Faculty of Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

Title: Production heat and electricity from

sewage sludge : Section 2 Mass and Energy
Balance

Course:
Design 4

Chemical Engineering Process

Code:

PQD400S

Lecturer:

Ademola Rabiu

Due Date:

05 September 2016

Student Number:

213255766

Abstract
DME (dimethyl ether) is attracting great interest as an energy source for the 21st
century because of its multiple sources and excellent physical, chemical, and
storage properties Moreover, there are a lot of applications which use DME as raw
materials to make new chemicals or as aerosol propellant.
On the previous report, a process route was selected. The aim was to treat
wastewater using chemical engineering aspects and hence produce chemical
compound, with economic value. This is where DME was chosen. This report aims at
performing material and energy balance around the selected process route.
Wastewater treatment is an important component in the infrastructure of every country.
However, with increasingly strict outlet demands, wastewater treatment requires more and
more energy. In this study mass and energy balances are carried out in order to identify the
needs for process optimization and energy conservation.
From the material, the amount of raw materials was estimated, along with compositions
and flow rates of all intermediate streams. The total amount of wastewater to be treated
amounted to 150000 kg/hr (3600 tons/day). The amount of DME to be produced was found
to be 26207.61 kg/hr (629 tons/day), therefore the proposed design effectively produces DME
at a profitable amount. The amount of steam (utility) required if the reformer was found to
be 19057 kg/hr (457 tons/day), with an amount of 7504 kW used up in the reformer. The
plant had a net heat load of about 23220 kW, which can be used within the plant to as a
means of heating up other streams to cut down the energy consumption costs.

Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................ ii
List of Figures............................................................................................................. iv
List of Tables.............................................................................................................. iv
1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives............................................................................................... 1
2. Black Box Diagrams.................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Material and Energy Balances.............................................................................. 3
2.1.1Separation Section........................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Biogas Production Section............................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Biogas Cleaning............................................................................................. 5
2.1.4 Reforming of Biogas Section............................................................................ 6
2.15 Methanol Production Section............................................................................7
2.1.6 Dehydration of Methanol Section.....................................................................8
2.1.7 DME Production Section................................................................................. 9
3. Block Flow and Process Flow Diagrams of the Process................................................14
4. Utilities and Energy Consumption............................................................................18
5. Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 19
6. References.............................................................................................................. 20
7. Appendix................................................................................................................ 22

List of Figures
Figure 1: Black box diagram for the settling, screening and gritting section..........................3
Figure 2: Black box Biogas Production section.........................................................................4
Figure 3: Black box for the removal of H2S and NH3 from biogas............................................5
Figure 4: Black box diagram for syngas production section.....................................................6
Figure 5: Black box diagram of methanol production section...................................................7
Figure 6: Black box diagram for the removal of water from methanol section........................8
Figure 7: Black box diagram for the DME production..............................................................9
Figure 8: Black box diagram for the distillation column........................................................10
Figure 9: Black box diagram for the methanol column...........................................................10
Figure 10: Black box diagram for the heat exchanger 1.........................................................11
Figure 11: Black box diagram for the heat exchanger 2.........................................................12
Figure 12: Block flow diagram for the methanol production..................................................14
Figure 13: Block flow diagram for the DME production.........................................................15
Figure 14: PFD of the proposed design for the production of DME........................................16
Figure 15: PFD for the DME Plant..........................................................................................17

List of Tables
Table 1: material and energy balances in the separation section..........................................22
Table 2: Material and energy balances in the anaerobic digester..........................................22
Table 3: Material and energy balances in the reformer unit..................................................22
Table 4: Material and energy balances in the methanol reactor............................................23
Table 5: Material and energy balances for the dehydrator.....................................................23
Table 6: Material and energy balances for the DME synthesis reactor.................................23
Table 7: Material and energy balances on the DME distillation column...............................24
Table 8: Material and energy balances on the methanol distillation column........................24
Table 9: Material and energy balances on heat exchanger 2..................................................25
Table 10: Material and energy balances on heat exchanger 2................................................25
Table 11: Summary of the amount of energy required and given off in each section............25
Table 12: Specific heat capacities at different temperatures and molecular weights of each
component (Perry, 2008).......................................................................................................... 26

Table 13: Group members contribution..................................................................................26

