SULIT

4551

PAPER 1
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Answer
C
A
B
A
C
C
D
A
D
C

No
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Answer
B
C
D
D
D
C
C
B
A
C

No
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Answer
B
A
C
C
D
C
B
B
A
D

No
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

Answer
A
D
C
D
A
C
B
C
B
D

No
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Answer
A
A
D
B
A
A
C
B
B
C

PAPER 2
Question 1
No
(a) (i)

(ii)

(iii)

(b)

(c)

(d) (i)

Criteria
Able to state the elements that make up the molecule X.
Answers:
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (All correct) (Accept correct symbols)
Able to write the chemical formula for molecule X.
Answer:
- C6H12O6

1
1
1

Able to state the food class of substance X.

Answer:
- Carbohydrate

1
1

Able to explain what happens to molecule X after entering the body cells.
Sample answers:
P1 - (In body cell), glucose is oxidized
P2 - To produce energy
P3 - By cellular respiration
(Any 2)
Able to explain the effects of taking food high in glucose if the pancreas is
malfunctioned.
Sample answers:
P1 - No/less production of insulin
P2 - Excess glucose is not convert to glycogen
P3 - Causes high blood sugar/hyperglycemia
P4 - No/less uptake of glycogen by adipose tissue/muscle cells
P5 - He suffer diabetes mellitus
(Any 3)
Able name molecule Y.
Answers:
- Maltose/Lactose/Sucrose
(Any 1)

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Marks
1

2
1
1
1
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
(ii)

(e)

4551

Able to explain the formation of molecule Y.

Sample answers:
P1 - By condensation
P2 - Eliminates/released one water molecule
P3 - Form a bond between two glucose molecules / glucose and galactose /
glucose and fructose
(Any 2)
Able to explain why molecule Y cannot be absorbed into the body cells.
Sample answers:
P1 - Molecule X / maltose is a disaccharide // Large (organic) molecule
P2 - Cannot pass through / cross the plasma membrane
P3 - (Because) there are no transport proteins to carry them across
(Any 1)
TOTAL

2
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
12

Question 2
No
(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)

(c) (i)

Criteria
Able to state the type of skeleton in earthworm.
Answer:
- Hydroststic skeleton

Marks
1
1

Able to Eexplain the action of antagonistic muscles in the earthworm.

Sample answers:
P1 - A muscle opposes the action of another muscle
// One muscle contracts while another relaxes
P2 - When circular muscle contracts, the worm becomes longer/thinner
P3 - When longitudinal muscle relaxes, the worm shorter/fatter
(Any 2)
Able to explain why the earthworm dificult to move forward when place on
a white tile.
Sample answers:
P1 - The tile surface is smooth/slippery // No friction
P2 - The chaeta/bristles cannot grip/anchor on the tile/ground
P3 - The earthworm will slip backwards
P4 - The peristaltic locomotion is slowed down/difficult
(Any 2)
Able to explain the adaptation of the scales that cover the body of the fish.
Sample answers:
P1 - Scales have a layer of slime/slimy mucus on them
E1 - To swim through water faster/smoother // Less friction
E2 - Slime protects fish from bacteria/parasites in the water
(Any 2)
OR
P2 - Scales arranged backwards / in a head-to-tail configuration / like
roof tiles/overlapped
E3 - To allow smooth flow of water over the body// reduce friction with the
water.
E4 - To form a protective flexible armor to withstand blows and bumping /
protect fish from injuries
(Any 2)
OR
P3 - Multiple/overlapping scales
E5 - That allows fish to move easily while swimming // Less friction
E6 - Provide a flexible covering // Scale protect from injuries
(Any 2)

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

2
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

4551

Able to name fin P.

Answer:
- Dorsal fin

1
1

Able to explain the problem faced by the fish if fin Y is too small compared
to its body size.
Sample answers:
P1 - Fish becomes less stable // cannot balance as they move // cannot swim
through current / strong waves
P2 - Fish will not remain upright (as they swim through water)
P3 - Fish easily rolling // Tendency to roll // Rotate its belly up
P4 - Fish easily yawing // Tendency to yaw // Moving to the right or left
P5 - Fish has problem to make turns (in the water)
(Any 2)
Able to explain how the fish uses its caudal fin to increase the speed of its
movement.
Sample answers:
P1 - Caudal fin is broad
P2 - It helps fish to propel forward through water quickly
// It provides forward thrust
P3 - It controls the fish direction
P4 - It provides a balance between speed and mobility/movement
// Fish can swim over long distances while maintaining high speeds.
(Any 2)
TOTAL

1
1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
1

12

Question 3
No
(a) (i)

(ii)

Criteria
Able to name of nerve cells.
Sample answers:
R - Afferent neurone // Sensory neurone
S - Efferent neurone // Motor neurone

Marks
2
1
1

Able to state the difference in structure and function of R and S.

Sample answers:
Structure:
P1 R has long dendron
S has long axon
P2 R is attached to receptor
S is attached to effector

1
1
(Any 1)

Function:
F1 R sends nerve impulse from
receptor
(b) (i)

S sends nerve impulse to effector

Able to explain the meaning of reflex action.

