tiatnreniaenctes 7 a eeScuns EL SRALY f 4 INDONESTA Specifications and Codes ~ age Nos. CCROSS-REFERENCE TO THE 1878 AISC SPECIFICATION ....... 52-59 SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL BUILDINGS. “ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN AND PLASTIC DESIGN 1 st” = 5-20 Speciation sevens 524 397 Pppendin 558 — S16 Ntmercal Va Stasi Sommentaycsrssssssce Sigs $220 AISC CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE .. 5.203 - 5.261 ‘SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS. USING ASTM A325 OR A490 BOLTS........ $263 - 5-307 SPECIFICATION FOR ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (OF SINGLE-ANGLE MEMBERS. . seseseess $09 5.323 AISC QUALITY CERTIFICATION PROGRAM .. cceeetesess SSDS ~ 5-909 Ateetietsseinnit bucc5-2 ht ‘Cross Reference to the 1978 AISC Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Stool for Bulldings ‘This table provides a cross-reference of the 1989 Specification for Structural Steet Buildings—Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design alphanumeric section desig- nations and their headings, to the 1978 Specification section numbers, A. “\—” indi Cates there was no speci section inthe 1978 Speciation corresponding to that 1989 Specification section, 1989 Spec. 1978 Spec. (Chapter A GENERAL PROVISIONS AL Scope a2 Limits of Applicability a21 Structural Stee! Defined - 222 ‘Types of Construction 12 a3 Material 14 ABL Structural Stel A3la ‘ASTM designations 44a A316 Unidentified steet VAL2 Aale Heavy shapes new a32 Steel Castings and Forgings 1.4.2, 154 433 Rivets 143 aad Bolts, Washers anid Nuts st rag 435 ‘Anchor Bolts and Threaded Rods — 336 Filler Metal and Flux for Welding 145 437 ‘Stud Shear Connectors 146 As ‘Loads and Forces 137 AbL "Dead Load and Live Load 13.2 A42 Impact 133 As3 ‘Crane Runway Horizontal Forces 138 Add ‘Wind 135 AAs Other Forces 136 AS Design Basis 51 “Allowable Stresses ast 452 ‘Wind and Seismic Stresses 136 483 Structural Analysis = ASA Design for Serviceability and = other Considerations AS Referenced Codes and Standards ~ Ar Design Documents ATA Plans 1a Aq2 Standard Symbols and Nomenclature aie AT3 Notation for Welding 113 fist paragraph cay Aum Tesoro Sent Conrnoeron 5-3 os Wass [es rapier DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Gros Aree Lian Bt ass ” Net Area 114.21 Bs —_‘fletve Net Area 1223 1 be Stabty ss 3s ea 1.9.1+4/2 of Sel Sections Bey Ser Compreton Element eas pe Rotana Retina Pots MW vn 1.84 7 timing Slenderes Ratio nae Bs Simple Spans vat BP Bnd Rest a3 Bry Proporto of Beans and ides 110 wit Proporioning of Crane Oder 1109 chapter © FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES C1: General Frame Stability Ga “braced Frames G2 Untraced Frames Cchaptor D TENSION MEMBERS su DI Allowable Stress usa D2 Built-up Members 18s Pin-Connected Members ni Baa allowable Sess tad, B32 Bircomected Fates Lise + rae eit rae “Spree ot : “t+ except last paragraph n - a2 ipa oy "Asaenca Tren. oF Sra. CONSTHLETION5-4 1989 Spec. 1978 Spec. ‘Chapter E COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS Effective Length and Slenderness Ratio Allowable Stress Flewural-torsional Buckling Built-up Members ‘Pin-connected Compression Members Column Web Shear ft BOeee ‘Chapter F_ BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS. FL Allowable Stress: Strong Axis Bending of F-Shaped Members and Channels Fu ‘Members with Compact Sections FL2. Members with Noncompact Sections FB Members with Compact or Noncompact Sections with Unbraced Leng Grester than L, Allowable Stress: Weak Axis Bending ‘of FShaped Members, Solid Bars and Rectangular Plates F21 , Members with Compact Sections F22 ‘Members with Noncompact Sections BB “Allowable Stress: Bending of Box Members, Rectangular Tubes and aeast 1513.12 1182 11555 151434 15.1.43+-415(20) (Zz paragraph only "+ fast paragraph and Tem 6. only + fst paragraph aly “+5 second paragraph only “+45 stand ast peragraph only Croalar Tubes Ba ‘Members with Compact Sections saga #2 ‘Members with Noncompact Sections isa Ff Allowable Shear Stress 15.41.21, 1105.24 BS ‘Transverse Stiffoners 1105.3" F6 Boilt-up Members 18a Yr ‘Web-tapered Members ‘Appendix D Chapter @ PLATE GIRDERS 1.10 a ‘Web Slenderness Limitations 1.102 7 except at paregraph Avene Iaerne or Saat, Cowon 5-5 ** fit paragraph aly 1989 Spee. 1978 Spec. o “Allowable Bending Stress 1.10.6 @ Allowable Shear Strss with 1105.2" “Tension Field Action G4 ‘Transverse Stiffeners 1.105.346 as ‘Combined Shear and Tension Stress 1.10.7 Chapter H COMBINED STRESSES 16 Hi ‘Axial Compression and Bending 1.6.4 cod ‘Axial Tension and Bending 1.62 Chapter! COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 1 n Definition Att QD Design Assumptions 112, B Bad Shear 3 4 ‘Shear Connectors aad Fa Composite Beams or Girders with Aus Formed Steel Deck Ba General 1sisa 52 Deck Ribs Oriented Perpendicular ins2 to Steel Beam or Girden + 183 ‘Deck Ribs Oriented Parallel to £1153 ‘Steel Beam or Girder 16 Special Cases 11s Chapter J CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS =| 1.15 m General Provisions - wa ‘Design Basis = m2 ‘Simple Connections 1as4 13 ‘Moment Connections Lissa na Compression Members with 1158 "Bearing Joints ns ‘Connections of Tension and 1357 ‘Compression Members in Trusses m6 ‘Minimum Connections 1asa m7 Splices in Heavy Sections new n8 Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes new ne Placement of Welds, Bolts and 113.3, Rivets m.10 Bolts in Combination with Welds 1.15.10 lat paragraph only : _Aveacan erorrt oF Sr CONTHEETION1989 Spec. 1918 Spec. war ‘High-Strength Bolts in Slip- 151 Critical Connections in Combination with Rivets maa Limitations on Bolted and 1.5.2 "Welded Connections n Welds aaa Ba ‘Groove Welds — Bia Effective Area 11464 mib Limitations La72* m2 ult Welds — 22a Effective Area 11462 220 Limitations wart 4173 1374 Lis 1476 4a77 1178 23 hug and Slot Welds — B38 Effective Area 11463 35 Limitations 4179 na Allowable Stresses 153 Ds Combination of Welds 115.9 326 Mixed Weld Metal new mI Preheat for Heavy Shapes new B Bolts, Threaded Parts and Rivets 116 wa “High-strength Bolts 1461 m2 Sie and Use of Holes 123.4.1/241 38/5 B3 Effective Bearing Area 1.162 Ba “Allowable Tension and Shear i521 Bs ‘Combined Tension and Shear L6at++ in Bearing-type Connections BS Combined Tension and Shear in 163+ Slip-rtical Joints ‘Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes 15.153 Minimum Spacing 1164 ‘Minimum Edge Distance 1163 ‘Maximum Edge Distance & Spacing 1166 Long Grips 1163 Allowable Shear Rupture 15.122 T acu it weld seerenees Salud groove weld selerencee + fs paragiaph only +4 last pareraph onl +44 caept lat Chapter L_ SERVICEABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS “i Camber mn and Contraction ‘Chapter M’ FABRICATION, ERECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL 1989 Spec. 1978 Spec. L 5 ‘Connecting Elements 351 ‘Eccentric Connections 1152, 352 ‘Allowable Shear Rupture vsi22 16 iters 1156 0 Splices 1.108 B ‘Allowable Bearing Stress » ‘Column Bases and Bearing on 155, ‘Masonry and Concrete 124 10 Anchor Bolts 12 Chapter K SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS KL ‘Webs and Flanges Under - ‘Concentrated Forces Ku Design Basis x12 ‘Local Flange Bending Ki ‘Local Web Yielding Kia Web Crippling KIS Sidesway Web Buckling K16 ‘Compression Buckling of the Web KL? Compression Members with Web ‘Panels Subject fo High Shear KS Stitfener Requirements for ‘Concentrated Loads x2 Ponding 3 ‘Torsion - Ka Fatigue “aly information petinest vo Equation (KI) + aly formation pertinent to Equation (K1-) ++ Last paragraph only ‘Avsnscat Tears oF Seen. CONTHLETION5-8 ! — ot 73 i 1989 Spec. 1978 Spec. Spee 28 S Shear . MI ‘Shop Drawings 112 ‘ ‘ > Crippling 26 M2 Fabrication 123 NS ee ricat e jckness 27 M21 Cambering, Carving and i234 7 aE A nan) ‘Straightening a M22 Thermal Cutting 1232 Ns Connections 28 M23 Planing of Edges 1.23.3 NO ‘Lateral Bracing: 29 Mt Welded Construction 1236 i 2.10 . M25 ‘High-strength Bolted 1.23.4.2+ Nio Fabrication. Construction-Assembly 123.5++ cal Buckling ¢ App. C M26 ‘Compression Joints 1237 APPENDIX BS % M27 ‘Dimensional Tolerances 1.23.8 PENDIX. ‘Web-tapered Members App. D M28 ishing of Column Bases 1.21.3 a ae . M3_——_Shop Painting 14 APPENDIX KA Fatigue wna M31 ‘General Requirements LAL ‘PP. M32 ——_Inaccessible Surfaces 1242 | Mi3 Contact Surfaces 1243 M34 ‘Fished Surfaces 1244 M35 Surfaces Adjacent to Field Welds 1245 Mé Erection 125 Maa ‘Alignment of Column Bases 1212 Mé2 “Bracing 1251 ..| M43. Aligament 4283 ‘ - Mad’ Fitof Column Compression Joints 1254 MAS Field Welding 1255 M46 Field Painting 125.6 MAT. Field Connections 1252 MS Quality Contot 1261 M5... Cooperation 1252 M32 Rejections 1263 M53 Inspection of Welding 1264 MSA —_—_‘Inapection of Sip-rities, a igh stzength Bolted Connections MSS Tdentifeation of Steal 1.265 Chapter N| PLASTIC DESIGN Part 2 mi Scope 2a N2 Structural Steet, 22 NS Basis for Maximom Strength 23 ‘Determination Nat Stablty of Braced Frames 234 NB2 Siabilly of Unbraced Frames 232 Ne Columas 24 iat parr ++ eacepe las paragraph Lpemaeg Asana nerve oF St ConeSpecification for Structural Steel Buildings Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design June. 1, 1989 with Commentary AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION, INC. 400 North Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611-4185 _Aveca Insrre or Sant Corerateno8sn a PREFACE ‘The AISC Specification for Structural Ste! Buldings— Allowable StressDesiga (ASD) "and Plastic Design has evolved rough numerous versions from the Ist Elition, published June 1, 1923. Fach succeeding edition has been based upon past sucess: ful usage, advances in the sate of knowledge and changes in design practice. The data inclded has been developed to provide e uniform practice in the design of steel- ‘ramed buildings. The intention ofthe Specification isto provide design cxiteria for role use and not to cover intequeatly encountered problems which oocur inthe full range of suuctural design ‘The AISC Specification isthe result ofthe deliberations of « committee of structural ‘engineers with wide experience and high professional standing, represcating a wide geographical distribution throughout the U. 8. The committee includes approxi ‘ately equal numbers of engineers in private practice, engineers involved in ro- search end teaching and engineers employed by steel fabricating companies ‘To avoid reference to proprietary steels, which may have limited availability, only those steels which can be identified by ASTM specifications are listed as approved under this Specification, However, some steels covered by ASTM specifications, but subject to more costly manufacturing and inspection techniques than deemed eszen- tial for structures covered by this Specification, ar not listed, even though they may provide all of the necessary characteristics of iss expensive steals which are listed ‘Approval of such stels is left to the owner's representative. Tue Appeodios t this Speiication ae an integral part of he Speciation ‘A Commentary has been included to provide background for these and other provisions. “This edition of the Specification has been developed primarily upon the basis of the citeria in the Specification dated November 1, 1978. That Specification, as well as earlier editions, was arranged essentially on the basis of type of stress with special ‘or supplementary requirements for different kinds of members and details contained in succeeding sections. The provisions of the 1978 Specification have been reorge- nized using decision table logic techniques to provide an allowable stress design spec- iffcation that is more logically arranged on the basis of type of momber. ‘This arrangement is more convenient to the user because general design require- ‘mente are presented fire, followed by chapters containing the information required to design members of each type. This organization is consistent with that used in the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Stee! Buildings. ‘The principal changes incorporated in this edition of the Specification include: + Reorganization of provisions to be consistent with LRFD format. + New provisions for built-up compression members. + New provisions for the design of webs under concentrated forces. + Updated provisions for slender web girders. + Updated provisions for design for fatigue. + Recommendations for the use of heavy rolled shapes and welded members made up of thick plates. Avauca Instore o Sent Comer st nin tn et ‘eoute cee ntrerrema e aselcae esi cele rm ser eee Se me pea“ cara teace: Ante pei el reeling Satine ge rab cin eps cuadtte Neacieg ene ca ey at Sanwa for other licensed profess ture. By the Committee, ‘he application of principles to a particular struc ‘Aradt, Chairmaia A.L. Johnson 2 ies, Donate fbnson “vice Chairman L.A. Kloiber Horatio Allison William J. LeMessutier Lynn S. Beedle Stanley D. Lindsey Reidar Bjorhow’e Richard W. Marshall Omer W. Blodgett Wiliam Mere Roger L. Brockenbrough Wiian A, Mle John H. Busch Waller Poors Wai-Fah Chen William &. Moore, Duane S, Fuititt Thomas Mo Muay. Bruce Flingwood ‘Clarkson W. Pickin Shu-Tin Fang Egor P. Popov ‘Steven J. Fenves Richard F. Ferguson James M. Fisher Donald R. Sherman Frank Sowokines ‘Sophus A. Thompson Wiliam A. Thornton ‘W. Fisher ‘Rave ¥ Galanos Raymond HL Tie Geechard Haaijer Ivan M. Viest Mark V. Holland Lyle L, Wilson Mark V. 8 Toreph A. Yura ‘Jerome S. B. Ttland Tune 1989 ‘Charles Peshek, Secretary Avena Irs on Sez. ConeTABLE OF CONTENTS ‘A. GENERAL PROVISIONS At ‘Scope ‘A2. Limits of Applicabilty AS. n. 1, Structural Steel Defined: 2. Types of Construction Material . Structural Steel Steel Castings and Forgings Rivets Bolts, Washers and Nuts Anchor Bolts and Threaded Rods Filler Metal and Flux for Welding Stud Shear Connectors Loads and Forces 1, Dead Load and Live Load 2. Impact 3. Crane Runway Horizontal Forces 4 5. Other Forces Design Basic 1, Allowable Stresses 2. Wind and Seismic Stresses 3, Structural Analysis 4, Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations Referenced Codes and Standards Design Documents 1, Plans 2, Standard Symbols and Nomenclature 3. Notation for Welding B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS BI, Be, 8. 84, Be. Gross Area Net Area Etfective Net Area ‘tabilty Looa! Buokting 1. Classification of Steel Sections 2, Slender Compression Elements ‘Avmascut ners or Stat Conemneno 524 ses 186, Rotational Restraint at Points of Support $37 87. Liming Stendomess Ratios 337 Bs. Simpio Spano . sor 9, End Restrnt sa7 B10, Proportions of Beams and Girers $37 £811. Propononing of Grane Giders 5.38 . FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES 539 C1. General a 539 2, Freme Stab 539 4. Braced Frames 5.39 2. Unbraced Frames 539 9. TENSION MEMBERS $40 DI. Allowable Sess 540 2, Buiteyp Members 540 3, Pinconnected Members st 1. Allowable Stress sat 2. Bin-connected Plates 1 sal 3 Eyebars . at . COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS san Er. fective Length and Slenderess Ratio. $2 £2, Alowable Stress 52 £3, Flexuraorsional Bucking saa 4, Bui-up Mombors 543 5, Pinconected Compression Members 544 6. Column Web Sheer sat BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS s4s F1.. Alowable Stross: Strong Axis Bending of Shaped Members and Channels 5.45 41. Members with Compact Sections 5.45 2: Members with Noncompact Sections 546 3. Members with Compact or Noacompact Sections with Unbraced 5-46 Length Greater than Le 2, Alowable Stross: Weak Axe Bending of Shaped Membor, 5.48 Sold Bars and Rectangular Plates . 1. Members with Compact Sections 5.48 2. Members with Noncompact Sections 548 Avaacas errs or Sra Conercro8[ rr ss sm | 78. Asati Sess: Sendag of Bx Menton, sas 4, Plecment of Weld, Bos and Rives ‘64 Focangut’ Tubes and Graver Tasco 18: Bate in Combiaton with Weld oe 1 Members with Compact Section 548 Ue inh Ree ee se Members with Noncompset Sections 549 | 12, Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections 564 A Alowabe Shea Sess bas vo a FS, Transverse Stiffeners 5.50, LG Welds “ 548 i rove Wels 6. Gultup Members $0 2: er wots Sa 7, Webvapered Momibors sa 5, Pig and Sot Weis ES 4, Allwable Steses 53 5 Comfamtion of Wels ce & PLATE GIRDERS ‘5-51 6. Mixed Weld Metat 5-69 Git. Web Slonorose Limitations Sat 4; Preheat for Hear Shaper 3 2. Alonai Bonding Sees Sst 4 Bots, Thvaaded Pars and Fives sm G3. Alowate Shea Sess wth Tenlon Feld Aco Se 1. Highstength Bots 371 a Transverse stlonss sg 2 Sip ona Use of Hotes en 3 Bitosive Deaing rca ch 65 Combined Sher and enstn Suess 533 2: Allowable endo and Shear Sn | £ Geese Tonion snd Shea in Bearing-ype Comnections 572 | H. comsweD stresses ssh 6. Grated Tn ng Sa nS a | fi Atl Compr red Bond Ss Almac Beg at Bol Hol im He. Al Tension and Bending 53 5; Minium Bape Distnee 35 ‘ om 10; Mima Ea Distnch and Spacing we or 1h bong Onpe on 1. