Ce2306 Design of RC Elements V Semester e

CE2306 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS V
SEMESTER E-LEARNING MATERIAL
NPR
Ciroup of Isiiiistiofti
Reach the Star
BY
S.THAHIRA BANU.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY
CE2306 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS

T
C
3104
OBJECTIVE
This course covers the different types of philosophies
related to Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures with
emphasis on Limit State Method. The design of Basic
elements such as slab, beam, column and footing which
form part of any structural system with reference to Indian
standard code of practice for Reinforced Concrete Structures
and Design Aids are included. At the end of course the
student shall be in a position to design the basic elements of
reinforced concrete structures.
UNIT I
STRUCTURES
METHODS
OF
DESIGN
OF
CONCRETE
Concept of Elastic Method, Ultimate load method and limit state method Advantages of Limit state Method over other methods - Design codes and
specification - Limit State philosophy as detailed in IS code - Design of
flexural members and slabs by working stress - method - Principles of Design
of Liquid retaining structures - Properties of uncracked section - Calculation of
thickness and reinforcement for Liquid retaining structures.
UNIT II LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
Analysis and design of one way and two way rectangular slab subjected
to uniformly distributed load for various boundary conditions and corner
effects - Analysis and design of singly and doubly reinforced rectangular
and flanged beams.
UNIT III LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE SHEAR &
TORSION
Behaviour of RC members in bond and Anchorage - Design requirements as
per current code - Behaviour of RC beams in shear and torsion - Design of RC
members for combined bending shear and torsion.
UNIT IV LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Types of columns - Braced and unbraced columns - Design of short
column for axial, unaxial and biaxial bending - Design of long columns.
UNIT V
DETAILING
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
OF FOOTING AND
Design of wall footing - Design of axially and eccentricity loaded rectangular

footing - Design of combined rectangular footing for two column only Special requirements of detailing with reference to erection process.
TEXT BOOKS
1.
Varghese P.C., Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete,

Prentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
2.
Krishna Raju., Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CBS

Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi
REFERENCES
1.
2.
Jain, A.K., Limit State Design of RC Structures , Nemchand

Publications, Rourkee
Sinha, S.N., Reinforced Concrete Design , Tata Mc Graw - Hill

Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi
Total: 60
3.
Unikrishna Pillai, S., Devadas Menon Reinforced Concrete Design

, Tata MC Graw - Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

UNIT I WORKING STRESS METHOD DESIGN GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING STRESS DESIGN

(a) General features
During the early part of 20th century, elastic theory of reinforced concrete sections outlined in chapter 2 was developed
which formed the basis of the working stress or permissible stress method of design of reinforced concrete members.
In this method, the working or permissible stress in concrete and steel are obtained applying appropriate partial safety
factors to the characteristics strength of the materials. The permissible stresses in concrete and steel are well within the
linear elastic range of the materials.
The design based on the working stress method although ensures safety of the structures at working or services loads,
it does not provide a realistic estimate of the ultimate or collapse load of the structure in contrast to the limit state
method of design. The working stress method of design results in comparatively larger and conservative sections of the
structural elements with higher quantities of steel reinforcement which results in conservative and costly design.
Structural engineers have used this method extensively during the 20th century and presently the method is
incorporated as an alternative to the limit state method in Annexure - B of the recently revised Indian Standard Code
Is : 456 - 2000 for specific applications.
The permissible stresses in concrete under service loads for the various stress states of compressive, flexure and
bond is compiled in Table 2.1 (Table 21 of IS ; 456 - 2000)
The permissible stress in different types of steel reinforcement is shown in table 2.2 (Table 22 of IS 456 - 2000)
The permissible shear stress for various grades of concrete in beams is shown in Table 12.1 (Table 23 of IS: 456 2000)
The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different grades is shown in Table 12.2 Table 12.2 (Table
24 of IS: 456 - 2000)
In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, the permissible shear stress in concrete is obtained by multiplying the values
given in Table 2.1 by factor k whose values depend upon the thickness of slab as shown in Table 12.3 (Section
40.2.1.1. of IS; 456 - 2000)
Table 12.1Permissible Shear Stresses in Concrete (tC N/mm2) (Table 23 of IS:456 - 2000)
100 As / bd
Permissible shear stresses in concrete tc
N/mm2
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 &
< 0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00 & above
0.18
0.22
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.18
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.60
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
ABOVE
0.20
0.23
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.63
Note: As is that area of longitudinal tension reinforcement which continues at least one effective depth beyond the section
being considered except at supports where the full area of tension reinforcement may be used provided the detailing
conforms to 26.2.3.
Table 12.2 Maximum Shear Stress (tc, max N/mm2) (Table 24 of IS: 456 - 2000)
Concrete grade
M - 15
M - 25
M - 30
M - 35
M - 40 & above
(Tc max N/mm2) 1.6
1.9
2.3
2.5
1.8
The maximum shear stress permissible in concrete for different grades is shown in Table 12.2 (Table 24 of IS 456 - 2000)
In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, the permissible shear stress in concrete is obtained by multiplying the3 values in
Table 2.1 by a factor k whose values depend upon the thickness of slab as shown in Table 12.3 (Section 40.2.1.1. of IS
456 - 2000)
(b) General design procedure
In the working stress design, the cross - sectional dimensions are assumed based on the basic span / depth ratios
outlined in Chapter 5 (Table 5.1 and 5.2) (Section 23.2.1. of IS: 456 - 2000)
The working load moments and shear forces are evaluated at critical sections and the required effective depth is checked by
using the relation:
d = V M / Q.b
Where d = effective depth of section M =
working load moment b = width of
section
Q = a constant depending upon the working stresses in concrete and steel, neutral axis depth factor (k) and
lever arm coefficient (f).
For different grades of concrete and steel the value of constant Q is compiled in Table 2.3. The depth provided should be
equal to or greater than the depth computed by the relation and the area of reinforcement required in the section to resist the
moment M is computed using the relation:
Ast =_(__________M )
Ost . j. d
The number of steel bars required is selected with due regard to the spacing of bars and cover requirements.
After complying with flexure, the section is generally checked for resistance against shear forces by calculating the
nominal shear stress TC given by Tv = (V / bd)
Where V = Working shear force at critical section.

The permissible shear stress in concrete (TC) depends upon the percentage reinforcements in the cross - section and grade of
concrete as shown in Table 12.1
If Tc < Tv suitable shear reinforcements are designed in beams at a spacing sv given by the relation;
Sv = [ 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus]
Where sv = spacing of stirrups
Asv = cross - sectional area of stirrups legs
fy = Characteristics strength of stirrup reinforcement
d = effective depth
Vs = [ V - Tc .b .d]
If Tv < Tc, nominal shear reinforcements are provided in beams are provided in beams at a spacing given by
Sv [ 0.87 fy Ast / 0.4 b]
In case of slabs, the permissible shear stress if k is a constant depending upon the thickness of the slab. Also in the case of
slabs the nominal shear stress (TV) should not exceed half the value of TC max shown in Table 12.2. In such cases the thickness of
the slab is increased and the slab is redesigned.
In the case of compression members, the axial load permissible on a short column reinforced with longitudinal bars and
lateral ties is given by
P _ (o
cc Ac + Osc Asc)
Where scc = permissible stress in concrete in direct compression (Refer Table 2.1)
Ac = cross - sectional area of concrete excluding the area of reinforcements.
Ssc = permissible compressive stress in reinforcement Asc = cross - sectional area of longitudinal
steel bars.
DESIGN OF SLABS
1. Design example of one way slab
1. Data
Clear span = 2.5m
Slab supported on load bearing brick walls 230mm thick
Loading: Residential floor, 2 kN/m2
Materials: M-20 grade concrete Fe - 415 HYSD
bars
2.
Allowable Stresses
ocbc = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
ost = 230 N/mm2

3.
f = 0.90
Depth of slab
Assuming 0.4 per cent of reinforcement in the slab, the value of Kt (Figure) Using Fe 415 HYSD
bars, is around 1.25
Hence (L/d) = (L/d)basic x Kt x Kc
= (20 x 1.25 x 1)
= 25
d = (2500 / 25) = 100mm Adopt d = 100mm and overall depth =
130mm
4.
Effective span
Effective span is the least of:
(a) Centre to centre of support = (2.5 + 0.23) = 2.73m

(b) Clear span + effective depth = (2.5 + 0.10) = 2.60m
Effective span = L = 2.60m
5.
Loads
= 3.25kN/m2
Self weight of slab = (0.13 x 25)

Live load on floor
2.00kN/m2
Floor finishes
0.75kN/m2
Total load = w
6.00kN/m2
Considering 1 m width of the slab, the uniformly distributed load is 6 kN/m on an effective span of 2.60m.
6.
Bending moments and shear forces

M = (0.125 w L2) = (0.125 X 6 X 2.62) = 5.07KN.m V = (0.5 w L) = ( 0.5 X 6 X 2.6) = 7.80Kn
7.
Effective depth
d = V M/ Qb = V 5.07 x 106 / 0.91 x 103 = 75mm Effective depth adopted d = 100mm, hence safe.
8.
Main reinforcement
Ast = ( M / ost . j .d) = (5.07 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 100) = 245mm2 Minimum reinforcement = (0.0012 x 1000) =
156mm2 < 245mm2 Spacing of 10mm diameter bars is given by S = (1000 ast / Ast) = (1000 x 79 / 245) =
322mm Provide 10mm diameter bars 300mm centers (Ast = 262mm )
9.
Distribution reinforcement
Ast = (0.0012 x 1000 x 130) = 156mm2
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 300mm centers (Ast = 167mm )
10. Check for shear stress

Tc = (V / bd) = (7.80 x103 / 203 x 100) = 0.078 N/mm2
Assuming 50 percent of reinforcement to be bent up near supports, we have:
(100 Ast / bd) = (100 x 0.5 x 262 / 1000 x 100) = 0.131
From Table 23 (IS: 456 - 2000), interpolating permissible shear stress for solid slabs is: (k . t c ) = (1.30 x 0.18) = 0.234
N/mm2 > Tv.
Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.
11. Check for deflection control
Percentage reinforcement = p1 = (100 x 262 / 1000 x 100) = 0.262 For pt = 0.262, Kt = 1.6 (Figure 4 of IS;
456 - 2000)
(L/d)max = (20 x 1.6) = 32
(L/d)provided = (2600 / 100) = 26 < 32, hence safe.
2. Design example of two way slab for residential floor using the following data:
1.
Data
Size of floor 4 m by 5 m, simply supported on all the sides on load bearing walls 230mm thick without any provision
for torsion at corners. Adopt M- 20 grade concrete and Fe - 415 HYSD.
2.
Permissible Stresses
ocbc = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
ost = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
3.
Type of slab
Simply supported on all sides without any provision for torsion at corners.
Lx = 4 m
Ratio (LY / Lx) = 1.25
Ly = 5 m
4.
Depth of the slab

From span / depth considerations:
Overall depth = D = (short span / 28) = (4000 / 28) = 143mm Adopt overall depth = D = 150mm Effective depth = d =
(150 - 30) = 120mm
5.
Effective Span
Effective span is the least of the following:
(a) Centre to center of supports = (4 + 0.23) = 4.23 m
(b) Clear span + effective depth = ( 4 + 0.12) = 4.12m
Effective span = Lxe = 4.12m
6.
Loads
Self weight of slab = (0.15 x 25) = 3.75 kn/m2 Live load on floor
Floor finishes
= 0.60
2.00
Total services load = w

= 6.35 kN/m2 7.
Bending Moments
Refer Table 7.1 and read out the moment coefficients for the ratio (Ly / Lx) = 1.25 ax = 0.089, ay = 0.057
Mx = (ax w Lxc2) = (0.089 x 6.35 x 4.122) = 9.60kN.m My= (ayw Lxc2) =
(0.057 x 6.35 x 4.122) = 6.14kN.m
8.
Check for depth Effective

depth
D = Vm / Q b = V9.60 x 106 / 0.91 x 103 = 102.7mm Effective depth for

shorter span = 120mm Effective depth for long span = (120 - 10) = 110mm
(Using 10mm diameters bars)
9.
Reinforcements
Ast = (M / ost . j .d) = (9.6 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 110) = 387mm2 Adopt 10mm diameter
bars at 200mm centers (Ast = 393 mm )
Steel for long span = (6.14 x 106 / 230 x 0.9 x 110) = 270mm2 Provide 10mm diameter
bars at 250mm centers (Ast = 315mm )
10. Shear and bond stresses
Shear and bond stresses in two way slabs are negligibly small and generally within safe permissible limits. The
reinforcement details are similar to that of two way slabs designed in Chapter 7.
DESIGN OF BEAMS
1. Design of singly reinforced concrete beams; Design a rectangular reinforced concrete beam simply supported on
masonry walls 300mm thick with an effective span of 5 m to support a service load of 8 kN/m and a dead load of 4
kN/m in addition to its weight. Adopt M - 20 grade concrete and Fe - 415 HYSD bars. Width of support of beams =
300mm.
1. Data
Effective Span = L = 5 m
Width of support = 300mm
Live load = 8 KN/m

Dead load = 4 KN/m
Material: M20 - grade concrete Fe 415 HYSD bars
2.
Allowable stresses
ocb = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
ost = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
3.
Cross - sectional dimensions Adopt

width of beam = b = 300mm Since
the loading is heavy adopt
Effective depth = d = (span / 10) = (5000 / 10) = 500mm

Overall depth = D = (500 + 50) = 550mm
4.
Loads
Self weight of beam = (0.3 x 0.55 x 25)
5.
=4.125kN/m
Dead load
4.000kN/m
Live load
8.000kN/m
Finishes
0.975kN/m
Total load = w
17.000kN/m
Bending Moment and shear forces

M = 0.125 Wl2 = (0.125 x 17 x 52) = 53 kNm V =
0.5 w L = (0.5 x 17 x 5) = 43 Kn
6.
Check for depth

d = V M / Q b = V 53 x 106 / 0.91 x 3 00 = 440mm Effective
depth provided = d = 500mm, hence adequate.
7.
Main tension reinforcement

Ast = (M / ost . j.d) = (53 x 106
/ 230 x 0.90 x 500) = 512mm2
Provide 2 bars of 20mm diameter (Ast = 628mm2)
8. Shear stress and reinforcement
Nominal Shear stress = Tv = (Vu / bd) = (43 x 103 /
3 00 x 500)=
0.28 N/mm2
= (100 Ast / bd) = (100
x 628 / 300
500) =
0.418
Refer Table (IS; 456) and read out the permissible shear stress in
concrete as:
Tc = 0.25 N/mm2 < tv
Hence shear reinforcements in the form of stirrups are required since
Tc is nearly equal to Tv, provide nominal shear reinforcements given
by:
S
v = Asv . sv . d / Vs
Using 6mm
diameter two legged stirrups Sv
= (2 x 28 x 0.87 x
415 / 0.4 x 300) =
168mm
Provide 6mm diameter stirrups at 150mm centre up to quarter span
length from supports and gradually increased to 300mm centre
towards the centre of span.
2. Design a doubly reinforced beam: Design a doubly

reinforced concrete beam for a residential floor of a
building to suit the following data:
1.
Data
Effective Span = 5 m
Dead load = 8 KN/m
Live load = 12 KN/m
Width of beam = 250mm
Material:
M
2
0
g
r
a
d
e
c
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
F
e
4
1
5
H
Y
S
D
b
a
r
s
Effective depth = 450mm
Cover to compression steel = 50mm.
2.
Permissible stresses
Ocb = 7 N/mm2
Q = 0.91
ost = 230 N/mm2
j = 0.90
m = 13
3. Loads
nc = 0.284
Self weight of beam = (0.25 x 0.5 x 25)
=3.125kN/m
Dead load
8.000kN/m
Live load
12.000kN/m
Finishes etc.
0.875kN/m
Total service load = w
4.
24.000kN/m
Bending Moment and shear forces

M = 0.125 Wl2 = (0.125 x 24 x 52) = 75 kNm V =
0.5 w L = (0.5 x 24 x 5) = 60 Kn
5.
Resisting Moment
Resisting moment capacity of balanced singly reinforced section is computed as; M 1 = (Q b
d2) = (0.91 x 250 x 4502) x 10-6 = 46 kNm Balance moment = M2 = (M - M1) = (75 - 46) =
29KNm.
6.
Tension reinforcement
Ast = (M1 / ost . j.d) = (46 x 106
/ 230
x 0.90 x 450) = 493mm2
Additional steel in tension for balanced moment M2 is:

Ast2 = (M2 / ost ( d - dc) = (29 x 106 / 230 x (450 - 50) = 3 1 5mm2 Total
tension steel = Ast = ( Ast1 + Ast2) = (493 + 315) = 808 mm2 Provide 3bars
of 20mm diameter (Ast = 942mm )
7.
Compression reinforcement
Asc = Im Ast? ( d - nc)

(1.5 m - 1) (nc - dc )
Where nc = 0.284 d = (0.284 x 450) = 127.8mm
Asc = [ 13 x 315 (450 - 127.8) / 1.5 x 13 - 1) ( 127.8 - 50) = 916mm2
Provide 3 bars of 20mm diameter (Asc = 942 mm2)

Tv = (Vu / bd) = (60 x 103 / 250 x 450) = 0.53 N/mm1
= (100 Ast / bd) = (100 x942 / 250 x 450) = 0.83
Refer Table 23 (IS: 456) and read out the permissible shear stress as Tc = 0.36
N/mm2 < tv
Hence shear reinforcements are to be designed to resist the balance shear computed as: Vs = [ V Tc b d] = [ 60 - ( 0.36 x 250 x 450) 10-3] = 19.5kN Using 6mm diameter 2 legged stirrips, spacing
is:
S
v = Asv . Gsv . d / Vs
Sv = (2 x 28 x 230 x 450 / 19.5 x 103) = 297mm
Provide 6mm diameter two - legged stirrups at 250mm centre at supports, gradually increasing to
300mm centre towards the centre of span.
3. Design of flanged beams: Design a tee beam for an office floor using the following data.
1.
Data
Effective Span = 8 m
Spacing of tee beams = 3 m
Loading (office floor) = 4 KN/m
Slab thickness = 150mm
Material: M20 - grade concrete Fe - 415 HYSD bars
1 Permissible stressesOcb = 7 N/mm2Q = 0.91

ost = 230 N/mm2
m = 13
j = 0.90
Effective depth = d (span / 15) = (8000 / 15) = 534mm

Adopt d = 550mm and overall depth = D = 600mm and b = 300mm
4.
Loads Self weight of beam = (0.15 x 25x

=11.25kN/m =
3)
12.000kN/m =
Live load = (4 x 3)
1.80kN/m
Floor finish = (0.6 x 3)

= 3.37kN/m =
Self weight of rib = (0.45 x 0.3 x 25)

1.58 kN/m = 30.00kN/m
Plaster finishes Total load = w
5.
Bending Moment and shear forces M = 0.125 Wl2 = (0.125 x 30 x 82) = 240
kNm V = 0.5 w L = (0.5 x 30 x 8) = 120 KN
6.
Check for depth Ast = (M / Ost j d) = ( (240 x 106 / (230 x 0.9 x 550) =
2108mm2 Provide 4 bars of 28mm diameter (Ast = 2464 mm )
7.
Effective flange
width Least of the
following:
i)
8.
bf = [ Lo / 6 + bw + 6 Df]
= [ (8000 / 6) + 300 + (6 x 150)] = 2533mm
ii) bf = centre to centre of ribs = 3000mm Hence bf = 2533 mm
Check the stresses
Let n = depth of neutral axis
(bf n2 / 2)/2 = (!3 x 2464) ( 550 - n)
Solving n = 106mm
Level arm - a - [ d - (n/3) = [550 - (106 / 3)] = 514.67 mm Ost = (240 x 106 /
2464 x 514.67) = 189 N/mm2 < 230N/mm2
ocb = [ (189 x 106) / (!3 x 444)] = 3.47 N/mm2 < 7 N/mm2

Hence the stresses are within safe permissible limits.
Maximum shear force = v = 120kN
Tv = (Vu / bd) = (120 x 103 / 300 x 550) = 0.72 N/mm2
= (100 Ast / b w d) = (100 x2464 / 300 x 550) = 1.49
Refer Table 23 (IS: 456) and read out the permissible shear stress as Tc =
0.45 N/mm < TV
Hence shear reinforcements are to be designed to resist the balance shear given by Vs = [V Tc bw d] = [120 - (0.45 x 300 x 550) 10-3] = 46kN Using 6mm diameter 2 legged stirrups,
spacing is given by
Sv = Asv . osv . d / Vs
Sv = (2 x 28 x 230 x 550 / 46 x 103) = 154 mm
Provide 6mm diameter 2 legged stirrups at 150mm centre near supports and gradually increased
to 300mm towards the centre of span.
Limit State Concept:
The structure
shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable
to act on
throughout its life. It shall also
satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called a limit state.
The aim of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structural will not become unfit for the use for which it is
intended that is, that will not reach a limit state.
Limit state of Collapse:
The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture of one or more critical sections
and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability (including the effects of sway where appropriate) or overturning.
The resistance to Bending
Shear
Torsion and
Axial loads at every section shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section produced by the
probable most unfavorable combination of loads on one structure using the appropriate Partial safety factors.
Limit State of Serviceability:
Deflection
Cracking
The acceptable limits of cracking would vary with the type of structure and environmental.
Characteristic and Design values and Partial Safety factors:

Characteristic value = Minimum yield stress 0.2 percent proof stress
Characteristic Load:
The term characteristic load means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being exceeded during the
life of the structure.
0. L IS 875 (Part 1)
Imposed loads Is 875 (Part 2)
Wind loads IS 875 (Part 3)
Snow loads IS 875 IS 1893
Design Value:
Design Strength of Materials
fd =f_
Ym
Where,
f = Characteristic Strength of the Material
Ym = Partial Safety factor appropriate to the material and the limit State being
considered.
Loads:
The design load, Fd is given by Fd = F rf
Partial Safety factor for material strength:
Ym 15 for concrete 1.15 for Steel
Maximum Strain = 0.0035
In concrete at the outermost compression fibre
Area of stress block = 0.36fck.xu
Depth of center of compressive force = 0.42xu from the extreme fibre in compression. f ck = Characteristic
compressive strength of concrete and
xu = depth of Neutral axis.
Maximum Strain in the tension reinforcement