Sample answers:
P1 - An automatic response/action (to a particular stimulus)
P2 - Involves involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles
P3 - Involves the spinal cord only // Does not involve central nervous system
(Any 2)

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

2
1
1
1

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
(ii)

(c)

(d)

4551

Able to explain how the injury of the ventral root affect his action when he
accidentally pricked by a sharp pin.
Sample answers:
P1 - He is able to detect/feel the pain
P2 - Because the afferent neuron is not affected
// Impulse can be transmitted to the spinal cord / central nervous system
P3 - Impulse cannot be sent to effector
P4 - Muscle cannot be contracted
(Any 2)
Able to explain the transmission of nerve information across a synapse.
Sample answers:
P1 - (At the synaptic knob,) the nerve impulse is converted into chemical
signal/neurotransmitter.
P2 - Neurotransmitter diffuse through the synaptic knob to the adjacent/next
dendrite
P3 - (At the adjacent dendrite) the chemical signal/neurotransmitter is
converted back to nerve impulse // New impulse is triggered
(Any 2)
Able to state what organelles are abundant in nerve cells and explain why.
Sample answers:
P1 - Mitochondria
P2 - To generate more energy
P3 - For transmission of impulse // Ions pumps
(Any 2)
TOTAL

1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1

2
1
1
1
12

Question 4
No
(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)

Criteria
Able to state two main organic food substances that contain in milk.
Sample answers:
- Protein / Lipid / Lactose
(Any 2)
Able to explain the digestion of one organic food substance stated in (a)(i).
Sample answers:
P1 - Protein is digested to polypeptide
P2 - By enzyme pepsin
P3 - (Digestion takes place) in stomach
OR
P4 - Lipid is digested to fatty acid and glycerol
P5 - By enzyme lipase
P6 - (Digestion takes place) in duodenum /ileum
OR
P7 - Lactose is digested to glucose and galactose
P8 - By enzyme lactase
P9 - (Digestion takes place) in ileum
Able to explain why milk is good for pregnant mothers.
Sample answers:
P1 - Milk contain high calcium
P2 - Calcium is important to strengthen the mothers bone
P3 - Calcium is important for formation of bone/teeth of baby/fetus

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Marks
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
(c) (i)

(ii)

4551

Able to compare the absorption of digested food by R and S in villus

Sample answers:
S1 - Glucose, amino acids, fatty acid and glycerol (any 3 ) are small/simple
molecules
D2 - R absorbed glucose/amino acid while S absorbed fatty acid /glycerol
D3 - R absorbed water soluble substance while S absorbed fat soluble
substance
(Any 2)
Able to describe the role of liver.
Sample answers:
P1 - Liver stores glycogen/vitamin A/ D/ iron
P2 - Regulate glucose level (in blood)
P3 - Excess glucose is converted to glycogen (by insulin hormone)
P4 - Deamination process
P5 - Excess amino acid is converted to urea
P6 - Produce bile
P7 - To emulsify lipid
P8 - Detoxification
// Convert toxic substance /examples, alcohol/drug into non-toxic form.
(Any 2)
TOTAL

1
1
1

2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

12

Question 5
No
(a) (i)

(ii)

(b)

(c)

Criteria
Able to explain role of light energy.
Sample answers:
P1 - To excited electrons from chlorophyll (molecules)
E1 - Energy is released // Energy is trapped in ATP molecules
P2 - To split water molecule
E2 - Into hydroxide ion and hydrogen ion

Marks
2
1
1
1
1

(Any 2)
Able to explain the effects to the mechanism of dark reaction if the plant is
exposed to light for 24 hours everyday.
Sample answers:
P1 - More hydrogen (ions/atoms) are produced during light reaction
P2 - More carbon dioxide can be fix by hydrogen atom
P2 - More glucose / amino acid / fatty acid are produced
P3 - Rate of dark reaction increase
(Any 2)
Able to explain what happen to glucose in mitochondrion.
Sample answers:
P1 - Glucose is oxidised by oxygen
P2 - energy is released
P3 - ADP used energy released
P4 - To fix (one) phosphate molecule // Forms ATP/energy molecule
(Any 3)
Able to explain the difference in the production of CO2 gas by plant before
and after reaching the compensation point, as the light intensity increases.
Sample answers:
P1 - Before reaching compensation point, the carbon dioxide /CO2 produced
/released out from plant is decreasing but
after reaching compensation point, the CO2 released out is zero.
E1 - As light intensity increase, rate of respiration is decreasing while rate

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

(d)