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 56 oat OTE ie am 11, otion 556 Js. Connecting Eerenis 58 12, Desk Assumptions 5:56 1. Eccentric Connections 578 1B. End Shea 58 4, Allowable Shear Raptne 5s 14, Shear Connectors: 3-58 16. Fillers: 58 15. Composite Beams or Girders with Formed Steel Deok 5-60 7. Splices 59 1 Genera 50 “a. Alonale Boafog Sess 39 2 Desk Ribs Oriented Porpenicaar to See der 2 Bethe ommetroratate wedge Onin 3 Coun bane ro Uy Cnt = 16, Special Cases sa 10. Anchor Bolts o79 4. CONNECTIONS, JOWTS AND FASTENERS sea . SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS so Jt. General Provisions Sa Ki, Wobs and Flanges UndorCorcotated Feces ~ 580 1. Design Basis 1. Design Basis, 5-80 4 Bale Da 2 1 Balin eane 8 2: Moment Consecticns a 5 Loe Web Yielding 580 4, Compression Members with Bearing Joins 3S 4 Web Crippling 38 2: Gomectont of Tension and Compson Member in Trusses 62 5S Siesway Web Bucling . sat 6: Minima Connestons, 58 & Sompreaton Bocking othe Web 8 4: Spleen Hoey Setons 38 | comonomer with Web Pancle Subject to High Shea? 5-22 & Beam Cope and Wald Access Holes 38 F Sane eetements for Conentated Loads a Aamaucas esrrrene or Sraez Coreruvcrion _Avecnsens INSTITUTE OF SzxL. CONSTRUCTION| ka. Ponding 3, Torsion Ka, Fatigue ‘SERVICEABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS LU. Camber (2. Expansion and Contraction LB. Detection, Vibration and Drit 1. Deflection 2. Vibration Connection Stip (see Sect. 3) a LS. Contsion |. FABRICATION, ERECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL Mi. Shop Drawings M2. Fabrication 1. Cambering, Carving and Straightening 2, Thermal Cutting 3. Planing of Edges 4, Welded Construction ‘5. High-strength Bolted Construction—Assembly 6. Compression Joints 7. Dimensional Tolerances 8. Finishing of Column Bases M3. Shop Painting 1. General Requirements 2. Inaccossible Surtaces 3. Contact Surfaces 4. Finished Surfaces 5. Surfaces Adjacent to Field Welds M4, Erection 1. Alignment of Column Bases 2. Bracing 3, Aligoment 4, Fit of Columa Compression J 5. 6 7. Field Welding 5. Field Painting . Field Connections 1 2. Rejections 3. Inspection of Welding 4 5. |. Inspection of Slip-critical, High-strength Bolted Connections dentificstion of Steel Avncat nerore or Sem Corer 543 584 S84 585 585 585 5.85 385 5.86 5.86 387 5.87 5.87 581 337 581 5.88 588 538 389 589 539 539 589 539 590 330 590 3.90 590 530 590 590 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 592 N. PLASTIC DESIGN Nt. Scope N2. Structural Stee! NB, ‘Basis for Maximum Strength Determination 1. Stability of Braced Frames 2. Stability of Unbraced Frames 4, Colurnns 5. Shear . Web Cripping . Minimum Thickness (Widtr-thickness Ratios) Connections NO. Lateral Bracing N10. Fabrication 2588 APPENDICES. 8, DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. 5. Local Buckling 2, Slender Compression Elements F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS F7, Wobstepered Members 1. General Requirements Allowable Tensile Stress ‘Allowable Compressive Stress J. Allowable Flexural Stress Allowable Shear Combined Flexure and Axial Force K, STRENGTH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS: k4, Fatigue . 1. Loading Conditions; Type and Location of Material 2, Allowable Stress Range 3. Tensile Fatigue NUMERICAL VALUES ‘Avanaca irre or Seat Conner 5-19 593 593 593 594 5.94 594 5.94 5.95 3.95 5.96 597 397 5.98 5.98 5.98 5102 5.102 5.102 S302 S102 5.103 5-104 5-104 5106 5-106 5.105 5.105 5.07 S17COMMENTARY A. GENERAL PROVISIONS i ‘AZ Umits of Applicability 2. Types of Construction A. Matera 1. Structural Steel 4, Bolts, Washers and Nuts 6. Filler Metal and Flux for Welding ‘M4, Loads and Foroas 2. Impact 3, Crane Runway Horizontal Forses AB. Design Basis 1. Allowable Stresses { B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 89. Etoctive Net Area 4. Stebmity 85. Local Bucking BG. Rotational Restraint at Points of Support 157, Limiting Stendemess Ratios, ‘B10. Proportions of Beame and Girders ©. FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES 62. Frame Stabiity . TENSION MEMBERS DI. Allowable Stess 3. Pin-connected Members COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS El. Effectve Length and Siendemess Ratio . Allowable Stress Flexuraltorsional Buckling 4, Buiteup Members 8. Column Web Shear Avaancan Test 0° Srant Conmnocrion BR S24 $24 S124 5.124 S24 5.126 5126 5.126 5.126 S27 S127 $427 S28 S28 5429 5.129 532 S132 sa 5.134 5.34 5139 5138 5.139 S41 Sadi S141 Sadi saa 5142 F, BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS Ft. Atowable Stress: Strong Axis Bending of I-shaped Members ‘and Channeis 1. Members with Compact Sections 2. Members with Noncompact Sections 3, Members with Compact or Noncompact Sections ‘with Unbraced Length Greater thaa Z.. 2 Allowable Stress: Weak Axis Bending of shaped Members, Sold Bare and Rectangular Plates, F8. Alowable Stess: Bendifg of Box Members, Rectangular Tubes and Circuar Tubes F4, Alowable Shear Stress FS. Transverse Siffoners PLATE GIRDERS Gt. Web Siendemess Limitations G2. Allowable Bending Stress G8. Allowable Shear Stress with Tension Fild Action G4. Transvorso Sttfonors : G5. Coiribined Shear and Tension Stress, H. COMBINED STRESSES 1H, Axial Compression and Bending 12. Axial Tension and Bending [COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 11, Definition 12, Design Assumptions 14, Shear Connectors 15. Composite Beams or Girders with Formed Steel Deck J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS Jt. General Provisions 7. Splices in Heavy Sections 9, Placement of Welds, Bolts and Rivets 10. Bolts in Combination with Welds 2. Welds 4, Allowable Stresses 6. Mixed Weld Metal Avencay Ire or Sram Conranenox 5-2 5144 sad suid sae 545 5447 sar $148 5.48 S149 Saag $49 $149 5.50 5.150 S51 S151 5.55 5.155 555 3.56 5.158 5161 S16 S161 5163 “S163 5163 5.164 51655-3 { = a N. PLASTIC DESIGN 5184 1 48. Bol, Threaded Parts and Rivets 5.165 Nt. Seope 5184 i 4, Allowable Tension and Shear 5.166 Na. Stuctual Stee! 5.185 ‘5, Combined Tension and Shear n Bearing-type Connections 5-168 185 & Combined Tension and Shear in Sip-citcal Joints S168 NO. Basis fr Maximum Strength Determination \ 1. Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes 5.168 1. Stability of Braced Frames 5185 ‘a i 8. Minimum Specing 18 5.185 ! 9. Minimam Edge Distance 510 1N4, Columns oe | 10. Marimam Edge Distance and Spacing 570 NS. Shear ; Ai. Long Grips 5170 ‘Ns, Web Groping Sae7 | A. Alewable Shear Fupture S17 NZ. Minimum Thickness (Wih-shickness Ratios) S108 16. Fillers sam Ne. Comoatons ” 5.188 48. Alowable Bearing Stress sam NO. Lateral Bracing 5199 49. Column Bases and Bearing on Masonry and Concrle sam ! 10. Anchor Bal : * "= sim | APPENDICES 1% ' | ‘8. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 5 | SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5178 | BS, Local Bucking $190 ‘Ki, Webs and Fianges Under Concentrated Forces S473 2. Slender Compression Elements 5190 1. Design Basis sam ' 3. Local Web Yielding sme BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS 5191 44 Web Crippling 5104 . enbere ee 5191 \ 5. Sidesway Web Buckling pets 51m spon FF eblapred Members Sit | . : 3, Allowable Compressive Stress ' Ke. Pending os & ‘Allowable Flexaral Stress 52 9. Torsion samt | Ka, Fatigue sam SYMBOLS S20) LL, SERVICEABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 5-180 Lt. Camber 5-180 5207 | 2, Expansion and Contraction 5.180 LUST OF REFERENCES LB. Dallznton, Vbaton and Dit 5.180 1. Deflection 5-180 528 2 Nitra sist aLossany LS. Corrosion S18 M, FABRICATION, ERECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL S12 Ma, Fabieaton 5182 2, Thermal Cutting 5.182 5. Highetrength Bolted Construction Assembly se. 1Ms._ Shop Painting 5.182 : M4, Erection 5.183 4. Fit of Colum Compression Joints 5.183 1 pene Sm ‘Avante Thermo Seat Coma aesm at 1 CHAPTER ‘A GENERAL PROVISIONS SCOPE, “The Specification for Sructural Stee! Buldings~Alowable Stress Design FSi ed on alate oo caer proved od and sistance Factor Design Specticaion for Structural Stee Bulli ‘ens nett of Sel Consmucton aes aes Ee LUMITS OF APPLICABILITY ‘Structural Steol Defined ‘As used in this Specification, the term structural stel refers tothe Soar. Sea em i ae ae Stok lonen ae gana entneraed Set 21 the AISC Code Str rd Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges. For the design of col-formed ‘eel structural mombers, whose profiles contain rounded corners and slender fat elements, the provisions of the American Iron and Stel Institue Specie ton forthe Design of Cod formed Ste! Sructira Members ate recommended. ‘Types of Construction “Tee basic types of construction and associated design sssumptions ‘ie under te repectne ono ited erin and each vl gover in # pei anesthe of mente an he pes snd senha ‘Type 1, commonly designated as “‘rigid-frame” (continuous fr estat benriecolunn corberton, hae sllct ig Sienna agape cme es at caicey caput tne fm sr ee a at ‘girders are connected for shear ont i ec Sita tae watt me cede moment er se ete ere iets ‘tween the rigidity of Type 1 and the flexibility of Type 2. ‘The design of all connections shall be consistent with the assumpt ‘ype of construction called for on the design drawings. proms aere ‘Type 1 construction is unconditionally is Specif vay tic Dela eterna Te SE minors ont ea Avan herons or St. Conererion * Sect. 5:25 Aa LIMITS OF APPLICABILITY be proportioned, on the basis of their maximum predictable strength, to resist TicRpptfied design loads multiplied by the prescribed loud factors: Otherwise, ‘ cynstruction shall be detigned, within the limitations of Chapters A aetagh Mr wo resist the streses produced by the specified design loads, assum {ng moment distribution in accordance with th elastic theory. ‘construction is permitted under this Specification, subject tothe stipula- ‘ious of the following paragraph, wherever applicable. ‘In buildings designed as Type 2 constriction (i. with beam-to-column con ve Mons other than wind connections assumed fiexible under gravity loading) Tis wind moments may be distributed among selected joints of the frame, provided: 4. Connections and connected members have adequate capacity to resist ‘wind moments +2. Ginders are adequate to carry fll gravity load as “simple beams.” % Coomections have adequate inelastic rotation capacity to avoid eonetress ofthe fasteners or welds under combined gravity and wind leading. “Type 3 (eemisgi) construction is permitted upon evidence the connections Rear ee capable of furnishing, as a minimum, a predictable proportion of ‘Rn ead restraint. The proportioning of main members joined by euch connec” ‘aohe shall be predicated upon no greater degree of end restraint than this ‘usm fi “Types 2 and 3 construction may necessitate some nonelasi, but self ddlormation of a structural steel pat. MATERIAL, Structural Stee! ‘ASTM designations “Material conforming to one ofthe following standard specifications fs approved for use under this Specification: Structural Steel, ASTM A36 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot dipped, Zine-coated Welded and Seamless ‘Steel Pipe, ASTM AS3, Gr. B High strength Low-alloy Structaral Steel, ASTM A242 Tigh-rwength Low-lloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel, ASTM Aa ‘Cold formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in "Rounds and Shapes, ASTM A500 Hotformed Welded and Searaless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing, ‘ASTM ASOL Highyjeld Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Pate, Suitable for Welding, ASTM A514 : Structural Steel with 42 kel Minimum Yield Point, ASTM A529 Stock Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hotolled, Structural Quality, ASTM ‘ASO Gr. 40, 45 and 50 ‘Asenoa Tere or Sr. Coercion526 GENERAL PROVISIONS ~ [ohap. A Bigh-strength, Low-alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steels of Structural ‘Quality, ASTM A572 ‘igh-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi Minimum Yield Point to 4:in, Thick, ASTM A588 ‘Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-strength;Téw-illoy, Hot rélled and Cold= rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance, ASTM A606 ‘Steel, Sheet and Strip, High-strength, Low-alloy, Columbium or Vana ‘dium, of both, Hot-rolled and Cold-zolled, ASTM A607 Hotormed Welded and Seamless High-strength Low-alloy Structural Tubing, ASTM A618 Stractural Stel for Bridges, ASTM A709 Quenched and Tempered Low-alloy Structural Steel Plate with 70 ksi ‘Minimum Yield Strength to 4 ia. thick, ASTM A8S2 Certiied mill test reports ox certitied reports of tests made by the fabricator or 2a testing laboratory in accordance with ASTM A6 or AS68, as applicable, and ‘the governing specification shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity ‘with one of the above ASTM standards. Additionally, the fabricator shal, if requested, provide an affidavit stating the structural steel furnished meets the requirements of the grade specified. Unidentified stool ‘Unidentified steel, if free from surface imperfections, is permitted for parts of ‘minor importance, or for unimportant details, where the precise physical prop- erties ofthe steel and its weldability would not affect the strength of the struc- Hoavy shapes For ASTM AS Groups 4 and $ rolled shapes tobe used as members subject 0 primary tensile stresses due to tension or flexure, toughness need not be spec fed if splices are made by baltng.Ifsuch members ate spliced using full pene ‘ration welds, the steel shall be spectied in the contract documents to be sup- pled with Charpy V-Notch testing in accordance with ASTM AG, Supplementary Requirement $5. The impac test shall meat a minimum aver™ ‘age value of 20 felbs, absorbed energy at-+70°F and shall be conducted in a¢- ‘cordance with ASTM A673 with the following exceptions: 2. The center longitudinal axis ofthe specimens shallbe locate as near 38 ‘practical to midway between the inner flange surface andthe center of {he flange thickness atthe intersection with the web mid-hickness. b, Tests shall be conducted by the producer on material selected from a location representing the top of each ingot or part ofan ingot used 10 produce the product represented by these test. For plates exceeding 2n. thick used for builtup members with bolted spices and subject to primary tensile streses due to tension or flexure, material toughness need rot be specified. If such members are spliced using fll pene- tation welds, the tel shal be specified inthe contract documents to be sup- ‘led with Charpy V-Notch esting in accordance with ASTM A6, Supplemen- ‘Asmat Theor o Sr Conrarenon Sect. AS] MATERIAL 827 ‘ary Requirement 5. The impact test shall be conducted by the producer in tccordance with ASTM A6TS, Frequency P, ond shall meet a minimum average ‘Value of 20 ft-lbs, absorbed energy at +70°F. ‘The above supplementary toughness requirements shall also be considered for ‘welded fall-penetration joints other than spices in heavy rolled and built-up members subject to primary tensile stresses. ‘Additional requirements for joints in heavy rolled and built-up members are given in Sects, 51.7, 31.8, 32.6, 32.7 and M2.2. Stool Castings and Forgings Cast steel shall conform to one of the following standard specifications: Mild-to-medium-strength Carbon-stecl Castings for General Applica- tions, ASTM A27, Gr. 65-35. igh-strength Steel Castings for Structural Purposes, ASTM A148, Gr. 80-50 ‘Steel forgings shall conform to the following standard specification: ‘Steel Forgings Carbon and Alloy for General Industrial Use, ASTM AG6S Certified test reports shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity with the standards. “Allowable stresses shall be the same as those provided for other steels, where applicable. Rivets Steel rivets shall conform to the following standard specification: ‘Stee! Structural Rivets, ASTM ASC2 “Manufacturer's certification shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity with the standard, Bolts, Washers and Nuts Steel botts shall conform to one of the following standard specifications: Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile Strength, ASTM A307 High-strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints, ASTM A325 ‘Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs, ASTM A449 ‘Heat treated Steel Structural Bolts 150 ksi Min. Tensile Strength, ASTM A490 Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts, ASTM AS63 Hardened Steel Washers, ASTM F436 A449 bolts are permitted only in connections requiring bolt diameters greater ‘than U4 in, and shall not be used in slip-ritcal connections. ‘Manufacturer's certification shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity ‘with the standards. “Aventcas Insert Const528 GENERAL PROVISIONS _ {ehap. A 5. Anchor Bolts and Threaded Reda —— Anchor bolt and threaded rod steel shall conform to one of the following stan ‘dard specifications: ‘Structural Steel, ASTM A36 Carbon and Alloy Stes! Nuts for Bolts for High-pressuré’ and ‘High- temperature Service, ASTM A194, Gr.7 Quonched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs and other Externally ‘Threaded Fasteners, ASTM A354 ‘Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolte and Studs, ASTM A449 ‘High-strength Low alloy Structural Stee! with 50,000 psi Minimum Yield Point to 4 in, Thick, ASTM A588 High-strength Noo-headed Steel Bolts and Studs, ASTM A687 ‘Threads on bolts and rods shall conform to Unified Standard Series of latest edition of ANSI BI8.