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Visitors, businesses as well as local residents are the prime contributors to this generation
of waste water. In modern times, ideally, it is desired to aim towards a balanced standard of
living, where recycling is prominent while maintaining comfortable living lifestyles.
However, current studies have shown that the city of Cape Town faces challenges due to the
on-growing population, which results into increasing waste water volume requiring increase
in investments and land use. This enforces action to be taken.
This processing route is required to improve the water quality and reduce the possible
negative impacts that hazardous sludge (obtained by DWW treatment) could have on the
health and safety of the citys residents and to the environment as well as to produce a
valuable product with high economic value. From the previous proposed route selection, Dimethyl ether (DME) was chosen as the preferred commodity chemical to be produced based
on its lucrative nature and its advantageous characteristic regarding the environment.
This report looks at the material and energy balances performed on the proposed design
idea. Such balances are the statement on the conservation of mass and energy, respectively.
Material and energy balances are crucial when designing a new chemical plant. The
material balance is a valuable tool to assess the performance of the (WWTP) and the control
of the process, particularly in the control of yields of the products while energy balance is
used to estimate the heat load of the various equipment in the process.

1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this report is to present a brief summary of the significant aspects of the
material and energy balances involved in the selected process design route. The
material and energy balance is to be performed by slitting the process into major
operating units, and performing the conservation and mass and energy around
individual unit. The mass balance aims to give the idea of the plant size by
determining the amount of raw material, utilities and the product yield to be
recovered, and energy balance gives an estimate of the heat loads of various
equipment and utilities used.

2. Black Box Diagrams

Material balances are the basis on which chemical processes are designed. When
implementing a black box method, a material balance takes into consideration the input
and output of the overall process. The unit operation whatever its nature is seen as a whole
and represented diagrammatically as a box (Sinnott, 1999). Black box diagrams have been
completed for both material and energy balance purposes.
According to the basic laws of thermodynamics, mass and energy are conserved within a
system. The form may change but the total quantity remains constant. If there is no
accumulation, what goes into a process must come out. This is true for batch operation and
also for continuous operation over any chosen time interval. The mass and energy balances
entering the box must balance the mass and energy coming out of the box. System
boundaries are implemented to separate each section. The black box approach was

applied to each essential section of the design namely:

Domestic waste water separation
Anaerobic Digestion (biogas production)
Cleaning of Biogas
Reforming of Biogas (syngas production)
Methanol Production
Dehydration of Methanol
DME Synthesis
DME Distillation Column
Methanol Distillation Column
Heat Exchanger 1
Heat Exchanger 2

2.1 Material and Energy Balances

Material quantities, as they pass through processing operations, can be described by
material balances. Such balances are statements on the conservation of mass. Similarly,
energy quantities can be described by energy balances, which are statements on the
conservation of energy. If there is no accumulation, what goes into a process must come out.
Material and energy balances are very important in an industry. Material balances are
fundamental to the control of processing, particularly in the control of yields of the
products. The first material balances are determined in the exploratory stages of a new
process, improved during pilot plant experiments and then refined and maintained as a
control instrument as production continues. When any changes occur in the process, the
material balance has to be needs to be determined again.
The increasing cost of energy has caused the industries to examine means of reducing
energy consumption in processing. Energy balances are used in the examination of the
various stages of a process, over the whole process and even extending over the total
production system from the raw material to the finished product.
Energy balances were used to estimate the heat loads of various equipment in the process.
Therefore practical applications of energy balances tend to focus on particular dominant
aspects and so a heat balance, for example, can be a useful description of important cost and
quality aspects of process situation.

2.1.1Separation Section

Head feed: 150000 kg/hr

Screening
Water

And
(95

%):

142500

kg/hr

De-gritting

Solids
Solids (2.5 %): 3750 kg/hr

3750 kg/hr

Organics (2.5%): 3750 kg/hr

Organics (97%): 3750 kg/hr
Figure 1: Black box diagram for the settling, screening and gritting section

The above black box above shows the separation section that occurs before treatment of
organic and water in the digester. The total feed of domestic waste water used is 3600 tons
per day (150000 kg/hr). This was decided on by comparing to the capacity of other waste
water treating plant. The screening, gritting and settling section of the plant successfully
separates the organic fraction (chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand) of
the domestic waste water. The solid fraction that comprises of metal, plastics, solids and
others will not be processed further. It was decided to recycle the plastics and metals
(arsenic, mercury, lead, etc) compositions. The removal of these materials is crucial to
extend the operational period between digester shut down for maintenance (Arceivala &
Asolekar, 2007). If these materials are not removed by they could cause problems such as
blockage of pipes and pumps and accumulation in the digester. The mass of organic
material to be processed further was found to be 3750 kg/hr whereas the total solids stream
comprised of 3750 kg of material per hour.
Organics (3%): 3750 kg/hr
Water (97%): 142500 kg/hr