4551

of photosynthesis is increasing // CO2 used in photosynthesis /dark

reaction is increased
E2 - After reaching compensation point, the rate of photosynthesis is higher
than rate of respiration (by plant)
E3 - CO2 produced / release out is zero
// More CO2 is taken from environment
(Any 2)
Able to suggest how to increase crop yield in the agricultural green house
and support the suggestion with suitable explanations.
Sample answers:
P1 - Increase light intensity / temperature / CO2 concentration / water supply
at optimum
E1 - High light intensity increase light reaction // more water molecules split
into ion hydrogen and hydroxide (by light energy)
E2 - More atom hydrogen produced // Fix more CO2 that supplied
E3 - (Thus) more glucose produced // starch/protein /lipid stored in plant
(tissue/ storage organ)
E4 - Rate of photosynthesis increase
E5 - Water supply / high humidity will reduce transpiration/water lost from
plant
P2 - Ventilation used to ensure air flow // To release excess O2 / and take in
more CO2 / control humidity
P3 - Condition of soil/water/temperature/humidity is automatically sensored
/controlled by computer
(Any 3)
TOTAL

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

12

Question 6
No
(a)

Criteria
Able to explain how different concentration of sodium chloride solution
affect the condition of erythrocytes.
Sample answers:
At A
P1 - The percentage of erythrocytes hemolysed in hypotonic solution
depends on the degree of hypotonicity of the solution.
P2 - Between concentration of 0.0% and 0.3% of sodium chloride, the
percentage of hemolysis is high / 90%-100% of erythrocyte hemolysed
P3 - At 0% of sodium chloride solution, all / 100% of erythrocyte burst
/ hemolysed
P4 - The solution is hypotonic towards erythrocytes // in a stronger
hypotonic solution.
P5 - Water diffuse into the cell by osmosis
At B
P6 - From concentration 0.3% to 0.6% of sodium chloride, the percentage of
hemolysis is decreasing / decrease from 80% to 10% of erythrocyte
burst / hemolysed
P7 - The solution is less hypotonic towards erythrocytes
P8 - Less water diffuse into the cell by osmosis
At C
P9 - In solution above 0.6% sodium chloride, only a low percentage of
erythrocyte experience hemolysis / less than 20% of erythrocyte burst
P10 - At 0.9% sodium chloride solution is said to be isotonic to erythrocytes
// Osmotic equilibrium occurs

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Marks
8

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

(b)

(c)

4551

P11 - Water movement into the cell is equal to the water movement out of
the cell.
(Any 8)
Able to explain the formation of lymph in lymph capillary.
Sample answers:
P1 - Blood flows from arterial end of capillaries which has smaller diameter
P2 - Create higher hydrostatic pressure
P3 - Force water / small molecules substance filtered out of blood capillary
wall.
P4 - Large molecules such as erythrocytes/ platelet/ large protein molecules
are not filtered out.
P5 - Form interstitial fluid which fill the spaces between the cells
P6 - And constantly bathes the cells.
P7 - About 10-15% of interstitial fluid in the interstitial space diffuse into the
blunt end of lymph capillary.
P8 - To become lymph.
(Any 6)
Able to explain the health problem faced by a person whose lymphatic
vessels are blocked by filarial worms.
Sample answers:
P1 - (Filarial) worms lodge/fill in the lymphatic vessel
P2 - And lymph nodes
P3 - Reduce defence mechanism // Less/no phagocytisis/antibodes
P4 - Prevent the lymph from returning to the bloodstream
P5 - Interstitial fluid stay in the tissue
P6 - The worms producing millions of larvae // worm reproduce in lymphatic
vessel
P7 - (The larvae/worm) circulate in the blood
P8 - And cause the affected organ/tissue to become (massively) swollen //
oedema
P9 - (The disease is called) elephantiasis // skin/tissue thickening of limbs
(Any 6)
TOTAL

6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20

Question 7
No
(a)

Criteria
Able to describe the energy transfer in the food chain.
Sample answers:
P1 - The food chain shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to
another
P2 - The paddy plant / producer received (the highest) energy from sun
P3 - The light energy is converted to chemical energy/food
P4 - Through photosynthesis
P5 - (When) rat eats/consumes paddy plant, energy is transferred to rats
P6 - 10% energy is transfer from plant to rats // 90% of energy loss
P7 - (90% of energy is lost) as respiration/reproduction/activity/any
suitable process
P8 - 10% of energy in rat /first consumer is transferred to snake /second
consumer when the snake consumes the rat
P9 - 10% of energy is transferred to eagle when the eagle consumes the
snake.
P10 - The eagle/third consumer obtain the lowest energy in the food chain.
(Any 6)

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Marks
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
(b)

(c)