{ and shall bave Class 2A tolerances. Steel bolts conforming to other provisions of Sect. A3 are permitted as anchor bolts. A449 material is acceptable for high-strength anchor bolls and threaded rods of any diameter, Manufacturer's certification shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity withthe standards, 6. Filer Metal and Flux for Welding « Welding aldtzodes and faxes sha conf tions of the American Welding Society ‘Specification for Covered Carbon Steel Arc Welding Electrodes, AWS ‘ASL Speciation for Lowalloy Stel Covered Are Welding Fectodes, ANS ‘ASS Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Are Welding, AWS A5.17 we ‘Specification for Carbon Steel Fler Metals for Gas-Shielded Are Weld- ing, AWS AS.18 Specification for Carbon Stee! Electrodes for Flux-Cored Are Welding, ‘AWS A520 Specification for Low-alloy Stel Electrodes and Fixes for Submerged- are Welding, AWS'A5.23 ‘Specification for Low-alloy Steet Filer Metals for Gas-shickied Arc Weld- ing, AWS A528 Specification for Lowalloy Stel Electrodes for Flur-cored Are Welding, "AWS A529 ‘Manufacturer's certification shall constitute sufficient evidence of conformity ‘with the standards. ‘to one of the following specifica. ‘Approval of thew weldag electrode specifestioes i given without regard to weld metal atch tenga reguiemont which are general hot cor bagcomruton See Came Adenia Taste Saat Conver Sect. A3) MATERIAL, 529 7. Stud Shear Connectors Steel stud shear connectors shall conform to the requirements of Structural Welding Code—Steel, AWS D1.1. Manufacturer's certification shall constitute suficient evidence of conformity with the code. AA, LOADS AND FORCES . ‘The nominal loads shall be the minimum design loads stipulated by the applica ble code under which the stricture is designed or dictated by the conditions in- volved. In the absence of a code, the loads and load combinations shall be those stipulated in the American National Standard Minimum Design Loads {for Buildings and Other Structures, ANSI 58.1 1, Dosd Load and Live Load ‘The dead load to be assumed in design shall consist of the weight of steelwork. ‘and all material permanently fastened thereto or supported thereby. Tele tot nding ow oan, hae ha slated eae Ca ee ee ci el ei es eeu Ss oe tba reel Sor ed lb combed maple cies Se en tra ‘ecu 2 impact For srocures caring te loads which ndace impact, he assed Hive ond incensed lon to provide fo same. ifotothervte sped, the reat shal be ot los than For supports of elevators . 100% For cab-operated traveling 1% nections : vee For pendant-operated traveling crane support girders and their Connections... eee eee fee 10% For supports of light machinery, shaft or motor driven ... 20% For support of reciprocating machinery or power diveo nits. SO For bangers supporting foots and balconies 3% 3. Crane Runway Horizontal Forces ‘The lateral force om crane runways to provide for the effect of moving crane trolleys hall be not less than 2096 of the sum of weights of the lifted load and of the crane trolley, but exclusive of other parts ofthe crane. The force chal! Ee loads on crane suppor sider shal bo taken asthe maximum rane whee! Toad, “Asani Deomrt or Sen. Cerner5-90 GENERAL PROVISIONS ~ Ichap. A bbe assumed to be applied at the top of the fils, acting in either direction nor- ‘mal to the runway rails, and shall be distributed with due regard for lateral stiffness of the structure supporting the rail ‘The longed! tative fre sal be not lest than 10% ofthe maximums wel ode of he rane apd a te tp ofthe len ober spas ‘The crane runway shall also be designed for crane stop forces. Wind oper provon sal be made forse cated by wind both daring xe tion and after completion of the building. ‘mins mene 5. Other Forces Structures in localities subject to earthquakes, hutsicanes and other extraordic nary conditions shall be designed with due regard for such conditions ‘AS. DESIGN BASIS 4. Allowable Stresses Except as provided ie Chapter a sroctral members, consetions and com _ ett el be proportioned eo the sete du othe wotng lot do ot xceod the allowable resves specified in Chapters D trough "Te slomable ‘cso pete in these chap do sot apply Topeak stem rstons of Sptnectn (esa Sex BY), provided equronctsof Gera str For provisions pertaining to plastic design, refer to Chapter N. 2 Wind and Selemic Stresses Allowable stresses may be increased 4 above the values otherwise provided term rs a eee er es tran pe een rrr tinge conta cinder tenon ni atta eng e oi edn edd ina hen comme en ee es it a at apt otc ayn ue a rain Se tate ertatens Ne eer 2 Structural Anais ho sees in members, connections and cometos sal be determin Stacia nay forte lone tnd Secu Ad Selocdon othe eae ‘aly the prerogative ofthe respon ance "For example, cee ANSI ASB., Sect. 2.3.3, Avec Ire or Sten ConeTCON Sect. AS] aT. 4 DESIGN BASIS: 531 Design for Serviceabllity and Other Considerations ‘The overall structure and the individual members, connections and connectors shall be checked for serviceability in accordance with Chapter L. REFERENCED CODES AND STANDARDS ‘Where codes and standards are referenced in this Specification, the editions of the following isted adoption dates are intended: American National Standards Institute, ‘ANSI B18.1-72 ‘ANST AS8.1-82 ‘American Socity of Testing’ and Materials "ASTM AG-87d ‘ASTM A21-87 ASTM A3687 ‘ASTM A53.88 ‘ASTM AL@-84 ‘ASTM 242-87 ‘ASTM 307-860 ASTM A325-86 ASTM A354-85 ‘ASTM AM#-85 ASTM A987 ‘ASTM Ad90-85 ‘ASTM ASO0-84 ‘ASTM ASOL-84 ‘ASTM ASI4-872 ASTM A529.85, ‘ASTM ASE3-84 ‘ASTM AS0-85 ‘ASTM AS57285 ‘ASTM ASEB-87 ASTM AG0685 ‘ASTM AGO7-85 ‘ASTM AGIB.84 ASTM A668-85a ASTM AGS7-84 ‘ASTM C33-86, ASTM 330-87 ASTM F36.86 ASTM AS02334, ‘ASTM A709-87> ‘ASTM A8S2-85 American Welding Society SAWS DLLSS AWS AS.1-81 “AWS'ASS-81 ‘AWS A5.17-80 ‘AWS AS.18-79 ‘AWS AS.20-79 AWS A5.23-60 AWS A5.28-79 ‘AWS A5.29-80 Research Council on Structural Connections “Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts, 1985 DESIGN DOCUMENTS: Plans “The design plans shall show a complete design with sizes, sections and relative locations of the various members. Floor levels, column centers and offsets shall be dimensioned. Drawings shall be drawn to a scale large enough to show the information clearly. ‘Design documents shall indicate the type or types of construction as defined in ‘Sect. A2.2 and shall include the loads and design requirements necessary for ‘of shop drawings incuding shears, moments and axial forces to be Fesisted by all members and their connections. ‘Where joints are to be assembled with high-strength bolts, design documents shall indicate the connection type (sip-critical, tension or bearing). Camber of trusses, beams and girder, if required, shall be called for inthe de~ tign docoments, The requirements for stiffeners and bracing shall be shown on ‘the design documents. Asaaca Ino op St Cones$32 (GENERAL PROVISIONS ie [Chap. A 2. Standard Symbols and Nomenciature ae CHAI ROB 533 { ‘ating an inpeto symbols sed on plan an hs PTE Weiding andinepection las and shop drawings shal prefera- | a Oe a idea comic elation eco shown the DESIGN REQUIREMEN sak pert sloneton heals Sow TS “caper onan provons which ae connmon tthe Speseation 25 2 \, 4. Noein or Welding ‘hole " Notesha be made inthe design document and on th shop ra anon the shop ravings of those for paren wees mice stot 1. ROSS AREA oneal to minimize dsorton, Tree en mene ay i cei wom etd lengths eae rin the desi documents and The ro ei omic cone arene bbe the net effective lengths. rs ané.on the shop drawings shall {nal to the axis of the member. vor ange, the gos wit sabe he sm of he wd of ees es the Hite 82, NET AREA ‘The pet area A, of a member is the sum ofthe products ofthe thickness and the net width of each element computed as follows: -The width of abot or rivet hoe shall be taken as isin, greater than the nom nal dimension of the hole, For 3 eating the part shall be oblained by deducting from the gross wit the net wi he lametersor sit dimensions as provided in Sect. 13.2, of all holes whe chain, and adding, for each gage space in the chain, the quantity | aosneercthom exeng sete pan ny gro zai Pilg whee i cogil ceners-ante psn (pit of any to contesive : = noPrame center-to-center spacing (gage) between fastener gage =e ery pe sin pete tetiop ale he atte Fong pa rl re “The critical net area, of the part is obtained from that chain which gives the Jeast net width. 4 i Fray ex aenggerdewts N a ha | He wonsidered a8 adding to the net area. | (83. EFFECTIVE NET AREA ‘When the loads transmitted directly to each of the erose sectional elements bY MWnttotor, the effective net area A, is equal to the net area Ay Axetcan serve See Coneaucnen “Avance Iss oF Sten. CoNETROCTN534 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS [Chap. 8 ‘When the load is transmitted by bolts or rivets through some but not all of the crostsetional elements ofthe member, the effective net area A, shall be com pated as: An UA, a where: on ‘An = net area of the member, in? oo Satin cotton ‘When the load is transmitted by welds through some but not all ofthe cross- sectional elements of the member, the effective net area A, shall be computed as: Ala UA, (53.2) where Ag = gross area of momber, in? nts a tree coetcion i jie by tet or ote exter, the low values of U shall be used: ” + he flowing 8. W, M or § shapes with flange widths not les than 3 the depth, and structural tees cut from these shapes, provided the connection js tothe flanges. Bolted or riveted connections shall have no fewer than three fasteners por line in the direction of sea vss... U = 0.90 'b. W, Mor S shapes not meeting the conditions of subparagraph a, struc: tral tees out from these shapes and all other shapes, including bullup cross sections. Bolted or riveted connections shall have no fewer than — ‘three fasteners ‘per lie i the @iréétion of stfess .....---- = O85 ©. All members with bolted er riveted connections having only two fasten ers per line in the direction Of S658 ...-.csvssesssesees, U = O75 When load is transmitted by transverse welds to some but not all of the cross- sesional elements of W, M or 5 shapes and riraurl tees ou fom hess Shapes, Asal be ake a the sea ofthe deal sooneeted slo ‘When the onda lat by longi wel along oth ees Site end of the pate the lng the el cal nove erg cae Oe plat. The efferent ses Asal be computed by Easton ay ates ales costes can be jie by tt or there, the follow ing values of U shall be used: , ” cer eerie te follow 2. Wes > 29 8 When 20 313 1a © When ties 12 were 1 weld enn ‘w= plat wd (ance between wel) in Boled and svtd spe and gue plates and other coneon ings abject totem force shat be denned in csordance wih he proven eee Bt st the tectre net res shal be ken rece oot ate cane for the porpose of design calculations, it sha cen as forthe purpose of design st shall not be taken as greater than 859% 0 87 u U u=075 Avenons errs of Ste Cnstavcrion Sect. B4] Ba, STABILITY 535 ‘STABILITY General stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each ‘compression element. ‘Consideration shall be given to significant load effects resulting from the de- flected shape of the structure or of individual elements of the lateral load resist. ing system, including effects on béams, columns, bracing, connections and shear walls. LOCAL BUCKLING Classification of Steo! Sections Steel sections are clessified as compact, noncompact and slender element seo- ‘tions. For a section to qualify as compact, its flanges must be continuously con- ‘nected tothe web or webs and the width-thicness ratios of its compression ele- ‘ments must not exceed the applicable limiting width-thickness ratios fcom Fable BS.1, Stee! sections that do not qualify as compact are classified as ‘noncompact ifthe width-thickness ratios of the compression elements do not exceed the values shown for noncompact in Table BS.1. Ifthe width-thickness Tatios of any compression elernent exceed the latter applicable value, the sec- tion is classified as slender element section. For usstffened elements which are supported along only one edge, parallel to the direction of the compression foree, the width shall be taken 2s follows: ‘a. For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width is half the fall ‘nominal width. $ b, For legs of angles and fianges of channels and zees, the width bis the full nominal dimension. «©, For plates, the width bis the distance from the free edge to the fist row (of fastenets or line of welds 4. For stems of tees, dis taken as the full nominal depth. orstitened dame, supported along tno ge pail othe dein Sis ompenion foe ine hh sal B ken slow: 2. For ets of eld, bitup or formed ects, hist clear stance tote tnge, ome his " 1 Bornes of fol, utp or formed seston, dhe fl nominal on «Stage o phragm lates in bitup stony, te wit 3 ibe tanec bower acter fines or es of wos a. sage of ena oo sal cose wi she Fear dance bates nbs le the nie comer tac on uch ie tresses nr tna, ie fa way be tan he tos scelon with min te ae te ener For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value half- ‘way between the free edge and the corresponding face of the Web. Slender Compression Elements . For the design of flexurel and compressive sections with slender compiessive -glements see Appendix BS. “Avaascan lorrn oe Sat Conese536 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ~ (Chap. 8 TABLE 85.1” Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements ‘mia rise ae Ceszipen ef Eenont Pata Congas Torsone Forges Tatapootadbewra cad | vt eve, Curran tee i er ange of are on ie e pod weed ene ania ‘atetaneg oe a pa fg cor xem at pts oe | ‘ear enn sen a me sO, cn ra reg to oe, it Uproourns rarer eompresson members | O/t ne ER onorenn Farge ee ghee Name ttn a ™ z Ltrs dna nen a ‘vw ope, uch asegs of segeerge sit, | 1 Iogear sus wo copaatce " mh 12 cons or ssp ona eons anges eum nd otnge bor an foto eto scent cor ise ject bending composer wee PY Seis ts ite roo ens eee, ‘Ursupporea wan cove pats preted | vent uncmcent rns toe " “ aes “Alter oir emrasaed ened | oF rer Lo spp wars wo aces | We “ Ne ‘Wi nou connor? a won tite | = ‘Webs cnbed tral rd wa e nev eonposton a) eo T(t 94H) %, - 2 Whe a8 We = Cis os nee inten en sam, ‘For hb beara, vo the fit arog ; ; rte ‘Rotates ase ane Fina ot {Bestar sane oot bt nes ronson tk pre 8 aa hea Ghia Ht > 70, ori = 1.0, Avan Terre or Seem Cone BS, END RESTRAINT ‘sect. B6] ROTATIONAL RESTRAINT AT POINTS OF SUPPORT 5-37 Bs. ROTATIONAL RESTRAINT AT POINTS OF SUPPORT ‘Atpoints of support, beams, girders and trusses shall be restrained agaist ro- {ation about their longitudinal axis. 1B7. LIMITING SLENDERNESS RATIOS For members whose design is based on compressive force, the slendemess satio ‘Kar preferably should not exceed 200, If his limit is exceeded, the allowable sere shall pot exceed the value obtained from Equation (E22), For members whose design is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio Lir preferably should not exceed 300. The above imitation doesnot apply to rods aeergon, Members which have been designed to perform as tension members in tertuotoral system, but experience some compression loading, need not sat~ isfy the compression slendernes fmt. BB, SIMPLE SPANS ‘Beams, girders and trustes designed on the basis of simple spans shall have 4» Brecuv length equal to the distance between centers of gravity of the mem- ‘ers to which they deliver their end reactions. ‘We designed oa the assimpiion of full or partial end restra Bue W conti Seen sembeontinuous or cantilever action, the beams girders and trusses, a woth ne the sections of the memabers to which they connect, shall be designed to ‘ity the shears and moments so otrodaced, 25 well s all other forces, without aE Bing at any point the unit stresses presribed in Chapters D through Fy ‘reepr that some non-elastic but self-limiting deformation of apart ofthe cone ‘Seton is permitted when this is erential avoid overstessng of fasteners. ‘B10, PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AND GIRDERS ‘Rolled or welded shapes, plate pirders and cover-plated beams shall, in gen” eral, be} Hpy the moment of inertia of tb gross section. No deduc- St ede made for shop of field bott or rivet holes in ether lange provided that