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PREFACE
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PREFACE
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Table of Contents
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xi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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About This Book
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xiii
xiv
ABOUT THIS BOOK
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1
Getting Started in Medical Writing
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R.B. Taylor, Medical Writing: A Guide for Clinicians, Educators,

and Researchers, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8234-6_1,
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING
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WHY WE WRITE
WHY WE WRITE
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TABLE 1.1. Reasons why we write

Gain intellectual stimulation
Share ideas
Report research
Express an opinion
Generate discussion
Advance ones discipline
Assert ownership of a topic
Attain promotion/tenure
Report a case
Enhance ones personal reputation
Achieve some small measure of immortality by publishing our ideas
Earn income
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WHY WE DONT WRITE
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TABLE 1.2. Reasons given for not writing

Not enough time
Nothing to write about
No one to work with in writing
Lack of secretarial support
Lack of knowledge as to how to research information
No mentor for writing activities
No motivation
No self-confidence
Dont know how to start
I hate writing!
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RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT MEDICAL WRITING
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TABLE 1.3. Some topics discussed in the uniform
requirements for manuscripts
Authorship and contributorship
Editorship
Peer review
Conflicts of interest
Privacy and confidentiality
Protection of human subjects and animals in research
Copyright
Obligation to register clinical trials
Preparing for submission
Sending the submission
Print references
24
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* UBVHIU ZPV o *U JT OPU SFBMMZ BMM * SFDBMM CVU JU SFQSFTFOUT
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OFFETUPLOPX

