinforced concrete beams with embedded
steel trusses may be considered as a shear-flexural failure
mode under the test conditions of this experimental study.
It is difficult to accurately calculate the ultimate strength
of reinforced concrete beam failing in shear or shearflexural state. So, most calculation methods in current codes
for reinforced concrete beams in shear failure are mainly
established on the method of test data fitting or statistical
analysis, especially for the shear capacity of concrete, or the
combined shear capacity of concrete and stirrups.22-27 These
current calculation methods lack an adequate mechanics
principle. To better understand the failure mechanism of
reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses in
shear failure from a mechanics principle, based on the observations from failure patterns of specimens in this study, a
simplified shear strength analytical model for shear-flexural
failure of reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel
trusses is proposed. This modelnamely, the interior force
equilibrium modelis adopted to predict the ultimate shear
strength of these steel truss reinforced concrete beams by
using equilibrium equations of interior forces in failure
diagonal section (Fig. 8). To simplify the calculation, the
aggregate interlock and dowel action of longitudinal reinforcement and angle steel along the failure line are ignored
in this analytical model. This is due to the fact that concrete
compressive failure in shear-compressive zone and yield
of steel reinforcement control the failure result, and shear
dislocation almost does not appear in the failure pattern.
In the proposed interior force equilibrium model, the failure
criteria of specimens are defined as: 1) the steels crossing
failure crack lines reach their yield strengths (including reinforcement, angle steel, and stirrup); and 2) concrete in the
shear-compression zone, at the direction of principal compressive stress, reaches its softened compressive strength considering effect of the principal tensile stress.28
According to the equilibrium conditions of interior forces
in failure section at ultimate state, three equilibrium equations can be established as follows (Fig. 8)
ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2016
Fc = Tsi
Vu = Vc + Tvi
(2)
m
n
x
Vu a = Tsi hsi + Tvi d vi Fc
i =1
i =1
2
(3)
(1)
i =1
i =1
T
of longitudinal reinforcement and angle steel; i =1 vi is the
total ultimate tensile forces of vertical stirrups and vertical
component of steel angle; Vc is the shear force carried by
intact concrete along the equivalent compressive depth of the
beam; hsi are the distances from the top fibers of the beam
to the centroidal position of longitudinal reinforcements and
angle steel; dvi are the distances from the loading point to the
centroidal position of vertical stirrups and vertical component
of angle steel; a is the shear span of the beam; x is the equivalent compressive depth of the beam in the shear-compression
zone; and Vu is the ultimate shear-flexural strength of the reinforced concrete beam with embedded steel trusses (Fig. 8).
The longitudinal reinforcement and angle steel, as well
as vertical stirrup, at failure section of reinforced concrete
beams with embedded steel trusses can reach their yield
strengths at the ultimate state of the specimens from the
results of test measurements. However, the vertical flat steel
did not reach its yield strength at the ultimate state of test
specimens from the measurements of strain gauges on flat
steel. The main reason is that the diagonal web member of
triangle steel truss has almost the same direction of principal
tensile or compressive stress of concrete beam. As expected,
the concrete beams with embedded triangle steel truss
have better shear performance than the concrete beam with
vertical flat steel. Another reason for this phenomenon is the
bond force between flat steel and concrete is also relatively
weak. The yield strength of flat steel can be considered
reduced to fsy, according to test measurements, where fsy is
the yield strength of flat steel material and is the reduction
ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2016
Fc
bx
(4)
Vc
bx
(5)
According to Mohrs circle theory, the principal compressive stress pc and the principal tensile stress pt can be
obtained as follows
2
pc =
0
+ 0 + max 2
2
2
pt =
0
0 + max 2
2
2
(6)
(7)
pc = fc
(8)
f c =
0
+ 0 + max 2
2
2
(9)
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
(10)
(11)
where
708
m T
si
i
2
=1
A=
( f c)
2 2
4a b
B=
f c Tsi
i =1
m T h + n T d a n T m T
vi vi
vi si
si si
i
=1
i =1
i =1
i =1
(12)
a 2b2
m T h + n T d a n T
vi vi
vi
si si
i
=1
i =1
i =1
C=
a 2b2
(13)
B B 2 4 AC
2A
(14)
Vu =
i =1
i =1
Tsi
i =1 x
2a
(15)
i =1
i =1
steel, Tsi and Tvi , directly enhance the value of the ultimate shear-flexural strength Vu. With the equivalent compressive depth x reduced, the ultimate shear-flexural strength Vu
will also be increased. Furthermore, a very important fact is
that the value of equivalent compressive depth x is affected
by multi-factor coupling actions, as seen in Eq. (10) to (14).
Just under this coupling effect, the value of equivalent
compressive depth x has been defined, and the ultimate
shear-flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with
embedded steel trusses, Vu, has been finally determined by
Eq. (15). Equation (15) proposed in this study has the definite mechanics meaning, which has included almost all
effect factors on ultimate shear-flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses. Meanwhile, Eq. (15) has provided a simple calculation method for
ultimate shear-flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams
with embedded steel trusses. In this case, the method of
ACI Structural Journal/July-August 2016
Calculation results Pu , kN
C
Relative deviation
PuC PuT
,%
PuT
SRCB-3
SRCB-4
SRCB-5
514.828
553.103
656.897
489.491
522.205
601.508
4.92
5.59
8.43
Because of the special triangle shape and better bond property with concrete, the angle steel has no buckling problem at
the ultimate state of test specimens. Therefore, angle steel is
particularly suitable as an internal steel skeleton embedded
in a reinforced concrete beam to enhance the shear or
shear-flexural ultimate strength of a reinforced concrete
beam, and improve the deflection ductility of a reinforced
concrete beam in shear failure.
3. The horizontal web reinforcements designed in reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses effectively improve the ultimate shear strength of reinforced
concrete beams with embedded steel trusses through
preventing the web cracks of specimens from developing.
To reasonably design the horizontal web reinforcements
in reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel trusses
is also an effective approach to increase the ultimate shear
strength and failure ductility of this type of steel truss reinforced concrete beam.
4. Concrete crashing at the direction of principle compressive stress based on Mohrs circle theory and the softened
compressive strength of concrete may be taken as a failure
criterion for reinforced concrete beams with embedded steel
trusses in shear-flexural failure. The interior force equilibrium model proposed in this study can reasonably predict the
ultimate shear strength of reinforced concrete beams with
embedded steel trusses, which has a better level of calculation accuracy compared with the test results, and the contributions of embedded steel truss skeletons are considered
into the shear strength model proposed. The advantage of the
proposed analytical model is to point out the composition
mechanism of ultimate shear strength of reinforced concrete
beams with embedded steel trusses. A new simplified calculation approach of the ultimate shear strength of reinforced
concrete beams with embedded steel trusses for the practical
engineering designers with defined mechanics meaning is
also introduced.
AUTHOR BIOS
709
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51278243). The experimental tests were conducted
in the Structural Engineering Test Center, Nanjing Tech University, China,
with the cooperation of the University of Maryland, College Park, MD. The
authors thank S. Q. Wu, M. S. Wu, Y. Yang, L. C. Xu, J. G. Cao, and L. J.
Zhang for their efforts in the experimental testing of specimens.
a
b
dvi
NOTATION
i =1
n
i =1
REFERENCES
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