2.1.2 Biogas Production Section

Biogas: 43875 kg/hr
C

H4 (65%): 28518.75 kg/hr

14917.50 kg/hr

Sludge

CO2 (34%):

Anaerobic
Digestion

Figure 2: Black box Biogas Production section

In this section organic molecules are converted into a gas rich in methane (biogas). The
anaerobic digester processes 3750 kilograms per hour (kg/hr) of organic material. It was
assumed that about 30% of the incoming stream was converted to biogas, and the rest goes
out as sludge. The total biogas produced was found to be 43875 kg/hr. This biogas is then
fed to the absorption column for removal of a collective mass of 219.38 kg consisting of H 2S
and NH3. The sludge fraction will then be sold to a composting industry.

2.1.3 Biogas Cleaning

Biogas: 43875 kg/hr

CH4 65%

Absorption
Column

H2O
CO2

34%

NaHS
H2S 0.5%
NH3 0.5%

CH 4

Figure 3: Black box for the removal of H2S and NH3 from biogas

The raw biogas contains trace amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) and ammonia (NH3)
resulting from the anaerobic digestion of organic material containing sulphur (Lastella et
al, 2002). These compounds are toxic to plant operators and corrosive to equipment,
therefore biogas is cleaned in an absorption column using NaOH solvent. Biogas is bubbled
in a solution of NaOH which forms sodium sulphide (NaHS). The absorption membranes
work at approx. atmospheric pressure (1 bar) which allows low-cost of construction. And the
temperature in the column ranges from 25-35 oC. It is assumed that ammonia was also
removed since it is present only in small quantities. This procedure is necessary to prevent
fouling and blocking of the reformer unit.

2.1.4 Reforming of Biogas Section

Q = 498 kW

Biogas: 26061 kg/hr

CH4 (65%): 16940.138 kg/hr

Reformer
Unit

CO2 (35%): 9121.61 kg/hr

Syngas: 47119 kg/hr

CO (65.7%):29645 kg/hr
CO2 (20.2 %):9122

kg/hr
H2 (14.1%): 6353 kg/hr

Steam

19057.7kg/hr

Figure 4: Black box diagram for syngas production section

The production of syngas (predominantly CO 2, CO and H2) by steam reforming 26061 kg of

cleaned biogas was found to be 47119 kg/hr. Synthesis of syngas occurs at reaction
conditions with temperatures ranging from 700 0C 900 0C (over a nickel catalyst) and
pressure ranging from 20-40 bars (Ryi et al, 2009). Fired burners supply heat for the
endothermic reaction (Huisman & Lathouder et al, 2009):

CH 4 + H 2 O /700900 C CO+3 H 2

(1)
Reforming reaction is endothermic this means it is heat demanding. The amount of heat
required in the reformer was found to be 498 kW, since 7504 kW, was provided by the
incoming stream already. The feed gases that pass through hundreds of catalyst filled
tubes in the reforming furnace need to be heated and maintained at about 840 oC
(Tomishige & Matsuo et al, 2001). It is at these conditions, and in contact with the
necessary catalyst, that the reaction takes place.

After the steam reforming process, most of this heat is not wasted; it is recovered by use of
heat exchangers that transfer this energy to other parts of the process that require it.
In real situations not all reactants are converted to products, meaning that the conversion
is less than 100%; some of unreacted reactants remain in the product stream. However for
the sake of simplicity of this design 100% conversion was assumed.

2.15 Methanol Production Section

Q = - 15753 kW

Syngas: 45119.4 kg/hr

CO (23.8%): 1058.76 kg/hr
CO2 (46.7%): 9121.61 kg/hr

Methanol
Production

H2 (71.5%): 6352.55 kg/hr

H 2 (1.9%): 873.66 kg/hr

CH3OH (90%): 40514.18 kg/hr
H2O (8%): 3731.57 kg/hr

Figure 5: Black box diagram of methanol production section

An amount of 45119.5 kg of syngas was compressed to 300 bars and used to make up the
synthesis cycle. The operating temperature in reactor is 350 oC (Snchez & Moreda, 2004).
Hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide reacted to form methanol. The reactions are
illustrated below (Snchez. & Moreda, 2004):

CO2 +3 H 2 CH 3 OH +H 2 O

(2)

CO+2 H 2 CH 3 OH
(3)
These reactions are both exothermic. The methanol produced at this stage is in vapor form
and is too hot to become a liquid. Unlike the steam reforming reaction, methanol synthesis
creates heat. The amount of heat given off was 15753 kJ/s.