31
32
BASIC WRITING SKILLS
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
5IF(SFBU*EFB
"HPPEJEFBJTUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOUUIJOHBNFEJDBMXSJUFSDBO
IBWF*UDBODPNFUPZPVJOBWBSJFUZPGXBZT0OFNJHIUCFBT
BSFTVMUPGBEJTDVTTJPOXJUIDPMMFBHVFT BTIBQQFOFEUPNFB
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VONBUDIFETUVEFOUJOBSFTJEFODZQSPHSBNVTJOHQIPOFDPO
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EFOUT JOUP UIFJS QSPHSBNT * EFTDSJCFE UIJT QIFOPNFOPO BU
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XIBU*UIPVHIUUIFSFTJEFODZEJSFDUPSTOFFEFEUPLOPX*ONZ
SFNBSLTUPUIFGBDVMUZ *MJTUFEGJWFUIJOHTUIBUSFTJEFODZEJSFD
UPSTTIPVMEEPUPCFSFDFQUJWFUPVONBUDIFETUVEFOUTBUUFNQU
JOHUPnTDSBNCMFo"OEUIFO*UIPVHIU8IZOPUXSJUFJUVQ
*SFUVSOFEUPNZPGGJDFBOEGJOJTIFEUIFTIPSUQJFDFCZOPPO
*UXBTQVCMJTIFEBTBOFEJUPSJBMBGFXNPOUITMBUFS<>
" TFDPOE TPVSDF PG JEFBT TIPVME CF ZPVS BSFB PG JOUFSFTU
BOE FYQFSUJTF 'PS FYBNQMF * XBT PODF BTLFE CZ B NFEJDBM
KPVSOBMUPXSJUFBOFEJUPSJBMBMNPTUBOZUPQJDXPVMECFPLBZ
* DPOTJEFSFE UIF TJHOJGJDBODF PG B DVSSFOU XIPPQJOH DPVHI
TDBSF UIFIFBMUISJTLTUPUSBWFMFSTJOUIFIPMJEBZTFBTPO BOE
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XSJUF BCPVU XIBU * LOPX * EJE TPNF SFTFBSDI BOE XSPUF
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* IBOEMFE JU BOE OP SFBEFST XSPUF UP TBZ UIBU * XBT VOJO
GPSNFEPSNJTHVJEFE"MTP TPNFPGXIBU*MFBSOFEXBTVTFGVM
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* IBWF UBVHIU B DPVSTF JO NFEJDBM XSJUJOH GPS GBDVMUZ NFN
CFSTBUPVSNFEJDBMTDIPPM5IJTDPVSTFJOWPMWFTNJOTFT
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CFHJOOJOHNFEJDBMXSJUFST BOEPOFPCKFDUJWFJTUPIBWFFBDI
QBSUJDJQBOUXSJUFBSFWJFXQBQFSBOEIBWFJUPOJUTXBZJOUP
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
33
QVCMJDBUJPO CFGPSF UIF MBTU TFTTJPO FOET *O PVS NPTU SFDFOU
DPVSTF POFGBDVMUZNFNCFSXJUIBDFSUJGJDBUFPGBEEFERVBMJ
GJDBUJPOTJOHFSJBUSJDTBOOPVODFEIFSQMBOUPXSJUFBOBSUJDMF
UJUMFEn"TTFTTJOH0MEFS1FSTPOTGPS5IFJS"CJMJUZUP0QFSBUFB
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DMJOJDBMMZ SFMFWBOU * XJMM EJTDVTT CFMPX IPX TIF EFWFMPQFE
UIFJEFB
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JTTVF"GFXNPOUITMBUFS UIFBSUJDMFXBTJOQSJOU
5IF QPJOUT * IBWF USJFE UP NBLF JO UIF BOFDEPUFT BCPWF
BSF
N 8IFOTPNFUIJOHFYDJUFTZPVBOEZPVIBWF ZPVCFMJFWF BO
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5IFOEPJUOPX CFGPSFUIFJEFBHFUTDPME
N 8SJUFPOXIBUZPVLOPXBCPVUBOEXIBUFYDJUFTZPV5IJT
IFMQT NBJOUBJO ZPVS JOUFSFTU BOE BMTP IFMQT GPDVT ZPVS
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N 8SJUFPODMJOJDBMUPQJDTJOZPVSBSFBPGFYQFSUJTF*OHFOFSBM
NFEJDBM QVCMJDBUJPOT OFFE BSUJDMFT BCPVU QSBDUJDBM BTQFDUT
PG EJTFBTF EJBHOPTJT BOE NBOBHFNFOU "OE PG DPVSTF
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'PS NBKPS QSPKFDUTrJO DPOUSBTU UP UIF TIPSU FEJUPSJBM BCPVU
UIF SFTJEFODZ nTDSBNCMFo EFTDSJCFE BCPWFrZPV TIPVME MFU
ZPVSJEFBHFSNJOBUFGPSBXIJMF*MJLFUPUIJOLPGUIJTBDUJWJUZ
BTnGSFFSBOHFoBDDVNVMBUJPOPGPEEGBDUT QISBTFT BOEDPO
OFDUJPOT5IPVHIUTXJMMDPNFJOUPZPVSIFBEXIJMFZPVBSFJO
UIFTIPXFSPSESJWJOHZPVSDBS4PNFUJNFTUIFZPDDVSJOUIF
NJEEMFPGBNFFUJOH XIFOBDPNNFOUDSFBUFTBTZOBQTFJOUIF
XSJUJOHDFOUFSPGZPVSCSBJO5IPVHIUTBCPVUZPVSXSJUJOHNBZ
BQQFBS JO UIBU TIBEPX MBOE CFUXFFO XBLFGVMOFTT BOE EFFQ
TMFFQ XIFOBMMUIFBTQJSJOHOPUJPOT TPNFJOTQJSFEBOEPUIFST
GBODJGVM JOWBSJPVTQBSUTPGZPVSCSBJO FNCSZPOJDJEFBTHFO
FSBMMZIFMEJODIFDLCZUIFPQQSFTTJWFEJTUSBDUJPOTPGUIFEBZ
DBOFNFSHFBOEFYQSFTTUIFNTFMWFT%POPUMPTFUIFTFQSPE
VDUTPGZPVSTVCDPOTDJPVT 1BSFOUIFUJDBMMZ UIJTJTFYBDUMZXIZ
34
*IBUFBMBSNDMPDLTZPVBSFKBSSFEGSPNTMFFQUPXBLFGVMOFTT
BOEMPTFUIFDSFBUJWFUJNFPGUXJMJHIUTMFFQ
*OUIFTFFWBOFT
DFOUUIPVHIUT ZPVNBZIBWFCFFOCMFTTFEXJUIBHJGUUIBUDBO
CFUIFCBTJTPGBHSFBUBSUJDMF PSUIBUNBZNBLFZPVSBSUJDMF
CFUUFS8SJUFJUEPXO&OUFSJUJOZPVSQPSUBCMFDPNQVUFS1VUJU
JOZPVSKPVSOBM4DSJCCMFJUPOBOPMEFOWFMPQF8IBUFWFSZPV
EP IBOHPOUPJU BOEEPOmUMFUJUHFUBXBZ.BOZUJNFT*IBWF
MFGUBTIPXFSPSBXBSNCFEUPKPUEPXOBXSJUJOHJEFBUIBU
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'PS FYBNQMF UIF NFUBQIPS PG UIF nGSFFSBOHFo BDDVNVMB
UJPO PG JUFNT UP GMFTI PVU BO JEFB PDDVSSFE UP NF EVSJOH B
MPOH BJSQMBOF SJEF JU XBT 5IBOLTHJWJOH UJNF BOE * IBE SFBE
BCPVU nGSFFSBOHFo UVSLFZT UIBU TPVHIU UIFJS GPPE JO B NPSF
PSMFTTOBUVSBMXBZ*KPUUFEUIFQISBTFPOUIFCMBOLTIFFUPG
QBQFS*BMXBZTDBSSZGPSUIJTQVSQPTF 5PEBZ*XPVMESFDPSE
UIFUIPVHIUPONZOFXTNBSUQIPOF
/PXIFSFJUJTJOQSJOU
DPVSUFTZPG6OJUFE"JSMJOFT TPNFIBOEZOPUFQBQFS BOEUIFO
NZOPUFCPPLDPNQVUFS*UNBZOPUCFUIFCSJHIUFTUJEFB*FWFS
IBE CVUBUMFBTUJUEJEOmUHFUBXBZ"CFUUFSFYBNQMFNBZCFUIF
BOBMPHZ EFTDSJCFEJO$IBQ PGUIFUISFFRVFTUJPOTBTLFECZ
1SJODFTT5VSBOEPUPGUIFQSJODFBOEUIFUISFFRVFTUJPOTXSJU
FSTNVTUBOTXFSBCPVUUIFJSDVSSFOUXPSLUIJTPDDVSSFEUPNF
XIJMFMJTUFOJOHUPBWFSZMPOHBSJBBUBQFSGPSNBODFPG1VDDJOJmT
PQFSB BOE*TDSJCCMFEUIFJEFBPOUIFQSJOUFEQSPHSBN
*O QSFQBSJOH UP XSJUF UIJT CPPL * DSFBUFE B GJMF PG JEFBT
GPS FBDI DIBQUFS 6OEFS FBDI DIBQUFS * SFDPSE NJTDFMMBOF