4551

Able to explain the changes in population size of the rat and owl in the oil
palm plantation.
Sample answers:
P1 - (The interaction between rat andowl is) prey-predator
P2 - Rat is a prey // Owl is a predator
P3 - This is biological control
P4 - When there are sufficient resources/food, the preys/rat population
increase
P5 - (When the population size of rat increase), population size of predator/
owl also increase
P6 - Because owl have sufficient food
P7 - (Thus) the population of rats decrease
P8 - Because rat/prey has been eaten by predator/owl
P9 - (Thus) the population of owl also decrease
P10 - Due to lack of food
P11 - The population of prey controls/determines the population of predator
(and vice versa)
P12 - The populations of both organisms is in a dynamic equilibrium.
(Any 8)
Able to describe the effect of competition on the growth rate of organism.
Sample answers:
P1 - Competition among members in the same species is called intraspecific competition
P2 - Any example of intraspecific competition; Paddy plant and paddy
plant/ Bryophyllum with its offspring // male deer compete for mate
P3 - Competition between different species is called interspecific
competition
P4 - Any example of interspecific competition; Paddy plant with maize
/Paramecium caudatum with Paramecium aurelia // Leopard and lion
feed on the same prey
P5 - The organism competes with each other to obtain food /water/nutrient
/light/limited sources/space /mate
P6 - Dominant /strong species/individual obtain more food /water /space
/light /nutrient
P7 - (thus) the growth rate of dominant species/individual increase
P8 - Dominant /strong species /individual will dominate the habitat
P9 - The growth rate of weak species /individual decrease
P10 - Weak species will loss /extinct (from habitat)
(Any 6)
TOTAL

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
20

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

10

4551

Question 8
No
(a)

(b)

Criteria
Able to describe how the levels of hormone secreted by pituitary gland and
ovary controls the menstrual cycle in a woman.
Sample answers:
Day 1-6
P1 - Pituitary gland secretes FSH
P2 - FSH will stimulate the development of (Graafian) follicle
P3 - Endometrium (wall) / Uterus lining disintegrate
P4 - Blood discharge // Menstruation
Day 7-13
P5 - Follicle cells/tissues secretes oestrogen (hormone)
P6 - Oestrogen helps to repair the endometrium (wall) / uterus lining
P7 - Oestrogen inhibit the secretion of FSH (by pituitary gland)
P8 - Oestrogen will stimulate the secretion of LH (by pituitary gland.)
Day 14
P9 - LH will stimulate ovulation
P10 - Graafian follicle will release the secondary oocyte
P11 - LH will stimulate the formation of corpus luteum
Day 15-28
P12 - Corpus luteum will secrete progesterone (and oestrogen)
P13 - Progesterone will maintain the thickness of endometrium (wall) /
uterus lining
P14 - Corpus luteum will degenerate
P15 - Reduces the secretion of progesterone
P16 - The endometrium (wall) / uterus lining will start to disintegrate
P17 - Menstrual cycle happens again
(Any 10)
Able to explain the advice and suggestions for both couples on how to
increase the chance to have babies.
Sample answers:
Suggestion 1
P1 - Perform in vitro fertilization / IVF
P2 - Secondary oocyte / ovum is taken out from ovary
P3 - By using a laparoscopy
P4 - Sperm and secondary oocyte/ovum are fertilised
P5 - In culture medium/growth medium
P6 - The zygote is allow to grow to embryo // Zygote undergo mitosis to
form embryo (of eight cells)
P7 - The embryo is implanted into the uterus
P8 - Of biological mother (for couple 1)
P9 - Of surrogate mother (for couple 2)
Suggestion 2
P10 - Perform artificial insemination
P11 - Collect sperms (from husband) until certain concentration
P12 - (Concentrated sperm/semen) place in uterus tube of wife
P13 - Increase chances for fertilisation
Suggestion 3
P14 - Perform gamete intra-fallopion transfer/GIFT // zygote intra-fallopion
transfer/ZIFT technique
P15 - Gamete/zygote place in fallopion tube of wife
P16 - Increase chances for fertilisation
(Any 10)
TOTAL

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Marks
10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

11

4551

Question 9
No
(a)

(b)

Criteria
Able to explain the factors of variation.
Sample answers:
P1 - Genetic factors / Environmental factors / Interaction between genetic
and environmental factors (Any 2)
P2 - Independent/random assortment of homologous chromosomes
P3 - During metaphase 1 (meiosis)
P4 - Crossing-over / exchange of genetic material
P5 - Between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
P6 - Recombination of gene (in chromosomes)
P7 - Occurs during prophase 1 (meiosis)
P8 - Random fertilization
P9 - All the sperms have the same chance to fertilise the ovum
P10 - Mutation // Sudden change in genetic materials
P11 - Due to mutagents // any two examples
P12 - Chromosomal mutation
P13 - Change in structure and number of chromosome
P14 - Example of change in structure of chromosome
P15 - Example of change in number of chromosome
P16 - Gene mutation
P17 - Change in the genetic codes / sequence of nitrogenous base
P18 - Example of change in the genetic codes / sequence of nitrogenous base
P19 - Example of environmental factors
P20 - Example of interaction between genetic and environmental factors
P21 - Example of continuous variation
P22 - Example of discontinuous variation
(Any 10)
Able to explain the suitable husband or wife so all their children are Rhesus
positive.
Sample answers:
Husband for Susan
P1 - Susan can marry a man with Rhesus positive / Rhesus negative
P2 - Genotype for Susan is RhRh
P3 - Susan produced 100% gametes that carry Rh /dominant allele
P4 - Gamete with Rh/dominant allele (from Susan) fertilise with
Rh/dominant allele/ rh /recessive allele (from husband)
P5 - 100% /50% offspring has RhRh/Rhrh
Husband for Tina
P6 - Tina must marry a man that is homozigous Rhesus positive /RhRh
P7 - Genotype of Tina is heterozygous /Rhrh
P8 - Tina produce gamete with Rh/dominnat allele and rh /recessive allele
P9 - The man/husband produce 100% gamete with Rh/dominant allele
P10 - 50% /50% offspring has RhRh/Rhrh
Wife for Raul
P11 - Raul must marry a woman that is homozigous Rhesus positive /RhRh
P12 - Genotype of Raul is rhrh / homozygous recessive
P13 - Raul produced 100% gametes with rh
P14 - His wife produce 100% gamete with Rh
P15 - 100% of their child have (genotype with) Rhrh /heterozygous
(Any 10)
Note : Accept genetic diagrams with complete labels/explanations.
(Maximum 3 marks for each genetic diagram)
TOTAL