2.1.6 Dehydration of Methanol Section

Q = - 8575 kW

CH3OH (89.8%):

kg/hr

Dehydration

CH3OH (98%): 40514.18

Of Methanol

40514.18 kg/hr

H2 (2%): 873.66 kg/hr

H2O (8.3%): 3731.57 kg/hr

H2 (1.9%): 873.66 kg/hr
Figure 6: Black box diagram for the removal of water from methanol section

At this stage methanol stream contains 3531.6 kg of H 2O and 873.7 kg of H2. Before being
sent to the DME plant, the methanol is further dehydrated to remove to remove water. The
dehydration of methanol takes place at a low temperature of about 70-80 OC, at atmospheric
pressure. This is just enough to boil off the methanol (bpt. 65 OC) and leave water behind
(bpt. 100OC). Since the incoming stream is at a higher temperature, and then dropped to a
lower temperature, this requires extraction of heat from the process, hence rendering the
operation exothermic, giving off 8575kW of energy. The water extracted from methanol goes

to the reboiler to produce 19057.655 kg/hr of steam, which is used in the steam reformer
unit.

2.1.7 DME Production Section

2.1.7.1 DME Synthesis Reactor
Q = 3850 kW

CH3OH (98%): 40514.18kg/hr

H2 (2%): 873.66 kg/hr

DME
Synthesis
Reactor

H2O (25%): 10255.15 kg/hr

H2 (2.1%):873.66
CH3OCH3 (63%): 4051.42 kg/hr
CH3OH (9.8%): 26207.61 kg/hr

Figure 7: Black box diagram for the DME production

It is possible to directly synthesis DME from syngas. In recent years a number of

processes have been developed, but we have chosen the indirect synthesis method

where methanol is used as feedstock. The synthesis pressure is 1-2 MPaG (Huiseman et
al., 2009). The inlet temperature is 200-250 0C and the outlet 300-350 0C. The conversion of
methanol to DME follows the reaction below.

2CH 3 OH CH 3 OH + H 2 O
The conversion was assumed to be 90%, having methanol and water as the by-products,
which are further removed in the methanol distillation column. The product which is a
mixture of the four components in the product stream: 25% DME, 9.8% CH 3OH, 25% H2O,
and 2.1% H2 is fed to the first distillation column The DME production is an endothermic
reaction, with the reactor having a heat load of 3850 kW. The DME produced amounted to
4051.42 kg/hr. the remaining methanol is separated and then recycled back to the reactor.

2.1.7.2 DME Distillation

Q = 0.186 kW
H2 (100%): 873.66 kg/hr
DME Distillation
CH3OCH3 (100%): 26207.kg/hr

Column

CH3OCH3 (63%): 26208 kg/hr

CH3OH (10%):4051 kg/hr
H2 (2%): 874 kg/hr
H2O (25%): 10255 kg/hr

CH3OH (28.32%): 4021.42 kg/hr

Figure 8: Black box diagram for the distillation column

At this stage a mixture containing 63% DME, 10% methanol, 25% water and 2% hydrogen
is separated in a distillation column. A desired purity of 100% DME is produced and H 2 is
purged off. A stream containing 28.32% methanol and 71.68% water goes to secondary
distillation column in order to achieve a 100% removal of methanol from the water.
2.1.7.3 Methanol Distillation
Q = 316 kW

Methanol
Distillation
CH3OH (72%): 4051.42 kg/hr

Column

CH 3OH (100%): 4051.42

kg/hr
H2O (28%): 10255.15 kg/hr
H2O (100%): 10255.15 kg/hr
Figure 9: Black box diagram for the methanol column

In the secondary distillation was assumed that 100% removal of methanol from water is
separated from the DME. And methanol then enters the methanol distillation column
where it is dehydrated to remove the water before being recycled. This process is
endothermic, with a heat load of 316kW.
Q = 3825 kW

2.1.7.4 Heat Exchanger 1

CH3OH (98%): 40514.18 kg/hr

CH3OH (97.9%): 40514.18 kg/hr

H2 (2%): 873.66 kg/hr

H 2 (2.1%): 873.66 kg/hr

Heat Exchanger
Unit 1

Figure 10: Black box diagram for the heat exchanger 1

The amount of energy entering with the stream mixture of 98% CH 3OH and 2% H2 into the
heat exchanger is 3.27E+09 J/hr and the same stream leaves at 1.70E+10 J/hr. Therefore,
the amount of energy needed to heat up the exchanger unit is the difference between the
both streams energies which gives 1.38E+10 J/hr (3825 kW).