+ 0.002
(0.0037)
Characteristic Strength of Steel and

_Jy____
1.15 Es
Where
fy =
ES =
fy / 1.15
0.002
Strain
Cold worked De formed bar
Y
Stress
Steel
bar with
definite
Yield
Point
Represe
ntative
Stress strain
Curve
for
Reinfor
cement
0.446 fck
+ 0.002
1.15 Es
Stra
in
Dia
gra
m
0.0035
fv
0.002
xu
d - xu
xu =
0.003
5
d
-xu
0.87 fy +
0.002
Es
,y_ 1.15
Es
xu =
0.0035
d -xu
+xu
0.87 fy
+ 0.002
+
0.0035
Es
xu =
0.0035
d 087
fy +
0.002
Es
Fe 250
Fe 415
Fe 500
fy
250
415
500
xumax
d
0.53
0.48
0.46
xumax = 0.53
~d
Xumax =
0.53d
0.48d
0.46d
0.0035
b
0.87 fy
0.002
Es
0.00
35
0.87
fy
0.00
2
xumax
Es
d - xumax
x
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
0
0
3
5
d
x
u
m
a
x
0
.
8
7
f
y
+
0
.
0
0
2
Es
xumax
0.0035
d
-xuma
x
+xum
ax
0.87 fy
+
0.002
+
0.003
5
Singly
Reinfor
ced
Section
s
Maxim
um
depth of
Neutral
Axis
0.0035
xumax
0.87
fy
+
0.
0
0
2
E
s
dxuma
x
xumax
0.0035
d
-xumax
+xumax
0.87 fy +
0.002 +
0.0035
Es
x
u
m
a
x
Mild Steel
0
.
0
0
3
5
0.0055 d
+ 0.87 fy
x
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
5
3
_
d
Fe 415
x
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
4
8
d
Fe 500
x
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
4
6
d
C=T
0.36 fck xu b = 0.37 fy
Ast
Xu =
0
.
8
7
f
v
A
s
t
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
b
d
X
u
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
d
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
b
d
Moment of resistance =
{Total
Compre
ssion or
Total
Tension
}
Level arm
MR = 0.36 fck. Xu.b ( d
- 0.42
xu)
= 0.36 fck xu
b
d
(
d
0
.
4
2
x
u
)
d
Mr = 0.36 fck xu bd2
(1 0.42
xu )
d
d
MR = 0.87 fy Ast ( d 0.42 xu)
= 0.87 fy Ast d
(1
0.4
2
xu
_)
d
= 0.87 fy Ast d
(10.4
2
0.8
7
fy
As
t
0.36
fck .
bd
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
d
(
1
f
y
A
s
t
)
b
d
f
c
k
C= T
0.36 fck xu b = 0.87 fy
Ast
X
u
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
b
x
u
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
MR =
0.87 fy
Ast (d 0.42
xu)
=
0.8
7
fy
As t
d
(10.4
2
xu)
d
=
0.8
7
fy
Ast
d
(10.4
2
0.8
7
fy
As
t)
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
b
d
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
d
(
1
A
s
t
f
y
)
Bd fck
MR =
0.36 fck
xu
max. b
( d 0.42
xu)
=
0.3
6
fck
xu
ma
x
bd2
(1
0.4
2
_x
u)
d
= 0.36 fck
x
u
b
d
2
(
1
0
.
4
2
x
u
m
a
x
d
d
=
0.3
6
fck
xu
ma
x
(10.4
2
xu
ma
ade of steel
250
415
500
x)
bd2
~d
=
0.3
6
xu
ma
x
xu
ma
x )
fck
bd
d
Plimt
= 41.4
fck
xumax
fy
Limiti
ng
Percen
tage of
Steel
P limit
= 41.4
f*
xumax
fy
Fck
20
25
30
250
1.75
2.19
2.63
fy
415
0.96
1.20
1.44
500
0.76
0.95
1.14
Moment
of
Resistan
ce at
limiting
Conditi
on
Xumax / d
Limiting Moment of Resistance
0.53
0.149 fck bd2
0.48
0.138 fck bd2
0.46
0.133 fck bd2
Minim
um
and
Maxim
um
Percen
tage of
Steel
Pmin =
A
s
t
x
1
0
0
=
8
5
%
b
d
f
y
For Fe
250
0.34%
Fe
500
Pmi
n =
0.17
%
UNIT
II
LIMIT
STATE
DESIG
N FOR
FLEXU
RE
A
simpl
y
supp
orted
beam
250m
m
wide
is
450m
m
deep
to the
centr
e of
the
tensi
on
reinf
orce
ment.
Deter
mine
the
limiti
ng
mom
ent of
resist
ance
of the
beam
sectio
n and
also
the
limiti
ng
area
of
reinf
orce
ment.
Use
M20
concr
ete
and
Fe
415
steel.
b
250mm
&
415
d
450mm
Mulim
= 0.138
fck bd2
Pt lim = 41.4 fck
fy
xumax
d
Ast limit =
0
.
0
9
5
7
x
2
5
0
x
4
5
0
=
1
0
7
7
m
m
2
1
0
0
Mu = 0.36 xumax
(1
0.
42
xu
m
ax
)
bd
2
d
d
= 0.36
x 0.48
(1-0.42
x 0.48)
bd2
(20)
=
0.138
fck bd2
=
139.72
5 x 106
Nmm.
139.725
x 106
=
0.
87
fy
Ast
d
(1As
t
fy
)
bd fck
139.725
x 106
=
0.
87
x
41
5
fy
x4
50
(1As
t
41
5)
2
5
0
x
4
5
0
x
2
0
=
1
6
2
4
7
2
.
5
A
s
t
(
1
1
.
8
4
4
x
1
0
4
A
s
t
)
2
9
.
9
6
7
A
s
t
2
=
1
6
4
7
2
.
5
A
s
t
+
1
3
9
.
7
2
5
x
1
0
6
=
0
5
4
2
1
.
7
1
3
2
7
7
.
8
6
2
Ast =
1071.93
mm2
A
si
n
gl
y
re
in
fo
rc
e
d
b
e
a
m
2
5
0
m
m
w
id
e
is
4
0
0
m
m
d
ee
p
to
th
e
ce
nt
re
of
th
e
te
n
si
le
re
in
fo
rc
e
m
e
nt
.
D
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
li
m
iti
n
g
m
o
m
e
nt
of
re
si
st
a
n
ce
of
th
e
b
e
a
m
se
ct
io
n
a
n
d
al
so
th
e
li
m
iti
n
g
a
re
a
of
re
in
fo
rc
e
m
e
nt
.
U
se
M
2
0
c
o
n
cr
et
e
a
n
d
th
e
2
5
0
st
ee
l.
Solution:
Given Data:
B
=
2
0
0
m
m
D
=
| l
b
4
0
0
m
m
M
uli
m
=
4
1.
4
fck
/
fy
x
u
m
a
x
/
d
M
2
0
&
F
e
2
5
0
Mu = 0.149 fck
bd2
=
0
.
1
4
9
x
2
0
x
2
0
0
x
4
0
0
2
M
u
l
i
m
t
=
9
5
.
3
6
x
1
0
6
N
m
m
Plimt = 41.4 x
_20 x
0.53 =
1.755%
Ast lim =
1.
7
5
5
x
2
0
0
x
4
0
0
1
250
0
0
=
1
4
0
4
m
m
2
Use
20mm #
No. of
Bars =
1404 =
4.47
314.16
Use
16mm #
7 Nos.
Desig
n a
R.C.
C.
beam
to
rsist
an
appli
ed of
50
kNm.
Assu
ming
widt
h is
230m
m.
Use
M20
& Fe
415
grad
e.
Solution
:
i)
Dat
a:
Applied
moment =
50kNm
Factored
moment =
1.5 x 50 =
75 kNm
Breadth is
restricted to
= 230mm
M20
fck =
20N/mm2
Fe 415 fy =
415 N/mm2
ii) M
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
a
x
i
s
x
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
4
8
d
iii)
Moment
of
resistan
ce
2
Mulim = 0.36
x
u
m
a
x
(
1
0
.
4
2
x
u
m
a
x
)
b
d
f
c
k
d
d
=
0
.
3
6
x
0
.
4
8
d
(
1
0
.
4
2
x
0
.
4
8
)
2
3
0
x
2
0
x
d
2
=
0
.
1
3
8
f
c
k
b
d
2
7
5
x
1
0
6
=
0
.
1
3
8
x
2
0
x
2
3
0
d
2
d
=
3
4
3
.
7
3
m
m
6
A
s
s
u
m
e
d
=
2
5
^
+
1
2
=
3
7
m
m
D = d +d =373.73
mm =
400mm
iv)
Area of
steel
required
0.87 fy Ast
=
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
x
m
a
x
.
b
Ast =
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
x
u
m
a
x
.
b
0
.
8
7
f
y
=
0.36
x 20
x
177.
12 x
230
1. 8
7
x
4
1
5
=
8
1
2
.
3
8
m
m
2
Use 20mm
#
N
o
N
o
s
.
A
s
t
9
4
2
.
4
8
m
m
2
v)
Check
for
reinforc
ement:
Main
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
As
=
0.
85
bd
Ast = 0.85
b
d
f
y
=
0.85
x
230
x
369
415
=
173.
83
mm2
Max.
R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
=
0
.
0
4
6
0
= 0.04 x 230x400
= 3680 mm2
Ast
mim <
s
t
p
<
A
s
t
n
DO
U
B
L
Y
R
E
I
N
F
O
R
C
E
D
S
E
C
T
I
O
N
2. C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
u
lt
i
m
a
t
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
(
o
r)
f
a
c
t
o
r
e
d
m
o
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
e
si
st
a
n
c
e
o
f
R
C
C
b
e
a
m
o
f
r
e
c
t
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
s
e
c
ti
o
n
3
0
0
m
m
w
i
d
e
a
n
d
4
0
0
m
m
d
e
e
p
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
.
Ast = 6 / 16mm #
Asc = 2/ 16mm #
M20 & Fe 250 grade Effective
cover = d = 33 mm
367
Solution:
Given Data:
\(_
O 33
Width b = 300mm
Effective cover = d = 33mm
Effective depth = 367mm
Ast = 6xn / 4 (16)2 = 1206.37mm2
Asc = 2 xn / 4 (16)2 = 402.12
M20
fCK = 20 N /mm2
Fe 250
fy = 250 N/mm2
ii) Maximum depth of Neutral axis:

xumax = 0.53
d
xumax = 0.53d = 0.53 x 3.67 = 194.51mm
iii) To find the fsc C.G. 1.2 P - 96)

Strain = Esc = 0.0035 (xumax - d)
Xumax
= 0.0035 (194.51 - 33) / 194.51.
E = Stress
Strain
Stress = fsc = Esc Strain = Esc
= 2X105 X 0.002906 =
581.20 N/mm2
Alternatively
0.87fy
Es
+ 0.0020
0.0035 = Esc
xumax xumax - d
Asc fsc = 0.87 fy Ast2
0.0035
Asc 0.87 fy = 0.87fy Ast2

Asc = Ast2
Ast = Asti + Ast2
Asti = Ast - Ast2
= 1206.36 - 402.12
Ast1 = 804.25
G 1.1 (P-96)
0.36fck xu b = 0.87 fy Ast
Xu = 0.87 fy Asti = 0.87 x 415x804.25 0.36 fck .b 0.36
fck.b
Xumax = 194.51 mm
Xu xumax under reinforced section
Moment of resistance tension side steel
Mu1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 d (1 - Ast1fy
bd fck)
= 0.87 x 415x804.25x367 (1-804.25 x415
300 x 367 x20)
Mu1 = 90.41 x 106 Nmm.
Moment of resistance compression side steel Mu2 = fsc

Asc (d - d)
Mu2 = 0.87fy Asc (d-d)
= 0.87 x 250x402.12 (400 - 33)
= 32.098 x 106 Nmm.
Total Limiting Moment of Resistance Muiim = M1 +
M2
0 .446 fck
l< >1
= 122.51 kNm.
Doubly Reinforced Section
Find the moment of resistance of a beam 250mm x 500mm. If reinforcement with 2/12 FF in compressive zone and 4 /
20mm # in tension each at an effective cover of 40mm. Use M20 and Fe 415 grade.
Given Data:
40mm
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

500
Ast = 4 x n / 4 (20)
= 1256.64 mm2
9
_
9
40mm
Asc = 2 x n / 4 (!2)2 = 226.195 mm2

M20 & Fe 415
0.87 fy Ast2 = Asc. Fsc
Esc = 0.0035 (xumax - d)
Xumax
Esc = 0.8188 x 0.0035
Esc = 0.002866 fsc = Esc
= 0.002866 x 2x105
= 573.20 N/mm2 (or) 0.87fy = 361.05 N/mm
Whichever is less 0.87fy Ast2 = Asc 0.87 fy Ast2 = Asc
Ast1 = Ast - Ast2 = 1030.445 mm2
0.36fck xu.b = 0.87 fy Ast
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast1 = 206.69mm 0.36 fck b
Mulim1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 d (1- Ast1 fy
bd fck)
= 138.61 kNm
Mu2 = fsc Asc (d-d)
= 42.46 kNm
Mulim = Mu1 + Mu2
= 181.07 kNm
Design a rectangular beam of effective span 5m superimposed load is 75 kN/m. Size of beam is restricted to 300 x
600mm. Use M20 and Fe 415 grades.
Solution:
Given Data:
l = 5m
Breadth b = 300mm Over all

depth D = 60mm Assume d = 40mm
D = 600 - 40 = 560mm Fck = 20 N/mm2
fy
415 N/mm2
Load Calculation:
Dead Load
(0.3 x 0.6 x 1 x 25)
Live Load
Total
= 4.5 kN/m
= 75 KN/m
= 79.5 KN/m
Factored Load = 1.5 x 79.5 = 119.25 KN/m

Factored Moment = wl2 / 8 = 372.66 kNm.
i)
Considering singly reinforced balanced section

xumax = 0.48 d
xumax = 0.48 x 560 = 268.80mm
Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax) bd fck d
= 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) bd2 fck

= 0.138 bd2 fck
= 256.66 x 106 Nmm.
Note: Mu = 372.66 kNm
Mulim = 256.66 kNm
Mulim < Mu
Design the given section as doubly reinforced section.
ii) Design of Doubly reinforced Section xu = 0.87fy Ast1 d 0.36 fck.bd
Ast1 = 0.36 fck b xu = 1608.11 mm2 0.87 fy Esc = 0.0035 (268.80 - 40)
Xumax
= 0.0035 (268.80 - d)
268.80
= 0.002979
E = f /e
fsc = Esc. Esc
= 0.002979 x 2.1 x 105
fsc = 625.59 N/mm2
(or)
0.87fy = 0.87 x 415 = 361.05
Fsc = 361.05 mm2
M2 = Mu - Mulim = fsc. Asc (d - d)
116 x 106 = 361.05 Asc (560 - 40)
Asc = 617.86 mm2
Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
= 1608.11 + 617.86
= 2225.97mm2
M2 = Mu - Mulim = 116 x 106 Nmm
Mulim = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast fy
Bd fck)
256.66
x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x560 (1- Ast 415

300 x 560x20)
256.66
x 106 = 202188 (1-1.235 x 10-4)
256.66
x 106 = 202188 - 24.97 Ast2 24.97 Ast2 - 202188 + 256.66 x 106 = 0
Ast2 - 8097.24 + 10.2787 x 106 = 0

-b Vb2 - 4ac 2a
8097.24 4944.74 2
Ast1 = 1576.25 mm2
A reinforced concrete beam 300mm x 600mm is to be designed for a factored moment 3.25 x 10 Calculate the
reinforcement needed. Use M20 and Fe 415. Effective cover is d = 37.5mm.
A
Solution Given Data:

Factored Moment = 3.25 x 108 Nmm M20 & Fe 415 xumax = 0.48
562.50
d
xumax = 0.48 x (600 - 37.5)
= 270mm
Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) fck bd
d d
= 0.138 fck bd2
= 261.98 kNm.
Doubly reinforced section is required Mulim = 261.98 kNm Mu =
325 kNm
Mu2 = Mlim - Mu = 63.02 kNm.
Ast1 =
0.36fck xu.b = 0.87 fy Ast
600mm
Ast1 = 0.36 fck xumax. B = 1615.29 mm2 0.87 fy

To calculate Asc
Esc = 0.0035 (xumax - d) Xumax
Es = f / e
fsc = Es esc
= 2.1 x 105 x 0.0030139
= 632.92 (or) 0.87fy 361.05 N/mm2
fsc = 361.05 N/mm
whichever is lesser.
Ast2 = fsc Asc / 0.87 fy

= 0.87fy Asc 0.87 fy
Ast2 = Asc
Mu2 = fsc Asc (d - d)
Asc = 332.47 mm2
Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Ast = 1947.76 mm2
FLANGED BEAMS
A T - beam floor consists of 150mm thick R.C slab cast monolithic with 300mm wide beams. The
beams are spaced at 3.5m c/c and their effective span is 6m. If the superimposed load on the slab 5
2
kN/m . Design an intermediate beam. Use M20 & Fe 250 grades.
Given data:
Thickness of R.C Slab = Df = 150mm
Width of web (beam) bw = 300mm
Spacing = 3.5 m c/c Span = l = 6m
Superimposed load = 5KN/m On
slab
M20
& Fe 415
3.5m c/c
6
m
Note:
Overall depth of T beam = span

~T5
Breadth of web = bw = span + 80mm

30
D = span = 6000 = 400mm 15 15
bf
A
Width of flange = bf = _lo + bw + 6 Df

6
= 6000 + 300 + 6 x
150 6
=
2200m
m (Or)
C/c of beam 3500mm
i)
bf = 2200mm
Load Calculation:
Dead weight of slab
bw
= 3.75
KN/m2
Total Load
= 8.75 kN/m2
Superimposed load on the slab
= 5.00 KN/m
Load /m run on the slab 8.75 x 3.5 = 30.625 KN/m

Dead weight of beam = 1.875 KN/m.
Factored Load = 32.5 x 1.5 = 48.75
kN/m Factored moment = Mu = wl / 8
Df
= 48.75 x 62 8
= 219.38 kNm.
Assume
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d (1-Ast fy bd fck)
219.38 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast x 360 (1- Ast x 415

2200 x 360 x 2) =
129978 (1-0.000026 Ast)
3.38
= 129978 Ast - 3.38 Ast2

Ast - 129978 Ast + 219.38 x 106 = 0
2
Ast2 - 38455.03 Ast + 64905325.44 = 0

-b V b2 - 4ac
2a= 38455.03 V 38455.032 - 4 x 64905325.44 2
= 38455.03 34916.59 2
ii) Check the depth of Neutral axis:
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast d
0.36 fck bf
xu = 0.87 x 415 x 1769.22
1. 36 x 20 x 2200 = 40.33mm
iii) Determination of number of bar: Ast =
1769.22mm2
Using 25mm # bar No.
of bar = 1769.22 n/ 4
(25)2
= 3.60 say 4 Nos.
iv) Check for reinforcement:
Minimum reinft.
As = 0.85 bw
d
fy
As = 0.85 bw d
Fy
= 0.85 x 300 x 360 415 = 221.21 mm2
Astmin < Astprovided < Astmax.
Calculate the amount of steel required in a T beam to develop a moment of resistance of 300 kNm at working
loads. The dimensions of beams are given in figure. Use M20 & Fe 415 grade.
|<------------ 750mm -----
I I
100mm
A
500mm
470mm
M
u
=
3
0
0
x
1
.
5
=
4
5
0
k
N
m
7
0
m
m
^
2.
Neut
ral
axis
lies
withi
n the
flang
e
200m
m
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1A

s
t
f
y
B
f
d
f
100mm
c
k
)
4
5
0
x
1
0
6
=
0
.
8
7
x
4
1
5
A
s
t
x
5
0
0
(
1
A
s
t
x
4
1
5
750 x 500 x 20)
A
s
t
=
100mm
9
8
5
.
4
7
m
m
2
C
h
e
c
k
t
h
e
d
e
p
t
h
100mm
f
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
a
x
i
s
:
x
u
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
d
0
.
3
6
100mm
x
2
0
x
7
5
0
=
199.61
mm.
X
u
>
D
f
H
e
n
c
e
o
u
r
a
s
s
100mm
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
i
s
w
r
o
n
g
.
N
e
u
t
r
a
l
a
x
i
s
100mm
l
i
e
s
o
u
t
s
i
d
e
t
h
e
f
l
a
n
g
e
:
D
f
=
1
0
0
=
100mm
0
.
2
0
d
5
0
0
Mulim = 0.36
x
u
m
a
x
(
1
0
.
4
2
x
u
m
a
x
)
f
c
k
b
d
d
d
+ 0.45fck (bf - bw)
Df (d - Df )
2
xu
m
100mm
a
x
=
0
.
4
8
d
x
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
4
8
x
5
0
0
=
2
4
0
m
m
M
u
l
i
m
=
0
.
3
6
x
0
.
4
8
(
1
0
100mm
.
4
2
x
0
.
4
8
)
2
0
x
2
0
0
x
5
0
0
2
+ 0.45 x 20 (750 200) 100 (500 - 100 /

2)
M
u
li
m
=
3
.
5
8
x
1
0
8
N
m
m
.
Mu > Mulim
But Mu = 4.5 x 108 Nmm
Design as doubly reinforced Section Find Ast
Mulim = 0.87fy Ast1 d (1- Ast1 fy )
bd fck
Ast1 = 2482mm2 Find Ast 2
Mu - Mulim = fsc Asc (d-d)
Ast2 = Asc = 592.59mm2
Total Ast = Ast1 + Ast2
Asc = Ast2
Find Number of bars
Check reinforcement
Min As = 0.85 bwd
fy
Max 0.04 bwD.

