Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Hadulla, CE
PLUMBING
Plumbing
(derived from Latin word plumbarium / plumbum means lead)
The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in
buildings for bringing in supply, liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing
them; and such water, liquid and other carried-wastes hazardous to health, sanitation,
life, property; also the pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the plumbing system.
Historical
During the heights of Greco-Roman civilization, the Romans are fascinated of
bathing daily. They are sanitary conscious that is why they introduced construction of
underground holes for sewage disposal. The need for water, they developed the aqueduct
which supply water.
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
MATERIALS:
1. Pipes
2. Valves and Fittings
3. Fixtures
4. Accessories
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIPES:
1. Galvanized Iron (G.I.) or Steel Pipes made out of a Mild Steel drawn
through a die and welded cast into 6.00 meters long.
2. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe (two types : Rigid Type and Flexible Type)
Rigid Type: 3.00 meters in length
a. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
b. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC) - used for hot water
c. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
d. Polypropylene (PP) - use for hot water
e. Acrylonitrile Butadine Styrone (ABS)
f. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
Flexible Type:
a. Polyethylene (PE) - 30 meters long in coil form
b. Polkybutylene (PB) - 150 meters long in coil form
3. Cast Iron Pipe - one of the more popular materials used for plumbing.
Available in four (4) varieties: the standard pipe (with bell and spigot), the
double hub, the single hub, and the hubless pipe
Two Types:
a. SV - for building installations
b. XV - for underground installations this is extra heavy.
4. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe - made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon,
commonly installed in chemical laboratories.
5. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe - cheapest and lightweight, recommended for
house sewer and septic tank installation. It could take slight soil movement.
6. Vitirfied Clay Pipe - made form clay and with a length of 0.75 meter treated
with glazed compound, recommended either as public or house sewer or storm
drain. This pipe is brittle.
7. Lead Pipe - one of the oldest plumbing materials, and is highly resistant and
is very suitable to underground installation. Never use this pipe for human
consumption because it is poisonous.
8. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe
resistant to acid waste.
9. Brass Pipe - The most expensive pipe, made of alloy of zinc and copper.
This pipe is a superior material for waste and water installation because of its
smooth surface and high resistance to acids.
10. Copper Pipes - a durable material which is extremely corrosive resistant-easy
to install.
Types:
a. K - heaviest for underground installations
b. L - lighter than type K, comes in flexible and rigid type
c. M - thinner and available only in rigid form
Color Code for Pipes:
Potable water
Sewage
Industrial system
Stand pipe
Hot water
Electrical
Communication cable
blue
orange brown
gray
red
white
orange or light gray
yellow
Gate Valve - a valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a
circular disk. This valve is used when a normal fully open or closed position is
required. Either end may be used as an inlet.
2.
Globe Valve - used when it is desired to throttle the water supply. Same
end must always be used as inlet.
3.
Check Valve - a valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of water
in a reverse direction.
Kinds of check valve:
a. Swing check valve
pressure.
Angle Valve - changes the direction of the flow of water as well as control
it. Act somewhat like glove valve but are usually used for a right angle turn.
5.
Ball Cock - a faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating on
the surface of water; a float valve with a spherical float.
6.
7.
d. automatic (one-touch) faucet e. hose bibb - similar to compression cock but has a screw for connection
of water hose.
Type of Joints and Connections:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Caulked Joints
Threaded Joints
Compression Joints
Soldered or Welded Joints
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Flared Joints
Fusion Joints
Flanged
Solvent Cement Joints
Elastomeric Gasketed and Rubber-ring Joints
Coupling - a pipe fitting with inside thread for connecting two pipes; method of
pipe connection; a hort internally threaded section of a pipe, used to join two pipes or
conduit.
Sleeve
a pipe coupling
a pipe fitting used to connect the ends of two pipes, neither of which
Bushing
- a pipe fitting for connecting a pipe with a female fitting of a larger
size. It is hollow plug with internal and external threads.
Adapter fitting - any of various fittings designed to mate or fit to each other, two
pipes or fittings which are different in designed, when connecting the two
together would otherwise not be possible.
Service ell, or Street ell - a malleable iron fitting for threaded pipe having 45 or
90 degree bend, with inside thread on one end and outside thread on the other.
Reducer - are fittings used to connect pipes of different sizes in the same line;
a pipe coupling with inside threads, having one end with smaller diameter than the
other.
Increaser
Trap
a fitting or device so designed and constructed as to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air without
materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it.
Tee - T-shaped fitting with two outlets, one at 90 to the connection to the main
line; Fitting should never be used with pipes carrying sewage but may be used with
vent pipes; change in drainage horizontal direction.