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Marks
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

20

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

12

4551

PAPER 3
Question 1
1 (a) [KB0603 - Measuring Using Number]
Score
3

Criteria
Able to state all genotype and all phenotype of the offsprings correctly.
Answers:
Offspring
Genotype
Phenotype
1
Bb
Black
2
BB
Black
3
Bb
Black
4
bb
White
5
Bb
Black
6
BB
Black
7
bb
White
8
Bb
Black
9
bb
White
10
Bb
Black
11
BB
Black
12
Bb
Black
Note: If use different simbols, score 2 only.

Offspring
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Genotype
bb
Bb
BB
bb
Bb
BB
Bb
Bb
BB
bb
Bb
Bb

Phenotype
White
Black
Black
White
Black
Black
Black
Black
Black
White
Black
Black

Able to state any 20-23 of genotype and any 20-23 of the phenotype of the offsprings
correctly.

Able to state any 10-19 of genotype and any 10-19 of the phenotype of the offsprings
correctly.

1 (b) (i) [KB0601 - Observation]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to state any two different observations correctly according to the criteria:
C1 Offspring
C2 Genotype / Phenotype
Sample answers:
Horizontal
1. Offspring 1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24 has genotype Bb / heterozygous black.
2. Offspring 1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24 has one black allele and one white allele.
3. Offspring 2/6/11/15/18/21 has genotype BB / homozygous black.
4. Offspring 2/6/11/15/18/21 has two black alleles /alleles for black.
5. Offspring 4/7/9/13/16/22 has genotype bb / homozygous white.
6. Offspring 4/7/9/13/16/22 has two white alleles.
7. Offspring 6/.. is black / has black fur / the phenotype is black.
8. Offspring 7/.. is white / has white fur / the phenotype is white.
Vertical
9. The number of offsprings with genotype Bb is double/twice/more than the number of
offsprings with genotype BB / bb.
10. The number of offsprings with genotype BB / bb is 6.
11. The number of offsprings with genotype Bb is the most.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
2

13

4551

Able to state any one observation correctly and one incomplete observation.
or
Able to state any two incomplete observations.
Sample answers for incomplete observations:
Horizontal
1. Offspring 1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24 is heterozygous.
2. Offspring 2/6/11/15/18/21 is homozygous.
3. Offspring 4/7/9/13/16/22 is homozygous.
Vertical
4. The number of offsprings with genotype BB / bb is less.
5. The number of offsprings with genotype Bb is more.
6. The number of black offsprings is more.

Able to/state any one idea of observation (Any 1 criterion)

Sample answers:
1. Offspring 1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24 has one black button and one white button.
2. Offspring 1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24 inherit one black button from mother.
3. Offspring 1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24 inherit one white button from father.
4. Offspring 2/6/11/15/18/21 has two black buttons.
5. Offspring 4/7/9/13/16/22 has two white buttons.
6. Offspring 2/6/11/15/18/21 has same buttons.
7. Offspring 4/7/9/13/16/22 has same buttons.

1 (b) (ii) [KB0604 - Making inferences]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to make one logical inference for each observation based on the criteria:
Horizontal
C1 Allele inherited (from mother / father)
C2 Dominant / recessive trait
Vertical
C3 Chance / Probability
Sample answers:
Horizontal (C1+C2)
1. Offspring (1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24) has (one) dominant allele and show
dominant trait // ..inherit (one) dominant allele and black (fur) is dominant (trait).
2. Offspring (2/6/11/15/18/21) has (two) dominant alleles and black (fur) is dominant.
3. Offspring (4/7/9/13/16/22) has (two) recessive alleles and white (fur) is recessive.
Vertical (C3)
4. The probability to get offsprings with Bb is double/twice/more than the offsprings with
genotype BB / bb.
5. The probability to get offsprings with genotype BB / bb is less/least.
6. The probability to get offsprings with genotype Bb is the most.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
2

14

4551

Able to make one logical inference for any one observation and one inaccurate inference
for the other observation.
or
Able to make two inaccurate inferences base on one criterion (C1, C2 or C3) for each
observation.
Sample answers for incomplete inferences:
Horizontal (C1/C2)
1. Offspring (1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24) has one dominant allele.
2. Offspring (1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24) is black (fur) / has dominant trait.
3. Offspring (2/6/11/15/18/21) has (two) dominant alleles.
4. Offspring (4/7/9/13/16/22) is white (fur) / has recessive trait.
Vertical (incomplete C3)
5. The probability to get offsprings with Bb is double/twice/more.