Depth of NA
0.36 fck xu . bw + 0.446 fck (bf - bw)Yt
= 0.87 fy Ast
Yt = (0.15xu + 0.65 Df)
Corners of the slab are not Held down (2 - Way slab)
Design a two - way slab for a room 5.5m x 4m clear in size, if the superimposed load is 5kN/m . Use M20 & Fe 415 grade.
300mm
4m
I
5.50m
= 5.5
B4
= 1.375 < 2 Two way Slab
Design Data:
M20 fck - 20 N/mm2 Fe 415 fy 415 N/mm2
xumax = 0.48
d
xumax = 0.48d
Estimation of thickness of slab:
Span = 4000
D
= 3.5 X 0.8
D
D = 142.86mm
40mm/m Span = 40 x 4 = 160mm
Overall depth = 1/30 x short span = 1/30 x
4000 = 133.33mm
Provide overall thick of Slab = 140mm
Assuming an effective cover = 20mm
Effective depth = 120mm Effective
Span
Shorter Span lx
a)
4 + 0.3 = 4.3m
b)
4 + 0.12 = 4.12m
lx = 4.12m Longer
span (ly)
a)
b)
5.5 + 0.3 = 5.8m

5.5 + 0.12 = 5.62m
ly = 5.62m
Load Calculation:
Dead weight of slab = 3.5 kN/m1 (0.14
x 25)
Superimposed load = 5.0 kN/m
8.5 kN/m2 Load / m run
= 8.5 kN/m Factored load = Wu = 1.5 x 8.5 = 12.75
kN/m. Maximum B.M along shorter span Mx = dx
w/ x2
Maximum B.M along longer span
My = a y w/x2
0.09660.099
ly = 5.62 = 1.36
lx 4.12
ax
ay
ax = 0.0966
ay = 0.0526
1Mx = a x w/x2
= 0.0966 x 12.75 x 4.122 =
20.91 kNm My = a y w/x
= 0.0526 x 12.75 x 4.122 =
11.38 kNm.
Check for depth
Mux = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) bd2 fck
Bd
0.006 = ? 0.1 0.06
20.91 x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48)bd2 fck

d = 100.52mm < 120mm Hence Safe
Reinforcement details: Assuming 10mm # bar,
Ast (shorter span)
Mu = 0.87fy Ast (d) (1- Ast fy
bd fck)
Mux = 20.91 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 Ast (175) (1- Ast 415
1000 x 175 x 20)
Ast
Muy = 0.87fy Ast d (1- Ast fy
Bd fck)
11.38
x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 165 (1 - Ast fy

1000 x 165 x 20)
Asty=
Spacing of reinforcement:
Shorter span:
SV = 1000 A0
Ast
Longer Span
Check for Spacing 3d (or) 300mm
Hence Provide
Check for shear
Vu = W lx
2
Nominal Shear Stress = ro = Vu
bd
100 Ast = 0.47%

Check for development length
Mx1 = M1 = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- Ast fy
Bd fck)
Ld < 1.3 M1
+ LO
V
Design a simply supported roof slab for a room 8m x 3.5m clear in
size. If the superimposed load is 5kN/m2. Use M20 &
300mm
3.5m
Fe 415.
\<
i)
Design Data :
M20 & Fe 415
F
c
k
2
0
N
/
m
m
2
F
e
4
1
5
4
1
5
N
/
m
------------------ 8m
>
m
2
X
u
m
a
x
=
0
.
4
8
D
Xumax = 0.48d
ii) Estimation of Slab Thickness:
d=
s
p
a
n
B
V
x
M
F
Simply Supported 20
x
u
=
0
.
8
7
f
y
A
s
t
d
d
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
^
d
Ast =
0
.
3
6
f
c
k
b
x
u
0
.
8
7
f
y
= 0.36 x 20 b x 0.48 d
1. 87 x 415
Ast = 0.00957 bd
100 Ast = 100 x 0.00957 bd bd
bd
100 Ast = 0.9572 bd

M.F = 1
d = Span = 3500
BV x MF 20 x 1
(or) 40mm / m run = 140mm
= 175mm
Assuming effective cover = 25mm

D = 175 + 25 = 200mm
iii) Effective Span:
i) c/c bearing = 3.5 + 0.3 = 3.8m
ii) Clear span + d = 3.5 + 3.675m Leff =
3.675m.
Load Calculation:
Dead weight of Slab = 5 kN/m2 (0.2 x 25)
Superimposed load = 5 kN/m
= 10 KN/m2
Total
Load / m run = 10 kN/m.

Factored load = Wu = 1.5 x 10 = 15kN/m
Factored moment = Mu = Wul2 / 8 = 15 x 3.6752 / 8
= 25.32 kNm
iv)
Check for depth:
For balanced Section

Mulim = 0.36 xumax (1-0.42 xumax ) bd fck d
25.32
x 106 = 0.36 x 0.48 (1-0.48 x 0.42) 1000 d2 x 20
D = 95.78mm < 175mm
Hence Safe
v)
Area of Steel reinforcement
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d ( 1- Ast fy
Bd fck)
x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 175 (1- Ast 415
25.32
1000 x 170 x 20)

v) S
p
a
c
i
n
g
o
f
M
a
i
n
r
e
i
n
f
t
.
r
u
n
U
s
i
n
g
1
2
m
m
#
Sv =
1
0
0
0
A
0
A
s
t
vii)
C
h
e
c
k
f
o
r
p
a
c
i
n
g
i
)
3
d
(
o
r
)
3
0
0
m
m
viii) Distribution bar:
Ast = 0.12 x bD 100
=
0
.
1
2
X
1
0
0
0
X
2
0
0
1
0
0
ix) Spacing of distribution:
i)
x)
5d (or) 450mm
Check for development length at supports;

Ld = 0 os
4 Tbd
= 12 x 0.87 x 415
4 x 1.2
= 902.625
L
d
=
3
0
0
.
8
7
5
m
m
3
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
3
1
0
m
m
Check for Shear

Shear Stresses in slab are within the permissible limit, shear reinforcement
are not necessary.
Near support main bar is bent up at l / 7 from the face of the wall
Near intermediate beam the reinft. Is bent up at l / 7 and projected over
the beam at l / 4 from the center.Check for Shear
Vu = 15 x 3.675
= 27.5625 kN
2
Nominal Shear Stress = ro = Vu = 27.56 x 1000 = 0.1575 N/mm
bd
1000 x 175
100 Ast = 100 x n / 4 (12)2 x 1000 / 260
= 0.25%
Bd
1000 x175
Tc = 0.36 N/mm2
Tcmax = 2.8 N/mm2
(0.1575 N/mm2) Nominal Shear Stress (0.36
N/mm ) Permissible Shear Stress (2.8 N/mm
) Maximum Shear Stress.
I
300
3500
Section
Bottom Plan
300
12# @ 260mmc/c
UNIT III LIMIT STATE DESIGN FOR BOND, ANCHORAGE SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN FOR
TORSION INTRODUCTION
Torsion when encountered in reinforced concrete members usually occurs in combination with flexure shear. Torsion in its
pure form (generally associated with metal shafts) is rarely encountered in reinforced concrete.
The interactive behavior of torsion with bending moment and flexural shear in reinforced concrete beams is fairly complex,
owing to the no homogeneous, nonlinear and composite nature of the material and the presence of cracks. For convenience in
design, codes prescribe highly simplified design procedures, which reflect a judicious blend of theoretical considerations and
experimental results.
These design procedures and their bases are described in this chapter, following a brief review of the general behavior of
reinforced concrete beams under torsion.
EQUILIBRIUM TORSION AND COMPATIBILITY TORSION
Torsion may be induced in a reinforced concrete member in various ways during the process of load transfer in a structural
system. In reinforced concrete design, the terms equilibrium torsion and compatibility torsion are commonly used to refer to
two different torsion - inducing situations.
In equilibrium torsion, the torsion is induced by an eccentric loading, and equilibrium conditions alone suffice in determining
the twisting moments. In compatibility torsion, the torsion is induced by the application of an angle of twist and the resulting
twisting moment depends on the torsional stiffness of the member.
In some (relatively rare) situations, axial force (tension or compression) may also be involved.
It must be clearly understood that this is merely a matter of terminology, and that it does not imply for instance, equilibrium
conditions need not be satisfied in cases of compatibility torsion.
There are some situations (such as circular beams supported on multiple columns) where both equilibrium torsion and
compatibility torsion coexist.
EQUILIBRIUM TORSION
This is associated with twisting moments that are developed in a structural member is maintain static equilibrium with the
external loads, and are independent of the torsional stiffness of the member. Such torsion must be necessarily considered
design. The magnitude of the twisting moment does not depend on the torsional stiffness of the member, and is entirely
determinable from statics alone. The member has to be designed for the full torsion, which is transmitted by the member to the
supports. More ever, the end(s) of the member should be
suitably restrained to enable the member to resist effectively the torsion induced. Typically, equilibrium torsion is induced in
beams supporting lateral over hanging projections, and is caused by the eccentricity in the loading (Figure). Such torsion is also
induced in beams curved plan and subjected to gravity loads, and in beams where the transverse loads are eccentric with respect
to the shear centre of the cross - section.
torsional stiffness of the member. These moments are generally statically in determine and their analysis
necessarily involves (rotational) compatibility conditions; hence the name compatibility torsion. For example, in the floor beam
system has shown in figure, the flexure of the secondary beam BD results in a rotation 9 B at the end B. As the primary (Spandrel)
beam ABC is monolithically connected with the secondary beam BD at the joint B., compatibility at B implies an angle of twist,
equal to 9B in the spandrel beam ABC, and a bending moment will develop at the end b of beam BD. The bending moment will be
equal to, and will act in a direction
opposite to the twisting moment, in order to satisfy static equilibrium. The magnitude of 0 B and the twisting / bending moment
at b depends on the torsional stiffness of beam ABC and the flexural stiffness of beam BD.
Figure: 7.2 - Example of Compatibility torsion'
The torsional stiffness of a reinforced concrete member is drastically reduced by torsional cracking. This results in a very large
increase in the angle of twist, and, in the case of compatibility torsion, a major reduction in the induced twisting moment. For
this reasons, the code (CL.40.1) permits the designer to neglect the torsional stiffness of reinforced concrete members at the
structural analysis stage itself, so that the need for detailed design for torsion in such cases does not arise at the design stage.
With reference to figure, this implies assuming a fictitious hinge (i.e., no rotational restraint) at the end B of the beam BD, and
assuming a continuous support (spring, support, actually)at the joint D. Incidentally, this assumption helps in reducing the
degree of static indeterminacy of the structure (typically, a grid floor), thereby simplifying the problem of structural analysis.
Thus, the code states:
In general, where the torsional resistance or stiffness of members has not been taken into account in the analysis of a structure
no specific calculations for torsion will be necessary [CL40.1 of the code].
of course, this simplification implies the acceptance of cracking and increased deformations in the torsional member. It
also means that during the first time loading, a twisting moment up to the cracking torque of the
plain concrete section develops in the member, prior to torsional cracking. In order to control the subsequent cracking and to
impart ductility to the member, it is desirable to provide a minimum torsional reinforcement, equal to that required to resist the
cracking torque. In fact one of the intentions of the minimum stirrup reinforcement specified by the code (CL. 25.5.1.6) is to
ensure some degree of control of torsional cracking of beams due to compatibility torsion.
If, however, the designer chooses to consider compatibility torsion in analysis and design, then it is important that a realistic
estimate of torsional stiffness is made for the purpose of structural analysis, and the required torsional reinforcement should be
provided for the calculated twisting moment.
Estimation of Torsional stiffness
Observed behavior of reinforced concrete members under torsion (see also section 7.3) shows that the torsional stiffness is
little influenced by the amount of torsional reinforcement in the linear elastic phase, and may be taken as that of the plain
concrete section. However, once torsional cracking occurs, there is a drastic reduction in the torsional stiffness. The post cracking torsional stiffness is only a small fraction (less than 10 percent) of the pre - cracking stiffness, and depends on the
amount of torsional reinforcement, provided in the form of closed stirrups and longitudinal bars. Heavy torsional reinforcement
can, doubt, increase the torsional resistance (strength) to a large extent, but this can be realized only at very large angles of twist
(accompanied by very large cracks).
Hence, even with torsional reinforcement provided, in most practical situations, the maximum twisting moment in a reinforced
concrete member under compatibility torsion is the value corresponding to the torsional cracking of the member. The cracking
torque is very nearly the same as the failure strength obtained for an identical plain concrete section.
In the usual linear elastic analysis of framed structures, the torsional stiffness k t (torque per unit twist T/9 ) of a beam of length l
is expressed as
KT = GC / l
Where GC is the torsional rigidity, obtained as a product of the shear modulus G and the geometrical parameter C of the section
(Ref. 7.1). It is recommended in the Explanatory Handbook to the code (Ref.7.2) that G may be taken as 0.4 times the c is a
property of the section having the same relationship to the torsional stiffness of a rectangular section as the polar moment of
inertia has for a circular section
UNIT IV LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS Axially Loaded Columns

A column forms a very important component of structure. Columns support beams which a turn support walls and slabs. It
should be realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure. The design of a column should therefore
receive great importance.
A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds three times its lateral dimension.
Compression members whose lengths do not exceed three times their least dimension are classified as pedestals.
RCC columns concrete has a high compressive strength and a low tensile strength. Hence theoretically concrete should need no
reinforcement when it is subjected to compression. Reinforcements are provided in order to reduce the size of columns.
Through a column is mainly a compression member, it is liable to some moment due to eccentricity of loads or transverse loads
or due to its slenderness. Such moments may occur in any direction and so it is necessary to provide reinforcement near all
faces of column. This reinforcement forms the longitudinal steel. In order to maintain the position of the longitudinal
reinforcement and also to prevent their buckling which may cause splitting of concrete, it is necessary to provide transverse
reinforcements in the form of lateral ties or spirals at close pitch. The transverse reinforcement also assists in confining the
concrete.
Classification of columns: A column may be classified on the basis of its shape, its slenderness ratio, the manner of loading and
the type of lateral reinforcement provided. A column may have a section which may be square, rectangle, circular or a desired
polygon.
Depending on the slenderness ratio, column may be short or a long column. The slenderness ratio of a column is the ratio of the
effective length of the column to its least lateral dimension. A column whose slenderness ratio exceeds 12 is a long column. A
column whose slenderness ratio does not exceed the above limit is a short column.
Based on the manner of loading, column may be classified into
i) Axially loaded columns
ii) Columns subjected to axial load and un - axial bending
iii) Column subjected to axial and biaxial bending
Columns may also be classified based on the type of lateral reinforcement provided. on this basis, columns are classified into
(i) Tied columns in which separate or individual ties are provided surrounding the longitudinal reinforcement. The load on
it. The object of stipulating a
(ii) Spirally reinforced columns in which helical bars are provided surrounding the longitudinal reinforcement.
Longitudinal reinforcement (or main steel) is provided to resist compressive loads along with concrete. As per
I.S. 456 a reinforced concrete column shall have longitudinal steel reinforcement and the cross sectional area of such
reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% nor more than 6% of the cross - sectional area of the column required to transmit all
the loading. The object of stipulating a minimum percentage of steel is to make provision to prevent buckling of the column
due to any accidental eccentricity of a maximum percentage of steel is to provide reinforcement within such a limit to avoid
congestion of reinforcement which would make it very difficult to place the concrete and consolidate it. This may be best
realized from the following two examples. Consider two columns 450mm x 450mm. Reinforcement required at 0.8% of gross
area = 0.8 / 100 x 4502 = 1620mm2.
This may be provided by four bars of 25mm diameter with an area of 1963mm (Figure a)
Reinforcement required at 6% of the gross area
=_6 x 4502 = 12150mm2 100
Even if the bigger diameter bars selected. Say 32mm. diameter bars;
4
0
O
0
0
T R
We will require 16 bars of 32mm. diameter providing a total area of 804 x 16 = 12864mm2.
4-25mm0
(Figure b). The difficulty of placing concrete between the 16 bars of 32mm.
(main bars
diameter with the overall size of 450mm x 450mm. may be quite apparent.
Practically the Maximum percentage of steel may be limited to 4 percent of the O-------------0
gross area so as to ensure a good and sound concrete.
(a)
(b)
I.S.
RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS:
The I.S. 456 code has stipulated the following:

(a) The cross - sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8
percent, of the gross - cross sectional area of the column.
(b) In any column that has a larger cross - sectional area than that required to support the
load, the minimum percentage of steel shall be based upon the area of concrete
required to resist the direct stress and not upon the actual area.
(c) The minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in
rectangular columns and six in circular columns.
(d)
The bars shall not less than 12mm. in diameter.
(e) A reinforcement concrete column having helical reinforcement shall have at least
six bars of longitudinal reinforcement within the helical reinforcement.
(f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars shall be in contact with the
helical reinforcement and equidistant around its inner circumference.
(g)
Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
(h) In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into
account in strength calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement not less than
0.15 percent of the cross - sectional area shall be provided.
Note: Pedestal is a compression member the effective length of which does not exceed
three times the least lateral dimension.
Figure R.C.Columns
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The longitudinal reinforcement should be laterally tied by transverse links to provide a
restraint against outward buckling of each of the longitudinal bars. I.S. 456 code stipulates
that the diameter of longitudinal bars shall not be less than 12mm. and that the diameter of the
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than one - fourth of the diameter of the main rods
and in no case less than 5mm. in diameter. The ends of transverse links should be properly
anchored. Figure (a) & (b) show how transverse reinforcement are provided in R.C. Columns.
Arrangements of transverse reinforcement - I.S. recommendations
1.
If the longitudinal bars are not spaced more than 75mm. on other side, transverse
reinforcement only to go round the corner and alternate bars for the purpose of
providing effective lateral supports.
2.
If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding is times the diameter
of the tie are effectively tied in two directions, additional longitudinal bars in
between these bars need to be tied in one direction by open ties (see figure)
3.
Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placed in

more than one row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner
rows may be assumed have been provided if:
i)
ii)
Transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer most rows.

No bar of the inner row is closer to the nearest compression face than three times the
diameter of the largest bar in the inner row (figure).
4.
Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact)
and each group adequately tied with transverse reinforcement then the transverse
reinforcement the compression member as a whole may be provided on the
assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bars for the purpose of
determining the pitch and the diameter of the transverse reinforcement. The
diameter of such transverse reinforcement need not, however, exceed
20mm (See the figure)

D
DB
"D
_0
Ag = D2
Ag = BD
Ag = BD
fo
b* '61
_________________9.
< 480w
(b)
SPACING
OF
TRANSVER
SE LINKS:
This shall not
exceed the
least of the
following
(a) The least
lateral
dimensio
n of the
column
(b) Sixteen
times the
diameter
of the
smallest
longitudi
nal
reinforce
ment rod
in the
column.
(c) Forty eight
times the
diameter
of the
transvers
e
reinforce
ment.
DIAMETER OF TRANSVERSE LINKS;

The diameter of the transverse links shall not be less than
(i)
One - fourth the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
(ii) 5mm
COVER:
The minimum cover to column reinforcement equals 40mm or diameter of bar whichever is greater.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF A COLUMN:
The effective length of a column is not necessarily its actual length. It depends on the degree of fixity of the ends of the columns.
The table on page gives the effective length corresponding to the unsupported length l of the column from floor to floor or between
properly restrained supports.
SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS:
A column will be considered as short when the ratio of the effective length to its least lateral dimension is less than or equal to 12.
When this ratio is exceeds the column will be considered as a long column.
SLENDERNESS LIMITS FOR COLUMNS:
The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the latest lateral dimension of the column.
If in any given plane, one end of a column is unstrained, its unsupported length I, shall not exceed (100b2 D)
Where, b = width of that cross section, and
D = depth of the cross - section measured in the plane under consideration.
MINIMUM ECCENTRICTY:
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to,
Unsupported length of column +Lateral dimension , subject to a minimum of 20mm where 500
30
bi-axial bending is considered, it is sufficient to ensure that eccentricity exceeds the minimum about an axis.
Note: In case the minimum eccentricity requirements govern, bending about one axis alone at a time should be considered.
Bending simultaneously about both axes should not be considered, i.e. this should not be regarded as a case of bi-axial bending.
Effective Length of Compression Members [I.S. 456]
Degree of end restraint of compressive member
Theoretical Recommended
Value of effective Value of effective

length
length
0.65 l
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at both ends. (i.e. both ends are 0.50 l
fixed)
0.70 l
Effectively held in position at both ends, restrained against rotation at one end (i.e.,
fixed at one end and hinged at the other end.)
1.00 l
Effectively held in position at both ends but not restrained against rotation (i.e., both
ends are hinged)
1.00 l
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and other
restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end, and the other
partially restrained against rotation but not held in position.
2.00 l
Effectively held in position at one end, but not restrained against rotation, and at the
other end restrained against rotation but not held in position.
Effectively held in position and restrained against rotation at one end but not held in 2.00 l
position nor restrained against rotation at the other end (i.e., fixed at one end and free at
the other end.)
0.80 l
1.00 l
1.20 l
1.50 l
2.00 l
2.00 l
AXIALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMNS;

The ultimate compressive load for an axially loaded short column is determined on the following assumptions.
i) The maximum compressive strain in concrete is 0.002.
ii) Strain in concrete is equal to strain in steel
iii) Stress - strain relation for steel is the same in compression
or tension.
For an absolutely axially loaded short column, at ultimate stage, the ultimate compressive load is resisted partly by concrete and
partly by steel. Thus, at ultimate stage,
Ultimate load = PU = PUC + PUS
Where, PUC = Ultimate load concrete = 0.45fck AC
PUS = Ultimate load on steel = 0.75 fy Asc
AC = Area of concrete
ASC = Area of longitudinal Steel
This relation is applicable for the ideal condition of axial loading. In the practical conditions the loading is never absolutely
axial and there will always be some eccentricity which cannot be avoided. Hence we may consider the possibility of a minimum
eccentricity of 0.05 times the lateral dimension and assume a 11% reduction in the ultimate strength of the column.
On this basis, the ultimate load for an axially loaded short column is taken as,
PU = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Let Ag = Gross sectional area of the column.
Ag Ac + Asc P = 0.40 fcK (Ag - Asc) + 0.67 fy Asc P

= 0.40 fck Ag + (0.67 fy - 0.40 fck) Asc If P = percentage of
steel provided = Asc x 100
A
g
Then, Pu = 0.40 fck (Ag - P / 100 Ag) + 0.67 fy p / 100 Ag
Pu = 0.40 fck + P/ 100 (0.67 fy - 0.40 fck)
Ag
Problem 1: A short column R.C.C column 400mmx 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If the effective length
of the column is 2.25m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Size of the column: 400mm x 400mm L = 2.25m
Minimum eccentricity is greater than the following:
i)
_L_ + b = 2250
500 30
ii)
+ 400_ = 4.50 + 13.33 = 17.83mm

50
30
20mm
emin = 20mm
0.05b = 0.05 x 400 = 20mm emin
has not exceed 0.05b
Gross area of the section = Ag = 400 x 400
=160000mm2
Area of Steel
= 1608mm2
= Asc = 8 x 201
Area of concrete = Ac = 160000 - 1608 = 158392mm2 Since emin has not

exceed 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by,
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc Pu = 0.40 x 20 x 158392 + 0.67
x 415 x 1608 = 1267136 + 447104 = 1714240N = 1714.24kN
Problem 2: A short column 450mm x 450mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm diameter. The effective length of the column
is 2.75m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution:
Size of the column; 450mm x 450mm, l = 2.75m Minimum
eccentricity is the greater of the following:
i)
L + _b_ = 2750
500
30
50
+ 450_
30
= 5.50 + 15 = 20.50mm
ii) 20mm
emin = 20.50mm 0.05b = 0.05 x
450 = 22.50mm emin< 0.05b
Gross area of the section = Ag = 450 x 450
= 202500mm2
Area of steel = Asc = 8 x 314
= 2512mm2
Area of concrete = Ac
= 202500 - 2512
= 199988mm2
Since e< 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by,