Elbow
90
1/5
72
1/8
45
1/16
22.5
b. reverse trap
e. direct flush valve
c. siphon jet
f.. squat bowl
3. Urinal
a. pedestal
b. stall
c. wall hung
4. Lavatory
a. wall hung
b. pedestal
c. two piece
5. Sink
a. kitchen sink
b. pantry sink
c. scullery sink
d. slop sink
e. laundry sink
2. Bidet
6. Bathtub
a. sitz bath
b. foot bath,
7. Shower
a. single stall
b. gang shower
9. Laboratory
Fixtures serve by indirect waste are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Soda fountain
Bar wastes
Refrigerator
Drinking Fountain
ACCESSORIES:
1. Soap holder
2. Roll paper holder or tissue paper holder
3. Shower curtain rod
4. Strainers
5. Medicine cabinet, etc.
Tanks
Types:
1. Suction tank
2. Overhead tank
3. Pneumatic tank
a semi-liquid mass that settles down the bottom of the tank (nonsoluble material).
3. Water content of the tank must be at least 1.20 meter deep for satisfactory results.
2. Grey water
3. Black water
- water plus human waste solid and liquid, urine, that is flushed out
of toilets and urinals.
Drain
a pipe, which carries ground and surface waters, storm water or
wastewater into a building drainage system.
Area drain
open area.
Catch basin - a receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period
of time to allow settleable material to deposit.
Roof leader
known as conductor or downspout. It connects the roof
terminal to the storm drain.
Downspout
4. Storm drain
- receives the discharges of all storm, clear water or
surface water waste except sanitary wastes. Terminates into lakes, rivers, dry
runs or natural basins.
Sewer
a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and wastewater
(conveys sewage).
Sewage
House sewer (Building sewer) - is that part of a plumbing system extending from
the house drain at a point 0.60 meter from the outside face of the foundation wall
of a building to the junction with the street sewer or to any point of discharge,
and conveying the drainage of one building site.
House storm sewer drainage system.
Waste pipe - is a pipe which receives the discharge of any fixture except water
closet and conveys the same to the soil pipe, soil branch or house drain.
Two types of waste pipe:
1. Direct waste - is one with the terminal directly connected to the plumbing
system.
2. Indirect waste - is one with a terminal not directly connected to plumbing
system.
Soil pipe - any pipe which receives and conveys the drainage of water closet, with
or without the discharges from other fixtures to the house drain.
Vent pipe - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing
system and for relieving the negative pressure exerted on a trap seal.
Vent System - pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a drainage system or
to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from
siphonage and backpressure.
Different type of Vents:
1. Main soil or waste vent - is that portion of the soil pipe stack above the
highest fixture branch extended through the roof.
2. Main vent - the principal artery of the venting system to which vent
branches are connected.
3. Individual vent (Back vent pipe) - is a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap
and which connects with the vent system above the fixture served or
terminates in the open air.
4.
Back vent pipe - the part of a vent line, which connects directly with an
individual trap underneath or behind the fixture and extends to the branch or
main vent pipe at any point higher than the fixture or fixture raps it serves.
This is sometimes called an individual vent.
used for back to back fixtures (same also to unit and dual
a horizontal vent connecting one or more individual back
8. Group vent
traps.
9.
a branch vent that performs its functions for two (2) or more
10. Relief vent - a vent the primary function of which is to provide circulation
of air between drainage and vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a
specially designed system such as yoke vent connection between the soil
and the vent stacks (used if there are more than 10 fixtures).
11. Continuous vent - is a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain to
which the vent connects (or vstr).
12. Wet vent (term for secondary branch) - is that portion of a vent pipe through
which liquid waste flow.
13. Dry vent
14. Stack vent (wet) - the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest
horizontal drain connected to the stack. The uppermost end above the roof is
called stack vent through roof (SVTR).
15. Vent stack (dry)
- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for providing
circulation of air to and from any part of the soil, waste of the drainage system
Trap
Trap Seal - the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will retain, measured
between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap.
Trap Seal loss is a problem and difficulty experienced in a drainage system.
Primarily due to inadequate ventilation of the trap wherein atmospheric pressure
affect the installation.
Trap seal may be lost under the following ways:
1. Siphonage - a suction created by the flow of liquids in pipes. The result
of minus pressure in the drainage system.
2. Back pressure
- air pressure in drainage pipes greater than atmospheric
pressure. Caused by plus pressure which blows the water out of the fixture.