O5Fy Ap 2 0.5%, Ary (B10) svhere Apis the gross fange area and Ais the net flange area calculated in ‘Neordange with the provisions of Sects. BI and B2. cf O5F, Ap Gonent part, Atleast two intermediete connectors shall be used along the Jength of the built-p member. ‘All connections, including those at the ends, shall be welded or shall utilize fighretrength bolts tightened to the requirements of Table 3.7. ‘Open sides of compression members built up from plates or shapes shal be ‘Provided with lacing having te plates at cach end and at intermediate points f ‘plates call be as near the ends as practicable. In aes evceaberscarying calculated stress, the end tie plates shall have aTength sarin ese than the distance between the lines of fasteners ot welds connecting Hee the components of the member. Intermediate ti plates shall have 2 Jeeetn not less than ¥ ofthis distance, The thickness of tle plats shall not be ‘Retpacing i te direction of stress inte plates shall ot be more than 6 diam 70, erie hy = 1.0 MA, where i . tions braced against twist or lateral dis- For members with a noncompact section (Sect. 3S), but not included above, 1 distance between co ee ree For ganvers based and loaded through the shear center and braced laterally. in the region, of: wis. ho => Placernent ot ec tne support, Fmay conservatively be taken 3s the -» » meonprestion sites at intervals bot exceeding 76b,/V Fe the atowatle eres ‘agaist ewist only at 3 F,= 0.005, 5) ss fatigs of gyration of a section comprising the compression Mange ‘7 Tus Vs ofthe compression we area, taken about an axis inthe plane Df the web, in. ‘= area of the compression flange, in? ° GOES 10s ania + 0.3 ARM, but not more than 2.3% where [Mj isthe smaller and M, the larger beading moment at he ends of 3, Members with Compact or Noncompact Sections with ‘hatunbraced length, taken about the strong ars of the member, Unbraced Length Greater than L, ‘where MyM, the ratio of end moments, s positive when Ms ano fs For flexural members with compect or noncompact sections a defined in Sect. have the same Sg (Fev a aera pcosing)« When the 1B5.i, and with unbraced lengths greater than Eas defined in See FLD. the > they are of opposite sient (Sng tre aced length is larger allowable bending stress in tension is determined from Equation (F1-5). ‘bending moment at any point within fo mira Cy shall be taken - than tht a both ends of this length, the value of CS it), ce it is ‘When computing Fy, tO For such members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the plane of their as uni ‘the equation given above for frames subject 10 ‘eb, the allowable bending ses fn compresion i ermine as to larger ee enn, and abl taken a oy fr frames raced value from Equations (F1-6) or (FI-7) and (F1-€), except that Equation (F1-8) eins joint translation, C, may conservatively be taken a5 anity ‘is applicable only to sections with a compression flange that is solid and approx- eat {mately rectangular in cross section and that has an area not les then the ten- cantiorer beams sion flange. Higher values ofthe allowable compressive stress are peratted i fuifed by amore pre ana. Susie sal not exe tov permited *9 Chane Osi are rave wo take 8 unity For ves smaller than 23, 6 Tale 6 nthe Nunez For channels bent about their major axis, the allowable compressive stress is ‘at alambor | etermined from Equation (F-8), mmprosrive Howe Poe ao age Cp vl, ce Galas (1968). “Avaenca ier or Sas, CONTIN Avice or Sas. Conernteron . .548 BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS Chap. F 1% For hybrid plate girders, F, for Equations (F1-6) and (FI-7) is the yield stress ‘of the compression fange, Equation (FI-) shall not apply to hybrid giders. ‘Sect. F1.3 does not apply to te sections if the stem is in compression anywhere slong the unbraced length, ALLOWABLE STRESS: WEAK AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS, SOLID BARS AND RECTANGULAR PLATES Lateral bracing is not required for members loaded through the shear center about their weak axis nor for members of equal strength about both axes. ‘Members With Compact Sections For doubly symmetrical I- and H-sbape members with compact flanges (Sect. 35) continuously connected to the web and bent about their weak axes (except ‘members with yield points greater than 65 kei); solid round and square barst and solid rectangular sections bent about their weaker axes, the allowable stress is y= 0758, 21) Mombors With Noncompact Sections For members not meeting the requirements for compact sections of Sect, BS Fy= 0005, (22) Doubly symmetrical I- and Hshape members bent about their weak axes (ex- ‘cept members with yield points greater than 65 ksi) with noncompact flanges (ect. B5) continuously connected to the web may be designed on the basis of an allowable stress of 5 [tos 00m (2) vl ey ‘ALLOWABLE STRESS: BENDING OF 8OX MEMBERS, RECTANGULAR TUBES AND CIRCULAR TUBES ‘Members With Compact Sections For members bent about their strong or weak axes, members with compact sec- tonsa defined in Sect. Sand flanges continuously connected tothe web, te lowable stress is Fy= 0.66 8, 3.) ‘To be viassified as a compact section, a box-shaped member stall have, in addi- ion to the requirements in Sect. BS, a depth not greater than 6 times the ‘width, a lange thickness not greater than 2 times the Web thickness and a later- ally unsupported length Z, less than or equal to ta (19+ 22m) & wn ‘Avatcanrervre or Sent Cone ‘and not covered in Sect. F3, bent about their minor axis, the allowable stress Sect. F3) ‘ALLOWABLE STRESS 4 5-49 except that it need not be less than 1,200 (H/F, where Mf isthe salle: and ‘Ms the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced length, taken about the stong ans ofthe member, and where My/, the ratio of end moments, {i pole when #4, and Mz heve the same sign (reverse crvature bending) fod negative when they are of opposite signs (ingle curvature bending) 2. Members With Noncompact Sections For box-type and tubular flerural members that meet the noncompact section requirements of Sect. BS, the allowable stress is = 0.08 33) [Lateral bracing is not required for a box section whose depth is less than 6 ‘times its width. Lateral-support for box sections of larger depth- to-width ratios must be determined by special analysis. F4, ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS or ht, = 380/V/F, on the overall depth times the web thickness, the allowa- bie shear stress 1.40.5. FA) ‘For hit, >380/VF, the allowable shear stress ison the clear distance between anges times the web thickness Bice 42) Fe soar, R where 45,000%, Gem Fig mb” Gils than 08 322 Enesco tan 08 t= 400+ 2 ve a its a 0 3 ws + opm ath on 12 sate Sl ean se Worth frat nen tae / Fe ee er eon For shear rupture on coped beam end connections see Sect. 4, Maximum h/t, limits are given in Chapter G. . ‘An alternative design mathod for plate girders utilizing tension field action is ‘given in Chapter G. Avescan error Sr Conese550 BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL.MEMBERS Chap. F F5, TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS Intermediate stfeners are required when the rato ht i greater than 260 and {he mason web shar sos fe ereter than that permited by Equation ‘The spacing of intermediate stiteners, when required, sal be such thatthe web shear sess wil ot exceed he vse for F'piven by Equation 3) or (Ghar as appeabiey and 2 [20 p i i= [gies] a3 os) 6. BUILT-UP MEMBERS. I ‘Where two or more rolled beams or channels are used side-by-side to form a flexural member, they shall be connected together at intervals of not more then [ 5 ft. Through-boits and separators are permitted, provided that, in beams hav. ing a depth of 12 in. or more, no fewer than 2bolts shall be used at each separa- {or location. When concentrated loads are carried from one beam to the other, | ‘or distributed between the beams, diaphragms having sufficient stiffness to dis. tribute the load shall be riveted, bolted or welded between the beams f FZ, WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS ‘See Appendix F7. - Avscucat insite of Sr. Conratenon | | I CHAPTER: G PLATE GIRDERS te dstingushed from beams onthe basi of the web sender eae era When this value i greater than 760/VF,, the provisions ofthis ‘rapte sal apply for allowable bending tes, otherwise Chapter Fis app- cable . or allowable shear sre and transverse fener design see appropriate tee- Fn aah Fortis chapter tension ld ation i utized. Got, WEB SLENDERNESS LIMITATIONS When no transverse tiffeners are provided or wea transverse sens are MnersMGore tan 1 tines the distance between flanges Asem ory yg Vy Gey I ‘yen tenserse sttfenes ate provided, paced ot more than 1 tines the “dolaoe Between lange . kam (G12) ca, aLLowasLe Benoa SAEs ‘When the web depth-to-thickness ratio exceeds 760/\/F;, the maximum | ‘bend- Woon ne Eaeton ange sat ced Fis Fy Rra Re (G21) wer = spa edn se oa in Chapter a (70 ams fo ) e20 (Ae) Ga o2 ar (one +2) (noa-hybrid girders, R, = 1.0) 4 ‘Ay = ese tthe con er invegton, |Ay = area of compression flange, in.* @ Saenain 10 se be Cee| 552 PLATE GIRDERS,» ~ (Chap. @ | 63, ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS WITH TENSION FIELD ACTION : aceptaeein provided th lest average web sheaf kips esi computed for any condition of is | compute fra eno ope or prion, hl not xed te i ‘Avera, orga ther than yi tn, finer eer ‘ional searing tension Sl acon gen by Byaaton (O53) per inten ene the vale gen oy Equnion Gey, ht CFD SPE | I 5 Bele ast tag I 3 (Ot cata] <0 (sy : G4, TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS ‘Transverse stiffeners shal i I stiffeners shall meet the requirements of Sect. PS. a signed oo ngs dined o the bss of ion Sl an, th ing bins sides ad ne ephecnthng ge ne adjacent top tage rch ts doce not exceed the value at ew ct vce its» on a ca eer ed met 10in, The momen ote J fap ofa sien oa Sn in lene, with reference to an axis he plan ofthe web, shall be limited as follows ne (5) Gen ‘The gross area (total area, when stiffer rf wn mn, te tee niet a) in mes posed us Fogel fr Equaon (03) sale not ont (alk)? vite YDht (642) | where Gy 0, hy and t are as defined in Sect. F4 tatlo of yield stress of web steel to yild stress of stiffener stee] =10 = 1.8 for single angle stisfeners = 2.4 for single pate stiffeners AseoucaInsnruxor Soma, Coneancrcn ‘weet Welds shill not be more than I6 times the web thickness nor more than sect. G4] “TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS yen th greatest sear stress, na panéis Tes than hat permited 9 a Wee (Gh) the reduction ofthis gross area requirement = permitted in Tike proportion. Jatermeditesttfoners required by Equation (634) shah bbe connected for 8 Tnteriicar transfer, in kip pet linear inch of sng stiffener or pair of stiffen: Cenot es than ee (o4s) where F, = yield stress of web steel. “pis shear transfer may be reduced inthe same proportion tet We AOS ‘Tenpoted shear sess fin the adjacent pants is less than that permitted by untion (G21). However, svets and welds it intermediate stiffeners which eet equied to transmit to the web an applieg ‘concentrated load or reaction age relied domed for notes than the applied lod of reaction: retemediat stfeners may be stopped sor of te tension feng Pm Intermedia go una concentrated Ton on eacton. Ths eT Searing not mee teers ae afar tthe Wb salle femme wh termed pve tan 6 mes the web ticknes fom the 08 closer than 4 weld, When single llenrs are sed, they Se he tyenon ange, ii coms ofa rctanguls cache he a se torn nie ate WBE oe any Sefer, or pair of stdenes, in tu, these toa sega raart 1% of he eal ange se ules he Hanes SSeomposed only of anges. (96. COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION STRESS Plate girder webs which depend wpon tension field ection, as provided in Equa- tion (G3-1), shall be so propor “hat bending tensile stress, due to me- tion (O>:fy plane ofthe girder web, shall not exceed O.60F, nor (0125-0315) 5 a where "Ew computed average web shear stress (total shear divided by wed area), ksi the allowable shear stress inthe webs of girders baving Bande ‘and webs with ae ow ete nan 6 sal ot acud te rues Hen OY EAA TASS te femal stress in the lange fo eee 0-757554 ~ CHAPTER COMBINED STRESSES ‘The strength of members subjected to combined stresses shall be determined according to the provisions of this chapter. “This chapter pertains to doubly and singly symmetrical members only. See (Qapler for detemninetion of F, and Chapter F for determination of Fy, and [AXVAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING Members subeced to both axial compression and bending sess shall be proportioned to satisfy the following requirements: aie (att) fe fox ~ aig + B+ fe st0 eu) Wen 015, guton G3) permite oe (1 ia 035, ui 2) pa a eo Et) fo, fox , fits festo ata) In Equations (Hi-1), (H1-2) and (H11-3), the subscripts x and y, combined with subscripts b, mand’, indicate the axis of beading about which a particular stressor design property applies, and Fz = sail compressive stress that would be if axial force alone ex- gal con permitted if axial foree a ‘Fy = compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending mom alone existed, ksi * sat fo PAPE SBR = Evler stress divided by a factor of safety, ks (inthe expression for Fi, Fe sual unbroad eng nthe ple of bending ands he coe sponding radius of gyration, Ks the effective length factor inthe plane SFoonlig) ae me cae Sk Fy and OSD, Pty be ince jin accordance with Sect. A5.2. spare avs fe * computed axial stress, ksi Aseenean Ingo or Stans Comrncen08 ‘Soot. Ht} ‘AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING 555 “fy = computed compressive bending strost atthe point under consideration, si Cx Cocfcint whose vale shall be taken as follows: 1. For compression members in frames subject to joint trandation {sidesway), Cu = 0.85. b. For rotationally restrained conjprssion members in frames braced For tot tranaation and not subject transverse loading between heir supports inthe plane of bending, y= 06 ~ 04 (HM) whore My/Ms is the sitio ofthe smaller to lager moments atthe ends Shans prion of tue member unbraced inthe plane of bending under Stnstdetaton, f/f is postive when the member s bent fn reverse ‘SKhruturo, negative when bent in single curvtate. «For compression member in ames braced against joint translation ine plane of loading and subjeced to transverse loading between itcit suppocts, the value of C., may be determined by ax analysis Hecne n Hou of uch analy, te folowing vals are permitted: ji. For members whore ends ao restrained against rotation in the plane of bending eceacessssseess Gy O85 i. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of bending vies Cm = 10 H2. AXIAL TENSION AND BENDING ‘Members subject to both axial tension and bending stresss shall be propor- TNoned at all points slong ther length to satisfy the following equation: fe 5 fin fn . fetes Baro (e2) where fy isthe computed bending tensile stress, is the computed axial tensile ‘Mies P, is the allowable bending stress and Fis the governing allowable ten- file stress defined in Sect. D1. ‘However the computed bending compressive stress arising from an indepen- ‘Gent load source relative to the axial tension, taken above, shall not exceed the applicable value required in Chapter F. _Aswacan Treo See Conese556 - n aa CHAPTER I COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION “This chapter apples to steel beams supporting a reinforced concrete slab* £0 {interconnected that the beams and the slab act together to resist bending. Sim- pple and continuous composite beams with shear connectors and concrete- encased beams, constructed with or without temporary shores, arc included. DEFINTION ‘wo cites of comport menbert ate recognized: Totally encised members SEES Sc er alg ripen ith he ope ne Tih shear connectors (echnical anchorage ote sb) wi ne ber not necessarily encased. “se ab) with the steel meme ‘A beats totaly encased incoerete cast atgrly with he aad may be at ARES Renee tothe cont natal bond, wit additonal a> Shorage, provided that 1. Concrete cover over beam sds and soft is test i, .2...The, top of the beam is at least 1¥% in, below the tc ‘and Zin. a 7 ‘tom of the slab. tp and 2. above bor 3, Concrete encasement contains adoguate mah or other reinforcing stat throngs the wbole depth and actos the sot of a ‘palling of the concrete. ‘the beam to prevent ster conecors mast be provide for composite action if the sel memberis Seoul sce conte The potion of te effcve wi ofthe com TURD cached of the boa fontaine hall no enced, a. Onceith of the beam span, conte-‘o centr of eppots ©. Onchalf the distance to the Conterine ofthe adacent beams ot ©The dacs om in bon eetein ots edge of the sab. DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS 1, Encased beams shall be proportioned to support, unassisted, all dead loads Bore eam nope ton ti ded ad Ported temporarily on shoring) and, acing in conjunction with the slab, to Espport all dead and live loads applied after hardening of the concrete, Without exceeding a computed bending stress of 0.667, where F, is the jel stress ofthe steel beam. The bending stress produced by loads ater «the concrete has hardened stall be computed oa the basis of the section propertics of the composito rection. Concrete tension stresses shall be ne- "See Commentary Sect. 12. ‘Asma Toso Sant Conmmucriet wags Sect. 1 2} DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS lected. Altematively, the steel beam alone may be propetioned to resist, aeessnta, the postive moment produced by all loads, live and dead, using pending’ stews equal to 0.76R, in which case temporary shoring is not “When shear connectors are used in accordance with Sect. 14, the composite ection shall be proportioned to support all of the loads without exceeding the allowable stress prescribed in Sect. F1.1, even when the steel section is as Shored during construction, In positive moment areas, the steel section Frexempt from compact flange criteria Sect. BS) and there is no limit on the ansupported length of the compression flange. Reinforcement parallel tothe beam within the effective width of the slab, ‘Mhen anchored in accordance with the provisions of the applicable building Zou, may be included in computing the properties of composite sections, “cheat connectors are furnished in accordance with the require Preats of Sect. If. The section properties of the composite section shall be ‘Tomputed in accordance with the elastic theory. Concrete tension etree Shall be neglected. For stress computations, the compression area of fight- ‘reight or normal weight concrete shall be treated as an equivalent area of Teel by dividing it by the modular ratio n for normal weight concrete of the Strength speciied when determining tbe section properties. For deflection ‘Gleulations, the transformed section properties shall be based on the ap- propriate modular ratio n for the strength and weight concrete specified, where n = E/E, . In cases where itis not feasible or necessary to provide adequate connectors to satisfy the horizontal shear requirements for fll composite action, the ef- fective section modulus shall be determined as Say 5.4 EG 89 2) where : Vq-and Vj are as defined in Sect. 14 3 eSeedon modulus ofthe ses! beam referred to its bottom flange, gS 5, = seston modulus ofthe transformed compost section referred to {SSborom flange, based upon maximum permitted effective width ‘of concrete flange (Sect. It), in? ‘For composite beams constructed without temporary shoring, stresses in the ‘Steel seetion ehall not exceed 0.90R,. Stresses shall be computed assuming the steel section alone resiste all loads applied before the concrete has SeSched 75% of its required strength and the effective composite section xe- fists all loads applied after thet time. ‘The actual section modulus of the transformed composite section shall be wes in calculating the concrete flexural compression stress and, for con ‘Seuction without temporary shores, this stress shall be based upon iter the concrete has reached 75% of its required strength. The stress in the concrete shall not exceed 0.45f:, “Asanca Teer oF Se. CONSTRUCTION558 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 12 END SHEAR chap. 1 "Tue web and the end connections ofthe stec! beam shall be designed to carry the total reaction. 14, SHEAR CONNECTORS [Except in the case of encased beams, as defined in Sect, 12.1, the eatire hori- zontal shear at the junction ofthe steel beam and the concrete slab shal be as- ‘Sumed to be transferred by shear connectors welded to the top flange of thc bbeam and embedded in the concrete. For full composite action with conerete subject to flexural compression, the total horizontal shear to be resisted be- ‘ercen the point of maximum positive moment and poinis of zero moment shall be taken as the smaller value using Equations (I¢-1) and (14-2): Vy = 0.85f24d2 cae and V2 BAM 42) where = specified compression strength of concrete, ksi J = actual area of effective concrete flange defined in Sect. TI, in? ‘A; = area of see! beam, in? In continuous composite beams where longitudinal reinforcing steel is con: .ouinsened te aot compentely withthe steel beam in the negative moment riots, ‘he total horizontal shear to be resisted by shear connectors between an inte- ror support and each adjacent point of contraflexure shall be taken a8 Va = BAe 43) where “Aw. = total ares of longitudinal reinforcing steel atthe interior support lo- ‘cated within the effective flange width specified in Sect. 1, in? = speciied minimum yield stress of the longitudinal reinforcing steel, For fill composite action, the number of connectors resisting the horizontal shear, Vi, each side of the point of maximum moment, shall not be less than that determined by the relationship ¥j/g, where q, the allowable shear load for fone connector, is given in Table 14.1 for flat soffit concrete slabs made with ‘ASTM C33 aggregates. For fat soffit concrete slabs made with rotary Kiln pro- ‘duced aggregates, conforming to ASTM C330 with concrete unit weight not fess than 90 pef, the allowable shear load for one connector is obtained by mul~ tiplying the valves from Table 14.1 by the coefficient from Table 14.2. For partial composite action with concrete subject to flexural compression, the horizontal shear Vj to be used in computing Syy shall be taken as the product > tem FA! hall be ace othe right-hand sdeof Equation (4-1) tlngiudnal reinforcing “Gest red Alocate win the eect width of the cnet ange neuded in he prope: test the compete econ oe serene Avec errs ov Sram. Conernon ‘Sect. 14] ‘SHEAR CONNECTORS 559 of times the number of connectors furnished between the point of maximom moment and the nearest point of zero moment. “The value of Vj shall not be less than % the smaller value of Equation (14-1), + Wiis the maximom permitted effective width ofthe concrete lange, or Equa- lon (142), The effective moment of inertia for deflection computations shall bbe determined by: tga et fee 1) as) where 1, = moment of inertia‘f the steel beam, int ji, = moment of inertia of the transformed composite section, in.* ‘The connectors required each sie of the point of maximum moment in an sre (of positive bending may be uniformly distributed be Conc point of zero moment, except that Na, the numberof shear connectors Table 14.1 Allowable Horizontal Shear Load for One Connector (q), kips* TTT gpa Coave Sera onect” lt Concrete) a wo | as | =o “i dx 2 rock o onde hd 31 3s 39 EGR Be tooedorresdeasud (| 80 as oe Si Ga, x & hooked ot hooded sud is | as | iss Ye ds > 81 hooked or eased sud tes | eo Gramel ca = 4 tree | ‘some Shannel 4» 5A sow | S30 Ghanre! 05 » 627 Bane | som | “Aeptate ono coer race wh AST C39 eros cece hotsotl ade tied ae eo pord fr eds age thn shown. tent cf hae Table 14.2 Coefficients for Use with Concrete Made with 0330 Aggregates T speared! “Ait Dry Unt Weight of Concrete, Bot srrength of Coverete(@) [eo | 96 | 100 | 105 | +10 | 115 | 120 zA0 Ket ‘073 | 078 | 078 | om | oes | 086 |-o08 50Kst 82 | 08s | 087 | oot | 09s | ose | 08 “Auman Terra oF Set Cover5-60 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION (Chap. 1 required between any concentrated load if that area and the nearest point of zero moment, shall be not less than that determined by Equation (14-5). Me) Ms oa 3 (4s) were TM = moment (es than the maximm moment) a s concentrated load point [N, = umber of connectors required between point of maximum moment ‘and point of zero moment, determined by the relationship Vj/q or Vila, 2s applicable Se or Se, ae applica B ~ For Gt, ws applicable For # continuous beam, connectors required inthe region of negative bending ‘may ne uniformly distributed between the point of matimum moment and each point of zero moment. ‘Shear connectors shall have at least 1 in, of lateral concrete cover, except for ‘connsctors installed in the ribs of formed steel decks. Unless located dizectly ‘over the web, the diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2¥ times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded. The minimum center-to- center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along the longitudinal _ axis of the supporting composite beam and 4 diameters transverse to the longi- ‘udinal axis of the supporting composite beam. The maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall not excved 8 times the total slab thickness ‘COMPOSITE BEAMS OR GIRDERS WITH FORMED STEEL DECK Composite construction of concrete slabs on formed steel deck connected to steel beams or girders shal be designed by the applicable portions of Sees. 11 through 14, with the following modifications. General 1. Séction 15 is applicable to decks with nominal sib height aot greater than 3 inches. 2, The average width of concrete rib or haunch w, shall be not les than 2in., ‘bat shall not be taken in calculations as more than the minimum clear width rear the top ofthe steel deck. See Sect. 15.3, subparagraphs 2 and 3, for ad- Attional provisions. 3. The concrete slab shall be connected to the steel beam or girder with welded stad shear connectors & in. oles in diameter (AWS DLL, Sect. 7, Par F). Suds may be welded through the deck or directly to the steel member. 4, Stud shear connectors shall extend not lest than 172i. above the top of the stool deck after installation. - 5. The slab thickness above the steel deck shall be not less than 2 in. eck: Ribs Oriented Perpendicular to Steel Beam or Girder 1, Concrete below the top of the steel deck shall be neglected when determin- {ng section properties and in calculating A, for Equation (14-1). Avascas Ire of Sr Contrmocnion Soct. 15] COMPOSITE BEAMS OR GIRDERS 561 a ae spacing of sid shear connector ange length of suppeting Dea wr sRer all got ected 361m _— ae rset sear a po stud conesorqatal be he vi 2 The aonb rales 1 and 143) pid by te fg Te Shon ict (Cape -asane = nominal sib height, in. eam ad coment efter wen, in. ott exceed the vale Gr + 3) in computations, although the actual length may be ear of stud connectors on a beam in one rib, ot to exceed 3 seepattons,altnough more than 3 studs may be iwtaled. w, = average width of concrete rib, in. (see Sect. 15.1, subparagraph 2) 4, Toei uplift, the sto! deck shal be anchored tall compostely designed aoe ee frdar at a spacing nto exceed 1Gin, Such sniehoage may see oe Pata connesers, combination of stad connector end A terre) wes of other dois: speed bythe designer. peak ibs Oriented Paral t Stel Beam or Ger - aovectai thtanofhestes deck maybe aludd when determining ~s Concrete son ne chal be included tn eaeaaing'A, for Equation en. : * 1 Seas oer sporing nt gle my bsptlngly es ios conte Hanne ae a el ecko 1% 8 o renter the average ‘Wea the nominal 570) anchor shal be not es th 2, or he with of the upretcéMow pa sod ameter foreach adicol stud. 4, The allowable horizontal shear load per stud connector q shall be the value ‘fipulated in Sect 14 (Tables 4.1 and 4.2), except when the ratio wl is jee tttan 1.5, the allowable load shall be multiplied by the following reduc- tion factor: i (we) (He 4.0) = 1.0 052) 06) (-*9) whore hy and H, are as defined in Sect, 15.2 and is the average width of Mt aoe hanch (oe Set 15.1, subparagraph 2, and Set 5.3, sub- paragraph 3). SPECIAL CASES asus ‘Wen composite construction doesnot conform tothe regirements Whee compos ltowable loud per tear connector must be etablishod By a ntabe test progran. Ananvcan etre oe Sree ComraseT085-62 . - a CHAPTER “J CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS “This chapter applies to connection consisting of connecting clements (plates, stiffeners, gusseis, angles, brackets) and connectors (welds, bolts, rivets). GENERAL PROVISIONS: Design Basis ‘Connections sball be proportioned so thatthe calculated stress isles than the SHowable stress determined (1) by structural analysis for loads acting on the Structure or (2) s a specified proportion of the strength of the connected mem- bers, whichever is appropriate. ‘Simple Connections Except as otherwise indicated io the design documents, connections of beams, finders or trusses shall be designed as flexible and ordinarily may be propor- Zoned for the reaction shears only. Flexible beam connections shall accommo- _Katoend sotations of unzestrained (simple) beamss.-To. accomplish this, inelat-- tic deformation in the connection is permitted, ‘Moment Connections ‘End connections of restrained beams, girders and trusses shall be designed for the combined effect of forces resulting from moment and shear induced by the rigidity of the connections. Compression Members with Bearing Joints ‘When columns bear on bearing plaies or are Gnished to bear at splices, there shall be sufficient connectors to hold all parts securely in place. en tec ei tebe emia WrSsnnodon shel be aanged 1 Fold al par in live and shall be propor Meher sie eine arengh of te membre ‘Ateamprenion ons hl be proportions tres ny eson developed by a cameres ca Toads acing oujsion with 73% of te cael ted loud srs and no ve oud a Conrisetions of Tension end Compression Members in Trusses "Tae connections at ends of tension or compression membersin trusses shall de- velop the fore due to the design load, but not les than $0% of the effective Avene error Sst Conasen0n Sect. J1] GENERAL PROVISIONS. 563 strength ofthe member, unless a smaller percentage is justified by engineering ‘haus that considers other factors including handing, shipping and erection. 6. Minimum Connections Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag bars and gts, shall be designed to support not les than 6 Kips. 7. Spices in Heavy Sections ‘This section applies to ASTM A6 Group 4 and 5 solled shapes, or shapes built- “Baby welding plates more than Zin, thick together to form the cross section ae PL kere the cross section js to be spliced and subject to primary tensile ‘tresses due to tension or flexure. ‘When tensile forces in these sections are to be transmitted through splices by ulzpenetration groove welds, material ntch-toughness requirements 25 Biv<9 Mee AS. Te, weld access holes details as given in Sect, 11.8, compatible Hiding procedures as given in Sect. 12.6, welding preheat requirements es Pron ls Sect 127 end thermal cut surfoce preparation and inspection requte- ments as given in Sect. M2.2 apply ‘At tension splices in these sections, weld tabs and backing shal be removed fand the surfaces ground smooth. 2 sect bere the section is to be used as a primary amber, all wel holes reqiired to Fallitate grdove Weld faz operations shall satisfy the provisions of Sect. 11.8 § ‘Aiternatively, splicing of such members subject to compression, including aaecrpar which nre subject to tension due to wind or seismic loads, may be ae” WPanplsbed using splice detalls which do not induce large weld shrinkage Seans such as partial-penetration flange groove welds with fllet-welded Sur- Sew tap plate splices on the web, or with bolted or combination bolted/fllet- ‘welded lap plate splices. 