Pu = 0.40fck Ac + 0.6 fy Asc
= 0.40 x 20 x 199988 + 0.67 x 250 x 2512
= 1599904 + 420760 = 2020664 N = 2020.664 kN
Problem 3: A reinforced concrete short column 400mm x400mm has to carry an axial load of 1200kN. Find the area of steel
required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Gross Area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000mm2 Area of
Steel = Asc
2
Area of concrete = Ac = (160000 - Asc)mm Pu = 0.40 fck

Ac + 0.67 fy = 1800 x 103
= 0.40 x 20 (160000 - Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc = 1800 x 103 = 128000 - 8
Asc + 278.05 Asc = 1800 x 103
270.5 Asc = 52000 Asc =
1926mm2.
Provide 4 bars of 20mm 0 and 4 bars of 16mm 0 Actual area of
steel provided = (4 x 201) = 2060mm
Diameter of ties shall be not less than,

i)
5mm
ii) / diameter of the larger size bar = / (20) = 5mm Provide 5mm 0 ties.
Spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed
i)
Least lateral dimension of the column = 400mm
ii)
16 x diameter of smallest size of bar = 16 x 16 = 256mm
4 - 16mm 0
iii) 48 x diameter of ties = 48 x 6 = 288mm

iv) 300mm
4.20mm
6mm 0 ties @
250mm c/c
Provide 6mm 0 ties @ 250mm c/c. c/c
6mm 0 ties @
250mm
Problem 4: Find the area of steel required for a short reinforced concrete column
400mm x 425mm to carry an axial load of 1195KkN.Use M20 concrete and Fe
415 steel.
Solution:
Gross area of the column section = Ag = 400 x 425 = 170000mm2 Area of Steel = Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = (17000 - Asc) mm2 Ultimate load = Pu = 1.5 x 1195 = 1792.5 x
103
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 1792.5 x 103
y sc
270.5
Asc = 432 x 103
Asc = 1599.7mm2
ST
8 -16mm0
Provide 8 bars of 16mm diameter

Spacing of ties shall not exceed
i)

ii)
16 x diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x16 = 256mm.

iv) 300mm
v) Provide 6mm 0 2 250mm c/c
6mm 0 tiles@
250mm c/c
Problem 5: A reinforced concrete column is 450mm x 400mm and has to carry a

factored load of 1800kN. The unsupported length of the column is 2m. Find the
area of reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution:
Size of the
column:
450mm
x400mm
Factored
Load Pu =
1800kN, L =
2m =
2000mm Fck
= 20N/mm2 fy
= 250N/mm2
Let the area
of Steel be
Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = 450 x 400 - Asc = (180000 - Asc) mm2
In the direction of the longer lateral dimension,
emin = l
500
+ D = 2000 + 450
30
500
30
= 4 + 15 = 19mm
In the direction of the shorter lateral dimension
emin = l
500
+ D = 2000 + 400
30
500
30
= 4 + 13.3 = 17.3mm
But emin shall be at least 20mm

emin = 20 = 0.05 emjn
400 b
Pu =
0.40
has not exceed 0.05
fck Ac
+ 0.67
fy Asc
=
1800 x
103
Hence
,
0.40 x 20 (18000 Asc) + 0.67 x 250
Asc = 1800 x103
1440 x 103 - 8 Asc +
167.5 Asc = 1800 x
103
159.5
Asc =
36
0
x
10
3
As
c
=
22
57
m
m2
Pr
ov
id
e
8
ba
rs
of
20
m
m
di
a
m
et
er
(2
51
2
m
m
).
Lateral ties
Diameter of ties shall not less than,
i)
ii)
x diameter of longitudinal bars = 1.4 x 20 = 5mm

5mm
A
Provide 6mm 0 ties
425mm
i)
ii)

16 x diameter of longitudinal bar = 16 x20 = 320mm.
400mm
iv) 300mm
v)
Provide 6mm 0 @ 280mm c/c

J
\
82
0
m
m
0
Problem 8: A reinforced concrete column of 2.75m effective length carries an axial
load Design the column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
Solution:
Assuming that the minimum eccentricity is less than 0.05 times the lateral
dimension of the column, Ultimate load = Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Ultimate load = Pu = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400kN
Assuming 2 % steel,
Asc
= 0.02 Ag
Ac = 0.98 Ag
Pu = 0.40 x 20 x 0.98 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.02 Ag = 2400 x
103
7.84 Ag + 5.561
13.401
Ag = 2400 x 103
Ag = 2400 x 103
Ag = 179091.11mm2
Providing a square section

Side of the square = b = Vl79091.11 = 423.2mm
Provide 425mm x 425mm
Minimum eccentricity is the greater of
6mm 0 tiles @
@280mm c/c
i)
20mm
L
500
+ b = 2750
30
+
50
450. = 5.50+14.17 = 19.67mm

30
emin =
20mm 0.05b =
0.05 x 425 =
21.25mm
Emin < 0.05b
Gross area of the column section Ag = 425 x 425 = 180625mm
8 mm 0 tiles
1
0
0
@ 300mm c/c
v v1
2400x103
O \0/
\n
270.5
Area of steel =Asc

Area of concrete = Asc = (180625 - Asc) mm Ultimate load Pu = 0.40 fck
Asc = 955 x 103

A
Asc = 3536.4mm
300
V
Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 2400 x 103

1445 x 103 - 8 Asck + 278.05 Asc = 2400 x 103
8 mm 0 tiles @ 300mm c/c

300
8 - 25mm 0
Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter (3928mm )
Lateral ties
300
Diameter of lateral ties shall be not less than

i)
ii)
5mm
l
x diameter
iii)
48 x diameter
iv)
300mm
v)
Provide 8mm
of longitudinal bar =
16 x 25 = 400mm
of the = 48 x 8 = 384mm
0 ties @300mm fe
425
CONTINUOUS COLUMNS
Often in multistoried structures, a column continues up through a floor from one
storey to another. In such a cases the main bars of the column must be first continued
up either within or outside the reinforcement of the floor beam which frames into the
column. When the main bars continue up outside the reinforcement of the beam, it is
necessary that the width of the column should be at least 80mm more than the width of
the beam. Sometimes the column sizes in plan may be smaller above the floor than
below it. In such cases the main bars of the column will have to bent inwards at the
floor level, or alternatively these main bars may be stopped just below the floor level
and separate lap bars may be provided for connecting the part of the column above
and below the floor.
SPIRALLY REINFORCED CIRCULAR COLUMNS:

These are circular columns, which are reinforced with closely and uniformly spaced spiral reinforcement in additional
to longitudinal steel. Columns of circular section are usually spirally reinforced. Sometimes separate loops may also be
provided in place of the spiral. The continuous spiral is adopted in preference to separate loops. A column with helical
reinforcement shall have at least six bars as longitudinal reinforcement. The strength of a column with helical reinforcement
satisfying the requirement given below shall be taken as
1.5 times the strength of similar member with lateral ties.
The ratio of the volume of helical reinforcement to the volume of the core shall not be less than 0.36
[Ag / Ak - 1] fck / fy
Where,Ag = Gross area of the section
Ak = area of the core of the helically reinforced column measured to the outside diameter of the helix.
fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete,
(28 days strength of concrete) fy = Characteristic strength of the helical reinforcement
not exceeding 415 N/mm2
Pitch of helical reinforcement (I.S. 456): Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation with the turns of the helix spaced
evenly and its ends shall be anchored properly by providing one and half extra turns of the spiral bar. The pitch of the helical
turns shall be not more than 75mm. nor more than one - sixth of the core diameter of the column, or less than 25 mm. nor less
than three times the diameter of the steel bar forming the helix.
Diameter of helical reinforcement: The diameter of the helical reinforcement shall not less than one - fourth the
Core diameter
Since the strength of a helically bound circular column has a strength equal to 1.05 times the strength of similar column with
lateral ties.
Ultimate strength of the column with helical reinforcement = Pu = 1.05(0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
Note: The above equation is valid provided the following condition is satisfied,
Volume of helical reinforcement
Volume of core
> 0.36 (Ag / Ak - 1) fck / fy
Problem 7: Determine the safe axial load for a short column 400mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of 25mm
diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Diameter of the column D = 400mm
Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 40mm
Area of longitudinal Steel = 6 x n / 4 x 252 = 2945mm2
Diameter of the core = 400 - 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 336mm
Area of the core Ak = n / 4 x 3362 = 88668mm2
Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical bars = dh = 336 - 8 = 328mm
Gross area of the column Ag = n / 4 x 4002 = 125664mm2
Area of concrete Ac = 125664 - 2945 = 122719mm2
Ultimate load for the column
Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
= 1.05 (0.4 x 20 x 122719 + 0.67 x 415 x 2945) = 1890640 N
Safe load for the column
= 1890640 / 1.50 = 1260427N = 1260.427Kn
Check for validity of the formula used Consider

one pitch length of the column Length of helix
per pitch length
= V (n dh) 2 + P2
= V (n x328)2 + 452 = 1031.42mm
Volume of the helix per pitch length = 50 x 1031.42 = 54571mm 2 Volume of
the core per pitch length = 88668 x 45 = 3990060mm2 Ratio of volume of
helical steel to volume of core
= 51571
3990060
This should be > 0.36 (Ag / Ah - 1) fck / fy
= 0.013.
> 0.36 (125664 / 8868 - 1) 20 / 415

> 0.007
Hence, the provision of the helical reinforcement is satisfactory.
Problem8: Determine the safe axial load for a short column 425mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of 22mm
diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 40mm diameter. Use M20 concrete and Fe
250 steel.
Solution:
Clear cover to longitudinal bars = 40mm
Diameter of the core = 425 - 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 361mm
Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical bars = dh = 361 - 8 = 353mm
Area of longitudinal Steel Asc = 6 x 380 = 2280mm2
22
Gross area of the column section Ag = n / 4 x 4252 = 141862.5mm2

Area of concrete Ac = 141862.5 - 2280 = 139582.5mm2
Area of the core Ak = n / 4 x 3612 = 102353.9mm2
Ultimate load for the column
Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
= 1.05 (0.4 x 20 x 139582.5 + 0.67 x 250 x 2280) = 1573488 N
Safe load for the column
= 1573488 / 1.50 = 1048992N = 1048.9927kN
Check for validity of the formula used Consider one pitch length of the column Length of helix per pitch length
= V (n dh) 2 + P2
= V (n x353)2 + 402 = 1110mm
Volume of the helix per pitch length = 50 x 1110 = 55500mm2 Volume of the core per pitch length = 102353.9 x 40 =
4094156mm2 Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core
= 55500
= 0.136.
4094156
This should be > 0.36 (Ag / Ah - 1) fck / fy
>
0.36 (141862.5 / 1023353.9 - 1) 20 / 250
> 0.01
Hence, the provision of the helical reinforcement is satisfactory.
Problem9: Design a circular column to carry an axial load of 1500kN. The column has an effective length of 2.50m. Use
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Let the diameter of he column be D.

Gross sectional area of the column = Ag = n D / 4 Providing 2 % steel
Asc = 0.02 Ag Area of concrete
Ac = Ag - 0.02 Ag = 0.98 Ag Ultimate load Pu = 1.5 x
1500 = 2500kN
Assuming the column to be short, and the minimum eccentricity does not exceed 0.05 D.
Ultimate load = Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Asc + 0.67 fy Asc) = 2250 x 103 N 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc = 2250 x 103 / 1.05
Ag = 2250 x 103 / 1.05 Ag = 159902.78mm2
13.401
n D2 / 4 = 159902.78 Provide a diameter of 450mm for the

column Ratio of effective length to the lateral dimension of the
column = l / D = 2500 / 450 = 5.6 (less than 12)
This is a short column.
Minimum eccentricity. This is the greater of
i)
20mm
L + _D_ = 2500 + 450 = 5 + 15= 20mm 500 30
30
emin = 20mm But 0.05 D = 0.05 x
450 = 22.5mm
emin < 0.05D
Hence, the ultimate load for the column is given by
500
Pu = 1.05 (o.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)
Gross area of the column section Ag = n / 4 x 4502 = 159043.13mm2 Area of steel

= Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = 159043.13 - Asc
Ultimate load Pu = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 (159043.13 - Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc]
=2250x103N Asc =
3223.5mm2 Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter
(3927.2mm2)
Check for validity of the formula used.
Providing 8mm 0 helical at a pitch of 45mm
Diameter of the core = 450 - (2 x 40) + (2 x 8) = 386mm
Diameter of the column corresponding to the centre of helical reinforcement = 386 - 8
= 378mm
Length of helix per pitch length = V(n x 378)2 + 452 = 1188.37mm.
Volume of helix per pitch length = 50 x 1188.37 = 59418.8mm3
Volume of the core per pitch length = n / 4 x 3862 x 45 = 5265953.3 mm3
Ratio of volume of helical steel volume of the core
= 59418.8 / 5265953.3 = 0.011
This should be > 0.36 (Ag / Ak - 1) fck / fy
We know, Ag = 159043.13mm2
And
1.
Ak = n / 4 x 3862 = 117021.18mm2
36(Ag / Ak - 1) fck / fy
= 0.36 (159043.13 / 117021.18 -1) 20 / 415 = 0.0062
Hence the design is satisfactory.
Problem 10: Figure shows the plan and part section of a four storeyed building of flat slab construction. Design an
interior column to the following particulars.
Height of each floor = 3.50m
Plinth height above the ground level = 0.50m
Thickness of wall = 250mm
Columns are 400mm x 400mm
Thickness of floor slabs = 150mm
Depth of foundation = 1.25m
Ignore moment transmitted to column from slab. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
For each floor
DL of slab
Floor finish
25 x 0.15 = 3.75kN/m2
= 1.00 kN//m2
Total D.L for floor
= 4.75
KN / m2
DL of walls for 1 floor = 0.25 x 3.5 x 20 = 17.5 kN/m.
Figure (a)
Load transmitted to the column at its base
Figure (b)
DL of floor
: (4.45 x 5 x 5) 4
= 475kn
DL of walls
: [17.5 (5 + 5)] 3
=525kn
DL of column
: 0.4 x 0.4 x 15.25x25
= 61kn
Live load from 4 floors

(30% reduction)
: 0.7 [4 x 5 x 5 x 4]
= 280kn
Total load of the column=Pu = 1.5 x 1341 = 2011.5 Kn Ultimate load of the column leff = 0.65 l =
0.65 x 3.50 = 2.275m Minimum eccentricity: This taken as the greater of the following
i)
20mm
ii) lef + b = 2275 + 400 = 17.88mm.

500
30
500
30
emin = 20mm
But 0.05 b = 0.05 x 40 = 20mm
emin has not exceed 0.05b
Hence, the ultimate load is given by
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Gross area of the column section Ag = 400 x 400 = 160000mm
Area of steel = Asc
Area of concrete = Ac = 160000 - Asc
Ultimate load Pu = 0.4 x 20
1280 X 103
- 8 Asc + 278.05
(160000 - Asc)+ 0.67 x 415 Asc = 2011.5 x 103N

Asc = 2011.5 x 103
Asc = 731.5 x 103 Asc = 2709mm2
270.5
Provide 8 bars of 22mm diameter.
Lateral ties
Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than,

i)
5mm
ii) / diameter of longitudinal bars = / x 22 = 4.4mm

Providing 6mm diameter ties
Spacing of lateral ties
The spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed,

i) Least lateral dimension of the column
ii) 16 x diameter of longitudinal bars
iii) 48 x diameter of ties
: 400mm
:16 x 22 = 352mm
: 48 x 6 = 288mm
Providing 6mm0 ties @250mm c/c.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS BY THE USE OF CHARTS:

Charts have been made by the Bureau of Indian standards (SP 16 : 1980) for designing columns in accordance with
the equation Pu = 0.4fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc.
See charts 1, 2 and 3. In the chart, in the lower portion, Pu / Ag has been plotted against the percentage of steel for various
grades of concrete. Suppose the sectional area of the column is known, we can determine Pu / Ag and we can get from the chart
the percentage of steel required. In the upper portion, Pu / Ag is plotted against Pu for various values of Ag.By using the upper
and the lower portions of the chart, calculations are considerably minimized. These charts will be of great advantage in
selecting sizes of columns in the preliminary design stage of multistoried buildings.
Problem 11: Design an axially loaded short column to carry an axial load of 1650kN. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Let us provide a column size of 400mm x450mm Gross area of
the column section = Ag = 400 x 450mm Ultimate loadPu = 1.5 x
1650 = 2475Kn
Pu = 2475 x 103 = 13.75 N/mm2
Ag
400 x 450
Referring to chart 2
Corresponding to PU
= 13.75 N/mm
Ag
Percentage of steel required = Pt = 2.15%
Asc = 2.15 x 400 x 450 = 3870mm2 100
2
Provide 8 bars of 25mm diameter (3927mm ) and provide 8mm 0 ties @ 300mm c/c.
Problem 12: A short R.C.C.column 425mm x 500mm in section carries an axial load of 1600kN. Find the area of steel
reinforcement required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution:
Gross area of the column = Ag = 425 x 500mm
Ultimate load
Pu = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400kN
Pu = 2400 x 103
Ag 425 x 500
11.3N/mm2
Referring to chart 1
Corresponding to PU = 11.3N/mm
A
Percentage of steel required = Pt = 2 %

Asc = _2 x 425 x 500 = 4250mm2
100
Provide 12 bars of 22mm diameter (4560mm ) and provide 8mm 0 ties @ 300mm c/c.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EXERCISE
A short R.C.C. column 450mm X 450mm is provided with 8 bars of 18mm diameter. If the effective length of the
column is 2.50m, find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. (2168.7kN)
A short R.C.C. column 475mm x 475mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 25mm diameter. The effective length of the
column is 3m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 steel. (2431.5kN)
A short reinforced concrete column 450mm x 450mm has to carry an axial load of 1400kn. Find the area of steel
required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
(1778mm2)
A reinforced concrete column has an effective length of 2.80m. It carries an axial load of 1800kN. Design of
column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. (provide approximately 2% steel)
(450mm x 450mm Asc = 4000mm2)
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 450mm in diameter reinforced with 6 bars of 25mm
diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm. Use M20 concrete and Fe415
steel.
(1447.3kN)
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 450mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of 20mm
diameter. It is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 40mm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250
steel.
(1651.5Kn)
COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND UNAXIAL BENDING

As mentioned earlier, a compression member shall be designed for a certain minimum eccentricity of the load.
It is always necessary to ensure that a column section is designed for a moment which is not less than the
moment due to the minimum specified eccentricity.
Assumptions: The following assumptions are made
a) Plane section normal to the axis of the member remains plane after bending. This means that the strain at any point of
the cross section is directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
b)
The design stress - strain relationship for concrete is taken as indicated earlier.
c)
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

d)
The design stresses in reinforcements are derived from the strains using the stress strain relationship given earlier.
Let us consider the following two cases.

Case (I): When the neutral lies within the section.
Figure shows the column section subjected to load and moment which produce a stress diagram such that the neutral axis
lies within the section.
The compressive stress in concrete in uniform for a distance 3/7 x u from highly compressed edge. For the remaining part of
the compressive zone the stress varies parabolic ally.
Total compressive force on concrete Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu
This force Ccu acts at a distance of 0.42xu from the highly compressed edge. Compressive force on steel
A
sc
CSU-_ASC (fsc - fcc)
Tensile force on steel Ast Tsu = Au fst
Ultimate load on the column section

Pu = Ccu + Csu - Tsu
Pu = 0.36 fck bsu + Asc (fsc - fcc) - Ast fst
--------- D/2
*------- D/2
<
Stress Diagram
Where fsc = stress in compression in steel Asc fck = stress in tension in steel Ast
fcc = stress in compression concrete in the neighbor - hood of Asc = 0.446 fck Ultimate moment Mu can
now be determined by taking moments about the centre line of the column.
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 - 0.42 xu) + Csu (D / 2 - d) + Tsu (D / 2 - d)
Mu = Ccu (D /2 - 0.42 xu) + Csu + Tsu ( D/ 2 - d)
The stresses fsc and fst may be determined as follows:

By the geometry of the strain diagram we can find the strain esc and est
In the case of mild steel

Strain at yield point = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250 = 0.0010875
Es
2 x105
Hence for strains > 0.0010875
The stress in steel is proportional to the strain, till the stress reaches 0.80 x design yield stress i.e. 0.80 x 0.87 f y
Strain corresponding to the above stress
= 0.80 x 0.87 x 415
2 x 105
Hence for strain less than 0.00144,
Stress = strain x Es
= 0.00144
For strain greater than 0.00144,

The stress may be noted from the table below.
Total Strain
0.00144
Stress
0.8 x 0.87 fy
0.00154
0.00163
0.00178
0.2825 x 0.87 fv
0.85 x 0.87 fy
0.875 x 0.87 fy
0.00192
0.00217
0.00241
0.90 x 0.87 fy
0.925 x 0.87 fy
0.95 x 0.87 fy
0.00259
0.00276
0.9625 x 0.87 fy
0.975 x 0.87 fy
0.00328
0.00380
0.9875 x 0.87 fy
Problem 1: A reinforced concrete column section 250mm x 500mm is provided with reinforcements as shown in figure. Find
Pu and Mu when xu = 335mm. Use M15 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
solution: Figures shows the strain diagram at ultimate conditions.
By the geometry of the strain diagram
esc = 285 x 0.0035 = 0.002978 335
est = 115 x 0.0035 = 0.001201 335
Since esc > 0.0010875 Fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250 = 217.5 N/mm2
Pu = 0.36 fck b xu + Asu (fsc - fcc) - Ast fst
Ast = 2280mm
= 0.36 x 15 x 335 + 2280 (217.5 - 0.446 x 15) - 2280 x 217.5

= 452250 + 480646.8 - 495900 = 436996.8 N = 436.9968
250
To find the ultimate moment

Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu = 452250 N = 452.250kN Csu = Asc (fsc - fsc) = 480646.8 N =
480.647kN
50
TU = Ast fst = 495900 N = 495.9 kN

0.0035
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 - 0.42 Xu) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 - d)

= 452.5 (0.5 / 2 - 0.42 x 0.335) + (480.647 + 495.900) (0.5 / 2 - 0.05)kNm
Problem 2: Figure shows the section of an RCC column 250mm x 500mm.
Taking Asc = Ast = 804mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 250. Take
xu = 370mm.
Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagramesc = 320 x 0.0035 = 0.003027
370
est = 80 x 0.0035 = 0.00075675
115
370
Since esc > 0.0010875
fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 250 = 217.5 N/mm2
Ast = 804mm
Asc= 804mm
Since est < 0.0010875 fst = Es est = 2 x 105 x 0.00075675 =

151.3 N/mm2 Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu
=0.36 x 15 x 250 x 320
=432000 N = 432kN
C
250
SU = Asc (fSc fcc)
= 800 (217.5 - 0.446 x 15)