3. Evaporation - happen only on floor drain not regularly use.
4. Capillary
the action by which the surface of a liquid, where it is in
contact with solid, is elevated or depressed depending upon the relative
attraction of the molecules of the liquid for each other and for those of the
solid.
ALTER OR
ALTERATION
APPROVED
AUTHORITY
BACKFLOW
- The flow of water into a water supply system from source other than its
regular source. Back siphonage is one type of backflow.
BAK PRESSURE
- the part of a vent line which connects directly with an individual trap
underneath or behind the fixture and extends to the branch or main, soil,
or waste pipe at any point higher than the fixture or fixture trap it
serves. This is sometimes called an individual vent.
BALL COCK
BALL JOINT
BATTERY OF
FIXTURES
BELL OR HUB
BENDING PIN
(OR IRON)
BIBB
BIDET
- A plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body,
specially the genitals. Also a sitz-bath (Used to wash posterior parts of
the body).
BLANK FLANGE
BLIND FLANGE
- A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the
passage of water. (Used for black iron pipes).
BLOW OFF
BRANCH
- A branch is any part of a piping system other than the main, riser or
stack.
MWSS / DPWH
BRANCH
INTERVAL
BRANCH VENT
10
BUILDING
BUILDING DRAIN
CAULKING
CAP
- A fitting into which the end of a pipe is screwed for the purpose of
closing the end of the pipe.
CATCH BASIN
CESSPOOL
CHECK VALVE
CIRCUIT VENT
COMMON VENT
CONDUCTOR, }
LEADER OR, }
DOWNSPOUT }
CONTINUOUS
VENT
CORPORATION
COCK
COURT
CROSS
CONNECTION
- Any physical connection or arrangement of pipes between two otherwise separate building water-supply pipes or a system through which or
by means of which water supply may flow from one system to the
other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure differential
between the two systems.
DEAD END
DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH
DIAMETER
- The length along the center line of the pipe and the fittings.
- Diameter of a pipe or tube shall mean the nominal internal diameter
(I.D.) of such pipe; except brass and copper tubing wherein the term
shall mean the outside diameter (O.D.) of tubing.
DOMESTIC
SEWAGE
DOUBLE-BEND
FITTING
DOUBLE OFFSET
DOWNSPOUT
DRAIN
DRAINAGE
- The drainage pipes of a plumbing system take the water from the
11
SYSTEM
plumbing fixtures and deliver it to the sewer or some other outlet. The
drainage pipes must be gas-light, and water-light. The passage of air,
odors or vitamin from the sewer into the building must be prevented.
DRY VENT
DUAL VENT
EXISTING WORK
FAMILY
- Family is one person living alone or a group of two (2) or more persons
living together, whether related to each other by birth or not.
FAUCET
FERRULE
FIXTURE
FIXTURE BRANCH - The supply pipe between the fixture and the water distributing pipe.
FIXTURE DRAIN
- The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any
other drain pipe.
FIXTURE UNIT
- One fixture unit is equivalent to a flow rate of one (1) cubic foot of
water per minute or seven and a half (71/2) gallons of water per
minute.
FLASHING
- A piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat metal or wood
over which water is expected to run.
FLOOD LEVEL
FLOOR AREA
FLUSH VALVE
- A valve used for flushing a fixture by using water directly from the
water supply pipes or in connection with a special flush tank.
GATE VALVE - A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular
disk, fitting against machine-smoothed faces, at right angles to the
direction of flow. The disk is raised or lowered by means of a threaded
stem connected to the handle of the valve. The opening in the valve is
usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.
GLOBE VALVE
- A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disk
that fits against the valve seat. The plane of movement of the disk is
parallel to the normal direction of flow of water, which is turned
through a tortuous passage to direct the flow normal to the face of the
disk.
GOOSE NECK
GRADE
GROUND WATER
GROUP VENT
- A branch vent that performs its function for two (2) or more traps.
HEIGHT OF
BUILDING
- The vertical distance from the Grade Line to the highest point of the
coping of a flat roof or to the deck line of a mansard roof or to the
average height of the highest gab le of a pitch or hip-roof.
12
HORIZONTAL
BRANCH
HOUSE DRAIN
- The house drain is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing
system which receives the discharge from soil, waste, and other
drainage pipes inside of a buildings conveys it to the house sewer.
HOUSE STORM
SEWER
- A house storm sewer is the pipeline from the building to the public
storm sewer system.
INDIRECT WASTE
PIPE
- A waste pipe that does not connect directly with the building drainage
system but discharges into is through a properly trapped fixture or
receptacle.