Able to make an idea of inference with one criterion.

Sample answers:
Horizontal (idea C1/C2)
1. Offspring (1/3/5/8/10/12/14/17/19/20/23/24) is dominant.
2. Offspring (2/6/11/15/18/21) is dominant.
3. Offspring (4/7/9/13/16/22) is recessive.
Vertical (idea C3)
4. Easy to get offsprings with Bb.

For 1(b)(i) Observation and (ii) Inference:

Score
3
2

Accurate

Inaccurate

Idea

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

Wrong

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

15

4551

1 (c) [KB061001 - Controling Variables]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to state all the variables and the method to handle the variables correctly.
Sample answers:
Variables
Manipulated variable:
Phenotype/fur colour of parents
// Genotype of parents

Responding variable:
Phenotype of offsprings

Controlled variable:
Type / species of organism
// Characteristic
// Traits
// Size of buttons
// Random fertilisation

Method to handle the variables

Two black rabbits are crossed/used
// Two rabbits (black parents), both with
genotype Bb are crossed / used
// Two (black) heterozygous/hybrid rabbits are
crossed/ used
// Parents genotype involved are Bb and Bb
// Use both Bb

(Count and) record the number of black and

white rabbits
// Calculate the percentage of black and white
rabbits : Number of offspring x 100%
All offsprings
// Calculate the ratio of black and white rabbits
as: X black : Y white

Use/involve rabbits
// Use/involve fur colour
// Use/involve black and white fur
// Use same size (of button)
// Pick button randomly

Able to state 4 - 5 of the variables and the method to handle the variables correctly.

Able to state 1 - 3 of the variables and the method to handle the variables correctly.

1 (d) [KB0611 - Making Hypothesis]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to state a hypothesis to show a relationship between the manipulated variable and
responding variable and the hypothesis can be validated, base on 3 criteria:
C1 Manipulated variable
C2 Responding variable
C3 Relationship (Accept if wrong number, percentage or ratio)
Sample answers:
1. When two black rabbits are crossed, the offsprings are 18 black and 6 white.
2. When black parents are crossed, the offsprings are 18 black and 6 white.
3. When two heterozygous/hybrid (black) rabbits are crossed, the ratio of offsprings is
3black : 1 white.
4. When two black rabbits are crossed, the offsprings are 75% black and 25% white.
5. When two rabbits with genotype Bb are crossed, the offsprings are 18 black and 6 white.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
2

16

4551

Able to state less accurate hypothesis to show a relationship between manipulated variable
and responding variable base on 2 criteria.
Sample answers:
1. When two black rabbits are crossed, the offsprings are more black (than white). (C1, C2)
2. When two rabbits are crossed, the ratio of offsprings is 3black : 1 white. (C2, C3)
3. When two black rabbits are crossed, the offsprings are black and white. (C1, C2)
4. The offsprings are 18 black and 6 white. (C2, C3)
5. Two black rabbits are crossed, when/if the offsprings are 18 black and 6 white. (Reverse)
6. The phenotypic ratio of offsprings depends on the genotype of the parents.(Less accurate)

Able to state idea of hypothesis to show a relationship between manipulated variable and
responding variable base on 1 criterion.
Sample answers (Idea of C1/C2/C3):
1. Two rabbits are crossed. (Idea C1)
2. The offsprings are more black. (C2, Idea C3)
3. The ratio is 3 : 1. (Idea C3)
4. The offsprings are black and white. (C2, Idea C3)
5. The ratio of offsprings depends on the the parents. (Idea C1, C2)

1 (e) (i) [KB0606 - Communicating]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to tabulate a table and fill in data accurately base on three criteria:
C1: Titles - Parents: Genotype, Phenotype
Offsprings: Genotype, BB, Bb, bb. Phenotype, Black, White.
C2: Recording data - Parents: BB, Bb, bb, Black, White
Offspring: Number of offspring
C3: Calculation: Percentage of offspring
Sample answer:
Parents:
Genotype
Phenotype

BB
Black

Bb
Black

Bb
White

Offsprings:

Number
Percentage

BB
6
25

Genotype
Bb
12
50

bb
6
25

Phenotype
Black
White
18
6
75
25

BB
6
25%

Genotype
Bb
12
50%

bb
6
25%

Phenotype
Black
White
18
6
75%
25%

OR

2
1

Able to tabulate a table base on two criteria.