PVT OPUFT CSJMMJBOU UIPVHIUT MJUFSBSZ BMMVTJPOT BOE TIPSU
QBSBHSBQITUIBUTFFNXJUUZ5IFO*HPUPUIJTn/PUFToGJMFBT
*CFHJOUPXSJUFFBDIDIBQUFS
'PDVTJOHUIF5PQJD
.PTUBSUJDMFJEFBTBSFUPPCSPBE BOEBOFBSMZUBTLJTHFOFSBMMZ
UPMJNJUUIFGPDVT)FSFJTBOFYBNQMF-FUmTTBZUIBU*XBOUUP
XSJUF BO BSUJDMF BCPVU UIF EJBHOPTJT PG IFBEBDIF 5IJT UPQJD
JTNVDIUPPCSPBE BOETP*NJHIUMJNJUJUGJSTUCZGPDVTJOHPO
UIF EJBHOPTJT PG B UZQF PG IFBEBDIF TVDI BT NJHSBJOF UFO
TJPOUZQF PSFWFODMVTUFSIFBEBDIF#VUUIFTFUPQJDTBSFTUJMM
UPPCSPBE-FUmTDIPPTFNJHSBJOFIFBEBDIF BOEMJNJUJUTPNF
NPSF 8F NJHIU EJTDVTT EJBHOPTJT PG NJHSBJOF IFBEBDIF JO
XPNFO JO BEPMFTDFOUT PS JO UIF FMEFSMZ UIF JNQMJDBUJPOT
ARTICLE STRUCTURE
35
BSFDMJOJDBMMZEJGGFSFOUJOFBDI"OPUIFSXBZUPBQQSPBDIUIF
EJBHOPTJTPGNJHSBJOFJTUPDPOTJEFSXIFOEJBHOPTUJDJNBHJOH
DPNQVUFE UPNPHSBQIZ PS NBHOFUJD SFTPOBODF JNBHJOH
JT
OFFEFE/PXXFBSFHFUUJOHNPSFTQFDJGJD*OUIFFOE BHPPE
UPQJDBOEUJUMFNJHIUCFn3FE'MBHTJOUIF)FBEBDIF)JTUPSZ
'JWF3FBTPOTUP0CUBJO%JBHOPTUJD*NBHJOHo
5IFBTUVUFXSJUFSBWPJETUFMMJOHUPPNVDI5IJTIFMQTQSF
WFOUnPWFSXSJUJOHorQSPEVDJOHBOBSUJDMFNVDI UPPMPOHGPS
BOZ KPVSOBM BOE UIVT JO OFFE PG SVUIMFTT QSVOJOH #Z UIJT
*NFBOUIBUJGZPVSBSUJDMFJTBCPVUXIFOUPTFFLEJBHOPTUJD
JNBHJOH JO B IFBEBDIF QBUJFOU ZPV TIPVME NBLF JU DMFBS UP
ZPVSSFBEFS BOEUPZPVSTFMG
UIBUZPVXJMMOPUEJTDVTTXIBU
CMPPE UFTUT UP PSEFS ESVHT BOE EPTFT PS TQFDJBM EJFUT :PV
XJMMQMBOBIFBEBOETUJDLUPZPVSUPQJD
+PUUJOH OPUFT BOE GPDVTJOH UIF UPQJD IFMQ NPWF ZPV UP UIF
OFYUTUFQrQMBOOJOHUIFDPODFQUBOETUSVDUVSFPGZPVSBSUJDMF
ARTICLE STRUCTURE
:PVSBSUJDMFPSDIBQUFSJTJOUFOEFEUPQSPWJEFJOGPSNBUJPOPS
BOTXFSRVFTUJPOTGPSZPVSSFBEFST5PBDIJFWFUIJTHPBM ZPV
NVTU QSFTFOU ZPVS JOGPSNBUJPO JO UIF CFTU QPTTJCMF GPSNBU
1PTTJCJMJUJFTJODMVEFUIFSFWJFXBSUJDMF FEJUPSJBM DBTFSFQPSU
MFUUFSUPUIFFEJUPS CPPLDIBQUFS PSSFQPSUPGPSJHJOBMSFTFBSDI
&BDIIBTJUTPXOSVMFTGPSTUSVDUVSF BOEXJMMCFDPWFSFEJO
DIBQUFST UP DPNF "U UIJT UJNF * XJMM VTF UIF SFWJFX BSUJDMF
GPSNBUUPEJTDVTTBSUJDMFTUSVDUVSF*DIPPTFUIJTGPSNBUTJODF
UIFSFWJFXBSUJDMFBMMPXTUIFXSJUFSUIFHSFBUFTUPQQPSUVOJUZ
UPFYQSFTTDSFBUJWJUZJOIPXUPIBOEMFNBUFSJBM
4PNFUJNFT UIF GPDVTFE UPQJD ZJFMET UIF DPODFQU *O UIF
JOTUBODFPGn3FE'MBHTJOUIF)FBEBDIF)JTUPSZ'JWF3FBTPOT
UP 0CUBJO %JBHOPTUJD *NBHJOH o UIF BSUJDMF TUSVDUVSF JT TFMG
FWJEFOU 5IF BSUJDMF XJMM CFHJO XJUI BO JOUSPEVDUJPO TUBUJOH
UIFFQJEFNJPMPHZBOECBDLHSPVOEGPSUIFQSPCMFN/FYUXJMM
DPNFBGJWFQBSUTFDUJPOPOUIFSFEGMBHT XIJDIXPVMEJODMVEF
NJHSBJOFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIBOFVSPMPHJDBCOPSNBMJUZPOQIZTJ
DBM FYBNJOBUJPO TVDI BT VOFYQMBJOFE VOJMBUFSBM EFBGOFTT
PS XFBLOFTT JO BO FYUSFNJUZ
B TFJ[VSF PS B USBKFDUPSZ PG
JODSFBTJOHQBJOBOEGSFRVFODZPGIFBEBDIFT-BTUXJMMDPNF
UIFTVNNBSZEJTDVTTJPOTFDUJPOUIBUQVMMTJUBMMUPHFUIFS8JUI
UIJTGSBNFXPSL UIFBSUJDMFQSBDUJDBMMZXSJUFTJUTFMG
36
5IF TFDSFU PG TUSVDUVSJOH BO BSUJDMF JT GJOEJOH UIF UPQJDmT
DPNQPOFOUQBSUT"OBSUJDMFPOUSFBUJOHCBDLQBJONBZIBWF
GPVS DPNQPOFOUT NFEJDBUJPOT QIZTJDBM UIFSBQZ EFUFSNJ
OBUJPO PG BQQSPQSJBUF BDUJWJUZ MFWFMT BOE QSFWFOUJOH GVUVSF
SFDVSSFODFT *G XSJUJOH B QJFDF PO EJBHOPTJOH EFQSFTTJPO JO
UFFOBHFST * NJHIU DPWFS UIF TUSFTTFT UFFOT GBDF JO MJGF FBDI
EBZ TZNQUPNT PG EFQSFTTJPO UIBU UFFOT NBZ FYIJCJU BOE
IPX UP DPOGJSN B EJBHOPTUJD IVODI * NJHIU FWFO JODMVEF B
UBCMF n)JHI 1BZ0GG 2VFTUJPOT UP )FMQ 4QPU UIF %FQSFTTFE
5FFOBHFSo 4VDI B MJTU NJHIU QSPWF FTQFDJBMMZ VTFGVM UP
SFBEFST
*O UIF FOE UIF GPDVTFE UPQJD BOE QSFTFOUBUJPO DPODFQU
TIPVME FWPMWF JOUP BO PVUMJOF :FT BO PVUMJOF 5IF PVUMJOF
BMMPXT VT UP CSJOH PSEFS UP XIBU XPVME PUIFSXJTF CF BO
VOTUSVDUVSFEBOEQFSIBQTFWFOBNFTTZQSPDFTT*OQMBOOJOH
UIJT CPPL * EFWFMPQFE B QBHF FYQBOEFE PVUMJOF UIBU HBWF
UIF UPQJDT GPS FBDI DIBQUFS EPXO UP UIF UIJSE MFWFM PG UPQJD
IFBEJOH0GDPVSTF BT*XSJUFFBDIDIBQUFS *NBZSFBSSBOHF
UIJOHTBMJUUMF CVUUIFPWFSBMMPVUMJOFUFMMTNFXIFSF*BNHPJOH
BOEXIBUXJMMCFQSFTFOUFEJOFBDIDIBQUFSBOEVOEFSXIJDI
IFBEJOH*UBMTP *IPQF IFMQTNFBWPJEUPPNVDISFQFUJUJPO
*O QMBOOJOH UIF BSUJDMF DJUFE BCPWF PO BTTFTTJOH ESJWJOH
TLJMMT JO UIF FMEFSMZ PVS GBDVMUZ NFNCFS EFDJEFE PO UIF GPM
MPXJOHQSFMJNJOBSZPVUMJOF
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#BDLHSPVOE JODMVEJOHTUBUJTUJDT
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1IZTJDBMDPNQFUFODFBOEIBOEJDBQT
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ARTICLE STRUCTURE
37
*OHFOFSBMUIFSFBSFTPNFUJNFUFTUFEXBZTUPTUSVDUVSFBSUJ
DMFT0GDPVSTF JGZPVBSFXSJUJOHBSFQPSUPGPSJHJOBMSFTFBSDI
ZPVNVTU SFQFBUNVTU VTFUIF*.3"%NPEFM XIJDIEFTDSJCFT
*OUSPEVDUJPO .FUIPET 3FTVMUT BOE%JTDVTTJPOUIJTXJMMCF
EFTDSJCFEJOEFUBJMJO$IBQ*GXSJUJOHBCPPLDIBQUFSPS
SFWJFX BSUJDMF PO B EJTFBTF TVDI BT HBTUSPFTPQIBHFBM SFGMVY
EJTFBTF (&3%
UIF IFBEJOHT BSF MJLFMZ UP CF #BDLHSPVOE
$MJOJDBM)JTUPSZ 1IZTJDBM&YBNJOBUJPO -BCPSBUPSZ5FTUTBOE
*NBHJOH 5SFBUNFOU0QUJPOT BOE1SFWFOUJPO
'PSPUIFSBSUJDMFT HFOFSBMBQQSPBDIFTNJHIUCF
5IF-JTU
5IJT JT B TUSBJHIUGPSXBSE UJNFUFTUFE XBZ UP PSHBOJ[F B
SFWJFXBSUJDMFPSBOFEJUPSJBM&YBNQMFTNJHIUCF