= 168648 N = 168.648Kn Tsu = Ast fst = 800 x 151.3 N = 121040 N =
121.04kN Pu = Ccu + Csu - Tsu = 432 + 168.648 - 121.040 = 479.608 kN
Ultimate moment
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 - 0.42 Xu) + ( CSu + TSu) (D / 2 - d)
= 432 (0.5 / 2 - 0.42 x 0.37) + (168.648 + 121.04) (0.5 / 2 - 0.05)kNm = 40.87 +
57.94kNm = 98.81kNm.
50
0.0035
Problem 3: An RCC column section is 300mm x 500mm and is provided with steel reinforcement as shown in figure.
Taking xu= 300mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagram esc = 250 x 0.0035 = 0.002917 300
est = 150 x 0.0035 = 0.00175 300
Since esc and est have exceed 0.00144 the stresses fst must be calculated
coressponding to the strains the table given below. For esc = 0.002917, fsc =
353 N/mm2 For est = 0.00175, fst = 314 N/mm2 Since est < 0.0010875
Ast = 1256mm
Asc= 1256mm
Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu

300
= 0.36 x 15 x 300 x 300
= 486000 N = 486kN
su = Asc (fsc fcc)
50
=1256 (353 - 0.446 x 15)

0.0035
= 434965 N = 394.384 kN TSU = Ast fst = 1256 x 314 = 394384 N =

394.384 Kn
Pu = Ccu + Csu - Tsu = 486 + 434.965 - 394.384 = 526.581 kN
ultimate moment
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 - 0.42 Xu) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 - d)
= 486 (0.5 / 2 - 0.42 x 0.30) + (434.965 + 394.384) (0.5 / 2 - 0.05) kNm
= 60.264 + 165.870kNm = 226.134 kNm.
Problem 4: An RCC column section is 450mm x 250mm and is provided with steel reinforcement as shown in figure.
Taking xu= 350mm find Pu and Mu . Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
By the geometry of the strain diagram esc =300 x 0.0035 = 0.003 350
est = 50 x 0.0035 = 0.0004 350
Since esc > 0.00144; fsc = 354 N/mm2 Since esc < 0.00144; fst = Es , est
= 2 x105 x 0.0004 = 80 N/mm2
Ast = 1256mm
Asc= 1256mm
Ccu = 0.36 fck b xu

= 0.36 x 15 x 250 x 350 = 472500 N = 472.500kN
C
su = Asc (fsc fcc)
=1256 (354 - 0.446 x 15)
= 436221 N = 436.221 kN TSU = Ast fst = 1256 x 80
= 100480 N = 100.480 Kn
Pu = Ccu + Csu - Tsu = 472.500 + 436.221 - 100.480 = 808.241 kN
Ultimate moment
50
0.0035
Mu = Ccu (D / 2 - 0.42 XU) + ( Csu + Tsu) (D / 2 - d)

= 472.5 (0.45 / 2 - 0.42 x 0.35) + (436.221 + 100.480) (0.45 / 2 - 0.05) kNm = 36.855 +
93.923kNm = 130.778 kNm.
Case (ii) when the neutral axis lies outside the section.
For this case the strain diagram for the section is drawn as follows. We know when the section is subjected to a purely axial
compressive load the strain in concrete at ultimate condition at ultimate condition is uniform and equal to 0.002.
For the case when the neutral axis is along one edge then the maximum strain in concrete is 0.0035 at the highly compressed
edge to zero at the other edge.
The strain distribution lines for these two cases intersect at a distance 3D / 7 from the highly compressed edge. This point is
taken to act as a fulcrum for the strain distribution line when the neutral axes lies outside the section. When the neutral axis is
outside the section the strain at the highly compressed edge is 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed edge.
Figure shows the stress diagram for concrete. It may be noted in the stress diagram the stress is uniform at 0.446 f ck for the
distance 3D / 7 from the highly compressed edge, since in this region the strain is more than 0.002. For the remaining region the
stress diagram is parabolic.
Let xu = KD
Stress Diagram
Let g be the difference between the stress at the highly compressed edge and the stress at the least compressed edge.
By the property of the parabola g = 0.446 fck [4/7 D / KD - 3/7 D] 2

g = 0.446 fck (4 / 7k -3)2 Area of the stress block
= 0.446 fck D - g / 3 (4/7 D) = 0.446 fCK D - 4/21 gD
= 0.446 fck D [1- 4/21 ( 4 / 7k - 3)2]
We can find the centroid of the stress block by taking moments about the highly compressed edge. Moment about the highly
compressed edge.
= 0.446 fck D. D/2 - 4/21 gD [3/7D + % (4/7d)]
= 0.446 fck D2 / 2 - 8 /49 gD2
The position of the centroid can be determined by dividing the moment of the area of the stress block. The position of the
centroid of the stress block for different values of k are given in the table below.
Table - Stress Block Parameters (Neutral axis outside the section)
K = xu / D Area of Stress Centroidal distance
Block K1
Of stress block from the High
compressed edge Kg
1.00
0.361 fck D
0.416 D
1.05
0.374 fck D
0.432 D
1.10
0.384 fck D
0.443 D
0.399 fck D
0.458 D
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
0.409 fck D
0.417 fck D
0.422 fck D
0.435 fck D
0.468 D
0.475 D
0.480 D
0.491 D
0.440 fck D
0.442 fck D
0.444 fck D
0.495 D
0.497 D
0.499 D
Now the ultimate load Pu is given by

Pu = Cs + Csu + Tsu
Where, Cu = Compressive force on concrete = Area of the stress block x b = kib Csu =
Compressive force on steel Asc = Asc(fsc - fcc)
Tsu = Compressive force on steel Ast = Ast (fst - fcc) fcc = Stress
in concrete in the neighbor - hood of steel
Pu = Kt b + Asc (fsc - fcc) + A(fst - fcc)
The ultimate moment Mu can now be determined by taking moments about the centre line of the column.
Mu = Cu ( D / 2 - K2) + Csu ( D / 2 - d) - Tsu (D /2 - d) = Cu (D / 2 - K2) + (csu - tsu) ( D / 2 - d)

Problem 5: A reinforced concrete column section is 250mm x 250mm.
shown if figure. Using M15 concrete and Fe250 steel find Pu and Mu
It is
provided with reinforcement as
for xu = 550mm.
Solution:
D = 500mm
3 x D_=_3 X 500 = 214.3mm 7
Asc= 1964mm2
Ag = 1964mm2
50
50
Sinceshows
esc is greater
than diagram
0.0010875
Figure
the strain
at ultimate condition. By the geometry of the strain diagram
500
esc = 500 x 0.002 = 0.003 335.7
est = 100 x 0.002 = 0.0006 335.7
250
fsc = 0.87fy = 0.87 x 250 = 217.5N/mm2

Since est is less than 0.0010875
fst = Est est = 2x 106 x 0.0006 = 120N/mm2
fsc in the neighbor - hood of Asc
= 0.446 fck = 0.446 x 15 = 6.69 N/mm2 fcc in the
neighbor - hood of Ast is ignorable Xu
= K = 550
= 1.1
D
500
Area of the stress block

= K1 =o.384 fck D = 0.384 x 15 500 = 2880 K2 = 0.443 D = 0.443 x
500 = 221.5 mm Cu = K1 b = 2880 x 250 = 720000 N = 720kN Csu = Asc (fsc fcc) = 1964 (217.5 - 6.69) = 414031 N = 414.031kN Tsu = Ast fst = 1964 x 120
= 235680 N = 235.680kN Pu = Cu + Csu + Tsu = 720 + 414.031 + 235.680Kn =
1369.711 kN
Mu =Cu (D/2 - K2) + (Csu - Tsu) ( D/2 - d) = 720(0.5/2 - 0.2215)
+ (414.031 - 235.680) (0.5/2 - 0.05) = 20.52 + 35.67 kNm = 56.19kNm.
Problem 6: A reinforced concrete column section is 250mm x 450mm. It is provided with reinforcement as shown if
figure. Using M15 concrete and Fe415 steel find Pu and Mu for xu = 550mm.
Solution:
Xu = 500mm
3
x D_=_ 3 X 450 = 192.9mm
7
7
Figure shows the strain diagram at ultimate condition. By the geometry of the strain diagram esc = 450
x 0.002 = 0.00252
357.1
est = 150 x 0.002 = 0.00084
357.1
250
Since esc > 0.00144; fSC = 345.3 N/mm2 Since est <
0.00144;
fst = Est est = 2x 106 x 0.00084 = 168N/mm Xu =
K = 550 = 1.22
0 ^7 1
1 Q9 Q
450
D
100
Area of the stress block
= K1 =0.401 fck D = 0.401 x 15x 450 = 2707 K2 =
0.460 D = 0.460 x 450 = 207 mm fsc = 0.446 x
15 = 6.69N/mm2
Cu = K1 b = 2707 x 250 = 676750 N = 676.750kN Csu = Asc (fsc - fcc) = 1256

(345.3 - 6.69) = 425294 N = 425.294kN Tsu = Ast fst = 1256 x 168 = 211008 N =
211.008kN Pu = Cu + Csu + Tsu = 676.750 + 425.294 + 211.008kN =
1313.052 kN
Mu =Cu (D/2 - K2) + (Csu - Tsu) ( D/2 - d) = 676.750(0.225 - 0.207)
+ (425.294 - 211.008) (0.225 - 0.05) = 12.182 + 37.500 kNm = 49.682kNm.
ULTIMATE LOAD ECCENTRICITY CURVE

For an RCC column of o given section and a given reinforcement the ultimate load Pu depends upon the eccentricity of the load.
A graph of Pu Vs e can be plotted. This plot is obtained by plotting the load against the eccentricity corresponding to different
values of xu (see figure)
Consider the load line AB, where
\
B
OA = et = a given eccentricity
AB = OP1 represents the ultimate load at the Pl Eccentricity e1
Load P
A curve giving a relation between corresponding values of Pu and Mu
will be more useful and such a curve is called an interaction diagram. O
1A
ei
Eccentricity e
THE INTERACTIO DIAGRAM

R.C.C columns are generally designed for a minimum eccentricity of 20mm or 0.05D whichever is greater. Hence we should
always consider the moment due to eccentricity. For a given column, with a given amount of steel, it is possible to get an idea
about the column properties when subjected to load, moment and eccentricity. We know the ultimate load P u and the
corresponding ultimate moment Mu depend on Xu. An interaction diagram for a column of a given section and given
reinforcement is prepared as follows.
i) Assuming different values of Xu find the corresponding values Pu and Mu.
ii) Now plot the Pu - Mu diagram taking Mu along the x- axis, and Pu along the Y - axis.
Figure shows the plot. The diagram obtained is an interaction diagram. Such a diagram can be used to determine various
combinations of axial load and moment of the column section can sustain. For any value of the load and moment if the point
obtained is inside the diagram, the arrangements is safe. The interaction diagram also provides information about compression
failure, tension failure and balanced failure.
If E is any point on the interaction diagram and the line OE is at 9 with the vertical than tan9 represents the eccentricity for all
the combinations of load and moment corresponding to points on the line OE. The load corresponding to E represents the
ultimate strength Pue for the eccentricity e = tan9.
Generally it is found convenient to generate Pu - Mu interaction diagrams in a non-dimensional form.
Construction of non - dimensional interaction diagrams. Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are given in
are
the form of interaction diagrams. In these diagrams curves for Pu
versus Mu
plotted for different values of P
______
bd fck
bd2 fck
fck
where P is the Reinforcement percentage.
In the case of purely axially loaded compression member, the points shown on the Y -axis of the charts are obtained as follows.
We know for an axially loaded member, Pu = 0.446 fck bd + pbD / 100 (fsc - 0.446 fck)
Where fSC = compressive stress in steel corresponding to strain to 0.002
The quantity 0.446 fck is deduction for the concrete replaced by the reinforcement bars
Pu
fck bD
= 0.446 + P (fSC - 0.446 fK

100 fck
We may generally ignore the term 0.446 fck since it is small compared with fs However as an acceptable approximation a constant
value corresponding to the concrete grade M20 has been used in the production
of the interaction diagrams. In this way, the error is ignorable small over the
P
Comp.
range of the various grades of concrete.
u
Failure
If the column is subjected to an axial load as well as bending moment the points
for plotting the charts are obtained by assuming different positions of neutral
Balanced
Failure
axis. For each position of the neutral axis, the stra distribution across the section
of the member and the stress block parameters are determined as explained
Tens.
earlier. The stresses in 1 9 reinforcement are also calculated from the know
Failure
strains. Thereafter the resultant axial force and the moment about the centroid of
the section are calculated as follows.
(a) When the neutral axis lies outside the section. For this
case,
i=n
Pu = C1 fck Bd + 7 Pi b D (fsi - fci) i=l 100
M
u
Where, C1 = Coefficient for the area of the block

Pi = Asi
where
Asi is the area of reinforcement in the ith row
bD
fsi = stress in the ith row of reinforcement, compression being positive and tension being negative.
fci = stress in concrete at the level of the ith row of reinforcement and
n = number of rows of reinforcement.

The above expansion may be rearranged as
Pu
fck bD
= C1 +i=n
X
Pi
i=l T00Tck
(fsi - fci)
Where, C1D = distance of the centroid of the concrete stress block measured from the highly compressed edge and
Yi = distance of the centroid of the section of the ith row of reinforcement positive towards the highly
compressed edge and negative towards the least compressed edge,
Dividing both sides of the equation by fck b D , Mu
fck bD2
= C1 (0.5 - C2)
= i=n
X Pi
(fsi - fci) (yi / D)
i=l fck 100
(b) When the neutral axis lies within the section.
The stress block parameters in this case are simpler and they can be directly incorpated into the expressions
which are otherwise the same as for the earlier case.
i=n
Pu = 0.36 k + X Pi
(fsi - fci)
i=l 100 fck
Mu
i=n
= 0.36 k (0.5 - 0.416 K) X Pi
(fsi i=l fck 100
fci) (yi / D)
Where, K = Distance of neutral axis

D
An approximation is made taking fck corresponding to M20.
Use charts. Design of a column subjected to axial load and unaxial bending involves tedious calculations. Hence to overcome
the difficulties the Bureau of Indian standards has prepared interaction diagrams or charts.
Charts for rectangular sections have been given for reinforcement on two sides (charts 4 to 15) and for reinforcements on four
sides (charts 17 to 27). In the latter case the charts have been made for a section with 20 bars equally distributed on all sides.
The charts have been made for three grades of steel and four values of d / D for each case.
The dotted lines in these charts indicate the stress in the bars nearest to the tension face of the member. The line for f st = 0
indicates that the neutral axis lies along the outermost row of reinforcement. For points lying above this line on the chart, all the
bars in the section will be in compression. The line for fst = fyd indicates that the outermost tension reinforcement reaches the
design yield strength. For points below this line, the outermost tension reinforcement undergoes inelastic deformation while
successive inner rows may reach a stress of fyd. It should be noted that all these stress values are at the failure condition
corresponding to limit state of collapse and not at working loads.
Problem 7: Particulars of a reinforced concrete square column subjected to unaxial bending are given below.
Size of the column 400mm x 400mm Concrete mix: M20
Characteristic strength of reinforcement: 415N/mm
Factored Load: 2000kN
Factored moment: 150kNm
Arrangement of reinforcement: on two sides
Determine the reinforcement for the column.
Solution: Providing 25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm,
d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm
d = 52.5
d 400
Using the chart for d = 0.15 d

Pu
fckBd
= 0.13
= 2000 X 103
20 x 400 x 400
Mu
= 150 x 106
2
Fck bD 200 x 400 x 4002
= 0.625
= 0.117
Referring to chart P_ = 0.15

fck
Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.15 x 20 = 3%
Asc = 3 / 100 x 400 x 400 = 4800mm2
Problem 8: A reinforced square column 500mm x 500mm is subjected to a factored axial load 1800Kn accompanied by a
factored moment of 100kNm. Providing reinforcement on two sides determine the reinforcement on two sides determine
the reinforcement required for the column. Use M15 concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Solution: Providing 20mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 140mm, d = 40 + 10 = 50mm
d = 50 = 0.10 d 500
Using the chart for d = 0.10
d
Pu
= 1800 X 103
fckBd
15 x 500 x 500
Mu
= 100 x 106
2
Fck bD 15 x 500 x 5002
Corresponding to these P = 0.12
fck
Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.12 x 15 = 1.8 %
Asc = 1.8 / 100 x 500 x 500 = 4500mm2
= 0.48
=0.053
Problem 9: Find the reinforced for an RCC column to the following particulars. Size of the column 450mm x 450mm
Concrete mix: M25
Reinforcement: Fe415
Factored Load: 2500kN
Factored moment: 180kNm
Arrangement of reinforcement: on four sides

d = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5mm
d = 52.5
d 450
= 0.12
Using the chart for d = 0.15 will be used

d
Pu
= 2500 X 103
fckBd
25 x 450 x 450
Mu
= 180 x 106
2
fck bD 25 x 450 x 4502
= 0.494
= 0.079
Referring to chart _P
= 0.10
fck
Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.10 x 25 = 2.5%
Asc = 2.5 / 100 x 450 x 450 =5062.5mm2
Problem 10: Find the reinforcement required for a 500mm x 500mm column subjected to a factored load 1900kN
accompanied by a factored moment of 115kNm. The reinforcement is provided on four sides Use M15 concrete and
Fe 250 steel.
d = 40 + 10 = 50mm
d = 50
d 500
= 0.10
Chart for d = 0.10 will be used d

Pu
fckBd
= 1900 X 103
15 x 500 x 500
= 115 x 106
Mu
Fck bD2 15 x 500 x 5002

Refeering to chart
P
fck
= 0.12
= 0.507
= 0.061
Percentage of reinforcement p = 0.12 x 15 = 1.8 %

Asc = 1.8 / 100 x 500 x 500 = 4500mm2
Problem 11: Find the reinforcement required for a circular reinforced concrete column to the following particulars.
Diameter of the column: 450mm
Concrete mix
: M25
Reinforcement
: Fe415
Factored Load
: 1500kN
Factored moment
: 110kNm
Lateral reinforcement:
(a) Hoop reinforcement (b) Helical reinforcment Solution: Providing
25mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 40mm, d = 40 + 12.5 =
52.5mm
chart for
d = 52.5
D 450
= 0.12
_d_
D
= 0.15 will be used
(a) Column with hoop reinforcement

Pu
= 1500 X 103
2
fckD
20 x 4502
Mu
fck D3
= 110 x 106
25 x 4503
0.37
0.06
Referring to chart P = 0.09

fck
Asc = 1.8 / 100 x n x 4502 / 4 =2863mm2
Provide 6 bars of 25mm diameter (2945mm2)
(b) Column with Helical reinforcement
As per code, the strength of a compression member with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of a similar member
with hoop reinforcement. Hence the given factored load and the factored moment should be divided by 1.05 before using chart.
Pu
= 0.37 = 0.352
fckD2
1.05
Mu
= 0.06
3
Fck D
1.05
= 0.057
Referring to chart P_ = 0.085

fck
Asc = 1.7 / 100 x n x 4502 / 4 =2704mm2 Provide 6 bars of
22mm diameter Actual area of steel provided = 8 x 300 = 3040mm
Providing 8mm diameter helical reinforcement, core diameter = 450 - 2 (40
- 8) = 386mm
Ag
A
= 4502 = 1.359
386
0.36(Ag / Ak -1) fck / fy = 0.36(1.359 - 1) 20 / 415 = 0.0062

Volume of helical reinforcement
Aw x n x 378
n /4 x 3562 p
= 0.01 Aw
T o satisfy code reinforcement.

p
0.01 Aw < 0.36(Ag - Ak - 1) fck / fy P

1. 01Aw < 0.0062; p < 0.01 x 50 = 80.6mm say 80mm P
0.0062
Problem 12: Find the reinforcement required for a circular column to the following particulars. Diameter of the column:
450mm Grade of concrete : M20
Reinforcement
: Fe415
Factored Load Pu
: 1200kN
Factored moment Mu
: 100kNm

d = 40 + 10 = 50mm
d = 50 = 0.11 say 0.10 D 450
(a) Column with hoop reinforcement

Pu = 1200 X 103
fckD2
20 x 4502
= 0.296
= 100 x 106
20 x4503
= 0.055
Mu
fck D3
Referring to chart = 29 Corresponding to the above data:

P
= 0.085
fck
P = 0.085 x 20 = 1.7 %
Asc = 1.7 / 100 x n x 4502 / 4 = 2703.7mm2
2
Provide 14 bars of 16mm diameter (2814mm2)

(b) Column with Helical reinforcement
Since the strength of the column with helical reinforcement is 1.05 times the strength of the column with hoop reinforcement,
Pu
fckD2
= 0.296 = 0.282
1.05
Mu
= 0.055
3
fck D
1.05
= 0.052
Referring to chart 29 Corresponding to the above data,

P = 0.07
fck
P = 0.07 x 20 = 1.4%
Asc = 1.4 / 100 x n x 4502 / 4 =2226.6mm2
Provide 12 bars of 20mm diameter (2412mm )
COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BI AXIAL BENDING

Columns are often subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. Biaxial bending is due to moments transmitted by beams
monolithically connected to a column in different directions. Corner columns and interior columns are subjected to unbalanced
moment transmission in perpendicular directions. The exact analysis of such columns is very laborious and the I.S code has
given the following approach.
Let
Pu = Ultimate load for the column

Mux = Ultimate moment about the major axis (x - axis) of the section M uy =
Ultimate moment about the minor axis (y - axis) of the section
As per I.S. code, The column can be designed by the following condition,
[Mux / Muy]"" + [ Muy / Mu^F < 1
Where,
Mux = Ultimate moment about the x - axis Muy
= Ultimate moment about the y - axis
Mux1 = Uniaxial moment capacity about the x - axis for the given ultimate load Pu Muy1 =
Ultimate moment capacity about the y - axis for the given ultimate load Pu
an = An index related to the ratio Pu / Pz
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.20 to 0.80 the values of an vary uniformly from 1.00 to 2.00
See table below.
Values ofan
Pu / Puz
< 0.020
0.25
0.30
n
1.000
1.084
1.167
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
> 0.80
1.250
1.333
1.417
1.500
1.584
1.667
1.750
1.833
1.917
2.00
Note: (1) For any given percentage p of steel the values of Puz can also be determined from chart 40.
(2) For different values Pu / Puz, taking the appropriate value of an curves for the equation (Mux / Mux1)an = 1 have been
plotted in chart 41.
Problem 1: Design a short column subjected to biaxial bending to the following particulars:
Size of the column
: 400mm x
Factored
: 1200Kn
load Pu
400mm
Factored moment Mx : 85kNm Factored moment

Muy : 45kNm Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution: We will design the column with reinforcement distributed equally on four sides.
Let us assume a percentage of steel 1%. Let d / d = 0.15 P = L
fck
20
And
Pu
= 1200 X 103
= 0.3 75
fck Bd 20
x 400 x 400
Referring to chart 22 Corresponding to .P = 0.05
= 0.05
and
Pu
= 0.375, we find
= 0.08
fck bD2 fck bD

MUxi = 0.08 fck b D2 = 0.08 x 20 x 400 x 4002 = 102.4 x 106 Nmm = 102.4 kNm.
b = D, Muyl = Muxl
Since
Muy1 = 102.4 kNm Puz = 0.45 fcK Ac + 0.75 fy Asc Asc = 1% of Ag = 1/100 x 4002 = 1600mm2 Ac = 4002 - 1600 =
158400mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 158400 + 0.75 x 415 x 1600
= 1425600 + 498000 = 1923600 N = 1923.6 Kn
Pu = 1200= 0.624
Pz 1923.6
400
Corresponding to Pu = 0.624, the value of an = 1.707

Pz
8-16mm0
[Mux / Mux1]an + [ Muy / Muy1]an

(85 / 102.4)1707 + (45 / 102.4)1707 = 0.727 + 0.245 = 0.972 (less than 1)
Hence, the percentage of steel assumed is satisfactory.
Asc = 1% of Ag = 1/100 x 4002 = 1600mm2 Provide 8 bars of 16mm0
6mm0 ties @
250mm c/c
(1608mm )
Provide also 6mm 0 ties @ 250mm c/c
Problem 2: A reinforced concrete is 340mm x 500mm in section and is reinforced with 10 bars of 20mm diameter,
consisting of 3 bars along each short edge and the remaining 4 bars equally distributed along the long faces with 2
bars per as shown in figure.
The column is subjected to an ultimate load Pu whose eccentricities are 80mm about the x- x axis and 60mm about the y-y
axis . Find this ultimate load. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution: This problem can be solved by trial and error only.