Able to tabulate a table base on one criterion.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

17

4551

1 (e) (ii) [KB0608 - Space and Time Relationship]

Score
3

2
1

Criteria
Able to draw a bar chart based on three criteria:
C1: The x-axis and the y-axis are marked with appropriate values and constant scale.
C2: All points are transferred correctly
C3: Two bars with same width (Bar for black fur is taller than the bar for white fur)
Any two criteria
Any one criterion

1 (e) (iii) [KB0607 - Interpreting Data]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to state the phenotypic ratio of fur colour among the rabbit offsprings and explain the
inheritance of fur colour.
C1: Relationship
(The phenotypic ratio of the offspring is) 3 Black : 1 White (If 3:1, idea level only)
C2: Any two Explanations:
E1 Black (fur) is determine by a dominant allele/gene
Black (fur) is dominant trait // Black (fur) is dominant and white (fur) is recessive
// Black (fur) is dominant to white (fur)
E2 (Both) parents have dominant allele / B
(Both) parents produced 50% gametes with B (/ 50% gametes with b)
E3 The chance/probability of black offspring is 75% (/ white offspring is 25%)
Sample answer:
1. (The phenotypic ratio of the offspring is) 3 Black : 1 White.
Black (fur) is determine by a dominant allele. The parents have dominant allele.
2. 3 Black : 1 White. Black (fur) is a dominant trait. The parents produced 50% gametes
with dominant allele/B.
3. 3 Black : 1 White. Black (fur) is dominant and white (fur) is recessive. The probability
of black offspring is 75%.

Able to state the relationship and any one explanation (C1+1E),

OR idea of relationship and two explanations (IdeaC1+2E).

Able to state the relationship (C1),

OR idea of relationship and one explanation (IdeaC1+1E).

1 (f) [KB0609 - Define Operationally]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to describe the term phenotype operationally, based on the experiment.
Criteria:
C1 Phenotype is (the trait inherited by rabbits, that are the) black fur and white fur in rabbits.
C2 Determined by the (random) pairing of black buttons and white button as the genotype.
C3 The (phenotypic ratio /) phenotype of offsprings depends on the genotype of parents.
Sample answer:
1. Phenotype is black fur and white fur in rabbits. It is determined by the pairing of black
buttons and white button as the genotype. The phenotype of offsprings depends on the
genotype of parents.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
2

18

4551

Able to state any two criteria

Sample answers:
1. Phenotype is black fur and white fur in rabbits. It is determined by the pairing of black
buttons and white button as the genotype.
2. Phenotype is determined by the pairing of black buttons and white buttons as the
genotype. The phenotype of offsprings depends on the genotype of parents.
3. Phenotype is black fur and white fur in rabbits. The phenotype of offsprings depends on
the genotype of parents.

Able to state any one criterion or at idea level only.

Sample answers:
1. Phenotype is black fur / white fur.
2. Pairing of black buttons and white buttons is genotype.
3. The fur colour depends on the parents genes/alleles.

1 (g) [KB0605 - Predicting]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to predict the number and the phenotypic ratio of the offsprings when the experiment is
repeated by crossing the same parents in a surounding with more food supply, and explain
the prediction based on three criteria.
C1 Prediction: Any number more than 24 // More than 24. (More, idea level only)
3 black : 1 white (If 3:1, idea level only)
(Either number or ratio, idea level only)
C2 Explanation 1: Higher growth rate // Grow faster // higher breeding rate
The parents are very reproductive.
C3 Explanation 2: Black is dominant trait/allele/gene // White is recessive trait/allele/gene
// The chance / probability of black fur is higher.
Sample answer:
1. 30 offsprings. Ratio 3 black : 1 white. The rabbits grow faster. Black is dominant trait.
2. More than 24 offsprings, 3 black : 1 white. The parents are very reproductive. The chance
of black fur is higher.

Able to predict less accurately (Prediction+1explanation//Prediction (idea)+ 2 Explanations)

Sample answer:
1. 30 offsprings. Ratio 3 black : 1 white. The rabbits grow faster.
2. 50 offsprings. The rabbits grow faster. Black is dominant trait.
3. More than 24 offsprings, 3 black : 1 white. The chance of black fur is higher.

Able to give idea of prediction. (Prediction // Prediction (idea) + 1 Explanation)

Sample answer:
1. 30 offsprings. Ratio 3 black : 1 white.
2. 50 offsprings. The rabbits grow faster..
3. 3 black : 1 white. The chance of black fur is higher.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT

19

4551

1 (h) [KB0602 - Classifying]

Score
3

Criteria
Able to classify the characteristics and traits into three categories correctly, and in the
correct rows.
C1: Characteristic
C2: Dominant trait
C3: Recessive trait
Answer:

Characteristic

Dominant trait

Recessive trait

Blood group
Height
Eye iris colour
Type of hair

Blood group A
Tall
Brown iris
Curly hair

Blood group O
Short
Blue iris
Straight hair

Able to classify the characteristics and traits into two categories correctly, and not
necessary in the correct rows.

Able to classify the characteristics and traits into one category correctly, and not necessary
in the correct rows.