5ISFFFYFSDJTFTUIBUNBZQSFWFOUCBDLQBJO
'PVSIFSCBMSFNFEJFTGPSDISPOJDKPJOUQBJO
'JWFXBZTUPJNQSPWFDPMMFDUJPOTJOZPVSPGGJDFQSBDUJDF
4JYRVFTUJPOTUIBUDBOIFMQEJBHOPTFQBOJDEJTPSEFS
8IBUmT/FX
"OFXQSPDFEVSFGPSWFOUSBMIFSOJBSFQBJS
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"SFWJFXPGDVSSFOUUSFBUNFOUSFHJNFOTGPS"*%4
/FXESVHTUPUSFBUGVOHBMJOGFDUJPOTPGUIFTLJO
2VFTUJPOTBOE"OTXFST
8IBUBSFTBGFBOUJCJPUJDTUPVTFJOQSFHOBODZ
8IPTIPVMEQFSGPSNIFBEBOEOFDLTVSHFSZ
8IBUWBDDJOFTTIPVMECFHJWFOUPUIFJOUFSOBUJPOBMUSBWFMFS
8IBUBSFUIFFBSMZTJHOTPGQBODSFBUJDDBODFS
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%FNFOUJB BOE UIF TUBUJOT %P UIF ESVHT QSFWFOU PS DBVTF
EFNFOUJB
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8IPTIPVMESFDFJWFPVUQBUJFOUMBQBSPTDPQJDDIPMFDZTUFDUPNZ
5IFFUIJDBMJTTVFTJOCPVUJRVFNFEJDBMQSBDUJDF
38
.JTUBLFT8F.BLFJO"SUJDMF4USVDUVSF
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EFGJOJOHUIFDPODFQUBOETUSVDUVSFPGUIFJSBSUJDMFT
N 4UBSUJOH UP DPNQPTF XJUIPVU B DPODFQU )BWJOH B HPPE
JEFBJTXPOEFSGVM CVUZPVNVTUBMTPEFDJEFIPXZPVXJMM
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N "UUFNQUJOHUPXSJUFXJUIPVUBOPVUMJOF.BZCFTPNFDSFB
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OJOHNFEJDBMXSJUFS BOPVUMJOFJTBNVTU"TUVEZCZ,FMMPHH
GPVOEUIBUQSFQBSJOHBXSJUUFOPVUMJOF DPNQBSFEXJUIOPU
EPJOH TP MFE UP IJHIFS RVBMJUZ EPDVNFOUT BT JOEFYFE CZ
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N )BWJOHBOPVUMJOFXJUIUPPNBOZNBKPSIFBEJOHTBOEOPU
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UXJDF UIF MFOHUI PG B NFEJDBM BSUJDMF IBT POMZ GJWF NBJO
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N %FWFMPQJOHBHPPEDPODFQUBOETUSVDUVSF BOEUIFOGBJMJOH
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N #FHJOOJOHUPXSJUFUIFNBOVTDSJQUXJUIPVUUIJOLJOHUIFQSPKFDU
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$MFBSXSJUJOHDPNFTGSPNDMFBSUIJOLJOH4FFUIFDPNQMFUFE
QSPKFDUJOZPVSNJOECFGPSFTUBSUJOHUIFGJSTUQBSBHSBQI
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
" QBSBHSBQI JT B DPMMFDUJPO PG TFOUFODFT UIBU BMM SFMBUF UP B
DPNNPOUIFNF*OBTFOTF FBDIQBSBHSBQIJTBTNBMMFTTBZ
5IJTNFBOTUIBUZPVTIPVMEGPMMPXUIFCBTJDSVMFTGPSXSJUJOH
BO FTTBZ UFMM ZPVS SFBEFS XIBU ZPV BSF USZJOH UP TBZ FBSMZ
EFWFMPQUIFUIFNFVTJOHTPNFDPODSFUFFYBNQMFT UIFODPO
DMVEFJOBUIPVHIUGVMXBZ*OBOFTTBZ TPNFUJNFTJUJTHPPEUP
39
SFQSJTFUIFPQFOJOHTFOUFODFBUUIFFOEJOTPNFXBZ BOEUIJT
DBOBMTPXPSLXFMMJOBQBSBHSBQI"OBMUFSOBUJWFDPODMVTJPO
UP B QBSBHSBQI NBZ CF B USBOTJUJPO UP UIF OFYU QBSBHSBQI
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XIJDIDBOCFUJSFTPNFUPUIFSFBEFS0OUIFPUIFSIBOE VTJOH
UPPNBOZTIPSUTFOUFODFTJTBMTPQPPSXSJUJOH5IFGPMMPXJOH
OPUBUZQJDBMGPSBDMJOJDBMSFDPSEFOUSZ JTJOUFOEFEUPJMMVTUSBUF
BMMUISFFQPJOUTrTFOUFODFCFHJOOJOHT UZQF BOEMFOHUI
5IFFMEFSMZQBUJFOUGFMMPOBTDBUUFSSVHBUIPNF5IFQBUJFOU
TUSVDL IJT TIPVMEFS XIFO IF MBOEFE 5IF QBUJFOU TVTUBJOFE B
GSBDUVSFPGMFGUIVNFSVT
5IF UISFF TFOUFODFT BMM CFHJO BMJLF BSF BMM TJNQMF BOE
EFDMBSBUJWF BOEBSFBMMRVJUFTIPSU/PPOFPGUIFTFOUFODFTJT
JNQSPQFSJOBOZXBZ CVUUBLFOUPHFUIFS UIFXSJUJOHJTVOTLJMM
GVM"NVDICFUUFSXBZUPFYQSFTTUIFUISFFGBDUTXPVMECF
5IFFMEFSMZQBUJFOUGFMMPOBTDBUUFSSVHBUIPNF TUSJLJOHIJT
TIPVMEFSBOETVTUBJOJOHBGSBDUVSFPGUIFMFGUIVNFSVT
4FOUFODF%FOTJUZ
4JOHMF TFOUFODFT MJLF QBSBHSBQIT DBO CF UPP EFOTF GPS
DPNQSFIFOTJPO CZ NFSF NPSUBMT $POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH
TFOUFODF GSPN B QVCMJTIFE SFQPSU XJUI UIF WFSZ DMFBS UJUMF
SENTENCES
47
n&GGFDUPG*NQSPWJOH%FQSFTTJPO$BSFPO1BJOBOE'VODUJPOBM
0VUDPNFT"NPOH0MEFS"EVMUTXJUI"SUISJUJTo5IJTJTBUPQJD
PGJOUFSFTUUPBMMPGVTXIPUSFBUFMEFSMZQBUJFOUT"OETP*SFBE
XJUI HSFBU JOUFSFTU UIF GJSTU PG UXP TFOUFODFT JO UIF 3FTVMUT
TFDUJPOPGUIF"CTUSBDU
*OBEEJUJPOUPSFEVDUJPOJOEFQSFTTJWFTZNQUPNT UIFJOUFSWFO
UJPOHSPVQDPNQBSFEXJUIUIFVTVBMDBSFHSPVQBUNPOUIT
IBEMPXFSNFBO 4&
TDPSFTGPSQBJOJOUFOTJUZ <>WT
<>CFUXFFOHSPVQEJGGFSFODF qDPOEFODF
JOUFSWBM $*
qUP1
JOUFSGFSFODFXJUIEBJMZ
BDUJWJUJFTEVFUPBSUISJUJT <>WT<>CFUXFFO
HSPVQ EJGGFSFODF q $* q UP 1