8, Beam Copes end Weld Access Holes ASP veld access holes required to facilitate welding operations shall have, & ‘engl fiom the toe ofthe weld preparation not Jess than 1% times the tek: eae tthe material in which the hole is made. The height of the access hole eal be adequate for deposition of sound weld metal in the adjacent plates ani “Nestance for weld tabs, Ia hot rolled shapes and built-up shapes, all For Group 4 and 5 shapes and built-up shapes of materia more than 2 in. thick, aon roe ty eat eurfaces of beam copes and weld access hole shall be ground Taicyinc nua elemento crow eto arse ro to beng ined tft zoe We he ind es AWS DL, Arce 6 the apie provisions f AWS DLT 2017 ‘SSiew ofthe requirements of this Seaton. Axe ior or Sra, COMTRCETION564 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS Chap. J ‘to bright metal and inspected by either magnetic particle or dye penetrant metiods. Ifthe curved transition portion of weld access holes and beam copes axe formed by predilled or sawed holes, that portion ofthe acess hole or cope need not be ground. Weld access holes and beam copes in other shapes need fot be ground nor inspected by dye penetrent or magnetic parle. Placement of Welds, Bolts and Rivets Groups of welds, bolts or rivets at the ends of any member which transmit axial stress nto that member shall be sized so the center of gravity of the group coin cides with the center of gravity of the member, unless provision is made for the eccentricity. The foregoing provision is not applicable to end connections of statically loaded single-angle, double-angle and similar members. Eccentricity between the gravity axes of such members and the gage lines for their riveted or bolted end connections may be neglected in statically loaded members, but shall be considered in members subject to fatigue loading. See Sect. 13.10 for placement of fasteners in built-up members made of weather- ing steel. Bolts in Combination with Welds In new work, A307 bolts or high-strength bolts used in bearing-type connec- tions shall not be considered as sharing the sess in combination with welds ‘Weld, if used, shall be provided to carry the entice stress in the-connecton. strength bolts proportioned for sip-rtcal connections may be consid- ered as sharing the stress withthe welds. In making welded alterations to structures, existing rivets and high-strength bolts tightened to the requirements for slip-rtical connections are permitted {or carrying stresses resulting from loads present atthe time of elteration, and the welding need be adequate to carry only the additional stress ‘High-strength Bolts In Slip-Critical Connections in Combination with Rivets In both new work and alterations, high-strength bolts in slip-citical connec- tions may be considered as sharing the load with rivets, Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections Fully-tensioned high-strength bolts (see Table 33.7) or welds shall be used for the following connections: ‘Colum splices in all tier structures 200 fe or more ia height ‘Columa splices in tier structures 100 to 200 in height, ifthe least horizontal ‘dimension is less than 40% of the height ‘Column splices in tier structures less than 100 ft in height, ifthe least hori zontal dimension is less than 25% of the height ‘Connections of ali beams and girders to columns and of any other beams and ‘girders on which the bracing of columns is dependent, in structures over 125 ft in height Avera sro 9 Sram, Coneraccron Soot. J1] GENERAL PROVISIONS 5-65 2 ang ators ampere a sree ce er a St ae png enya i at ened aee ‘robe i im tened In all other cases, connections may be made with high-strength bolts tight to the snug-tight condition or with A307 bolts. cor the purpore ofthis ection, the eight of a ier stractre shall be taken 25 For ee antec evel te highest pot of the oof Deas svete fat roofs, or t,the mean height ofthe gable in the ease of roofs Fre cate of move than 2% in 12. Wher te curb evel has not been estab- Tau oT ahere the structure does not adjoin a street, the mem level ofthe ad- verre land shel bused instead of cb level. Penthoutes may be excudedin sane the Belght of the srocuse. weiss nt ofthe Ameen Welling Soy Sacral Weng Coe Pern of Oe arse nt BS 2819, 10, py WO ‘penfocmed under this Specificgtion.... . ane oe Groove Welds tfective Area ‘The effective area of groove welds shall be considered as the effective length of the weld times the effective throat thickness. ‘The effective length of a groove weld shal be the width of the part joined. “the effective throat thickiess of a complete-penetration groove weld shall be ‘the thickness of the thinner part joined. m ‘The effective throat thickness of a partial-penetration groove weld shall be as shown in Table 32.1 eect tot hikes af flare oor wld when fash 0 he ute Tp ec raed ton sal bem aoe in Table 12.2.0 fe ba of end eso ench wn omer, och es on ets tay design dosent, abe edo very ia th Sete irat &consemly oe effective throat thicknesses than those in Table 32.2 are permitted, pro~ ‘ded the fabricator ean establish by qualification that he can consistently pro- ide such larger effective throat thicknestes, Qualiiation shall consist of see, tioning the weld normal to its sxis, at mid-ength and terminal ends. Asai rms or Set Conemcrion5466 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS sectioning shall be made iber of Sémt : . ons nus tes ma so ep Sete ek alla are 1b Limitations ‘The minimum effective throat thickness of a partial: penetration groove shall be as ova in Table 123. Minimum efiove front thckses dae ‘mined by the thicker of the two parts joined, except thatthe weld size need not ‘exceed the thickness ofthe thinnest pat joined. For this exception, particular care shall be taken to provide sutiicent preheat for soundness of the weld. TABLE J2.1 Effective Throat Thickness of Partial- penetration Groove Welds ‘Watng Wotirg] taused Ageiet | Etache root Prose Peaion | ‘Rootct@ow | "oman Sid etl a docu ee Sibmerod a a [emer] Othe tan Ce metal =o" Funcoued ee Beveloe Visit | Depth of rami Soo oasar | “anne Effective Throat Thickness of Flare Groove Welds Te ae Ett Tost often far ond Stomece Far bevel gone a Yeh are Vrcoe a me as fer Gu Mtl Weng (Psa ang tars mie when A= TABLE J2.3 Minimum Effective Throat Thickness of Partial-penetration Groove Welds Tia Tose Thr virn cooks Parnes in "rare fa) To % nce % Soren x Sern i Sent he we Siar fete an i Smnnee x ome ‘ rs Lees Avamcan InsaruoF Sree, Coneneren Sect. J2) WELDS 5-67 2. Fillet Welds a Effective Area ‘The effective area of fillet welds shall be taken as the effective length times the effective throat thickness. : “The effective length of fillet welds, except filet welds in holes and slots, shall be the overall length of full-size filets, including returns. “The effective throat thickness ofa fillet weld shall be the shortest distance from the soot of the join to the face ofthe diagrammatic weld, except that for fillet welds made by the submerged arc process, the effective throat thickness shall be taken equal to the leg size for ¥é-in. and smaller fillet welds, and equal to the theoretical throat pls O.11-a. for let welds lerger than Yerin. For filet welds in holes and slots, the effective length shall be the length of the ‘centerline of the weld along the center of the plane through the throat. In the ‘case of overlapping fillets the effective area shall not exceed the nominal eross- {ectional area of the hole or slot in the plane of the faying surface. Limitations ‘The minimum size of fillet welds shall be as shown in Table J2.4. Minimum ‘weld size is dependent upon the thicker of the two pars joined, except thatthe tweld size need not exceed the thickness of the thinner part. For this exception, ~ partoular care shall be takefi to provide suiicient preheat far soundness of the ‘Weld. Weld sizes lager than the thinner part joined are permitted if required by calculated strength. In the as-welded condition, the distance between the edge of the base metal and the toe of the weld may be less than Yierin. pro~ Vided the weld size is clearly verifiable "The maximum size of fillet welds that is permitted along edges of connected parts shall be: “+ Material les than Yin, thick, not greater than the thickness of the ma- terial. + Matetial Yin, or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material minus YAein., unless the weld is especially designated on ‘the drawings to be built out to obtain fullthroat thickness. TABLE J2.4 Minimum Size of Fillet Welds Matera Thickness of Trcker ‘Wir Size of ilot Pert Joined fr) Wet) To vince % Over to He Over 10% we Over % te : Leg dimension of lot welds, Single-pass welds must be vee, _Avancan Teens ce Set Conescro8i | t i | | 5-68 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS {Chap. 5 ‘The minimum effective length of fle ved designed on the basis of strength shall be not less than 4 times the nominal size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered not to excoed % of its effective iength. If ongitudinal filet welds ‘are used alone in end connectionsof fiat bar tension member, the length of _ each let weld shall be not les than the perpendicular distance between ther, “The transverse spacing of longitudinal filet welds used in end connections ef tension members shall not exceed § in., unless the members designed of the basis of elective net area in accordance with Set. BS. = Intermiten filet welds are permitted to transfer clculated stress across a joint oF faving surfaces when the strength required i less than that developed by a oatinuous filet weld of the smallest permitted ize, and to join components of built-up members. The effectivo length of any segment of intermittent fet welding shall be not less than 4 times the weld size, wih a minimim of ain. In lp joints, the mini lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than 1 in, Lap joints joining plates or bars subjected to ress shall be fillet welded along, the end of both lapped parts, except where the deflection of the lapped parts is sufficiently restrained to prevent ‘opening of the joint under maximum loading. Fille welds in holes or siots are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to ‘prevent the buckling or separation of lapped perts and to join components of built-up members. Such fillet welds may overlap, subject to the provisions of « Seot.-12- Fillet welds-in holes-or slots are not to be-considered pig or slot’ welds. Sie or end filet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of pars ot ‘members shal, wherever practicable, be returoed contineoulyaxcund ie cor, ners fora distance not les than 2 times the nominal siz of the weld. Tis pro- vision sil apply 0 side and top filet welds connecting brackets, beam seats 4nd smile connection, oa the plane about whic bending moments are com puted. For framing angles and simple end-platé connections which depend {pon fexbilty ofthe outstanding lps for connection fexibity, end returs Shall not exceed four times the nominal sie of the weld. Flat wee which ‘omur on opposite sides oft common plane sball be interrupted atthe corer oman to both welds. nd returns shall be indicated on the design and detail Seawings. 3. Plug and Slot Weld Effective Area ‘The effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the nominal cross-sectional area ofthe hole or ot in the plane of the fying sur b. Limitations lag or slot welds are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent ‘buckling of lapped parts and to join component parts of built-up members. Asanacis erro or Sra, Corer sect. J2} weLDs 569 ‘Te antr tse og wi st ee has he ios {he pat conning it pls Zen, rounded to the nent ger odd Yin, nor ‘over than the minimum dlameter pls Yin, or 24 dimes the thickness of fe weld "The minimum c.-to-c. spacing of plug welds shall be four times the diameter of the hole, “The mim spacing of lines of ot wel in a dietion transverse to their se getha be Gane the wid of the st Toe minimum e-oe. spt in r ieteinal deton on any lin thal bo 2 tines the lagi of te slot Jength of slot for a slot weld shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the Teg seae fst oe ate nt es tan eens te pt m- taining it plus %4e-in., rounded to the next larger odd Ye-in., nor shall it be larger than 24 times the thickness of the weld. The ends of the slot shall be ee i aren roved toa rar nol a Se Serre ee cept those es ich extn fhe ee rite pt thot of plug or sot weds in nats ino si hikes shall epee the tckans of the meteral In meal over Yin thick, the SSE Se weld sal beat eet Ye he sks of the materia bul not ies than Sn, 4, Allowable Stresses ; “Except as modified by the provisions of Sect. K4, welds shall be proportioned to meet the stress requirements given in Table 12.5. 5. Combination of Welds If two or more of the general types of weld (groove, fillet, plug, slot) are com- ‘ined in a single joint, the effective capacity of each shall be separately com- ‘puted with reference to the axis ofthe group in order to determine the allowa- bie capacity of the,combination. 6. Mixed Wold Metal ‘When noteh-toughnessis specified, the process consumables forall weld metal, tack welds, root pass and subsequent pastes, deposited in a joint shall be com patible to assure notch-tough composite weld metal 17. Proheat for Heswy Shapes» met For ASTM A6 Group 4 and 5 shapes and welded built-up members mde of ‘lates move than 2 im thick, a preheat equal to ox greater than 350°F shall be Tied when making groove Wel pice. ‘Ae Teor oS Ono: BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS en i 5-70 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS [chop See 9 suneanca een | TABLE 25 43, BOLTS, aneD RIVETS: | Allowable Stress on Welds + Hitvarenat ded inthis Specification, vse of high-strength bolts eset 7 eed Wald oaform to the provisions ofthe Speceation for Sruural Joints Using =e News Seong Leh os ITyG a5 or AWD Boll approved by tne Research Coubel on Structural Const pentaton Grove Was Connections ofthe Engineering Foundation (RCSC).. | Taran norma 2 Same an bane mot Cairn wid met shal required to be tightened to more than 50% of thei minimam specified ten- eco ea bese Sic srength, ASTM A449 bolts in tension and bearing-ype shear connections | Cmpressionromaito | Same as basa metal Shall have an ASTM F436 hardened washer installed under the bolt head, and | tecive 08 the nuts sball meet the requirement of ASTM AS63 ' Torsion or compression | Same as base metal tel aul oer sot i rat * ae 2, Ske and Use of Holes | cea cine ontes eae 4. The maximum sizes of holes for bots are given in Table 3.1, except that Steer on ect erg | Oe sera oa inrger hols, required for tolerance on location of anchor bots in concrete i Skea of wei ete foundations, are permitted in column base details. | Para genetraon Grove Woe? », Said oie sl prove i monroe comets en oversized, short-aotted oF longlotted connections ar | Seeman | Save sebaco mont 1 proved by the designer. Finger shims up to in. may be introduced ato sfecteree ipseritea connections designed on the basis of standard hoos without r- Terain compression | Save a bece met dicing the allowable shear stess ofthe fastener. | ‘paral! to axis of wold? ‘c. Oversized holes are permitted in any or all plies of slip-critical connections, | Sh tht they shall not be used in bearing-type connections. Hardened washers carpal to aa of | 030 x nominal asia 2 y woe Seong of wa motel a. shall be installed over oversized holes fn an outer ply. ecw = a «a Shore sleted hole are pore is any or al pi of spel i Bedg> | Tesi pormal io tecve [030 x roma nee ‘ype connections, The slots are permitted withost regerd to direction of | ace ont of was mol a, {Daring in slip-eritical connection, but the length shall be normal tothe di- | except tonal treason base rection of the load in bearing-type connections. Washers shall be installed mall ha not exceed 0.0 ‘over shor-sloted hoes in an outer ply; when high-strength bolts are used, | ol ores of base etl ‘such washers shall be hardened. i Fit Wel ©. Longsioted holes are permitted in only one ofthe connected parts of either | 2 clipectical or bearing-ype connection at an individual fying surface. | Shear om ee re ary et ay _| at a enh : Longsltted holes ae perited without repard to direction of lading in teal a) fg a erm fipestcel connections, but shall be normal to the direction of load in “Tension orcompressen | Same a bso maa ne q ‘peasng-iype connections, Where longotted holes are used ia an outer Pal ow wot rennet Diy, plate Washers ora continuous bar wih standard hole, having sie suf- ‘ Pug and Sot vee TABLE Ja. { ‘Sheer parallel fo feying sur- | 0.30 x nominal tone ‘Weld metal with a srength " _ i feces (on tev ares) | Sbargtot wot mata) | lav! equal ose ar Nominal Hole Dimensions 1 “ratcng” wel metal a! = =a ordi of aacve aa, a0 Get Je Da [Banded “For tng: weld met, ooo Table <1. AWS 1. Or) wt erat “Wc mata ore sengh iv! song nen “matting” wot mot wt be pewited. a he Ye x the “See Gee Jeb fo anton on Co ofpata-pontalon rome wold ne 4 % Mex “Fila wes and para panataton geave was faring fw comgonan lars ct BUR Rl gs wens rr ae ee ou cee ae een inet mee %| Be Bee semprsiv sess noe slant prio ts ota nace : * | we tee the Eescieg “omnotnattals orenedty ures ere. Aeon Carman | ai%_| awe (er tn eae) 50» Some, Conran Asamci Ire or Sra Contmecren ‘Aaemeas errCONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS [Chap. J ficient to completely cover the slot afte installation, shall be provided. In high-strength bolted connections, such plate washers or continuous bars, shall be not less than Yie-in. thick and shall be of structural grade material, ‘but need not be hardened. If hardened washers are required for use of high” strength bolts, the hardened washers shall be placed over the outer surface of the plate washef Or bar. £. When A490 bolts over 1-in. dia, are used in slotted or oversize holes in ex- temal pls, # single hardened water conforning to ASTM F436, exept with ‘win, minimum thickness, shall be used in lieu of the standard washer. Effective Beating Area ‘The effective bearing area of bolts, threaded parts and rivets shall be the diam- ‘ter multiplied by the length in bearing, except that for countersunk bolts and rivets % the depth of the countersink shall be deducted, Allowable Tension and Shear Allowable tension and shear stresses on bolts, threaded pars and rivets shall bbe as given in Table J3.2, inks of the nominal body axes of rivets (before driv. {ng) or the unthreaded nominal body area of bolts and threaded parts other than upset rods (se footnote c, Table 13.2). igh-strength bolts supporting a plied load by direct tension shall bo so proportioned that their average tens ‘ues, computed