2.1.7.5 Heat Exchanger 2

Q = - 7381 kW

Heat Exchanger
CH3OCH3 (63%): kg/hr

Unit 2

CH3O CH3 (63.3%): 26207.61 kg/hr

CH3OH (10%): 4051.42 kg/hr

CH3OH (9.78%): 4051.42 kg/hr

H2O (25%): 10255.15 kg/hr

H2O (24.78%): 10255.15 kg/hr

Figure 11: Black box diagram for the heat exchanger 2

The amount of energy entering with the stream mixture of 63% CH 3OCH3, 2% H2, 25% H2O
and 10% CH3OH into the heat exchanger is 2.698E+10 J/hr and it leaves at 4.05E+08J/hr.
Therefore, the amount of energy given off by the exchanger unit is 4.05E+08 J/hr (7381 kW).

3. Block Flow and Process Flow Diagrams of the Process

Figure 12: Block flow diagram for the methanol production

Figure 13: Block flow diagram for the DME production

Figure 14: PFD of the proposed design for the production of DME

Figure 15: PFD for the DME Plant

4. Utilities and Energy Consumption

Table 1: Summary of the amount of energy required and given off in each section

Unit Section

Q (kJ/hr)

Reformer

P (kW)
1792760

498

Methanol Reactor

-56709951

-15753

Dehydration column

-30871739

-8575

13859587

3850

670

0.186

1136648

316

Heat Exchanger 1

13769129

3825

Heat Exchanger 2

-26569862

-7381

net heat load

-83592758

-23220

DME Synthesis Reactor

Distillation Column
Methanol Distillation column

The table above shows the summary of the head loads from the major units within the
plant. From the table, it can be seen that the methanol reactor gives off the most energy
compared to all other exothermic operations. Methanol synthesis reactor seems to be the
one that required more energy compared to other units. This is purely due to the fact that
the reactions that take place are highly endothermic. The net head load is negative,
showing that the plant gives of energy as a whole. This means that streams can be crossed
in such a way that energy can be used within the plant and hence reduce energy cost.
Here, heating utilities include several levels of steam, while cooling utilities include cooling
water. About 40% of the biogas produced from the anaerobic digester is used as source of
fuel in the reboiler to produce
providing about 7504 kW of energy.

19057 kg/hr of steam required in the reformer unit;

5. Conclusion
Based on the material and energy balance performed in the preceding sections, the
following conclusions were drawn:
The total amount of wastewater to be treated amounted to 150000 kg/hr (3600
tons/day).
The amount of DME to be produced was found to be 26207.61 kg/hr (629 tons/day),
therefore the proposed design effectively produces DME at a profitable amount.
The amount of steam (utility) required if the reformer was found to be 19057 kg/hr
(457 tons/day), with an amount of 7504 kW used up in the reformer.
The plant had a net heat load of about 23220 kW, which can be used within the plant
to as a means of heating up other streams to cut down the energy consumption costs.

6. References
1. Arceivala, S. & Asolekar, S.R., 2007. Wastewater Treatment for Pollution Control and
Reuse, 3rd ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited: New Delhi.
2. Butler. & Michael, R. 2011. Introduction to wastewater treatment. London: David
Butler and Ventus Publishing Aps.
3. Henze, M., Jansen, J., Arvin, E. 1995. Wastewater Treatment: Biological and
Chemical Processes. 3rd Ed. New York: Springer
4. Huertas, J.I., Giraldo, N., & Izquierdo, S. 2000. Removal of H2S and CO2 from
Biogas by Amine Absorption. Automotive Engineering Research Center- CIMA of
Technolico de Monterrey: Mexico
5. Huisman, G.H., Lathouder, H. de, and Cornelissen, R.L., 2009. Clean Hydrogen-rich
Synthesis Gas, Synthesis System Study.
6. Imhoff, K. & Fair, G. M., 1956. Sewage Treatment, 2 nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc:
Sydney.
7. Jorgensen, P. 2009. BIOGAS- Gron Energi. International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy
8. Lastella, G. C., Testa, G., Voltasio, F. 2002. Anaerobic digestion of semi-solid organic
waste: Biogas production and its purification. Energy Conversion and Management
9. Lee, F. B. (2001). A Comparative Study of Fuels for On-Board Hydrogen Production
for Fuel-Cell-Powered Automobiles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.