BOEJOUFSGFSFODFXJUIEBJMZBDUJWJUJFTEVFUPQBJO <>
WT<>CFUXFFOHSPVQEJGGFSFODF q$* q
UP1

4PVSDF+"."
"T B QSBDUJDJOH QIZTJDJBO BOE B NFEJDBM XSJUFS XIBU BSF

NZ JTTVFT XJUI UIJT TFOUFODF BOE IPX DPVME JU IBWF CFFO
JNQSPWFE 'JSTU JU JT NVDI UPP MPOH BOE DPOWPMVUFE
*CFMJFWFUIBUJUDPVMEIBWFCFFOEJWJEFEJOUPUISFFPSGPVS
TIPSUFS TFOUFODFT UP FOIBODF DMBSJUZ 4FDPOE UIF BCCSF
WJBUJPO $* GPS DPOGJEFODF JOUFSWBM
JT FYQMBJOFE CVU 4&
SFNBJOT B NZTUFSZ BOE JT OPU FYQMBJOFE FMTFXIFSF JO UIF
"CTUSBDU 'JOBMMZ UIF TFOUFODF JT JO NZ PQJOJPO NVDI UPP
TUVGGFE XJUI EBUB %P * SFBMMZ OFFE BMM PG UIFTF OVNCFST JO
UIFBCTUSBDU 8IBUIBTCFFOTBWFEGPSUIF3FTVMUTTFDUJPOPG
UIFBSUJDMF
'PSUVOBUFMZ UIF BVUIPST USBOTMBUF UIF EJGGJDVMU TFOUFODF
GPS VT NFSF NPSUBMT BOE EP TP JO WFSZ DMFBS &OHMJTI n*O B
MBSHF BOE EJWFSTF QPQVMBUJPO PG PMEFS BEVMUT XJUI BSUISJUJT
NPTUMZPTUFPBSUISJUJT
BOEDPNPSCJEEFQSFTTJPO CFOFGJUTPG
JNQSPWFEEFQSFTTJPODBSFFYUFOEFECFZPOESFEVDFEEFQSFT
TJWF TZNQUPNT BOE JODMVEFE EFDSFBTFE QBJO BT XFMM BT
JNQSPWFE GVODUJPOBM TUBUVT BOE RVBMJUZ PG MJGFo 0LBZ FWFO
UIJTTFOUFODFJTBMJUUMFMPOHBOEDPNQMJDBUFE CVU*DBOSFBE
JU XJUIPVU EJGGJDVMUZ "OE * MJLF UIBU UIF BVUIPS VTFE TJNQMF
XPSETTVDIBTnNPTUMZoJOTUFBEPGnQSFEPNJOBOUMZoBOEnPTUF
PBSUISJUJTo SBUIFS UIBO nEFHFOFSBUJWF KPJOU EJTFBTFo * XJMM
QSFTFOUNPSFPOXPSETJOUIFOFYUTFDUJPO
48
$BEFODF
4FOUFODFT IBWF B DBEFODF UIBU UIF SFBEFS DBO TFOTF NVDI
MJLFUIFSIZUINJOBTPOH:PVDBOCFTUTFOTFUIFDBEFODFCZ
SFBEJOHUIFTFOUFODFBMPVE*GBTFOUFODFJTDPOWPMVUFECZUPP
NBOZ DMBVTFT PS JG JU JT CVSEFOFE CZ UPP NBOZ VOOFDFTTBSZ
MPOHXPSET UIFQMFBTBOUSIZUINJTMPTU'PSFYBNQMF UBLFUIF
GJSTUTFOUFODFJOUIJTQBSBHSBQI CFHJOOJOH n4FOUFODFTIBWF
BDBEFODFdo*UmTOPU)BJLVQPFUSZ CVU*UIJOLUIFTFOUFODF
IBT B OJDF SIZUIN *U IBT TFWFSBM TIPSU XPSET UIFO B MPOH
XPSE BOEPOMZPOFXPSEXJUINPSFUIBOUXPTZMMBCMFT$PVME
UIFTFOUFODFCFXPSTF :FT JUDPVME)FSFmTIPX
7FSZ BOBMPHPVT UP UIF SIZUIN UIBU NBZ CF GPVOE JO B TPOH
XFBSFSFBEJMZBCMFUPEJTDFSOQMFBTJOHDBEFODFTJOTFOUFODFT
XIFOUIFZBSFXFMMDPOTUSVDUFE
6HI5IFTFOUFODFJTTZOUBDUJDBMMZDPSSFDU CVUOPUFOKPZBCMFUP
SFBE.BLFZPVSSFBEJOHBKPZGPSUIFSFBEFS JGZPVDBO*GZPV
XPOEFSBCPVUUIFDBEFODFPGZPVSTFOUFODFT SFBEUIFNBMPVE
1VODUVBUJPO$PNNBT 1FSJPET BOE.PSF
$PNNBT TFNJDPMPOT QFSJPET BOERVFTUJPONBSLTBSFDBMMFE
TUPQT 5IFZ JNQSPWF TFOUFODF DBEFODF BOE DMBSJUZ BOE UIVT
NBLF SFBEJOH FBTJFS "DDPSEJOH UP +PSEBO BOE 4IFQBSE <>
nUIFTUPQTTIPVMEGJUXJUIUIFSIZUINPGSFTQJSBUJPOBTXFMMBT
XJUIUIFTFOTFPGXIBUJTTBJEo
$PNNBT
$PNNBT MJLFBMMTUPQT CSFBLVQUIFGMPXPGXPSET*OBTFSJFT
PGJUFNT BDPNNBJTDPSSFDUJGJUDPVMECFSFQMBDFECZBOEPSPS
*OIFSDIBSNJOHCPPL&BUT 4IPPUTBOE-FBWFT 5SVTTEFTDSJCFT
DPNNBTBTnTFQBSBUPST oMJLFOJOHUIFDPNNBUPBHSBNNBUJDBM
TIFFQEPH UIBU nUFBST BCPVU PO UIF IJMMTJEF PG MBOHVBHF FOE
MFTTMZPSHBOJ[JOHXPSETJOUPTFOTJCMFHSPVQTBOENBLJOHUIFN
TUBZ QVU TPSUJOH BOE EJWJEJOH DJSDMJOH BOE IFSEJOH BOE PG
DPVSTFEBSUJOHPGGXJUIBQSFFNQUPSZnXPPGoUPSPVOEVQBOZ
XBZXBSETVCPSEJOBUFDMBVTFUIBUNBLFTBGVUJMFCPMUGPSTFNBO
UJDGSFFEPNo<>$POTJEFSUIFTFOUFODFBUUIFCFHJOOJOHPGUIJT
QBSBHSBQIBOEIPXJUXPVMESFBEXJUIPVUDPNNBT
$PNNBTMJLFBMMTUPQTCSFBLVQUIFPXPGXPSET
SENTENCES
49
*TVTQFDUUIBUZPVXPVMEOFFEUPSFBEJUUXJDFUPEJTDFSONZ
NFBOJOH BOEUIFOXPVMENFOUBMMZJOTFSUUIFDPNNBT
5IF QMBDFNFOU PG DPNNBT DBO BDUVBMMZ DIBOHF NFBOJOH
'PSFYBNQMF
5IFQIZTJDJBOUIPVHIUUIFQBUJFOUMPPLFEHSBWFMZJMM
0S
5IFQIZTJDJBO UIPVHIUUIFQBUJFOU MPPLFEHSBWFMZJMM
5IFQSFTFODFPSBCTFODFPGDPNNBTDIBOHFTXIPTFFNFEJMM
#FSOTUFJO <> IBT SFQPSUFE IPX UIF TUBUF PG .JDIJHBO
EJTDPWFSFE UIBU JUT TUBUF DPOTUJUVUJPO JOBEWFSUFOUMZ MFHBMJ[FE
TMBWFSZ4FDUJPO "SUJDMFSFBE
/FJUIFSTMBWFSZOPSJOWPMVOUBSZTFSWJUVEF VOMFTTGPSUIFQVO
JTINFOUPGBDSJNF TIBMMFWFSCFUPMFSBUFEJOUIJTTUBUF
6QPO DPOTJEFSBUJPO JU XBT TBHFMZ EFDJEFE UP EFMFUF UIF

DPNNBBGUFSTFSWJUVEFBOEQMBDFJUBGUFSTMBWFSZ
4FNJDPMPOT
5IFTFNJDPMPOJTVTFEXIFOZPVBMNPTUOFFEBQFSJPEZFU B
QFSJPEXPVMECSFBLVQMJOLFEUIPVHIUT*G*VTFEBQFSJPEUP
EJWJEFUIFQSFWJPVTTFOUFODF *XPVMEIBWFDSFBUFEUXPTIPSU
TFOUFODFTJOTFRVFODF*UNJHIUCFBDDFQUBCMF CVUKPJOJOHUIF
UXPUIPVHIUTXJUIBTFNJDPMPOTFFNTSJHIUUPNF*OUIFTFU
UJOHPGSFMBUFEUIPVHIUTBOEQISBTFT UIFVTFPGTFNJDPMPOTJT
PGUFOBNBUUFSPGJOEJWJEVBMTUZMF
4FNJDPMPOT BSF WFSZ VTFGVM JO B TFSJFT PG JUFNT XIFO UIF
DPNNB JT OFFEFE XJUIJO JUFNT 5SVTT EFTDSJCFT UIJT SPMF BT
QFSGPSNJOHnUIFEVUJFTPGBLJOEPG4QFDJBM1PMJDFNBOJOUIF
FWFOUPGDPNNBGJHIUTo<>'PSFYBNQMF
.VTDVMPTLFMFUBMJOKVSJFTNBZCFUSFBUFEXJUISFTUBOBMHFTJDT
PSNVTDMFSFMBYBOUNFEJDBUJPOBOEQIZTJDBMUIFSBQZJODMVEJOH
IFBU JDF BOETUSFUDIJOHFYFSDJTFT
1FSJPETBOE2VFTUJPO.BSLT
5IFQFSJPEJTUIFnGVMMTUPQoUIBUFOETBTFOUFODF1FSJPE0I
ZFT UIFSFBSFTPNFUFDIOJDBMVTFT TVDIBTJOBCCSFWJBUJPOT
FH .S 1I% PS %S
CVU UIFTF EP OPU BGGFDU TFOUFODF
GMPX
50
5IFRVFTUJPONBSLJTBOJOUFSSPHBUPSZTZNCPMUIBUBQQFBST
BGUFSBEJSFDURVFTUJPO"QFSJPEJTVTFEXJUIBOJOEJSFDURVFT
UJPO'PSFYBNQMF
N 5IFEJSFDURVFTUJPO
5IFQIZTJDJBOBTLFEUIFQBUJFOU n8IFSFJTUIFQBJOMPDBUFE o
N 5IFJOEJSFDURVFTUJPO
5IFQIZTJDJBOBTLFEUIFQBUJFOUXIFSFUIFQBJOXBTMPDBUFE
4FOUFODFTXJUI.JTQMBDFE1ISBTFT
%PZPVSFNFNCFSUIFPMETPOHUJUMFE n5ISPX.PNNBGSPN
UIF5SBJOB,JTT o+VNCMFETFOUFODFTXJUIHPPGZQISBTFTDBO
GJOEUIFJSXBZJOUPUIFNFEJDBMMJUFSBUVSF5IFDMBTTJDn5ISPX
.PNNBdo TFOUFODF NJYFT VQ QISBTFT XJUIJO UIF TFO
UFODF UPHFUIFSXJUIBTJOHMFWFSCUIBUDPVMEBQQMZUPFJUIFS
QISBTFrBMCFJU XJUI QPUFOUJBMMZ IB[BSEPVT DPOTFRVFODFT JO
POF PG UIF UXP QPTTJCJMJUJFT *O UIJT FYBNQMF UIF PCKFDU PG
UIFWFSCnLJTToTIPVMEGPMMPXUIFWFSCnUISPXoEJSFDUMZ XJUI
UIF MFTT JNQPSUBOU QSFQPTJUJPOBM QISBTF nGSPN UIF USBJOo
SFMFHBUFEUPUIFFOEPGUIFTFOUFODF3FXSJUJOHUIFTFOUFODF
UIFOHJWFTVT
5ISPXNPNNBBLJTTGSPNUIFUSBJO
4FOUFODFTXJUI7FSCPTF1ISBTFT
7FSCPTJUZJTBEJTFBTFUIBUBGGMJDUTNBOZTFOUFODFTJONFEJDBM
XSJUJOH7FSCPTJUZJTTJNQMZVTJOHBMPOHQISBTFUPFYQSFTTB
UIPVHIUXIFOGFXFSXPSETXJMMEPOJDFMZ"DMBTTJDBMFYBNQMF
JTTBZJOHnGFXFSJOOVNCFSoJOTUFBEPGnMFTToPSFWFOTJNQMZ
nGFXFSo0SBDBSFMFTTBVUIPSNJHIUXSJUF nIBTUIFDBQBCJMJUZ
UPoXIFONFBOJOHUPTBZnDBOo
5BCMFQSFTFOUTBMJTUPGWFSCPTFQISBTFT
0GDPVSTF JUJTOPUKVTUQISBTFTUIBUBSFBGGMJDUFEXJUIXPSE
JOFTT4PNFUJNFTFOUJSFTFOUFODFTBSFJOWPMWFE)FSFJTPOF
5IFUIFTJTJTIFSFJOPGGFSFEUIBUXPNBO MJLFNBO
JTBCJPMPHJDBM
TPDJBMBOEDVMUVSBMDSFBUVSF BOEBTTVDIJTEFQFOEFOUGPSIFBMUI
SENTENCES
TABLE 2.1.
51
Verbose phrases: why use one word when more will do?
Verbose phrase
What you mean to say
At this time
At the conclusion of
With the exception of
In only a small number of cases
In many instances
In light of the fact that
More often than not
In the absence of
On a daily basis
In close proximity to
The great majority of
With regard to
In the event that
In the not too distant future
Consensus of opinion
Now
After
Except
Rarely
Often
Because
Usually
Without
Daily
Near
Most
About
If
Soon
Consensus
PO UIF BDDFQUBODF BQQSPWBM TVQQPSU BOE FODPVSBHFNFOU PG