Area of steel Asc = 10 x 314 = 3140mm
Area of concrete Ac = 340 x 500 - 3140 = 166860mm
340
50
Ag = 340 x 500 = 170000 Kn

Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy ASc
500
= 0.45 x 20 x 16680 + 0.75 x 415 x 3140 N
= 2479065 N = 2479.1 Kn
Let us test a trial value of Pu equal to about 60% Puz
o
50
o
5f
Pu = 0.60 x 2479.1 = 1475.5 kN say 1490 kN
Pu
= 1490 X 103
fck bD 20 x 340 x 500
And
= 0.438
d = 50 = 0.10
D 500
Percentage of steel = P= 3140 x 100 = 1.85%
170000
P = 1.85 = 0.093
fck
20
Referring to chart 21 Corresponding to P = 0.093
fck
and
Pu = 0.438,
fck bD
Mu = 0.109
fck bD2
Mux1 = 0.109 x 20 x 340 x 5002 = 185.3 x 106 Nmm = 102.4 kNm.

Now,
_dl
= _50_ = 0.147 say 0.15
D 340
Referring to chart 22,

Corresponding to
P
fck
and
Pu
= 0.438
fck bd
M,,
fck bD2
= 0.093
0.116
Muy1 = 0.116 x 20 x 500 x 3402 = 134.1 x 106 Nmm

= 134.1 kNm.
Pz
2479.1
Corresponding to
Pu
Pz
Mux = Pu ex = 1490 x 80
1000
= 0.60, the value of an = 1.667

= 119.2kNm.
Muy = 1490 x 60 = 89.4kNm

1000
[Mux / Mux1]an + [ Muy / Muy1]
(119.2 / 185.3)1667 + (89.4 / 134.1)1667
= 0.48 + 0.51 = 0.99 (less than 1)
Hence, the ultimate load Pu = 1490kN is correct.
Problem 3: A short rectangular R.C.C. column carries an axial load of 1170kN accompanied by moments M x = 120kNm
and My = 30kNm about the major and the minor axes.
Effective length about x-axis = lex = 5.25m
Effective length about y-axis = ley = 4m
Unsupported length of column about both axes = 4.75m
Design the column using M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Reinforcement shall be arranged equally on four sides.
Solution: We will select the column sizes so that the column will be a short column Let D =
depth of the section and b = width of the section.
l
ex < 12
D
D>l
ex
12
D > 5.25 X 103

12
D > 437.5mm
ley
b
< 12 b > ley

12
b > 4 x 103
12
= 333.3mm
Let us provide 350mm x 500mm.

Let 20mm 0 bars be used at a clear cover of 40mm
Effective cover
= 40 + 10 =
50mm.
Minimum eccentricity
ex min = L
+D=
500 30
4750
500
+ 500
30
= 26.17mm > 20mm
Ey min = L
+b=
4750
+ 350
= 21.17mm > 20mm
500
30
500 30
Ultimate load and moments are,
Pu = 1.5 x 1170 = 1755kN

Mux = 1.5 x 120 = 180kNm, Muy = 1.5 x 30 = 45kNm
Pu ex min = 1755 x 26.17 = 45.93 kNm < 180kNm 1000
PU ey min = 1755 x 21.17 = 37.15 kNm < 45kNm 1000
Hence for design we should take
Pu = 1755 kN, Mux = 180kNm and Muy = 45kNm
Let us provide 2% steel

P=2
Asc = 2 / 100 x 350 x 500 = 3500mm2
Ac = 350 x 500 - 3500 = 171500mm2
Ag = 350 x 500 = 175000mm2
Puz = o.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
= 0.45 x 20 x 171500 + 0.75 x 415 x 3 5 00 = 2632.9 x 103 N = 2632.9Kn
P=2
fck
Pu =
fck bD
= 0.10
20
1755 X 103
20 x 350 x 500
Referring to chart 5, corresponding to the above data,

Mux1
= 0.116
= 0.50
_d^_ = _50_ = 0.10

D
500
Fck bD2
Muxi = 0.116 x 20 x 350 x 5002 = 203 x 106 Nmm = 203kNm
Now, b = 50 = 0.14 say 0.15 b 350
Referring to chart 6, Corresponding to the above data,
uy1
= 0.10Mu
Fck Db2
Muy1 = 0.10 x 20 x 500 x 3502 = 122.5 x 103 Nmm = 122.5kNm

Pu = 1755
= 0.67, Corresponding to Pu = 0.67
Pu7
2632.9
Puz
an = 1.791
(180 / 203)1791 + (45 / 122.5)1791 = 0.81 + 0.17 =
0.98 (less than l)
Hence, the percentage of steel assumed is satisfactory.
Asc = 2 / 100 x 350 x 500 = 3500mm2
350
A
SLENDER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
12-2Omm0
We know when the ratio of the effective length to the lateral dimension
Of the column section exceeds 12 the column is regarded as a long or
Slender column. Such a column is liable to buckle before it can reach the
500
ultimate strength. The buckling of a column results in the column load

6mm0 ties Ties
becoming eccentric by A where A is the maximum lateral deflection.
300mm
To consider this effect, the I.S. code has given the following specificatioi
A slender column is taken as subjected to additional moments M ax and May

given by
Max = Pu D (lex / D)2 and May = Pu b

2000 2000
(ley / b)2
Where,
Pu = Ultimate axial load
lex = Effective length in respect of the major axis ley = Effective length in
respect of the minor axis D = Depth of the cross section at right angle to
the major axis, b = width of the member
The above expression can be rearranged as
M
ax = Pu eux and May = pu eay
Where, eax = D / 2000 (lex / D)2 and eay = b / 2000 (ley / b)2
eax / D = 1 / 2000 (lex / D)2 and eay / D = 1 / 2000 (ley / b)2
Or
The table below gives values of eax / D or eay / b for different values of the slenderness ratio.
Additional Eccentricity for Slender Columns

lex / D or ley / b
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ax / D or eay / b
0.072
0.085
0.098
0.113
0.128
0.145
0.162
0.181
0.200
lex / D or ley / b
ax / D or eay / b
25
30
35
40
45
0.313
0.450
0.613
0.800
1.013
50
55
1.250
1.513
60
1.800
The I.S. code has further specified that the moments given above may be reduced by a multiplication factor k given by
K = Puz - Pu
<1
Puz - Pb
Where,
Pu = Ultimate axial load on the member

Puz = Ultimate axial load with zero eccentricity = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc Pb = Axial load corresponding
to the condition of maximum strain of 0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002 in outermost layer of tension steel, and is
given following
For rectangular section
Pb = [ki + k2 p / fck] fck bD
For circular section
Pb = [ki + k2 p / fck] fck D2
Where p = percentage of steel k1 and k2 are determined from the table below. Values of
K1 and K2 for determining Pb
Table - Values of Ki
Section
Rectangular
Circular
0.05
0.219
0.172
Table - Values of K2
Section
d / D
0.10
0.207
0.160
0.15
0.196
0.149
0.20
0.184
0.138
fy N/mm2
Rectangular
Equal reinforcement
250
415
0.05
0.045
0.096
On two opposite sides

Rectangular
Equal reinforcement
On four sides
500
250
415
500
0.213
0.215
0424
0545
d / D
0.10
0.045
0.082
0.173
0146
0328
0.425
Circular
250
415
500
0.193
0.410
0.543
0.148
0.323
0.443
0.15
-0.015
0.046
0.104
0.061
0.203
0.256
0.20
-0.045
-0.022
-0.001
-0.011
0.028
0.040
0.077
0.201
0.291
-0.020
0.036
0.056
Notes:
2.
A column may be considered braced at a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is provided by
walls or bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in plane. It should otherwise be considered as
unbraced.
3. In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads occurring in its height, the additional moment shall be
added to an initial moment equal to the sum of 0.4 Mu1 and 0.6 Mu2 is the larger end moment and Mu1 is the smaller end
moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than
Mu2 nor the total moment including the initial moment be less than Mu2. For unbraced columns, the additional moment
shall be added to the end moments.
4. Unbraced compression members, at any given level to storey, subject to lateral loads are usually constrained to
deflect equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may be taken as the average for all columns
acting in the same direction.
M2
Ma
m2
\______Mi.
Column bending in single curvature (M2 > M1)

Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1 and not less than
1. 4 Mu2
Total design moment
Mt = Mi + Ma and not less than Mu2
Column bending in single curvature M2 > M1

Mi = 0.6 Mu2 - 0.4 Mu1 and not less than 0.4 Mu2
Total design moment Mt = Mi + Ma and not less
than Mu2
Problem 4 Design R.C.C. column to the following particulars Ultimate axial load
1250Kn
Ultimate moment at top about x axis
= 40kNm
Ultimate moment at top about y - axis
= 15kNm
Ultimate moment at bottom about x axis = 25kNm Ultimate moment at bottom about y - axis= 15kNm
Unsupported length of the column
= 6m
Effective length about x axis
= 4.75m
Effective length about y axis
= 4.50m
Width of the column
= 300mm
Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Note: The column is braced and it bends in single curvature
Solution; Let the column size be 300mm x 400mm
Let us provide 8 bars of 20mm diameter distributed on four sides.
Ag = 300 x 400 = 120000mm2
Asc = 8 x 314 = 2512mm2
Ac = 120000 - 2512 = 117488mm2
Percentage of steel provided = P= 2512 x 100 = 2.093%
300 x 400
Leffx
= 4.75 X 1000 = 11.875 < 12
D
400
leffy
= 4.5 X 1000
= 15 > 12
D
300
The column is a long column about the y - axis only.
Initial moments
Mix = 0.6 Mux2 + 0.4 Mux1 = 0.6 x 40 + 0.4 x 25 = 34kNm
This is greater than 0.4 Mux2 (= 0.4 x 40 = 16kNm)
Mix = 34kNm
Miy = 0.6 Muy2 + 0.4 Muy1 = 0.6 x15 + 0.4 x 15 = 15kNm This is greater than 0.4 Muy2 (=0.4
x 15 = 6kNm)
Miy = 15kNm
Minimum moments
x min =
Ey min
=
lx
500
ly
500
Mxmin =
31.67 kNm
1000
+D
30
= 6000
500
+ 400:
30
+_b_ = 6000 + 300

30
500
30
Pu ex min = 1250 x 25.33 =
My min = Pu ey min = 1250 x 22 = 27.5 kNm

1000
And
Mix = 34kNm
Miy = 27.5kNm
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
= 0.45 x 20 x 117488 + 0.75 x 415 x 2512 = 1839.252 x 106N
Additional moment for bending about the y - axis

May = Pub (lyeff / b)2 k 2000
k = Puz - Pu
Puz - Pb
Where,
Pb = (k1 + k2p / fck) fck Bd

Referring table
d = 50 = 0.167 b 300
For
d = 50 = 0.167 k1 = 0.192 and K2 = 0.1435

b 300
Pb = (0.192 + 0.1435 x 2.093 ) 20 x 300 x 400 = 496.84kN
20
K = 1839.252 - 1250 = 0.439 < 1 1839.252 - 496.84
May = 1250 x 300 x 152 x 0.439 = 18.52 kNm 2000 1000
Mux = Mix + Max = 34 + 0 = 34kNm
But Mux2 = 40 kNm

Mux = 40kNm
Muy = Miy + May = 15 + 18.52 = 33.52kNm > Muy2
Thus the column should be designed for the following design loads and moments
Design load
Pu = 1250kN
MUX = 40KNm and May = 33.52 kNm
Check for safety for biaxial bending

i) Bending about x axis
d = 50 = 0.125, P = 2.093 = 0.104 D 400
Pu
=
Fck Bd
Since
d
D
Chart
21
22
d / D
0.10
0.15
0.125
1250 X 103
20 x 300 x 400
fck
20
= 0.521
= 0.125 (between 0.10 and 0.15) we will refer to charts 21 and 22.
P/fck
0.104
0.104
0.104
Pu / fck bD
0.521
0.521
0.521
Mu / fck bD2
0.095
0.085
0.090
Mux1 = 0.090 fck bD1 = 0.090 x 20 x 300 4002 = 86.4 x 106 Nmm = 86.4
KNm
ii) Bending about y - axis

d = 50 = 0.167 D 300
Sinced = is between 0.15 and 0.20 we will refer to charts 22 and 23.
b
Chart
22
23
d / D
0.15
0.20
0.167
P/fck
0.104
0.104
0.104
Pu / fck bD
0.521
0.521
0.521
Mu / fck bD2
0.085
0.077
0.082
Muy1 = 0.082 fck Db2 = 0.082 x 20 x 400 x 3002 = 59.04 x 106 Nmm = 59.04
KNm Pu=
Puz
1250
= 0.68
1839.282
Referring table For Pu = 0.68,

P
z
an = 1.80
1the column is 2.25m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
2Solution:

(40 / 86.4)180 + (33.52 / 59.04)180 =
0.25 + 0.36 = 0.61 (less than l)
Minimum eccentricity is greater than the following
Hence, the design is safe.
i)
Provide also 6mm 0 lateral ties @ 250mm c/c.

L + b = 2250 + 400
500
30
500
30
= 4.5 + 13.33 =
17.83mm
ii)
20mm
emin = 20mm
emin has not exceed = 0.05b
= 0.05 x 400 =
20mm
Gross area of the section Ag = 400 x 400
= 16 x 104 mm2
Area of steel = 8 x n / 4 (16)2 = 1608.50mm2
Area of concrete = 158391.50mm
Since emin has not exceed 0.05b, the ultimate load is given by Pu = 0.4fck
Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.40 x 20 x 15839.50 + 0.67 x 415 x 1608.50 =
1714.24kN
2.
A short column R.C.C. column 450 x 450mm is reinforced with 8 bars of 20mm diameter. The effective length of the
column is 2.75m. Find the ultimate load for the column. Use M20 concrete and Fe 250 Steel.
3.
A reinforced concrete short column 400mm x 400mm has to carry an axial load of 1200kN. Find the area of steel
required. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
4.
A reinforced concrete column of 2.75m effective length carries an axial load of 1600kN. Design the column using
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Determine the safe axial load for a short circular column 400mm in diameter, reinforced with 6 bars of 25mm diameter,
it is provided with 8mm diameter helical reinforcement at a pitch of 45mm. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution: M20 & Fe 415
D = 400mm
Asc = 6 x n / 4 ( 25)2 = 2945.25mm2
Diameter of core = 400 - 2 x 40 + 2 x 8 = 336mm

|<- 320
Ultimate load for the column.
|< 400mm
>|
>|
328mm
Pu = 1.05 (0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc)

= 1.05 [ (0.4 x 20 x 122718.75) + (0.67 x 415 x 2945.25)]
= 1890.71kN
Safe load for the column = 1890.71 / 1.5 = 1260.47Kn Check for validity for the formula
used.
Consider one pitch length of the column
Volume of helical reinft. Per pitch > 0.36 (Ag / Acore - 1) fck / fy Volume of core concrete per pitch
____(Vn dh2 + p2) p
n / 4 (400 - 2 x 40 + 2 x 8)
>
0.36 ( n /
4 (400)2 / (n / 4 (336)2 - 1) 20 / 415
Length of helix per pitch length

= V (ndh)2 + p2
= V (n x 328)2 + 452 = 1031.43mm
Volume of helix per pitch length = 1031.43 x 45 = 46414.35 Volume of the core per pitch length
= 3990,083.328 Ratio of volume of helical steel to volume of core = 0.0116 This should be >
0.36 (Ag / Acore - 1) fck / fy > 0.007 Hence the provision of helical reinforcement is satisfactory.
Minimum depth of foundation

= P ( 1- sin0 / 1 + sin 0 )2 Y
P = safe bearing capacity of the soil.
Y = specific weight of the soil 0 =

Angle of repose of the soil.
UNIT V
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF FOOTING AND DETAILING
Find the area depth of foundation required for a column carrying an axial load of 1250kN. The safe
23
bearing capacity of the soil is 120 kN/m . The soil at the sight weights 18kN/m and has an angle of repose of 30.
Load on the colum
=1250kN =125kN
Approximate weight to foundation (10% of

= 1375 kN
column load)
Total load on the soil
= 1375 / 120 = 11.46m2
Area of the foundation required

Provide a foundation area of 12m2
Minimum depth of foundation
= P ( 1- sin0 / 1 + sin 0 )2
Y
=
120 ( 1- sin 30 / 1 + sin 30)2

18
= 0.74m say 0.75m Consider 1m run of the foundation

Total upward load on the cantilever = pa / 1000 N Maximum
bending moment = pa / 2000 x 1000 = N/mm
Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 for the 28 days cube strength . For M20 concrete the
permissible bending stress.
F = 20
30
=2 / 3 N/mm2
Equating M.R to max. BM

E / r = f/y = M /I
M = F.I / Y = Pa2 2
- fi =_Pa2 2
f - BD3 . Pa2 6 2
D2 = 3Pa2 fB
D = VjPa2 fB
P = 100 Kn/M2 0.10
=XJQ X1000 N
-1000 X1000 mm2
= 0./N/mm2
Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 of the 28 dayys cube strength
For M20 concrete the permissible bending stress
= 2/3 N/mm2
f= 20
30
Equating M.R to max B.M

1/6 f b D2 = pa2 2
D = V 6 pa2 2 f b
P = 100 KN / m2 = 100 x 1^0
1000x1000
2 x 2/3 x 1000
= 0.1 N/mm.
D = V 6 X 0.1 a2
= 0.02 a
Plain concrete may be stresses to a bending stress equal to 1/30 of the 28 dayys cube strength For M20 concrete the permissible
bending stress
f= 20 = 2/3 N/mm2 30
Equating M.R to max B.M
1/6 f b x D2 = pa2 2
1/6 x 2/3 x D2 = pa2 2
D2 = 3 x 6 pa2 2 x 2 D2 = 4.5
pa2
D = V4.5 a Vp = V4.5 a V0.1
= 2.121 a Vp =
2.121 a V 0.1
2
D = 0. 6708 a P = 100 KN / m =100 x 1000
= 0.1 N/mm.
^000 x 1000
Design a unreinforced concrete wall footing for a wall 450mm thick carrying a load of 300kN/m run. The safe bearing
capacity of the soil is 200KN/m2. Use M20 concrete.
Solution:
Consider one meter run of wall
Load of the wall = 300kN/m.
300 000 N/m
Weight of the footing at 10% of load on the wall = 30 000 N/m

Total Load
= 3,30,000 N/m
Area of footing for one meter run = 3,30,000
2, 20,000 =
1.65m2
Width of footing = 1.65 / 1 = 1.65m = 1650mm
Thickness of wall = 450mm
Cantilever projection of footing a = 1650 - 450
Net upward pressure P = 300kN
1.65 X 1
Depth of footing
= 600mm.
2
= 181.82 kN/m2
D = V 3 X Pa2 f x
B
= V 3 x 0.18182 x 6002
20/30 x 1 = 541.37mm
say 550mm
P = 181.82KN/m2 = 181.82 x 1000N 1000 X 1000 = 0.18182.
2. A square column 500 x 500mm carries an axial load of 1500kN. Design the column and a square footing for the
column. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 225kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solution:
Design of the column
Load on the column = W = 1500Kn
Factored load Pu = 1.5 x 1500 = 2250kN
Overall area of the column section = 500 x 500 = 2,50,000mm Area of
steel = Asc . mm
Ac = 250000 -Asc Area of
concrete Ac = 2,50,000 - Asc Pu = 0.4 fck Ac
+ 0.67 fy Asc
2250 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x (2,50,000 - Asc) + 0.67 x 415 Asc
22 5 0 x 103 = 2 x 106 = 2 x 106 - 8 Asc + 278.05 Asc
Asc = 925.75mm2
Using 20mm #
No. of bar = 925.75
n / 4(20)2
= 2.95 Nos. say 4 Nos.
The diameter of the lateral ties shall be not less than
a) / diameter to the longitudinal bars = 20/4 = 5mm.
b) 6mm
Provide 6mm # bars.
Pitch of lateral ties
i) 500mm
ii) 16 x 20 = 320mm
iii) 48 x 6 = 288mm Provide 6mm # ties @ 280mm
c/c.
Design of the foundation:

Load on the column
= 1500kN
Approximate weight of the footing at 10% of column load = 150kN

Total
Area of the footing = 1660 Load
225
= 7.33m2
= 1650kN
SBC
Size of the footing = 2.71m.