on the basis of norsinal bal. area aud indepeedent of ani {ial tightening force, will not exceed the appropriate strest piven in Table J. ‘The aplied load shall be the sum of the extemal load and any tension resulting from prying action produced by deformation of the connected pars. Wher specified by the designer, the nominal slip resistance for connections hhaving special faying surface conditions may be increased to the applicable val- ues in the RCSC Speticaton for Sacra Joins Using ASTM A325 AD i. Finger shims up to ¥/-in, may be introduced into slipcriticl connections de- signed on the basis of standard holes without reducing the allowable shear sess of the fastener to that specified for slotted holes. Design or bolts, threaded pars and vets subject to fatigue loading shall bein sccordance with Appentis Ke 3. ‘Combined Tension and Shear In Bearing-type Connections ‘Bolts and rivets subject to combined chear and tension shall be so proportioned ‘that the tension stress F; in ksi on the nominal body area Aj, produced by forces applied to the connected parts, shall not exceed the values comptted from the ‘equations in Table J3.3, where f, the shear stress produced by the same forces, shall not exceed the value for shear given in Table J3.2. When allowable siresses are increased for wind or seismic loads ia accordance with Sect, AS.2, the constants in the equations listed in Table J3.3 shall be increased by 14, but the coefficient applied to f, shall not be increased, Anenca Inne Sect Coeur Sect. J3] BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS 573 TABLE J3.2 Allowable Stress on Fasteners, ksi min SF se | Seen Description of Festenere hand Oversized "a lawned |_ “Rie | |“ fas P| ese | Pla faa nase ao | BP va Sorc, | 2 “wes wot 29, sien Bo oe Sea ae ner he raat Sea popreerera Sc neo Sem sie . ocr mca owe vei dee onto Ste ts widest wee eee Sorbie eas se . sees” loam Ld. van SE ET Se Teeate| saat | 10 | 80 ad ore ‘Censeitem sa pews | ssct | 170 | 150 | 120 | 100 | one ovr MGcisestamemneme”| sact | 210 | 190 | 150 | 190 | aoe nie ae ‘cuuaelvometwerpanes | s4or | aro | too | 150 | 130 | woot Tote poited stew planes ends pe TT els cape tt rete pon of n pst ro bané upon te coset ‘Tovar brad das A shale myer bun remeboy ae lta robe ‘footrg tren 0805, ori a M0 Sts eject tert aig aaa soe Append Kt. Beno cor’ 059, Goan mt scm at eared sacs wit is A cp Cie (nlnepostedhy te conn slows tear sven fap cnnectere Foing ence tag sae csr my bo seaneotbe sppeae vse Gren ne Foe Spear. ‘Tron beae ope comcione undo pos enon mamborshve alse pate wise length, measured parallel to the ine of force, exceeds 50 in. tabulated values shall be recuced pa sho Sect A52 "See Tabio 2, Numarcl Vali Section fr values for spactc ASTM sel specionion "For mtaione on use of oversized and sltodhoies, o2e Sect 9.2. iirction of nae apleaton relatvo fo lng avs of sot.574 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS (Chap. 3 6 Combined Tension and Shear in Stip-ertical Joints For A325 and A490 bolts used in slip-critical connections, the maximum shear stress allowed by Table 13.2 shall be maltiplied by the reduction factor (1 — _ falTs), where fis the average tensile stress due to a direct load applied to all ‘of the bolts in a connection and T; is the pretension load of the bolt specified in Table 33.7. When allowable stresses are increased for wind or seismic loads in accordance with the provisions of Sect. AS.2, the reduced allowable shear stress shall be increased by ¥4, 7. Allowable Bearing at Bott Holes (On the projected area of bolts and rivets in shear connections withthe end dis- tance in the line of force not less than 1%4 d and the distance c. to e, of bolts not less than 3d: 1. In standard-or short-slotted holes with two or more bolts in the line of * force, Fp= 12k, 3) where F, = allowable bearing stress, ksi 2. In long-slotted holes with the axis of the slot perpendicular to the direc- ton of load and with two or more bolts in the line of force, Fp=10F, 32) Oi the projected area of the bolt or vet closest to the edge in standard or short-sloted holes with the edge distance les than 1¥d and in all connections with single bolt in the ine of force: y= LE s12F, 33) TABLE J3.3 Allowable Tension Stress F; for Fasteners in Bearing-type Connections Decinimat | Pace ad "hese Scand tecena earn ron Ser Pore 7207 te Bee A825 bolts: VGAF = 4.3907 Viaay = 2.1867 ‘0 eo Vera ara Vieira? Troe a, aaiotats | guar, ray-s0snh, | oMan—144= 090%, oo . on ‘gee 20 tayea8 ae 8 ce Bay AveascasInerrere of rect Covenant Sect. JS} BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS 578 where, L, = distance from the free edge to center of the bolt, in. d= bolt dia., If deformation around thé hale is not a design consideration and adequate spacing and edge distance is as required by Sees. J3.8 and J3.9, the following ‘cquation fs permitted in lieu of Equation (3-1): Feish 4) and the limit in Equation (13-3) shall be increased to 1.5F, 8, Minimum Spacing . “The distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 224 times the nominal diameter of the fastener® nor less than thst required by the following paragraph, if applicable. ‘Along a line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of holes s shall ‘be not ess than 3d when F, is determined by Equations (J3-1) and (53-2). Oth- cerwise, the distance between centers of holes shall not be less than the follow inet For standard holes: ss2PIRt + a2 3s) where Fos <, P= force transmitted by one fastener to the critical connected part, ips A, = specified minimum tensile strength of the critical connected ksi | f= thickness of the critical connected part, in. \. For oversized and slotted holes, the distance required for standard holes in subparagraph a, (above), plus the applicable increment Cy from Table 33.4, but the clear distance between holes shall not be less ‘than one bolt diameter. 9, Minimum Edge Dletanco ‘The distance from the center of standard hole to an edge of a connected part shall be not less than the applicable value from Table 33.5 nor the value from ‘Equation (J3-6), as applicable. ‘Along a tine of transmitted force, in the direction of the force, the distance ‘rom the center of a standard bole to the edge of the connected part L shall ‘be not less than 1¥d when F, is determined by Equations (13-1) or (13-2). Otherwise the edge distance shall be not less than : Le 5 2PIBS (39) where P, K, tare defined in Sect. 13.8. . | TA Gite of 4s preter i “Avani rm. Sex. CoMRUCTIN| | { 876 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS Chap. J TABLE J3.4 Values of Spacing Increment C;, in. Sate Woks Norio! verze rel ote Da Papendaer Fenn | Moe | PO of Force ofrece [onan [ tpt 7 % ° %a 4 Ye ° we | AS at % ° Fo | me v6 “Wien ng lites hn ei lowod in Tao Jaa, Oy may be end by the ciference between the maximum end actual slat lengths. ” TABLE J3.5 Minimum Edge Distance, in. (Center of Standard Hole* to Edgo of Connected Part) = anette cee | nse | ete. | 2 cer | SuSE. r ‘ % % a : te : u % be # ow oe wine “For oversized 0 soo hes, 20 Taba 8 Al doe dstanas in is coum maybe reduced Yorn. when the hoof et apn whore [St66¢ dons rt exceed 25% ofthe maximum deen srength the semen. ‘These may be 17% al ho ends of beam connection engl, TABLE 3.6 Values of Edge Distance Increment Co, in. ‘Slotted Holes rol ‘Perpendicular Fastener Oversized fo Ege Para o @y Holes Shon Sow | tong Sit | Edge =% He fl % Ma ° 3% h “Vien og of dina ar intr Sowa ac Tao ®y oneal te cerance betwen he mem and wl et ierga YO Avacin Ire ov Seat Coneateron Sect. J3} BOLTS, THREADED PARTS AND RIVETS 877 10. 1" ‘The distance from the ceter of an oversized or slotted hole to an edge of a connected part shall be not less than required for a standard hole plus the ap- plicable increment C, from Table 13. Maximum Edge Distance and Spacing “The maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt tothe nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the thickness of the connected part under ‘consideration, but shall not exceed 6 in. Bolted joints in unpainted steel ex- posed to atmospheric corrosion require special limitations on pitch and edge distance. : For unpainted, built-up members niade of weathering steel which will be ex- posed to atmospheric corrosion, the spacing of fasteners connecting a plate and 2 shape or two-plate components in contact shall not exceed 14 times the thick- ‘ness of the thinnest part nor 7in., and the maximum edge distance shall not ex- ‘ceed eight times the thickness of the thinnest part, or 5 in. Long Grips ‘A307 bolts which cary calculated stress, with a grip exceeding five diameters, shall have theiz number increased 1% for each additional Ys in. in the grip. ALLOWABLE SHEAR RUPTURE ‘At beam end connections where the top flange is coped, and in similar situa tions where failure might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteners, ff by a combination of shear along a plane through the fasteners plus tension ‘along a perpendicular plane: R OF. ay TABLE J3.7 Minimum Pretension for Fully-tightened Bolts; kips* [corse 155 Bole 780 Bos % 12 6 % 0 & % 8 38 % 2 “ ‘ a 6 1% & 80 m a 302 i ae a 4 103 so Equal 6 0703 nim tons svg of bo, aynded a nearest Ki ‘poctod In ASTM epctcatione for A325 an.AAGO bat wih UNC threads. “Avenca nerve or Sr. Conraverot5-78 CONNECTIONS, JOINTS AND, FASTENERS, (Chap. J 5. 8. ‘acting on the net shear area A, and, F,=0.50F, G42) ‘acting on the net tension area A, ‘The minimum net failure path on the periphery of welded connections shall be checked? CONNECTING ELEMENTS ‘This section applies tothe design of connecting clements, such as stiffeners, ‘gussets, angles and brackets and the panel zanes of beamto-column connec, tions. Eccentric Connections Intersecting axially stressed members shall have their gravity axes intersect at ‘one point, if practicable; if not, provision shall be made for bending and shear. ing stresses due to the eccentricity ‘Allowable Shear Rupture For situations where failure might occur by shear along a plane through the fasteners, or by a combination of shear along a plane through the fasteners plus tension along a perpendicular plane, see Sect. 14 FILLERS In welded construction, any filler Yain, or more in thickness ehall extend be= yond the edges of the spice plate and shall be welded to the part on which it is fitted with suffcient weld to transmit the splice plate stress, applied at the surface ofthe filer as an eccentric load. The welds joining the splice plate to the filer shal be sufficient to transmit the splice plate stress and shall be tong {enough to avoid overstressing the filer along the toe of the weld. Any filler lee than Vé-in. thick shall have its edges lush withthe edges of the splice plate and the weld size shall be the sum of the size necessary to carry the splice plate stress plus the thickness of the filler plate. When bots or rivets carrying computed stress pats through fillers thicker than Yarn. except in slip-rtical connections assembled with high-strength bolts, the fless shall be extended beyond the splioe material and the ler extension Shall be secured by enough bolts or rivets fo cistibute the total stew in the member uniformly over the combined section of the member and the Eller ot an equivalent number of feteners shall be included inthe connection, Eilers Yoin, and cin. thick, inchsive, need not be extended and devel: ed, provided the allowable shear sues in the bolts is reduced by the factor, 0.4 (60.25), wheres the total thicknes of the files, up t0 9c in, ‘See Sects. B2 and Commentary Figs. C14.1, C442, C43 and C44, Avencav inert San. Coenucnon Sect. J7} : SPLICES 579 7. SPLICES roove welded splices in plate girders and beams shall develop the full ‘Sena ofthe sole pied eon. Oter yer of psn eros Sections ‘of plate girders and beats shall develop the strength requted by the stresses ft the point of splice. ‘v8, ALLOWABLE BEARING STRESS On contact area of milled surfaces and ends of fitted bearing stiffeners; on pro- jected area of pins in reamed, drilled or bored hol = 0.908, cay Expansion rollers and rokors, ips pr lin in (FA) owe (82) where d is the diameter of roller or rocker, in. J9, COLUMN BASES AND BEARING ON MASONRY AND CONCRETE. Proper provision shall be made to transfer the column loads and moments to the footings and foundations. 4n the absence of code regulations the following stresses apply: (On sandstone ane limestone +H = 040 (On brick in cement mortar ...-..2+. =F, = 0.25 (On the full area of a concrete support Ft 035 (On less than the full aca of @ concrete suppor s5VAaTa O70 "seed consis snag of sn, . f= edie ome se arn dy 5 Seka nab acne mp * ‘geometrically similar to and concentric with the loaded area, in. 410, ANCHOR BOLTS tolts shall be designed to provide resistance to all conditions on com ‘Avted sutures oftesion and shen at the bases of columns, including tbe net eit component of any bending nemont which 8) rut rom faation or paral zaon of calms Whe pats in contct have efferent yield stresses, F hal be the smaller vac Avene rer or Sram. ComravcroN5-80 oe CHAPTER “K SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. ‘This chapter covers member strength design considerations related to concen- ‘trated forces, ponding, torsion, and fatigue. Ki, WEBS AND FLANGES UNDER CONCENTRATED FORCES 1. Design Basie Members with concentrated loads applied noma to one flange and symmetric to the web shall hae a lange and web proportioned to saisty the local ange bending, web yielding strength, web crippling and sideoway web buckling cite- Ha of Sects, KL.2, KI3, KI and K1.5. Members with concentrated loads ap- plied to both flanges shall have a web proportioned to satisfy the web yelding, ‘web crippling and colar web buckling ertera of Sects. K1.3, Ki.4 and KL, ‘Where pairs of stiffeners are provided on opposite sides of the web, at concen trated loads, and extend at least half the depth of the member, Sects. K1.2 and K1.3 need not be checked. For, column webs subject to high shears, see Sect. K1.7; for bearing stiffeners, see Sect. KL. 2 Local Flange Bending A ppair ofstitfeners shall be provided opposite the tension flange or flange plate Of the beam or girder framing into the member when the thickness ofthe mem seiicbeam or te oa cay tere Fre = column yield stress, ksi Puy = the computed force delivered by the flange or moment coanection plate multiplied by 9, when the computed force’is dae to live and ‘ead load only, or by $5,* when the computed force is due to live and ‘ead load in conjunction with wind or earthquake forces, kips Ifthe length of loading measured across the member flange i less than 0.156, where bis the member flange width, Equation (K1-1) need not be checked. "Beep where ote codes may gover. For example see Seton A) “Recommended Late Foro Regatements and Commentary, Socal Engineers Atsoe of Calioria 191. Auicat Terns OF Sn. Conner ‘Sect. K1] WEBS AND FLANGES UNDER CONCENTRATED FORCES 5-81 2. Local Web Vilding naive Bearing sitfenes shall be provided in beams and welded pat girders Eompresie sss atthe web toe of the filets resuling from Concentrated Toads excoeds 0.667, ° 2. When te fore to be resisted sa concentzated load producing tension or ‘Compression, applied a a distance fom the member end thats greater than the depth ofthe member, R RN . When the force tobe recs ia concentrated load applied ator near the end ofthe member,” — Rv 258) 50.666, 12) 5 0.668, 13) vere TR = concentrated load or eston, hips 5 "st bearing (notes than k frend reaction) Tong f bearing (oot ese than & fr end reaction), a Gites rom ota fae of fange to web 08 lt. 4. Web Cripping se te Heating stenare sail b6 provided inthe webs of mens undef ein trated ads, when the compressive force exceeds the following lis ‘a, When the concentrated load is applied ata distance not les than d/2. Rom the end ofthe member: re orsa[i+a(%) («) | vaca «ry b. Whe th consented eds apleleshian a dtns 2o the Mats eeaber n= aug [i3(2) (6)! ] vier os) toe Fy = specified minimum yield stress of beam web, ksi 57> -05 (not) BB wnen ~052 (N92) 5 where ty dius of gyration of the member about its weak axis, in. hs sser of the moments atthe ends ofthe unbraced segment, kip-ft ‘MIM, = end moment ratio, positive when the segment is bent in reverse ‘curvature and negative when bent in single curvature, ‘The foregoing provisions need not apply in the region of the lest hinge to form in the failure mechanism assumed as the basis for proportioning a given mem- ber, nor in members oriented with their weak axis normai to the plane of bend ing. However, in the region ofthe last hinge to form, and in regions not adja- cent to aplastic hinge, the maximum distance between points of lateral support ‘shall be such as to sétisty the requirements of Equations (FI-5), (FI-6), or (F1-7), as well as Equations (HI-1) and (H1-2). For this case, the values of f, land f, shall be computed from the moment and axial force at factored loading, divided by the applicable load factor. ‘Members built into @ masonry wall and having their web perpendicular to this wall can be assumed to be laterally supported with respect to their weak axis of bending. No, FABRICATION ‘The provisions of Chapters A through MC with respect ro workmanship shall govern the fabrication of structure, or portions of srctres, designed onthe Sasi of manimum strength, subject to the following Himiations 1. The use of sheared edges shall be avoided in locations subject to plastic Binge rtaton at factored loading. If used, they shal befnthed smooth by grinding chipping o« planing. 