TJHOJDBOUJOEJWJEVBMNFNCFSTPGUIFTPDJBMHSPVQUPXIJDITIF
CFMPOHT
8IBUUIFBVUIPSNFBOTUPTBZ *CFMJFWF JTUIBUBXPNBOmT

IFBMUIDBOCFJOGMVFODFECZIFSQFFSSFMBUJPOTIJQT
:PV DBO VTVBMMZ TQPU B WFSCPTF TFOUFODF CFGPSF ZPV BSF
IBMGXBZUISPVHI)PX #FDBVTFJUPGUFOCFHJOTXJUIBQISBTF
MJLF
N 8F BSF SFNJOEFE PG UIF OFDFTTJUZ GPS UIF DPOTJEFSBUJPO
PGd
N "MUIPVHI DFSUBJOMZ OPU B OFX GJOEJOH JU JT QFSUJOFOU UP
SFNJOEUIFSFBEFSUIBUd
N "UUIJTUJNF JUJTBQQSPQSJBUFUPFNQIBTJ[FUIBUd
N *UJTBXFMMSFDPHOJ[FEGBDUUIBUd
N -FUNFNBLFDMFBSUIBUd
N *UJTJOUFSFTUJOHUPOPUFUIBUd
0G DPVSTF BMM UIJT WFSCPTJUZ JT SFBMMZ BO FYDFTT PG XPSET
BOEPGUFOMBSHFXPSET4PMFUmTOFYUDPOTJEFSPVSNPTUCBTJD
UPPMTrXPSET
52
WORDS
8PSET BSF UIF NPTU CBTJD UPPMT XF VTF UP XSJUF 8JOTUPO
$IVSDIJMMPODFXSPUFn4IPSUXPSETBSFCFTUBOEPMEXPSET
XIFO TIPSU BSF CFTU PG BMMo 4JS 8JOTUPOmT TFOUFODF IBT B
QMFBTJOHDBEFODF*UVTFTUIFBDUJWFWPJDF*UJTOPUMPOHBOE
DPOWPMVUFE .PTU JNQPSUBOU JU VTFT POMZ TIPSU XPSET JO
GBDU UIF TFOUFODF DPOUBJOT POMZ XPSET PG POF TZMMBCMF 5IFZ
BSF PMEGBTIJPOFE &OHMJTIMBOHVBHF XPSET FWFO UIPVHI
MJLF NPTU XPSET UIFZ DBO CF USBDFE UP TPNF MBOHVBHF JO
BOUJRVJUZ "MTP UIF TFOUFODF EPFT OPU DPOUBJO UIF DPNQMFY
TDJFOUJGJDXPSETXFPGUFONVTUVTFJONFEJDBMXSJUJOH*OMJU
FSBUVSF VTJOHTIPSU TUSPOHXPSETNBLFGPSTUSPOHFSQSPTF
"T 8JMMJBN 'BVMLOFS PODF XSPUFrQFSIBQT EFSJTJWFMZrPG
&BSOFTU )FNJOHXBZ n)F IBT OFWFS CFFO LOPXO UP VTF B
XPSEUIBUNBZTFOEUIFSFBEFSUPBEJDUJPOBSZo
0OFPGUIFJOFTDBQBCMFEJGGJDVMUJFTJONFEJDBMXSJUJOHJTPVS
EFQFOEFODF PO TDJFOUJGJD XPSET EFSJWFE GSPN UIF DMBTTJDBM
MBOHVBHFT5IFJSTQFDJGJDJUZJTBCFOFGJU CVUUIFJSDPNQMFYJUZ
DBO CFDPNF B DVSTF JO NFEJDBM XSJUJOH -FUmT MPPL BU B GFX
NFEJDBMXPSET
6OEFSTUBOEJOH.FEJDBM8PSET
* IBWF BMXBZT CFFO GBTDJOBUFE CZ NFEJDBM XPSET BOE * USZ
IBSE UP LOPX UIF PSJHJOT PG UIPTF * VTF * BEWJTF NFEJDBM
TUVEFOUT BOE SFTJEFOUT UP LFFQ B nNFEJDBM XPSE KPVSOBMo UP
IFMQUIFNMFBSOUIFDMBTTJDBMSPPUT BOEWBSJPVTPUIFSPSJHJOT
PGXPSETXFVTFJODMJOJDBMDBSF*CFMJFWFUIBULOPXJOHUIF
FUZNPMPHJD EFSJWBUJPO PG XPSET TVDI BT BDFUBCVMVN GSPN
UIF(SFFLXPSEGPSnWJOFHBSDVQo
BOE/PSXBMLWJSVT GSPN
UIF TNBMM UPXO JO 0IJP XIFSF UIF NJDSPPSHBOJTN XBT GJSTU
JTPMBUFE
NJHIUNBLFNFBCFUUFSXSJUFS&WFOJGUIJTUIFPSZJT
GMBXFE LOPXJOHIPXUIFTFXPSETBSPTFFOSJDIFTNZMJGF
"DDPSEJOH UP 4PCFM UIF OFXMZ NJOUFE QIZTJDJBO IBT
MFBSOFE OFX XPSET <> .PTU PG UIFTF DPNF GSPN
-BUJOBOE-BUJOJ[FE(SFFL5IF-BUJOJ[BUJPOPG(SFFLCFHBO
XIFO UIF 3PNBOT DPORVFSFE UIF (SFFLT BOE UIFZ BQQSP
QSJBUFE FWFSZUIJOH JODMVEJOH UIFJS MBOHVBHF -BUFS JO UIF
QPTU3FOBJTTBODF FSB TDIPMBST BOE TDJFOUJTUT UVSOFE UP
UIFTFMBOHVBHFTBTOFXXPSETXFSFOFFEFEUPEFTDSJCFUIFJS
WORDS
53
EJTDPWFSJFT "MTP BT UIFPSJ[FE CZ %JSDLY <> n#VU UIFSF