Provide 2.75m x 2.75m
2.7
5
Net upward pressure intensity = p = 1500 x 10

1.75x 2.75
0.5
0.5
= 198.35 kN/m2
/
Depth from B.M consideration
/'
V
\
BM = 198.35KN/m2 x 2.75m x 1.1252 / 2

= 345.17kNm
Mu = 345.17 x 1.5 = 517.75
2.7
5
517.75 x 106 = 0.138 fck bd2

= 0.138 x 20 x 500 d2
d = 612.52mm
Providing 12mm # bars at a clear cover of 60mm Upper layer d = 60 +
12 + 6 = 78mm
D = 613 + 78 = 691mm.
Depth may be increased by 30% to limit the shear stresses.
D = 691 x 1.3 = 898.30mm
D = 900mm
d = 900 - 78 = 822mm.
1125
Depth from punching shear consideration:

Punching load = column load - Reaction on column area
= 1500 - 198.34 x 0.52
= 1450.42 Kn
Factored punching load = Pu = 1.5 x 1450.42
= 2175.63kN Punching
shear stress for M20 concrete = 1.8 N/mm
Equating punching shear stress resistance to the punching load
4 x 500 x 1.8 x D = 2175.63 x 103
D = 604.34mm
st =
Check for shear

SF = 198.35KN/m2 x 2.75 x 0.303 = 165.28kN Vu = 247.91kN
Tc = Vu
303
b1 d1 = 0.30 N/mm2
Ast = 18 x 113 = 2034mm

% Ast =
2034
2144 x 383.30 =
0.26%
Tv = 0.36 N/mm2
2
x 100
300
D1 = 300 + 600 / 1125 x 30

d1 = 461.60 - 78 =
383.60mm
b1=2144
822
= 1125
?
Check for two way shear D2 =
680.80mm d2 = 602.80mm b1 = 1322
Perimeter = 4 x 1322 = 5288mm.
V = 198.34 KN /m2 (2.752 - 1.3222)
= 1153.31
Vu = 1.5 x 1153.31 = 1729.97 kN
Tv = 1729.97 x 10
5288 x 602.80
= 0.54 N/mm2
Bc = short side of column section

Long side of column section
=1
K = 0.5 + pc = 1 + 0.5 = 1.50
d/2 = 411
Kc should be limited to 1
Tc = k x 0.25 Vfck = 1 x 0.25 V20 = 1.12
N/mm2
Tv < Tc
1125
? = 380.80mm
Design a footing for the foundation of a
brick wall 40cm thick and transmitting a
load of 100kN/m of its length. The
bearing capacity of the soil is 60kN/m 2.
The unit weight of earth is 15kN/m3. Use
fck = 20Mpa, fy = 250
Mpa and load factor = 1.5
40 cm tk.
714
1125
100kN/m SBC =
60KN/m2 Y = 15
kN/m3 M20 & Fe
250 Load factor 1.5
Assume base of the footing to be 50 cm below the ground level. Axial
load = 100kN/m
Area of footing required = 100 / 60 = 1.67m per m length.
App. Wt. of 10% = 110 / 60 A = 1.83m
P = 110 / 2 = 55kN/m 82.5kN/m.
M = 82.5 x 0.92 / 2 = 33.41
d=VM
0.148 fck b
= V 33.41 x 106
1. 148 x 15 x1000
= 109.73mm
d = 120mm
D = 300mm d = 65
d = 235mm
BM = 0.87 fy Ast d (1 - Ast fy

bd fck
Ast
Ld =0 Os
One way shear
< available length
Vu = pl Tv = V/bd
Shear strength Tc
0.25li
Clear SDan
0.25l2
0 25l1
0 :
100%
(r
&
20%
60%
0.15li*
60%
100%
0.15l2*
#
100%
60%
e30%
LTM
100%
30%
<
0.11-1
Effective Span L1
0.15li
30%
MH
0.15l2
End Support
Effective Span L2
Intermediate Support
0.15 l1 should not be less than Ld

Note: - Applicable to continuous beams with approximately equal spans (not differing more than 15 percent) and subjected to
predominantly U.D.L., and designed without compression steel.
Figure SIMPLIFIED CURTAILMENT RULES FOR CINTINUOUS BEAMS.
L
Brick wall
In case partially restraint members 35 percent of the reinforcement shall also be provided for negative moment at the support and
fully anchored.
Not less than
Greater of 0.5 l
or Ld
Not less than

0.5 Ast
-0-
Ast
50
L
Ld / 3
L
d
-0.25 Ast (mim.) subject to

minimum of two bars, if not
designed as a doubly
reinforced section.
Figure Simplified Curtailment rules for a cantilever Beam (Continued)

8.6 Edge and spandrel Beam - T - beam or L beams are usually designed as internal and external beams supporting a
floor slab: where part of the slab form the horizontal portions of T - or L - beam
as thee flange of T - or L - beam is parallel to the beam, transverse reinforcement extending to the length indicated in figure shall
be provided. If the quantity of such transverse reinforcement is not specially determined by calculations it shall not be less than 60
percent of main reinforcement in the centre of the span of slab constituting the flange.
8.7 Corners and cracked Beams - Recommendations for various methods of reinforcing corners are giving herein based on
reference 6. It is to be noted that closing corners present to the major.
< Greater of
Figure 8.17 Simplified Curtailment Rules for a cantilever Beam
> 1/4
bf
> 1/4
J5
<
SECTION XX
Figure 8.18 Transverse

Reinforcement in Flange of T
- beam When Main
Reinforcment of Slab is
Section Showing U - Type
9.4 A Corner with two Discontinuous Ends.

/5
* Lx / 5 *
3/8As (T & B
3/8As (T & B)
</5
9.4 B Corner with One Discontnuous

Ends Figure 9.4 Torsional
Reinfocement in Slab
2. An RCC footing 500mm x 500mm has to support an all inclusive load of 550kN and is also
subjected to a moment of 27.5kNm. Design a footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of the
soil is 250kN per Sq.meter. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
500
P = 550kN M = 27.5kNm
SBC - 250KN/m2 Approximate weight
of footing - 55kN Total Load = 550 +
55 = 605kN Pe = M
Eccentricity = M/ p = 27.5 / 605 = 0.04545 m Area of
footing = Total Load / Safe Bearing Capacity = 605x 103 /
350 = 2.42 m2 Size of foundation = 1.56 meter.
Provide 1.60m x 1.60m
The footing will be so provided so that centre of gravity of the column load will coincide with the centre of gravity
of the footing. The footing is placed symmetrical with respectively to the xx axis of the column.
Projection of the footing beyond the column faces will be
Net upward pressure intensity
Depth of footing Punching Shear Consideration

4 x 100 x 1.8 D = 550 - 0.52 x 214.84) 1.5 D =
206.79mm
W = 214.84 x 1.6 = 343.74 KN/m
B. M. = 343.74 X 0.5952 / 2 = 60.846 KNm Mu=
1.5 x 60.846 = 91.269kNm Mu = 0.36
xumax / d ( 1-0.42 xumax / d) fck bd2 = 0.36 x
0.48 (1-0.42 x 0.48) 20 x 500 d2 d =
1600
257.20mm D = 260 + 60 + 15 = 335mm D =

450 - 60 - 10 - 5 = 375mm One way shear
= 75.80 kN Vu = 113.69kN Tv = Vu / bd = 0.42 N/mm2
Tc =
100 Ast / bd
Two way shear
V = 214.84
kN/m2
(1.6)2 -SI 595 N-
214.84 x
Plan
b1 = 1250mm d1 = 292.38 - 75 =
217.38mm Va = 214.84 x 1.6 x
0.2205
kN/m2 x m x m
(0.875)
Tv =
578.26 x 10
4 x b1 d2
< kc 0.25 V fck
= 0.55 N/mm2 < 1.12 N/mm2

b1 = 875
187.50
d1 = 296.29mm
d/2
1
6
0
0
PLAN
20
0
D2
=
3
7
1
.
2
9
d
2
9
6
.
2
9
m
m
Hence Safe
Overall depth at the critical section
= 1570 - (1570 - 400) / 1570 x 1486 = 466.11mm
Effective depth at the critical section = d = 466.11 84 = 382.11mm Radius of the critical circle section =
300 + 1486 = 1786mm Nominal Shear Stress at the
critical section due to factored shear force. = 1.5 x
217300 n (1.8752 - 1.7862)
2 n x 1786 x 3820.11
This very small 28.7

COMBINED FOOTINGS
Very often a column may have to be provided near the edge of some property and it may not be possible to extend the footing beyond a
certain limit. In such a case the load on the footing will be eccentric, and will result in uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil.
Hence an alternative design would to be providing a common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it. The column
footing provided to the two columns is called a combined footing. The shape of the combined footing in plan shall be such that the line of
action of the two column loads should pass through the centroid of the foundation plan. With such a planning, the loads of the two columns
will be evenly distributed to the soil.
Combined footings are either rectangular or trapezoidal. A rectangular combined footing is provided in the following circumstances.
i)
The width of the footing is restricted.
ii)
The projection of the footing parallel to the length of the footing is restricted on one side.
A trapezoidal combined footing is provided when the projections parallel to the length of the footing is restricted on both the sides, i.e. the
trapezoidal combined footing is provided when the length of the footing itself is restricted.
Rectangular Combined Footing.
Let A and B represent two columns carrying loads Wa and Wb respectively. Let the left column A be the exterior column and let B be the
interior column. Let the column be l apart between centers. Due to boundary limitations, let the offset on the left side of the exterior
column A be restricted to xa. Now the plan dimensions of the footing can be fixed as follows.
Total column load = Wa + Wb = (W)
h------------------------- l ----------------A Wa
; (W)
|- Xa ---------------- ( -x )
(l -x)
i
i
!________________________________________
i
i
i
Wb
Xb
h----------------------------------------- 1-------------------------------------------------- *
IT
-------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
1___________________________________________________________________
Figure
Weight of the foundation (this may be taken equal to the 10% of ZW approximately).
= Wf
Total load transmitted to the soil
= (ZW) + Wf
Area of foundation = Af =____________(ZW) + Wf_________
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil
Distance of centre of gravity of column loads from the axis of column A
~x = Wb x 1 (ZW)
Distance of C.G. of column loads from the left edge of the footing
= xa~+ x
In order the intensity of the soil reaction on the footing may be uniform, the condition to be satisfied is that the
C. G of the column loads (in plan) and the C.G. of the foundation plan must coincide.
To satisfy this condition.
___
Length of the footing = L = 2 (Xa + X )
After determining the length L of the footing the offset xb on the right side of the column B can be easily determined.
Xb = L / 2~ ( 1- X )
Since the area of the foundation is already calculated, we can determine the width b of the footing.
b = area of the foundation L
Thus, the plan dimensions of the footing and the exact positions of the columns on the footing are established. Net upward
pressure on the footing
P = Total column load = (ZW)
Area of footing
Af
Thickness of the footing: This is determined from punching shear and bending moment considerations.
Punching Shear consideration under column A
If D = Overall depth of the footing
Puncting load under the column A
= Load on column A - soil reaction on the area of column A = Wa - p x area of column A Factored punching load = 1.5
x actual punching load Ultimate punching shear resistance
= perimeter of column A x D x design punching shear strength.
Equating the ultimate punching shear resistance to the factored punching load,
(Perimeter of column A ) x D x (design punching shear strength) = 1.5 [ W a - soil reaction on area of column A]. We can find
D
Punching shear consideration under the column B As per previous case, we have the relation
(Perimeter of column B ) x D x (design punching shear strength) = 1.5 [ Wb - soil reaction on area of column A].
We can find D
Generally we find the depth of footing required will be greater.
From B.M. consideration.
B.M. consideration
Let Wus = 1.5 Wa and Wub = 1.5 Wb be the factored columns loads. Uniform upward pressure intensity.
Pu = Wua + Wub
Af
Net upward reaction per unit length of the footing = w = p u b
B.M. under the column A
2
= Mua = + wx 2
B.M. under the column B
= Mub = + wxb 2
Maximum hogging moment will occur at a Section
between the columns, where the Shear force is zero at
a distance x from the Left edge.
Equating the S,F, to zero, we get,
A
Xa
>
B
l
<
Xh
-I
X = Wu
W
MM
Max. hogging B.M.

= Mu max = WX
2
Where,
B.M. Diagram
-W
ua
(x - x )
= Wua
This B.M will be generally the greatest B.M. for the footing. Mu lim Using M20
concrete 0 Fe 415 steel Equating Mu lim to Mu max 0.138 fck bd2 = Mu
max
D = VMu max
0.138 fck
Assuming suitable diameter of bars and providing a clear cover of 60mm
We can find the overall depth. The overall depth so determined may be increased bt 30% to 40% to limit the shear stresses,
and to reduce the steel area of economy consideration.
Reinforcement from B.M. Consideration.

For the bending moment Mumax and Mua and Mub the reinforcement required are determined. The
moment Mua and sometimes the moment Mub
A
Oi
May be so small, that the reinforcement required May work out to be
B
O,
very small. In such cases a minimum Of 0.12% of gross sectional area

may be provided when Fe 415 steel is used and 0.15% of gross
sectional are May be provided when Fe 250 steel is used.
A
sii
s12
Figure: Theoretical Positions of reinforcement
Shear Analysis. Now we should determine the shear force at all critical sections. S.F. at the left edge
S.F. just on L.H.S. of column A = S4 = + wxa S.F. just on R.H.S. of column A = S2 = + wxa Wua
S.F. just on R.H.S. of column B = S3= + wxb S.F. just on L.H.S. of column B = Si = + wxb +
Wub
These shear forces are named as S1s S2, S3 and S4 in the order of their magnitudes.
Nominal shear stresses due to the above shear forces are given by
T1
= S1
bd
, T2 = S2
bd
, T3 = S3 and T4 = S4 ,
bd
bd
Critical Section for shear

In the cantilevering parts, the critical section for shear should be considered at a distance of effective depth from the face of the
column.
In part of the footing between the two columns the critical section for shear is at a distance of effective depth from the
column face af-atthe point of contra. - flexure whichever is closer lothe column.
(a)
Lesser of d or distance to
.
(r )
Point of contra - flexure
C
C
/
Figure Critical Sections for shear

Let Tc = permissible nominal shear stress. In the zones where the nominal shear stress is less than TC nominal eight - legged
stirrups will be provided at a nominal spacing of 300mm centers. Where the nominal shear stresses are greater than TC 10 or 12legged stirrups may be provided. Sufficient longitudinal steel shall also be provided to support the stirrups. To support eight legged stirrups at least five longitudinal bars are needed at the top and at the bottom. See figure.
T o support 1 2- legged stirrups at least 7 longitudinal bars are needed at the top and the bottom. See figure.
Disposition of top and bottom longitudinal bars: The following points may be noted while deciding the provision and
disposition of the longitudinal reinforcement.
Disposition of top barsThe top bars which have been determined for the maximum hogging bending moment may be provided
between outer face of one column to outer face of the other column. Beyond this region as much longitudinal steel as may be
needed to support the stirrups may be provided.
^ 0>
vO
Oy
.0
0.
(b)SECTION SHOWING 8 STIRRUPS

Bottom bars under the column A
The bottom bars under the column A shall be extended into the interior of the footing to the greater of the following
distances:
i)
30 diameters from the outer face of column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of the column for tor
steel.
ii) Upto the point of contra - flexural.

iii) 30 diameters from the outer face of column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of the column for tor
steel.
iv) Upto the point of contra - flexural.
W ua
W ub
------------------- H------------------------------------------------------- M--------------------
<
ottom bars under the column B

The bottom bars under the column B shall be extended into the interior of the footing for the greater of the following
distances:
i)
30 diameters from the outer face of the column for M.S. bars and 47 diameters from the outer face of the column for tor
steel.
ii) Upto the point of contra flexure.
flexure whichever is greater
Transverse bending: The footing has also a tendency to bend in a transverse direction. However, such bending is likely to
occur for a certain region in the neighborhood of each column. For design purpose it may be assumed that such transverse
bending will occur for a distance equal to the effective depth measured from the face of the column.
Consider a strip of unit width bending in a transverse direction.
Maximum transverse bending moment per unit width
= M= Pu f2 / 2
Where Pu upward pressure intensity and = f = Maximum transverse projection. Now we can calculate the transverse steel
required for this bending moment. The transverse steel is placed over the bottom longitudinal bars in the zone of transverse
bending.
T
f
B
nnnnnn
45
-Ov-
45 ,
I'O 0 0 Q
W1
Transverse reinforcement
Figure Region of transverse bending.
Design 1 : Design a reinforced concrete combined rectangular footing for two columns A and B located 3.60 metres
apart. The sizes of the columns are 400mm x 400mm and 600mm x 600mm and the loads on them are 1000kN and
1500kN respectively. The projection of the footing parallel to the length of the footing beyond the axis of the column A is
limited to 590mm. The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 280kN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Solutions:
Total load on the two columns = 1000 + 1500
2500kN
Approximate weight of foundation (10% of column load) = 250kN Total load transmitted to the soil
Safe bearing capacity of the soil
Area of foundation
Distance of the resultant column load from the axis of Column A
= 280KN/m
= 2750 / 280 = 0.821m2
2750kN
2500
1000 kN
L.8m
Distanc
e of the
resultan
t
column
load
from
the left
edge of
the
footing
= 0.59
+ 2.16
=
2.75m.
For
the
condit
ion
that
the
result
ant of
the
colum
n
loads
must
pass
throu
gh the
centro
id of
the
found
ation
plan,
length
of the
footin
g = L
= 2 x
2.75 =
5.50m
Width
of
the
footing
= B =
9.821 /
5.50
1.79m
say
1.80m
Figure
shows
the
position
of
the
two
column
s on the
foundati
on plan.
Net
upward
pressure
intensit
y on the
footing
P=
1000
+150
0/
5.5 x
1.8 =
252.5
2kN/
m2
Depth
of
the
footing
i)
Pun
chi
ng
she
ar
con
sid
erat
ion
und
er
the
Col
um
nA
P
unch
ing
load
=
colu
mn
load
Reac
tion
of
soil
on
colu
mn
area
=
1000
252.
52 x
0.402
=
956.
60k
N=
9596
00 N
Fact
ored
punc
hing
load
= 1.5
x
9596
00 =
1439
400
N
Desi
gn
punc
hing
shea
r
stres
s =
1.80
N/m
m
Equa
ting
punc
hing
shea
r
resis
tanc
e to
the
facto
red
punc
hing
load
4 x
400
x D
x
1.80
=
1439
400
D
=
499.
8mm
ii)
Punchin
g shear
conside
ration
under
the
column
B
Fact
ored
punc
hing
load
=
1.5
x
140
9=
2113
.5kN
=
2113
500
N
Equ
atin
g
punc
hing
shea
r
resis
tanc
e to
the
fact
ored
punc
hing
load
4x
600
xD
x
1.80
=
2113
500
D=
489.
2m
m
B.M
.
Con
sider
atio
n
Fact
ored
load
on
colu
mn
A=
1.5
x
100
0=
150
0kN
Fact
ored
load
on
colu
mn
B=
1.5
x
150
0=
225
0kN
0.59m
A
ri
3.60m
R
r
1.31m
2250k
N
1500k
N
585.03k
Nm
681.818kN/m
2
765kN
m
FIGURE
R
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
i
l
o
n
t
h
e
f
o
o
t
i
n
g
p
e
m
e
t
e
r
r
u
n
1
5
0
0
2
2
5
0
5
.
5
0
6
8
1
.
8
1
8
k
N
/
m
B
.
M
.
u
n
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
l
u
m
n
M
a
6
8
1
.
8
1
8
0
.
5
9
2
1
1
8
.
6
7
N
m
.
B.M.
under
the
column
B = Mb
=
681.818
x 1.312 /
2 = +
585.03
kNm.
The
maxi
mum
hoggi
ng
mom
ent
occur
s at a
secti
on
wher
e the
shear
force
is
zero.
Let
this
secti
on be
x
metre
s
from
the
left
end.
Equatin
g
the
shear
force to
zero,
681.818
x - 1500
=0
Mmax =
681.818
x 2.202 /
2 -1500
(2.20 0.59) 765kN
m
X
2.20m
Points of contra flexure

Equating of the general expression for bending moment to zero, 681.818
x2 / 2 - 1500 (x - 0.59) = 0 Or x2 - 4.42 x + 2.596 = 0
Solving we get, x = 0.70m and 3.70m from the left end.
Equating Mu lim to Mmax
0.138 fck bd2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1800 d2 = 765 x 106 d = 392.4mm Providing
16mm 0 bars at a clear cover of 60mm Effective cover to the centre of
steel = 60 + 8 = 68mm Overall depth = 392.4 + 68 = 452.4mm For
economic use of steel increase the depth by 40%
Overall depth = 1.40 x 452.4 = 634mm
Provide an overall depth of 650mm
Actual effective depth = d = 650 - 68 = 582mm
Reinforcement from B.M. Consideration
Top steel for maximum hogging moment of 765kNm
= 765 x 106 = 1.255
1800x5822
Mmax
bd2
Percentage of steel required

Pt = 50 [ 1 - Vl - 4.6 / 20 x 1.255
415 / 20
= 0.377
Ast = 0.377 / 100 (1800 x 582) = 3950mm2 Provide 20 bars of 16mm

0(4020mm2)
Bottom steel under the column A for a sagging moment of 118.67kNm
Ma =
bd2
118.67 x 106 = 0.195

1800x 5822

Pt = 50 [ 1 - Vl - 4.6 / 20 x 0.195
415 / 20
Minimum percentage of steel = 0.12%
A
s
= 0.350%
0
.
1
2
1
0
0
(
1
8
0
0
5
8
2
)
1
2
5
8
m
m
2
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
b
a
r
s
o
f
1
6
m
m
(
1
4
0
7
m
m
)
Bottom steel under the column B for a sagging moment of 585.03kNm
Mb
bd2
= 585.03
x 106
1800x5822
= 0.96

Pt = 50 [ 1 - Vl - 4.6 / 20 x 0.96
415 / 20
A
st
=
0
.
2
8
= 0.283%
3
/
1
0
0
(
1
8
0
0
x
5
8
2
)
=
2
9
6
5
m
m
2
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
1
5
b
a
r
s
o
f
1
6
m
m
0
(
3
0
1
5
m
m
)
Shear analysis
S.F. on LHS of
column A = +
681.818 X 0.59 = +
402.27kN S.F. on
RHS of column A = +
402.27- 1500 =
-1097.73kN S.F. on
RHS of column B = 681.818 X 1.31 =
-893.18kN S.F. on
LHS of column B = 893.18 +2250 = +
1356.82kN
Cantilevering Parts. The critical section for shear is taken at a distance equal to
the effective depth from the face of the column.
1500kN
2250kN
0 59m , 3 60m
ttttt
1.31m
tttttttmmtmtl
fttttttttt
681 818kN/m 135 =i 82kN

402 27kN
1 61 m +
3.18kN
89
109" 7 73kN
FIGURE
Cantilevering part on the left side of Column A

Cantilever projection beyond the column face = 0.59 - 0.20 = 0.39m = 390mm
But, effective depth = 582mm.
Hence provide nominal 8 legged 10mm 0 stirrups @ 300mm c/c Cantilevering
part on the right side of column B
Cantilever projection beyond the column face = 1.31 - 0.30 = 1.01m = 1010mm
Critical section is taken at a distance of effective depth i.e. 582mm from the
column face. Distance of the critical section from the axis of column B = 300 +
582 = 882mm or 0.882m
S.F. at the critical section = 1.31 - 0.882 / 1.31 x 893.18 = 291.82kN Nominal
shear stress Tc = 291.82 x 1000 / 1800 x 582 = 0.28N/mm2 Percentage of steel
provided = 3015 / 1800 x 582 x 100 = 0.29%
Tc = Design shear strength corresponding to 0.29% steel = 0.38N/mm Provide
nominal 8 legged 10mm 0 stirrups @300mm c/c Footing between the two
columns Footing on the right side of column A
The critical section should be considered at the lesser of the following distances
from the axis of
Column A
i)
Half of column size + effective depth = 200 + 582 = 782mm = 0.782m
ii) Distance up to the point of contra flexure = 0.11m

Hence, critical section is taken at 0.11m
from the axis of column A S.F. at the critical
section = 1.61 - 0.11 / 1.61 x 1097.73 =
1022.73 Nominal shear stress Tc = 1022.73 x
1000 / 1800 x 582 = 0.28N/mm2 Percentage
of steel provided = 4020 / 1800 x 582 x 100 =
0.39%
Design shear strength for

0.39% steel =TC = 0.43N/mm2
Shear resistance of concrete
= TC bd = 0.43 x 1800 x 582
=
4
5
0
4
6
8
N
4
5
0
.
4
6
8
k
N
This S.F. occurs at a distance of 450.468 /
1097.73 x 1.61 = 0.66m From the section
of zero shear
Or 1.61 - 0.66 = 0.95m = 950mm from

the axis of column A Net shear for which
shear reinforcement is required Vs =
1022.73 x 1000 - 450468 = 572262N
Spacing of 10 legged 12mm 0 stirrups =
0.87 x 415 (10 x 113) 582 / 572262 =
414mm Provide 10 legged 12mm 0
stirrups @300mm c/c Footing on the left
side of column B
The critical section should be considered at the lesser of the following
distances from the axis of Column B
i)
Half of column size + effective depth = 300 + 582 = 882mm = 0.882m
ii) Distance up to the point of contra flexure = 490mm = 0.49m

Hence, critical section is taken at 0.49m from the axis of column B
S.F. at the critical section = 1.99 - 0.49 / 1.99 x 1356,82 = 1022.73kN
Nominal shear stress Tc = 1022.73 x 103 / 1800 x 582 = 0.98N/mm2
This is the same as the nominal shear stress at the other critical section on the
right side of column A Hence here also
Provide 10 legged 12mm 0 stirrups @300mm c/c.