Question 2
Problem Statement
Score
3

Criteria
Able to state the problem statement of the experiment correctly that include criteria:
C1 Manipulate variables : Water samples // Water systems // Locations of water collected
C2 Responding variables : BOD level // Polution level
// Amount/level/content of (dissolved) oxygen
// Amount/level/content of organic substances
// Amount/level/content of microorganisms
C3 Relation in question form and question symbol [?]
Sample answers:
1. Which water sample has the highest BOD level?
2. Which water system has the least amount of oxygen?
3. In which location of water system the content of microorganisms is the highest?

Able to state the problem statement of the experiment with two criteria.
Sample answers:
1. Which water sample has the highest BOD level.
2. Which system has the least amount of oxygen?
3. In which location the content of microorganisms is the highest?
4. Which location has the most organic materials?

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
1

20

4551

Able to state the of problem statement with one criteria or at idea level.
Sample answers:
1. Which sample has high BOD level.
2. Which water has oxygen?
3. The location has more microorganisms.
4. What is polluted water?

Variables
Score
3

Criteria
Able to state the three variables correctly
Sample answers:
Manipulate variables : Water samples // Water systems // Locations of water collected
(Reject: Water)
Responding variables : BOD level // Polution level
// Amount/level/content of (dissolved) oxygen
// Amount/level/content of organic substances
// Amount/level/content of microorganisms
// Time taken for the methylene blue solution to decolourise
Controlled variable: Temperature // light intensity // Volume of water (sample)
// Concentration/volume of methylene blue (solution)

Able to state any two variables correctly

Able to state any one variable correctly

Hypothesis
Score
3

Criteria
Able to state the hypothesis correctly according to the criteria.
C1 Manipulate variables: Drain (water) in school canteen / boys hostel / girls hostel / dining
hall / school field // Fish pond in hostel / school garden // Fountain
in school / hostel // Tap water (mention once only)
(Reject: Drinking water)
C2 Responding variables
C3 Relationship of the variables
Sample answers:
1. Water sample taken from the drain near school canteen has the highest BOD level.
2. Water taken from the school fountain has the most amount of oxygen.
3. The content of microorganisms is the highest in hostel water system.

Able to state the hypothesis with two criteria.

Sample answers:
1. Different water samples has different pollution level.
2. Locations of water sample affects the BOD level.
3. The content of microorganisms in water depends on the location.

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT

SULIT
1

21

4551

Able to state the hypothesis with one criterion.

Sample answers:
1. Different location affect pollution.
2. Water sample decolourise the methylene blue solution.

Materials and Apparatus

Score
3

Criteria
Able to state all functional materials and apparatus: 2*materials and 3*apparatus + 2 other
apparatus for the experiment.
Materials: *Water samples, *methylene blue solution
Apparatus: *(Reagent/sampling/dark) bottles, *syringe/measuring cylinder,
*stopwatch/timer, basin, black cloth/sugar paper, and glove.
(Must in the correct categories. Accept if not separated)

Able to state 2*materials and 3*apparatus + 1 other apparatus for the experiment.

Able to state 2*material and 3*apparatus for the experiment.

Procedure
Score
3

Criteria
Able to state five procedures P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 correctly.
P1 : How to Set Up The Apparatus (4P1)
P2 : How to Make Constant The Control Variable (1P2)
P3 : How to Manipulate The Manipulated Variable (1P3)
P4: How to Record The Responding Variable (2P4)
P5 : Precaution (1P5)

Able to state three of any procedures P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 completely.

Able to state two of any procedures P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 completely.

Example of Procedure:
1. Diagram with at least 4 labels.
2. Label 5 reagent bottles as A, B, C, D and E
3. Identify
five locations of water system in the school compound.
4. Fill the reagent bottles with
water samples,
fill to the top with no air trapped
cover with stoppers
tightly.
5. Put in a basin
and cover with dark cloth and bring to the lab.
6. In the lab, add each water sample
with 1ml methylene blue solution,
with the needle immersed in the water,
and stir
4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

P1
P1
P1
P3
P1
P4
P5
P1
P5
P1
P5
P1
P2
P5
P1
[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]
SULIT

SULIT

22

4551

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

slowly.
Cover with dark cloth.
Start the stopwatch.
Record the time taken when the methylene blue solution decolourise.
Repeat the experiment to get average readings.
Tabulate the results in the table.
Record the scale of the BOD level as:
1 most polluted
2
3
4
5 least polluted

P5
P5
P1
P4
P5
P4
P4

Data
Score
2

Criteria
Able to tabulate the correct table with units based on two criteria:
Heading with correct unit
Manipulated variable (at least 5 water systems)
Sample answers:
Locations of
water sample
Drain in school canteen
Drain in school school field
Drain in hostel
Fish pond in school garden
Fish pond in hostel

Time the methylene blue decolourise

(minute)

BOD level

Able to tabulate the correct table with units based on any one criterion

END OF MARKING SCHEME

4551/PP 2016 Hak Cipta BPSBPSK

[Lihat Halaman Sebelah]

SULIT
SULIT