XBT B TFDPOE BOE OP MFTT DPHFOU SFBTPO -BUJO XBT B EFBE
MBOHVBHF/PMPOHFSBOZPOFmTNPUIFSUPOHVF JUXBTIBSEMZ
NPSFTVCKFDUUPBMUFSBUJPOPSDPSSVQUJPOUISPVHIVTFUIBOUIF
BMQIBCFUPSNVMUJQMJDBUJPOUBCMFo&YBNQMFTPGXPSETDPNJOH
GSPN -BUJO BOE -BUJOJ[FE (SFFL BSF EFNFOUJB UP CF NBE

QMBDFOUB B GMBU DBLF
HJOHJWB HVN
TDBCJFT UP TDSBUDI

SVCFMMB EJNJOVUJWFPGSFE
BOEEJHJUBMJT GSPNEJHJU NFBOJOH
GJOHFSPSUPF BOEVTFECFDBVTFUIFESVHDBNFGSPNGPYHMPWF
BMTPDBMMFEnMBEJFTmGJOHFSTo

-BUFS UIF"OHMP4BYPOUPOHVFTHBWFVTTJDL CMPPE BOEHVU
5IFMBUUFSJTOPXUIFOBNFPGBQSFTUJHJPVTKPVSOBM
.JEEMF
&OHMJTIHBWFVTTPNFNFEJDBMXPSETTVDIBTFZFBOE*UBMJBO
DPOUSJCVUFECFMMBEPOOB NFBOJOHCFBVUJGVMMBEZ
0UIFSTUIBU
BSF CPSSPXFE GSPN GPSFJHO MBOHVBHFT JODMVEF CFSJCFSJ GSPN
UIF 4JOHIBMFTF XPSE CFSJ NFBOJOH XFBL UIF EPVCMJOH JOEJ
DBUFT FYUSFNF XFBLOFTT
BOE BNNPOJB GSPN UIF &HZQUJBO
XPSEGPS+VQJUFS UIFSFTUPGUIFTUPSZJTUIBU+VQJUFSXBTDBMMFE
+VQJUFS "NNPO BOE NBOZ QFSTPOT DBNF SJEJOH DBNFMT UP
XPSTIJQUIFHPEBUBTISJOFOFBSUIF-JCZBODJUZPG"NNPOJB
GSPNUIFBDDVNVMBUFEDBNFMEVOHDBNFBTVCTUBODFUIBUXBT
OBNFEBNNPOJB
#F[PBSDBNFGSPNB1FSTJBOXPSENFBOJOH
BOUJEPUF BOERVJOJOFBSPTFGSPNUIF4QBOJTITQFMMJOHPGUIF
1FSVWJBOXPSELJOB NFBOJOHCBSL PGBUSFF

4PNF NFEJDBM XPSET DPNF GSPN MJUFSBUVSF PS NZUIPMPHZ
5IFTF JODMVEF QJDLXJDLJBO TZOESPNF QBOJD TZQIJMJT BUMBT
.VODIBVTFO TZOESPNF BOE "DIJMMFT UFOEPO 4PNF NPSF
SFDFOUNFEJDBMOFPMPHJTNTJOWPMWFQMBDFTUIFEJTFBTFOBNF
UVMBSFNJBDPNFTGSPN5VMBSFDPVOUZJO$BMJGPSOJB XIFSFUIF
EJTFBTF XBT GJSTU EFTDSJCFE &WFO VOJWFSTJUJFT BOE QBUJFOUT
HFU JO UIF HBNF 8BSGBSJO GJSTU NBSLFUFE BT B SBU QPJTPO
JT OBNFE BGUFS UIF 8JTDPOTJO "MVNOJ 3FTFBSDI 'PVOEBUJPO
QMVTUIFMBTUGPVSMFUUFSTPGJUTDIFNJDBMOBNFBOEUIFOBNF
CBDJUSBDJO DPNFT GSPN nCBDJo GPS CBDUFSJB BOE nUSBDJOo GPS
.BSHBSFU 5SBDFZ XIPTF XPVOE ESBJOBHF QFSNJUUFE JEFOUJGJ
DBUJPOPGUIFBOUJCJPUJD
5BCMFMJTUTTPNFPGNZGBWPSJUFNFEJDBMXPSETBOEUIFJS
PSJHJOT*IPQFUIBUUIJTTFDUJPOBOEUIFUBCMFJOTQJSFZPVUP
TFFL UIF TPVSDFT BT XFMM BT UIF EFGJOJUJPOT PG VOGBNJMJBS
XPSETBTZPVFODPVOUFSUIFN
54
TABLE 2.2. The origins of selected medical words

Medical word
Origin of the word
Botulism
From German botulismus, meaning sausage. In the

Victorian times and later, persons sometimes contracted
the disease by eating sausage
From Greek karotikos, meaning to render unconscious. The ancient Greeks noted what happened
when you compressed these arteries
Although not a proper medical term, the word comes
from medieval French word clapier, meaning brothel
In ancient Greek the word hystera (womb) evolved to
hysterikos (malfunctioning womb). I will say no more
about this
Our word for flu borrowed the Italian word influenza,
meaning influence. They believed the disease was due
to the power of the heavens
From Greek mastos, meaning breast. This is the shape
of the postauricular bony outcropping of the temporal
bone
The valve looks like a bishops miter, his official headdress. The word comes from the Greek word mitra,
describing a cloth headband or girdle
The word penis in Latin originally meant tail
From Latin quadraginta, meaning forty. In medieval
Venice and other ports, vessels were moored offshore for 40 days before being allowed entry, a delay
exceeding the incubation period of most infectious
diseases
From Greek thalassa, meaning sea, and haima, the
word for blood. The disease affected chiefly those who
lived near the Mediterranean Sea
This is the Japanese word meaning dangerous bug
When it was noted that an amine of nicotinic acid prevented pellagra, it was called a vital amine, shortened
to vitamine by a biochemist with the euphonious name
Casimir Funk. Use of the word was expanded to include
other compounds; some were not actually amines, and
hence the final e was eliminated
Carotid
Clap
Hysteria
Influenza
Mastoid
Mitral
Penis
Quarantine
Thalassemia
Tsutsugamushi (fever)
Vitamin
WORDS
55
4PNF5IPVHIUT"CPVUUIF5ZQFTPG8PSET8F6TF
8F VTF NBOZ UZQFT PG XPSET XIJDI JODMVEF OPVOT BOE
QSPOPVOT WFSCT NPEJGJFST TVDI BT BEKFDUJWFT BOE BEWFSCT
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/PVOTBOE1SPOPVOT
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XBZ UP JOUSPEVDF DPNQMFYJUZ XJUI QSPOPVOT OBNFMZ UIF
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nIJN PS IFS o CVU GPVOE UIBU * DPVME OPU BWPJE UIFJS VTF
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56
7FSCT
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CF FYQSFTTFE JO BDUJWF WPJDF n8F GPVOE UIBUdo
PS QBTTJWF
n*UXBTGPVOEUIBUdo