10. Noronha F. B. 2007. Natural Gas Conversion VIII: Proceedings of the 8th Natural
Gas Conversion
11. Nykova N., Muller T. G., Gyllenberg M., Timmer J. (2002). Quantitative Analyses of
Anaerobic
12. Ohno, Y., Yoshida, M., Shikada, T., Inokoshi, O., Ogawa, T., Inoue, N. 2006. New
Direct Synthesis Technology for DME (Dimethyl Ether) and Its Application
Technology. JFE Technical Report
13. Ryi, S.K., Park, J.S., Kim, D.K., Kim, T.H., Kim, S.H. 2009. Methane Steam
Reforming with a Novel Catalytic Nickel Membrane for Effective Hydrogen
Production. Journal of Membrane Science.
14. Snchez, E. A. & Moreda, F. 2004. Anaerobic Processes: Methanol Production From
Biogas. Available from: http://www.iqtma.uva.es/EnvTech/ [Accessed 25 April 2013].
15. Sinnott, R. K. 1999. Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering: Chemical
Engineering Design. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann
16. Tomishige, K., Matsuo, Y., Sekine, Y., Fujimoto, K. 2001. Effective Methane
Reforming with CO2 and O2 under pressurized condition using NiO-MgO and
Fluidized Bed Reactor. Catalysis Communications.
17. Vage, A., Rippel-Petho, D., Horvath, G., Toth, I., Olah, K. 2011. Removal of Hydrogen
Sulphide from Natural Gas, A motor Vehicle Fuel. Vol 39. Hungary: Hungarian
Journal of Industrial Chemistry Veszprem
18. Perry, H. R. 2008. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. 8th Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill

7. Appendix
Table 1: material and energy balances in the separation section

Table 2: Material and energy balances in the anaerobic digester

Table 3: Material and energy balances in the reformer unit

Table 4: Material and energy balances in the methanol reactor

Table 5: Material and energy balances for the dehydrator

Table 6: Material and energy balances for the DME synthesis reactor

Table 7: Material and energy balances on the DME distillation column

Table 8: Material and energy balances on the methanol distillation column

Table 9: Material and energy balances on heat exchanger 2

Table 10: Material and energy balances on heat exchanger 2

Table 11: Summary of the amount of energy required and given off in each section
Unit Section
Reformer

Q (kJ/hr)

P (kW)
1792760

498

Methanol Reactor

-56709951

-15753

Dehydration column
DME Synthesis
Reactor

-30871739

-8575

13859587

3850

Distillation Column
Methanol Distillation
column

670

0.186

1136648

316

Heat Exchanger 1

13769129

3825

Heat Exchanger 2

-26569862

-7381

Table 12: Specific heat capacities at different temperatures and molecular weights of each component
(Perry, 2008)

Table 13: Group members contribution

Group Members

Participation of each member

Resetselitsoe Sekhonyana

Sekhonyana has greatly contributed in

the calculations of the material and
energy balance, coming up with the
calculation spread sheet, introduction,
abstract and conclusion and re- editing
of the report.

Samya Elias

Samya has greatly contributed with

the structuring of the report,
discussions and interpreting of results,
researched, writing up and re-editing
the report, helping with the
calculations of the material and energy
balance, cimng up with the black boxes
and coming up the declaration.

Mutanis Nellago Lamperth

Nellago has greatly contributed with

the structuring of the report,
discussions and interpreting of results,
researched, writing up and re-editing
the report, helping with the
calculations of the material and energy
balance, coming up with the black
boxes, the overall black boxes and

coming up the group members

participation page.
Folomo Kibwana

Folomo has greatly helped with the

calculations of the material and energy
balance, drawing up the DME plant,
and editing of the report.

Group Members
1. Sekhonyana Retselisitsoe

2. Samya Elias

..

3. Mutanis Nellago Lamperth

..

4. Folomo Kibwana

..