- Industrial waste are liquid waste resulting from the processes employed
in industrial establishments and are free from fecal matter.
INSANITARY
INTERCEPTOR
INVERT
- The lowest portion of the inside of any pipe conduit that is not vertical.
LATERAL
LATRINE
LAVATORY
LEACHING
CESSPOOL
LEADER
- See conductor.
LENGTH OF PIPE
LOCAL VENT- A pipe or shaft serving to convey foul air from a plumbing
fixture or a room to the outer air.
LOOP OR CIRCUIT - A continuation of a horizontal soil or waste pipe beyond the connection
VENT
at which liquid wastes from a fixture or fixtures enter the waste or soil
pipe. The extension is usually vertical immediately beyond its
connection to the soil or waste pipe. The base of the vertical portion of
the vent may be connected to the horizontal portion of the soil or waste
stack between fixtures connected thereto.
MAIN
MAIN VENT
MANHOLE
MASTER
PLUMBER
OAKUM
OCCUPANCY
PERSON
13
PITCH
- See grade.
PLUMBING
- The art and technique of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures, and
other apparatuses for bringing in the water supply, liquids, substances
or ingredients and removing them and such water, liquid, and other
carried-wastes affecting health and sanitation and hazardous to life and
property; also the pipes and fixtures after they have been installed, i.e.
the plumbing system.
PLUMBING
FIXTURE
PLUMBING
SYSTEM
PLUMBING
OFFICIAL
POTABLE WATER
PRIMARY BRANCH - A primary branch of the building drain is the single sloping drain from
the base of a stack to its junction with the main building drain or with
another branch thereof.
PRIVATE OR
PRIVATE USE
PRIVATE SEWER
PRIVY
PRIVY VAULT
PUBLIC OR
PUBLIC USE
PUBLIC SEWER
RELIEF VENT
REPAIR
RETURN BEND
- An open return bend, usually with inside threads, but applied also to a
one hundred eighty (180 degree) bend in a pipe.
REVENT PIPE
RISER
- A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full story or more too
convey water to branches or fixtures.
ROUGHING-IN
- The installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in partitins
14
and under floors. It includes the plumbing work done before the setting
of the fixtures, or finishing.
SANITARY
SEWAGE
SANITARY SEWER - A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial
waste and without the admixture of surface water, storm water, or
drainage.
SEAL
SECONDARY
BRANCH
- The vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a trap.
Also, the water in the trap between the dip and the crown weir.
- And branch in a building drain other than the primary branch.
SEPTIC TANK
SERVICE PIPE
- The pipe from the water main or source of water supply to the building
served.
SEWAGE
SEWER
SEWERAGE, OR
SEWAGE WORK
SHAFT
CONNECTION
- A wye connection used on fire lines so that two lines of hose may be
connected to hydrant or to the same nozzle.
SIPHONAGE.
SOIL PIPE
- A soil pipe is any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets,
urinals, or fixtures having similar functions. Also, a cast-iron pipe, with
bell and spigot ends, used in plumbing to convey fecal matter or liquid
wastes.
SPIGOT
- The end of a pipe, which fits into a bell. Also a word used
synonymously with faucet.
STACK
- A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.
STACK VENT
- A stack vent is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest
horizontal drain connected to the stack.
STANDPIPE
- A vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water, frequently under
pressure.
STORM WATER
STORY
SUBSOIL DRAIN
- Subsoil drains are underground drain pipes that receives only sub-
15
- A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
SUPPORTS
SURFACE WATER
SWIMMING POOL
TAPED TEE
TRAP
TRAP SEAL
- See seal.
UNIT VENT
VACUUM
VENT
WET VENT
- Wet vent is that portion of a vent pipe through which liquid waste flow.
WASTE PIPE
- A waste pipe is a pipe, which conveys only liquid waste, free of fecal
matter.
YARD
16
-The Primary Brach of a building drain is the single sloping drain from
the base of a stack up to its junction with the main building drain or
with other branches. The primary branch is also called a Lateral.
-That horizontal run of pipe emanating from a fixture or group of
fixtures up to its junction with the primary branch.
-That t horizontal run of pipe, which receives the distance from fixture
and convey the same to the stack.
6. BRANCH INTERVAL
-That length of pipe of a stack no less than eight feet which receives
the discharge from the horizontal branch.
7. SOILSTACK
-The vertical run of pipe, which receives discharge from fixture without
fecal matter.
8. WASTE STACK
9. LATERAL
-The drain from the trap of the fixture to the junction of the fixture to
the drain of the pipe. ( See definition of terms).
17