We know Tc = 0.43 N/mm2
Shear resistance of concrete = TC bd = 0.43 x 1800 x 582
= 450468N =
450.468kN
This S.F. occurs at a distance of 450.468 / 1356.82 x 1.99 = 0.66m From
the section of zero shear
Or 1.99 - 0.66 = 1.33m = 1330mm from the axis of column B Disposition
of longitudinal reinforcement
Top bars. Twenty bars of 16mm 0 have been provided for the maximum hogging moment. All these twenty bars are provided
between the outer face of the column A to the outer face of the column B. Beyond this, we will provide as many longitudinal
bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.
16mm 0
20 - 16mm 0
5 - 16mm 0
Disposition of top bars
Bottom bars under the column A. 7 bars of 16mm0 have been provided. These bars are extended into the interior of the footing
for the greater of the following distances.
i)
Up to the point of contra flexure = 110mm from the axis of column A = 47 x 16 =

752mm from the outer face of the column A = 752 - 200 = 552mm from the axis of
the column A
5 - 18mm
FIGURE: DISPOSITION OF BOTTOM BARS UNDER THE COLUMN A
Further beyond provide as many longitudinal bars as may be necessary to support the stirrups.
Bottom bars under the column B. 15 bars of 16mm0 have been provided. These bars are extended into the interior of the
footing for the greater of the following distances.
i) Up to the point of contra flexure = 490mm from the axis of column B
ii) 47 diameter = 47 x 16 = 752mm from the outer face of the column B
= 752 - 300 = 452mm from the axis of the column B. Further beyond provide as many longitudinal bars as may be
necessary to support the stirrups.
Maximum transverse projection = 1.80 - 0.40 / 2 = 0.70m

Net upward pressure intensity = 252.52N/m
For a 1 m wide strip, maximum transverse bending moment
= 252.52 x 0.702 / 2 = 61.867kNm
Factored moment Mu = 61.867 x 1.5 = 92.80kNm
Providing 10mm 0 bars, effective depth to the centre of transverse bars.
= 582 - 8 - 5 = 569mm
Mu = 92.80 x 106
bd 1000 x 5692
= 0.287

Pt = 50 [ 1 - Vl - 4.6 / 20 x 0.287
= 0.08%
415 / 20
Minimum percentage of steel = 0.12%
Ast = 0.12 / 100 (1000 x 569) = 683mm2
Spacing of 10mm 0 bars = 79 x 1000 / 683 = 115mm
Provide 10mm 0 @ 110mm c/c.
This reinforcement is provided for a distance of effective depth of the footing, i.e. 582mm beyond each face of the columns.
I
51|
- 16mm B.| 2 0 - 16mmR
1 nn TOP PLAN 1 5500mm
5 - 16mm B,
1
1
1
1
1
1800
mm
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1800
TTITTI
1
lfirtm ' 5 - ltaii
BOTTOM PLAN
1330
[
11I
15 - 16mm &,
Note: Transvese Steel under the column has not been shown in bottom plan For details see
longitudinal section and a cross section
K = n neutral axis depth factor Depth of neutral axis = kd = nd M = modular ratio J = lever arm
C = Compressive force in concrete
T = Tensile force in steel M = Moment of

resistance of the section.
Ocbc =c = compressive stress development in concrete o st = t
= Tensile stress developed in steel.
M = 280 / 3 ocbc
Kd =nd
(d - kd / 3) - jd D ( 1-k/3)= dj = jd
~
Ocbc
kT
Ost
m/d - kd = kd
cbc
ost/m
O
cbc
Ost/m
O
______
d -kd 1-k
=k
1-k
cbc
k !
Ocbc (1 - k) = Ost/m. k
Ocbc - k Ocbc = Ost / m.k
O
cbc
st/mk + k Ocbc
= k (Ost/m + Ocbc)
K
cbc
st + Ocbc
/m
=_____Ocbc / Ocbc_______
st/m 1/Ocbc + Ocbc/Ocbc
K=
1
1 + Ost/m. 1 / Ocbc
M = c ( d - kd / 3)
= / Ocbc . kd . b (d - kd / 3)
= / ocbc k bd2 ( 1 - k/3)
= / Ocbc kj bd2
M = Q bd2
Q=
/ Ocbc k . j
d = V M / Qb
j= 1 - k/3
M = Ast . ost ( d- kd / 3)
k=__________1_
1 + Ost / m + 1 / Ocbc
= Ast Ost + d (1- k/3)
M = Ast Ost jd
Ast = M Ost
jd
bxa2 = M.Ast (d - x)
2 Xc = [
1 + Ost / mOcbc Xa < Xc

Mr = Ost Ast ( d - xa / 3)
Xa > Xc
Mr = / Ocbc . xa . b (d - xa / 3)
QUESTION BANK
PART-A
UNIT - I
1. What are the advantages of limit state
method over working stress and ultimate
load methods?
2. How do you find the moment of resistance of a
beam section?
3. Discuss the merits of working stress method?
4. What is modular ratio? Determine the modular
ratio at M20 grade concrete.
5. What do you understand by limit state of
collapse?
6. Draw stress-strain curve for various grades of
steel.
7. State the assumptions made in working stress
method.
8. What is modular ratio? Determine the

modular ratio at M25 grade concrete.
UNIT - II
1. Distinguish between one -way and two way
slabs.
2. Explain the terms balanced, over
reinforced and under reinforced
sections in bending
3. Discuss the different limit state to be
considered in reinforced concrete
design?
4. Why is it necessary to provide transverse
reinforcement in a one way slab?
5. What are the three basic methods using
factor of safety to achieve safe workable
structures?
6. Explain maximum depth of neutral axis.
7. Find the depth of neutral axis in terms of
d for a balanced section using Fe 415
steel, in limit state method.
8. What is the difference in the design of one

way slab and two way slabs?
UNIT - III
1. What are the types of reinforcements used
to resist shear?
2. Explain the difference between primary
and secondary torsion. Give two
examples each.
3. Under what circumstances are doubly
reinforced beams used?
4. Reinforced concrete slab are generally
safe in shear and do not require shear
reinforcement? Why?
5. What is modular ratio?
6. Mention the difference in design principles
for L Beam and T Beam.
7. When shear reinforcement is necessary in a
beam
8. What is bond stress? Write an expression
for it.
3
4
5
6
7
8
UNIT IV
What is the minimum and maximum
percentage of steel allowed in
R.C.Column? Explain why it is
necessary to specify the minimum and
maximum percentage.
Give example of columns that are in
practice subjected to unaxial and biaxial
bending.
Explain (a) Equilibrium torsion (b)
Compatibility torsion
How do you classify a column as long?
What will be minimum and maximum
area of tension reinforcement in a
beam?
How shear reinforcement improves the
strength of beam?
How do you classify a column as short or
long?
Write the procedure for the design of an
axially loaded short column.
Unit - V
1. Sketch the placement of steel in rectangular

footing with a non-central load.
2. What are the situations in which
combined footings are preferred over
isolated footings?
3. Draw a neat sketch of a masonry footing.
4. What is slenderness ratio for a masonry wall?
State the maximum values?
5. Compare the behavior of tied and spirally
reinforced column.
6. How do you classify one-way footing and
two-way footing in foundation?
7. Under what circumstances a trapezoidal
footing become necessary?
PART-B
UNIT - I
1. A singly reinforced concrete beam is of
width 450mm and effective depth
715mm. It is reinforced with 8Nos.20mm
mild steel bars. Assuming M20 concrete,
determine its moment of resistance

according to the working stress method.
Determine also the stress in steel when
the beam is subjected to the above
moment.
2. Determine the reinforcement for a T
beam with flange width = 1500mm, web
width = 300mm, thickness of slab =
100mm, effective depth 735mm, to carry
a moment of 380kNm due to
characteristic loads. Use M25 concrete
and Fe 415 steel. Using Working Stress
Design.
3. A singly reinforced concrete beam
is of width 400mm and effective
depth 615mm. It is reinforced with
8Nos.20mm mild steel bars.
Assuming M25 concrete, determine
its moment of resistance according
to the working stress
method. Determine also the stress in
steel when the beam is subjected to
the above moment.
4. Design a rectangular slab supported on

its all four edges (600mm thick) over a
classroom of size 4.8m x6.2m. Two
adjacent edges of the slab are
discontinuous and the remaining two
edges are continuous. A finishing surface
of cement concrete of 20mm shall be
provided over the slab. The slab shall be
used as classroom. M20 grade of concrete
and HYSD bars shall be used. The unit
weight of finishing surface concrete is
24KN/m3.
5. Design a rectangular beam
section subjected to an ultimate
moment of 120kNm. Use
concrete M20 and steel Fe415.
Adopt limit state method.
UNIT II
1. A rectangular beam has b=200mm,
d=400mm if steel used is Fe 415 and
grade of concrete is M25. Find the steel
required to carry a factored moment of
12kNm.
2. Design of roof slab for an interior panel

of size 5mx6m. Live load is 5.0KN/m2.
Use M30 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel.
3. Design a simply supported R.C.C.SLAB
for a roof of a hall 4mx10m (inside
2
dimensions) with 230mm walls all

around. Assume a live load of 4kN/m
and finish 1KN/m .Use grade 25
concrete and Fe 415 steel.
4. A T beam continuous over several
supports has to carry a factored negative
support moment of 1000kNm. Determine
the area of steel at supports if bW =
400MM, bfy =1600mm, Df = 100mm,
D=610mm, d = 60mm, fck = 30N/mm2, f
= 415 N/mm2.
5. A doubly reinforced concrete beam is
250mm wide and 510mm depth the
center of tensile steel reinforcement. The
compression reinforcement consists of 4
Nos. of 18mm dia bars placed at an
effective cover of 40mm from the
compression edge of the beam. The
tensile reinforcement consists of 4Nos. of

20mm diameter bar. If the beam section
is subjected to a BM of 85kNm, calculate
the stresses in concrete and tension steel.
6. Design a smallest concrete section of a
RC beam to resist an ultimate moment of
62kNm, assuming width 230mm,
concrete grade M20 and HYSD bars of
grade Fe415.
7. A rectangular beam of width 300mm
and effective depth 500mm reinforced
with 4 bars of 12mm diameter. Find the
moment of resistance and stresses in the
top compression fiber of concrete and
tension steel. Use concrete M20 and
steel Fe415. A dopt working stress
method.
8. Design the interior span of a continuous
one way slab for an office floor
continuous over tee beams spaced at 3
meters. Live load = 4kN/m, Floor finish
= 1kN/m .Use concrete M20 and steel
Fe415. Adopt limit state method. Sketch
the steel reinforcement.
UNIT - III
1. A rectangular beam width b=350mm
and d=550mm has a factored shear of
400kN at the critical section near the
support. The steel at the tension side of
the section consists of four 32mm bars
which are continued to support.
Assuming fck=25 and fy=415(N/mm )
design vertical stirrups for the section.
2. A reinforced concrete rectangular beam
has a breadth of 350mm and effective
depth of 800mm. It has a factored shear
of 105kN at section XX.
'j
Assuming that fck=25, fy=415(N/mm )

and percentage of tensile steel at that
section is 0.5percent, determine the
torsional moment the section can resist if
no additional reinforcement for torsion is
provided.
Workout
the
problem
according to IS456 principles of design
for torsion.
3. A simply supported beam is 5m in span
and carries a characteristic load at
75kN/m. If 6Nos. of 20mm bras are

continued into the supports. Check the
development length at the supports
assuming grade M20 concrete and
Fe415steel.
4. A rectangular RCC beam is 400x900mm
in size. Assuming the use of grade M25
concrete and Fe415 steel, determine the
maximum ultimate torsional moment at
the section can take it.
(i) No torsion reinforcement is provided and
(ii)
Maximum torsion reinforcement is
provided.
5. A rectangular beam width b = 250mm and
effective depth 500mm reinforced with 4 bars
of 20mm diameter. Determine the shear
reinforcement required to resist a shear
force of 150kN. Use concrete M20 and
steel Fe415.
6. Design a rectangular beam section of
width 250mm and effective depth
500mm, subjected to an ultimate
moment of 160kNm, ultimate shear

force of 30kN and ultimate torsional
moment of 10kNm. Use concrete M20
and steel 415.
7. A RC beam 300x450mm in cross section

in reinforced with 3 Nos. 20mm diameter
of grade Fe250, with an effective cover of
50mm. The ultimate shear at the section
of 138kn.Design the shear reinforcement
(i)Using only vertical strips without
bending any bar for resisting. (ii)
Bending 1 bar dia 20mm at 45 degree to
resist shear at the section. Assume
concrete of grade M20.
8. A reinforced concrete beam 500mm deep
and 230mm wide is reinforced with
8Nos.20mm diameter bars at mid span to
carry a UDL of 22.5kn/m (inclusive of its
own weight) over simple span of 8m.
Assuming concrete grade M20, steel
grade Fe415, load factor 1.5 and width of

support 230mm
(i) determine the minimum development
length required for 20mm diameter bar
to develop full strength (ii) apply check
for flexural development length at
support assuming all bar to continue at
support (iii) determine the minimum
number of bars required at support for
development length of flexure.
UNIT - IV
1. A rectangular column of effective height
of 4m is subjected to a characteristics
axial load of 800kN and bending moment
of 100kNm about the major axis of the n.
Design a suitable section for the column
so that the width should not exceed
400mm. Use the minimum percentage
of longitudinal steel. Assume fy=415N/mm
and fck=20N/mm .
2. An R.C.Column 500x400mm is
subjected to an axial ultimate load of
2500kN and bent in single curvature

about the minor axis with My(top)=90knm
and My(bottom)=120knm as ultimate
moments. If L0=7.2m and Le=5.75m on
both axes, calculate the design moments
for the column.
3. Design the reinforcement in a spiral
column of 400mm diameter subjected to
a factored load of 1500kN.The column
has an supported length of 3.4m and is
braced against side way. Use M20
concrete and Fe415 steel.
4. A column 300x400mm has an unsupported
length of 3m and effective
length of 3.6m.If it is subjected to
pu=1100kNm and Mu=230kNm about
the major axis, determine the longitudinal steel
using fck=25N/mm .
5. Calculate the ultimate strength in axial
compression of column 400mm in
diameter and reinforced with 8Nos. of
20mm dia. of grade Fe250 when the
column in helically reinforced by 8mm

dia at (i) 60mm pitch,
(ii) 30mm pitch. Assume concrete of grade
M20. Assume clear cover equal to 40mm.
6. Design an axially loaded tied column
400mmx400mm pinned at both ends
with an unsupported length of 3m for
carrying a factored load of
2300kN.Use M20 concrete and Fe415
steel.
7. Design a circular column with helical
reinforcement of 400mm diameter and
4m in length to carry factored load of
1000kN.The column is hinged at both
ends. Use concrete M25 and steel Fe415.
8. A column 300mmx400mm has an
unsupported length of 4m and fixed at
both ends. It is subjected to a factored
load of 1000KN and an ultimate moment
of 200kNm about the major axis.
Determine the longitudinal
reinforcement and lateral ties. Use

concrete M25 and steel Fe415 d=60mm.
UNIT - V
1. A rectangular column 300mmx400mm
reinforced with 20mm diameter bars
carries a load of 1400kN. Design a
suitable footing for the column. The
safe bearing capacity of the soil is
200kN/m .Use concrete M20 and steel
Fe415.
2.
Design a combined rectangular

footing for two columns spaced at 5
centers.
The
first
column
400mmx400mm carries a load of
1200kN and the second
column 450mmx450mm carries a load of
1800kn at service state. Weight of
2
0
Soil = 20kN/m , angle of repose=30
and safe bearing capacity of soil =
150kN/m
. Use concrete M20 and steel
Fe415.
2
3. Design a interior wall of a single storied

workshop of height 5.4m surrounding a
RCC roof. The bottom of the wall rests

over a foundation block. Assume roof
load equal to 45kN/m. A pier provided at
a spacing of 3.6m along length of wall.
4. Design a compound wall of height 1.8m to the
top of 100mm thick coping. Assume wind
pressure is equal to 1kN/m and is UDL. The safe
bearing
pressure of soil is 120kN/m .
'j
5. A solid footing has to transfer a dead load of

1000kn and an imposed load of
400kn from a square column 400mmx400mm.
Assuming fck=20N/mm and
2
2
f
=415N/mm and safe bearing
capacity to be 200KN/m , Design the
footing.
y
6. Design a combined rectangular footing

for two columns spaced at 500cm centers.
The first column 300mmx300mm carried
load of 1000kn.and second
column 300mmx300mm carries a load of
1500kn at service state. Weight of
2
0
Soil = 20kN/m , angle of repose=30
and safe bearing capacity of soil =
150kN/m
Fe415.
. Use concrete M25 and steel
7. A solid footing has to transfer a dead

load of 1000kN and an imposed load of
400kN from a square column
400x400mm (with 16mm bars.)
Assuming
2
2
f
=415 and
f
=20N/mm and safe
bearing capacity to be 200kN/m . Design
the footing.
y
c
8. Design a plain concrete footing for a

450mm wall carrying 300kN per meter
length. Assume grade 20 concrete and the
bearing capacity of soil to be
200kN/m
.
2
3. Sectional dimensions
1. A short R.C.C. column 400 x 400mm is provided with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. If the effective length of
Size of the column: 400 x 400mm

Ce2306 Design of RC Elements V Semester e

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CE2306 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS V

SEMESTER E-LEARNING MATERIAL

Reach the Star

CE2306 DESIGN OF RC ELEMENTS

LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Design of wall footing - Design of axially and eccentricity loaded rectangular

Varghese P.C., Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete,

Krishna Raju., Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures CBS

Jain, A.K., Limit State Design of RC Structures , Nemchand

Sinha, S.N., Reinforced Concrete Design , Tata Mc Graw - Hill

Unikrishna Pillai, S., Devadas Menon Reinforced Concrete Design

METHODS OF DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

PRINCIPLES OF WORKING STRESS DESIGN

Where V = Working shear force at critical section.

ost = 230 N/mm2

(a) Centre to centre of support = (2.5 + 0.23) = 2.73m

Self weight of slab = (0.13 x 25)

Bending moments and shear forces

10. Check for shear stress

ost = 230 N/mm2

Depth of the slab

Total services load = w

Check for depth Effective

D = Vm / Q b = V9.60 x 106 / 0.91 x 103 = 102.7mm Effective depth for

Live load = 8 KN/m

ost = 230 N/mm2

Cross - sectional dimensions Adopt

Effective depth = d = (span / 10) = (5000 / 10) = 500mm

Bending Moment and shear forces

Check for depth

Main tension reinforcement

8. Shear stress and reinforcement

Nominal Shear stress = Tv = (Vu / bd) = (43 x 103 /

2. Design a doubly reinforced beam: Design a doubly

ost = 230 N/mm2

Self weight of beam = (0.25 x 0.5 x 25)

Total service load = w

Bending Moment and shear forces

x 0.90 x 450) = 493mm2

Additional steel in tension for balanced moment M2 is:

Asc = Im Ast? ( d - nc)

8. Shear stress and reinforcement

1 Permissible stressesOcb = 7 N/mm2Q = 0.91

Effective depth = d (span / 15) = (8000 / 15) = 534mm

Loads Self weight of beam = (0.15 x 25x

Floor finish = (0.6 x 3)

Self weight of rib = (0.45 x 0.3 x 25)

Plaster finishes Total load = w

ocb = [ (189 x 106) / (!3 x 444)] = 3.47 N/mm2 < 7 N/mm2

shall be designed to withstand safely all loads liable

throughout its life. It shall also

satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking.

Characteristic and Design values and Partial Safety factors:

Maximum Strain in the tension reinforcement

Characteristic Strength of Steel and

ii) Maximum depth of Neutral axis:

iii) To find the fsc C.G. 1.2 P - 96)

Asc 0.87 fy = 0.87fy Ast2

Moment of resistance compression side steel Mu2 = fsc

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Asc = 2 x n / 4 (!2)2 = 226.195 mm2

Breadth b = 300mm Over all

Factored Load = 1.5 x 79.5 = 119.25 KN/m