2. Imation subjent 10 plastic hinge rotation at factored loading, hoes for vets or bolts inthe tens afeathall be sub-pusshed and Tested Or filled full sie. cer Te or ren Coemen5-98 _ APPENDIX “B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS BS, LOCAL BUCKLING 2. Slender Compression Elements Axially loaded members and flexural members containing elements subject to ‘compression which have a width-thickness ratio in excess of the applicable ‘noncompact value, as stipulated in Sect. B5.1 shall be proportioned to this Appendix. Prperioned sccoring ‘2. Unstitfened Compression Elements The allowable stress of unstffened compression clements whose width thickness ratio exceeds the applicable noncompact value as stipulated in Sect, 'BS.1 shall be subject to a reduction factor Q,. The value of Q, shall be deter smined by Equations (A-BS-1) through (A-BS-6), as applicable, wheze bis the Width ofthe unstiffened element as defined in Sect. BS.1. When such elements comprise the compression flange of a flexural member, tho maximum allow- able bending stress shall not exceed 0.60 F,Q, nor the applicable value as pro- joistmnnnins ss o-vided in Sect. FI3. The allowable stress of axially loaded compression mem. bers shal! be modified by the appropriate reduction factor Q, as provided in paragraph c. For single anges ‘When 76.0/VF, < bit < 185)VF;: 0, = 1.340 ~ 0.00547(0%)VF, (ans When bit = 159/VE, 2, = 15,S00/EF (41 (A352) For angies or plates projecting from columns or other compression members, and for projecting clements of compression flanges of beams and girders: When 95.0/VETE, < bit < 195) VET 2, = 1.293 ~ 0.003096). VET, (ABS) When bit > 195/VETR, Q, = 26,200 k.F (6197) (A-BS-4) For stems of teos: ‘Whee 120VE, < bit < 176: 2, = 1908 ~ 0.007156) VE, (ABs5) Whea bit I76VE: Q, = 20,000/(F,(bi)7) (A-BS-6) Avance oS, Corstnscon ‘Sect. ABS} LOCAL BUCKLING 599 where "b= width of unstffened compression element as defined in Sect BS.1 f= thickness of unstiffened element, in. ‘By = specified minimum yield stress, ksi 4.05 = A058, k= 10. kam Gail ME> 7, otherwise ‘Unstiffened elements of tees whose proportions exceed the limits of Sect. BS. shall conform to the Timits given in Table A-BS.1. 'b, _Stiffened Compression Elenients When the width-thickness ratio of uniformly compressed stiffened elements {except perforated cover plates) exceeds the noncompact limit stipulated in ‘Sect. BS.1, a reduced effective width b, shall be used in computing the design ‘properties ofthe section containing the element, except thatthe ratio b,/t need Dot be taken as less than the applicable value permitted in Sect. BS.1 For the flanges of square and rectangular sections of uniform thickness: ey, 503 ae = ans 6-3 b- onl For other uniformly compressed elements: . 2538 M43 . ae sb (A-BS-8) oF bain where = actual width of a stiffened compression element, as defined in Sect BS, i. +b, = reduced width, in. f= element thickness, in = computed compressive stress (axial plus bending stresses) in the 1 stettped element, baed on the design properties as specified in ‘Appendix BS.2, ksi, If unstffened elements are included in the Table A-B5.1 Limiting Proportions for Channels and Tees ai of fal ato of tangs, ange wish to thos to web ‘shape ptfe dent ors theless ‘Butt up or rolled 038. <0 channels =050 =20 - Buttup te 3050 a “TL Pate wes Exd aw ‘Avani Drone Sram. ConsnueT045-100 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (App. B ‘otal cross section, for the stifféned element must be such that the ‘maximum compressive stress in the unstiffened element does not exceed F,Q, of FQ, #8 applicable. ‘When the allowable stresses are increased due to wind or seismic loading in ac- cordance with the provisions of Sect. AS.2, the effective width By ehall be de~ ‘termined on the basis of 0.75 times the stress caused by wind or selsric loading ‘acting alone or in combination with the design dead and live loading. For axially loaded circular sections: ‘Members with diameter-to-thickness ratios Dit greater than 3,300/F,, but having a diameter-to-thickness ratio of less than 13,000/F,, shall not ex- ‘ceed the smaller value determined by Sect. E2 nor i 662 FoF + 00K, (A859) where D = outside diameter, in. f= wall thickness, in, Properties of sections shall be determined using the full cross section, except as {In computing the moment of inertia and section modulus of flexural members, ‘the effective width of uniformly compressed stiffened elements, as determined in Appendix BS.2b, shall be used in determining effective cross-sectional prop- erties. sess ta ! | | | For stiffened elements of the cross section cffective area 22“ erual area (A2B5-10) For unsifened elements of the cross section, is determined from Appendix 4 FFor axially loaded compression members the gross cross-sectional area andthe = radius of gyration r shall be computed on the basis ofthe actual cross section, ‘The allowable stress for axially loaded compression mombers containing : ‘unstffened or stiffened elements shall not exceed ol Bz)s “3 3a) Ki (asi) 8c: BCP ——— Re Sect. ABS] LOCAL BUCKLING S401 when Kilr is less than Cz, where E "Von, and 2-00, 4. Cross sections compoted entirely of unstiffened elements, 2= Drie. (Q,= 10) '. Cross sections composed entirely of stiffened elements, = Oris. (Q.= 1.0) «e. Cross sections compaséd of both stiffened and unstffened elements, 2=0,0, ‘When Klir exceeds Ci: 12 Fe ame (A-B5-12) 4. Combined Axiel end Flexural Stress In the provisions of Chapter H to members subject to combined axial Tad'desurs acess and containing sofened elements whose iticknes tatio exceeds the applicable noncompact limit given in Sec. BS.1, the stresses Fr fer ar fy shall be calealated on the bess ofthe section properties as pro- ‘ded in Appenclic BS.2c, as applicable. The allowable bending stress F for yombers containing unstiffened elements whose width-thickness ratio exceeds the noncompact limit given in Sect. BS.1 shall be the smaller value, 0.60F,0, ff that provided in Sect. F1.3. The term £0.60, in Equations (H1-2) and {A-EF7-13) shall be replaced by f,0.608,0. Avec etree See CoreruT0"APPENDIX” F BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS F7, WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS: ‘The design of tapered members meeting the requirements of this section shall be governed by the provisions of Chapter F, except as modified by this Appendix. 1. General Requirements In order to qualify under this Specification, a tapered member must meet the following requirements: ‘a. Ttshall possess at least one axis of symmetry which shall be perpendicu lar to the plane of bending if moments are present. . The anges shell be of equal and constant area. ©, Tae depth shall vary linearly a¢ vege AERA) where 4 = depth at smaller end of member, jo a, = depth at larger end of member, in. 1 = Ge ~ ayy, = the smaller of 6.268(L/4,) or 6.0 42 = distance from the smaller end of member, in L = unbraced length of member measured between the center of szavity of the bracing member, in 2. Allowable Tensile Strose ‘The allowable tensile stress of tapered tension members shall be determined in accordance with Sect. D1. 3. Allowable Compressive Stress (On the gross section of axially loaded tapered compression members, the al- owable compressive stress, in kips per sq in., shall not exceed the following: ‘When the effective slenderness ratio Sis less than C.: tose) ws Sect. AF7 WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS: 5-103, ‘When the effective slenderness ratio $ exceeds (#73) where 5. Kile for weak sas bending and Kelle for stro axis bending IK = eiiedve length fctor for a prsnate member K,= ettective length factor for a tapered member a8 determined by an Sngnie 1 = teal unbraced length of member, a. Toeu Soong tis radius of gyration a the smaller ond of tapered mem te roy™ weik ti ada of gyration atthe smaller end of tapered member, i 4, Allowable Flexural Stress‘ ‘Tension and compression stresses on extreme fibers of tapered flexural mex bers, in kips per sq. in., shall not exceed the following values: 2 8 fyo3 fie < , SL ate] som aera ‘as FF, Whe cade R= BVEFE, (arr) tn the shov gets, nx ha ~ Raga, (a7-6) 110 x 10° Fo = OR 775 ros TicLiragh (ary where Th = factor equal to 1.0 + 0.0230yV TA I= factor equal to 1.0 + 0.00385yVLirne radius of gyration ofa section atthe smaller end, considering only the compression fange plus % of the compression web area, taken bout an aus inthe plane ofthe web, in ‘Ay= area ofthe compression flange, in? and where B is determined as follows: 1, When the maximum moment Mf in three adjacent segments of approx: imately equal unbraced length is located within the central segment and "Sco Commentary Appendix F73. ‘+See Commentary Appendix F74 Avec ose or Sr Conseco5-104 BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL-MEMBERS App. ‘Mis the larger moment at one ebid of the three segment portion of a member" M Ba 1.04 057(10 + Fh) + osty(10+ Ht) 10 (ars) 'b. When the largest computed bending stress fin occurs at the larger end of two adjacent segments of approximately equal unbraced lengths end Jur s the computed bending stress at the smaller end of the two. segment portion of a member:* = 1.0 4 058(1.0 + F8) — o709(1.0 + ft) = 1. J B (10+ 88) — 0.70 +P)=10 ars) ‘© When the largest computed bending stress f, occurs at the smaller end gitra act segnes of monn egal urosed eng and is the computed bending stres at the larger end of the two-segment Portion of « member:** “ems B= 10+ 055(2.0 +f) + 22m(L0 + ) B)e10 (Ar ‘In the foregoing, = (2, ~ d.)d,i calculated for the unbraced length ‘containing the maximum computed bending stress. 4. When the computed bending stress at the smaller end of a tapered ‘member or segment thereof is equal to zero: : 175 P" Tar 02s vy (arr) where-y = (d, ~ d)dy calculated forthe ubraced length adjacent 0 the point of zero bending stress. 5, Allowable Shear ‘The allowable shear stress of tapered flexural members shall be in accordance with Sect. Fé 6. Combined Flexure and Axial Force ‘Tapered members and unbraced segments thereof subjected to both axial com: ‘pression and bending stresses shall be proportioned to satisfy the following re- ‘quirement: ull condered sega wea produig sige curvature If point oon cone one ef ye adjacent bred cement fe nocd a plates ae Asaica Trerav o Ses. Consrncrit Sect. AFT] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 5-105 and afe_y ft < (A-F7-13) want Re (ar) When fo/Fer = 0.15, Equation (A-F7-14) is permitted in liew of Equations (A-E7-12) and (A-F713). ®& + & 510 (AFT) Fer) * Fed where For axial compressive stress permitted in the absence of bending mo- ment, ksi” ast Prana ees that unbraced eng inthe placofendig are corresponding radius of gyration a¢ its smaller for= Computed wal oes at the slr ead ofthe member or uabraced fo™ SSgmenttherect, 2 aplkable, ka Souputed bending sts at the lager end of the member oF une ‘raced segment thereof, ss applicable, Ki " << s- Gye eouclet applied to bending tem in interaction equation 10 +03 (E) +03 (fe) ‘when the member is subjected to end moments which cause single Curvature bending and approximately equal computed. bending See a head = 10-09 (fe) +06 (f) ‘when the computed beading stress at the smaller end of the un- ‘braced length is equal to zer0, I= Cand combined ree ar checked incrementally along he Weg Wem be tne ey for and cay De sepaced Wy fin Exons (ert tad Avena erro or Sram. Consnneron5-106 - APPENDIX K STRENGTH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Ka. FATIGUE Members and connections subject 1b fatigue loading shall be proportioned in ‘accordance withthe provisions of this Appendix. Fatigue, as used in this Specification, s defined as the damage that may result in fracture after a sufficient number of fuotuations of stress. Stress range is de~ fined as the magnitude ofthese flctuations. Inthe case of a stress reversal, the stress range shall be computed as the numerical sum of maximum repeated ten sile and compressive streses or the sum of maximum shearing tresses of oppo site direction at a given point, resulting from differing arrangement of live load, 4. Loading Conditions; Type and Locstion of Material In the design of members and connections subject to repeated variation of live load, consideration shall be given to the number of stress cycles, the expected ‘Tange of stress and the type and location of member or detail.” ‘Loading conditions shall be classified according to Table A-K4.1 ‘The type and location of material shall be categorized according to Table AKA2, 2. Allowable Stross Renge ‘The maximum stress shall not exceed the basic allowable stress provided in Chap- ‘ters A through M of this Specification and the maximum range of stress shall rot exceed that given in Table A-KA. 3, TABLE A-K4.1 Number of Loading Cycles ‘ing Condon Fen 7e 1 2000" coeo" 2 100,000 senor 3 0000 20,900" ‘ ver 2600000 ‘epoxy eae oo epalons evry dy fo 25 year scart 4 proxnats 10 appetions every Say for 25 years ‘Aoproxmataly equivalent to 50 appicatons every day for 25 years, proximately equivalent o 200 applications every day for 23 years Sect. AK4] FATIGUE 5-107 3 Tensile Fatigue ‘When subject t tensile fatigue loading, the tensile stress in A325 or A490 bolts, ‘due to the combined applied load and prying forces shall not exceed the follow ing values, and the prying force shall not exceed 60% of the externally applied load. Number of Cycles A325. AB. Not more than 20,000 “4 54 From 20,000 to 500,000 ro 0 ‘More than 500,000 3 38 ‘Bolts must be tensioned to the requirements of Table 13.7. ‘The use of other bolts and threaded pars subjected to tensile fatigue loading is not recommended. Axencan erent. or Seas, Conseco5-108 ‘STRENGTH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Tapp. K Sect. AK] FATIGUE ‘5-109 TABLE A-K4.2 TABLE A-K4.2 (cont'd) Stress Category Classifications Type and Location of Material hs. . swess | trative tuo Category | Bx svece | sate - se | et Sey | vend ot | Table | (evo fem” | Noe” ome, ‘stuaion Stes | Axes) | AKAAP Senora Koa ot | tanto | (eos oration Stuston Steest | antsy | Saif Groowe | Base netalandweidmeiatar | Toren | 8 | 10.1 Plain ‘Base motal with rolled or cleaned Tor Rev, A 12 Wolds [Penetration groove welded spices Matera! | Sita: Remo-etedooo ih {tpare of amar cross secon ANSI smoot of 1099 or fone Sr ue, win ging i Buit-ur ‘Base matal in members without Tor Rev. rection of applied stress and wh Morbors | stachmerte bub ples 6 hapes B | sass wei oundrer etoblched by aero by conics tk Tesngragic or tasone booes Bonevston groove welds or by ton in seordance wih e- Eoranous Seat welts peat © turemors of 9282 of 8253 tha recon of eppod sess Sawsou Base meal, marbws wivou | Tarpev |B" | Sane Base metal ae Weld tla fe atiachments, bultup pales, or shapes S45) penetration grocve welded eplices raed reat ge Srranctons i wh or Bk | vols tn Backs bas ot amo, sexe wih welds gourd to pode | Sipps aera ness, tet pen 0 ao to droctr of spp stp po cena ano | . Bazo rotal at oe weigs on Tope. | © z “ ‘oplid gross, and with wold eed ee ‘der wake er fangesaacéaty |" ? : ‘aundnese esd by a= : > ‘else vance sioner panto: cvesonic inspection Base mea at onde of patel Racoon wih terete: ‘shes sve ps narover mans of 9.252 oF 8259 o an the fargs have quar or Awe o14 tapered ond winorwfaut a base mote Toren | 8 trois soos he onder wer Tene | 8 Ban flange with welds across the Other base co melaland wed neaiae | Terre. | © | 10.9382, Flange thiciness = 08 in Tern. |g 5 pancraton ove wold ples, 8 Flange Siomess > 08 i tery | e& | § tan or winoutaretors haves Base meal at ond of paral © Xopec no grater than 1102 | {engh wold evr ates vier . Son roeeamert notre | {han th fange wit wolss ‘itweldsounoss ie etblohed | 7088 the onde by redlograptic or ulvasonic ir | “7 siti range tne etess on on fos arange tng rover oon specion in accrdarce wih fe | compro sias:"S apna oie shear reesap to aera eases 01 8252 o 925 These earl are proved a gues anderen mended nce cer ousonably craws ou “Howat aie sae ratge x vrsvese pata! porsraton oa anv a wo Wee net ot paatponwann | Torre. | | . 18 ‘icton ofthe etecive al, deph of penetaton and plas Hewes See itd Panotaton | Yareers goove wl, bsad oo Fisher (979). Grooe | electve tat aoa of he wold Wace | orvwice 4