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environment the area around the person and all it contains
disease model
(medical model) psychological disorders are symptoms of underlying causes
cure the cause to treat the symptoms
behavior modification's
behavior modification's
first important characteristic 1) ALTER ENVIRONMENT - treatment procedures and
techniques are ways of altering an individual's current environment
behavior modification's
second important characteristic 2) PRECISE DESCRIPTIONS - methods and rationales
can be described precisely, making it easier to teach
behavior modification's
third important characteristic 3) EVERYDAY USEFULNESS - applied by individuals' in
everyday life
behavior modification's
fourth important characteristic 4) RESEARCH BASED - techniques are from basic and
applied research based on operant and Pavlovian conditioning
behavior modification's
fifth important characteristic 5) JUDGES EFFECTIVENESS - emphasizes scientific
demonstration that a particular intervention was responsible for change
behavior modification's
sixth important characteristic 6) ACCOUNTABILITY - everyone involved must be
accountable (staff, clients, administrators, consultants)
behavior modification
vs. applied behavior analysis behavior modification INCLUDES applied behavior
analysis,
but is a broader term including covert and overt behaviors
(includes applied behavior analysis, behavior therapy, and cognitive behavior
therapy)
behavioral assessment
functional analysis isolating through experimentation the causes of the problem
behavior and removing/reversing them
behavior therapy
(a type of psychotherapy) acquisition of desirable behaviors or responses and the
extinction of undesirable ones
positive reinforcer
(event) stimulus presented immediately following a behavior that causes the
behavior to increase in frequency
MUST COME AFTER BEHAVIOR and STRENGTHEN THE RESPONSE
positive reinforcer
types 1) consumable
2) activity
3) manipulative
4) possessional
5) social
noncontingent reinforcer
contingent reinforcement
(procedure) specific behavior must occur prior to reinforcement being presented;
contingent on behavior
(earn the reinforcer)
five pitfalls of positive reinforcement 1) misused by someone unaware of using it
2) partial knowledge leads to misuse (noncontingent reinforcements for example)
3) inaccurately used to explain a change in behavior (oversimplified)
4) people label others without looking at the reinforcers for the behavior
5) some procedures aren't applied because people have to have specialized
knowledge and training
conditional reinforcer
(secondary/learned reinforcer) learned by experience
paired or associated with other reinforcers
praise, picture of a loved one, book, tv show, chothes
unconditional reinforcer
(primary/unlearned reinforcer) stimuli/events necessary for survival or biological
functioning
no prior learning necessary
food, water, warmth, sex, physical contact
back-up reinforcement the back-up reinforcer gives the conditioned reinforcer its
strength
conditioned reinforcer: given immediately, clicking, points
token system conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated/exchanged for backup reinforcers are part of a behavior modification program
back-up reinforcers
factors that influence effectiveness 1) strength of back-up reinforcers - the power of
a conditioned reinforcer depends on the power of the back-up reinforcers
2) variety of back-up reinforcers available for the conditioned reinforcers - have a
menu if possible
3) the number of pairings with a back-up reinforcer
4) loss of value of conditioned reinforcer - must have strong, variable back-up
reinforcers
John B. Watson environmentalism - give me 12 infants and I'll train them to become
any type of specialist
behavioral analysis scientific study of laws that govern the behavior of humans and
animals