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UIFSFPG5IFSFBSFUXPDPOWFOUJPOTJONFEJDBMXSJUJOHXPSUI
OPUJOH
N 8JUIJO B TDJFOUJGJD BSUJDMF XF VTF QBTU UFOTF UP EFTDSJCF
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N $MVNTZ
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BOE PUIFS BEWFSCT "MUIPVHI KVEJDJPVT VTF DBO FOSJDI ZPVS
XSJUJOH CFXBSF UIF UFOEFODZ UP PWFSVTF NPEJGJFST XIJDI
DBOQSPEVDFXJNQZXSJUJOH5IFZDSFFQJOUPPVSXSJUJOHFBT
JMZ BOE CFHJOOJOH XSJUFST UFOE UP PWFSVTF UIFN *O TFFLJOH
FDPOPNZJOPVSXPSET XFVTFBCVOEBOUNPEJGJFSTJOXSJUJOH
DMJOJDBMOPUFT nXFMMEFWFMPQFE XFMMOPVSJTIFE NBMFGBDUPSZ
XPSLFS JO OP BDVUF EJTUSFTTo
BOE TPNFUJNFT XF DBSSZ UIJT
PWFS JOUP PVS TDJFOUJGJD XSJUJOH )FSF BSF UXP FYBNQMFT PG
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WORDS
57
DPOUBJO BMM UIF OFDFTTBSZ JOGPSNBUJPO CVU MBDL WJHPS *O UIF
TFOUFODFT CFMPX XF MPTF UIF GVMM JNQBDU PG BOZ POF PG UIF
NPEJGJFST XIJDINJHIUCFOFGJUGSPNNPSFEJTDVTTJPO
N .VMUJQMFBEKFDUJWFT
5IF QBUJFOU XBT B UBMM HSBZIBJSFE BOYJPVT NBSBTNJD
FMEFSMZNBO
N .VMUJQMFBEWFSCT
5IF OFVSPTVSHFPO PQFSBUFE RVJFUMZ TLJMMGVMMZ DBSFGVMMZ
EFDJTJWFMZ BOETFFNJOHMZFGGPSUMFTTMZ
8IFOZPVGJOEZPVSTFMGTUSJOHJOHTFWFSBMNPEJGJFSTUPHFUIFS
BTLJGBMMBSFSFBMMZEFTJSBCMF%P*USVMZOFFEBMMPGUIFGPMMPX
JOHBEKFDUJWFT
1FFSSFWJFXFSTGPVOEUIFBSUJDMFUPCFUJNFMZ JOUFSFTUJOH TDIPM
BSMZ BSUJDVMBUF BOEDPNQSFIFOTJWF
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BOEUPPMTVTFEJOUIJTXBZSFQSFTFOUFENFUBQIPST*ODPOUSBTU
BO FYQMJDJU DPNQBSJTPO JT B TJNJMF n" NFBM XJUIPVU XJOF JT
MJLFBEBZXJUIPVUTVOTIJOFo*OGBDU UIFXPSENFUBQIPS IBW
JOH FWPMWFE GSPN (SFFL XPSET NFBOJOH CFUXFFO QMBDFT BOE
UPDBSSZ DBOJUTFMGCFDPOTJEFSFEBNFUBQIPS0VSTUSVHHMFBT
XSJUFSTJTUPDSFBUFNFUBQIPSTBOETJNJMFTUIBUBSFOPWFM BOE
QFSIBQTFWFONFNPSBCMF BTXIFO'MBOOFSZ0m$POOPS JOIFS
UBMF"(PPE.BOJT)BSEUP'JOE EFQJDUTUIFGBDFPGUIFNPUIFS
BTnCSPBEBOEJOOPDFOUBTBDBCCBHFo<>
8F PGUFO VTF NFUBQIPST BOE TJNJMFT JO NFEJDBM XSJUJOH
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HSPVOE WPNJUVT o nDPUUPOXPPM FYVEBUFT o nMFPOJOF GBDJFT o
BOEnTQJEFSOFWJo8FTBZUIBUBQFOFUSBUJOHJOKVSZnJOWBEFE
UIF BCEPNJOBM DBWJUZo .FEJDBM TJNJMFT JODMVEF QPPSMZ QFS
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58
8BMU ,FMMZmT 1PHP TBJE UIBU n8PSET BSF GPS QFPQMF XIP
DBOmU SFBE QJDUVSFTo #VU XPSET DBO CF VTFE UP DSFBUF WJWJE
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UIFEFBUITPG "NFSJDBOTFBDIZFBS#JHOVNCFS5P
CFNPSFTQFDJGJD JOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTNPSFUIBO QFS
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64EVFUPUPCBDDPVTFJTUIFFRVJWBMFOUPGUISFFKVNCPKFUT
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.FUBQIPSTBOETJNJMFTFOSJDIPVSXSJUJOH BOEUIFDIJFGXBZ
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ESZ MJLFBOPMEQSVOF
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0OPNBUPQPFJD XPSET BMTP DBMMFE FDIPJD XPSET TPVOE MJLF
UIF UIJOHT UIFZ SFQSFTFOU *O OBUVSF XF IBWF nDVDLPPo BOE
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nCFMDI o nDSPVQ o BOE nDPVHIo .Z GBWPSJUF POPNBUPQPFJD
XPSEJTCPSCPSZHNVT XIJDIEFTDSJCFTFMFQIBOUJOFSVNCMJOH
PGUIFJOUFTUJOFT5IFTFXPSETBSFPGUFOTIPSUBOETUSPOH BOE
TPNFUJNFT DPMPSGVM 8IFO VTFE DPSSFDUMZ UIFZ BEE TUSFOHUI
UPZPVSXSJUJOH
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TVDDFTTJWFXPSET DBOCFBEJGGFSFOUTUPSZ8IFOXSJUJOH*BN
PGUFOUFNQUFEUPVTFBMMJUFSBUJPO XIJDIBQQFBMTUPNZTFOTF
PGQMBZ#VUUIFSFJTUIFSFBEFSUPDPOTJEFS
"MMJUFSBUJPOBMNPTUBMXBZTBOOPZTBOBVEJFODF5IFQSFWJ
PVTTFOUFODF PGDPVSTF JTBOFYBNQMFPGBMMJUFSBUJPO4PNF
BVUIPSTTFFNESBXOUPUIJTGPSNPGFYQSFTTJPO JOTJTUJOHUIBU
JUQSPWJEFTFNQIBTJT&YQFSJFODFEXSJUFSTUFOEUPQVSHFBMMJU
FSBUJPOGSPNUIFJSNBOVTDSJQUT
&QPOZNT
%JTFBTFT BOBUPNJDBM TUSVDUVSFT SFNFEJFT BOE PUIFS JUFNT
OBNFE GPS GBNPVT QIZTJDJBOT BOE TDJFOUJTUT SFQSFTFOU FQP
OZNT5IFXPSEJUTFMGDPNFTGSPNUIF(SFFLXPSEFQPOZNBT
WORDS
59
NFBOJOH nOBNFE BGUFSo 4PNF PG UIF NBOZ FQPOZNT XF

BMM LOPX JODMVEF #SJHIU EJTFBTF UFUSBMPHZ PG 'BMMPU (SBWFT
EJTFBTF 3BZOBVE TZOESPNF )PEHLJO EJTFBTF )JQQPDSBUJD
GBDJFT BOE"M[IFJNFSEJTFBTF/PUFUIBUUIFDVSSFOUDVTUPN
JTUPBWPJEUIFQPTTFTTJWFTUZMFJOFQPOZNT'PSFYBNQMF XF
OPXXSJUF1BHFUEJTFBTFJOTUFBEPG1BHFUmTEJTFBTF
5IFFQPOZN BENJUUFEMZBIBOEZMJOHVJTUJDTIPSUDVU JTGBMM
JOHPVUPGGBWPS BOEUPEBZmTUFOEFODZJTUPSFQMBDFUIFTFIJTUPSJD
OBNFTXJUINPSFTDJFOUJGJDUFSNT)FODF WPO3FDLMJOHIBVTFO
EJTFBTFJTOPXQSPQFSMZDBMMFEOFVSPGJCSPNBUPTJT BOE$BGGFZ
EJTFBTF JT JOGBOUJMF DPSUJDBM IZQFSPTUPTJT 5IFSF BSF TPNF
FYDFQUJPOT*TUJMMGJOEUIFFQPOZNT)BOTFOEJTFBTFBOE%PXO
TZOESPNFJODPNNPOVTF QFSTJTUJOH *TVTQFDU GPSFVQIFNJT
UJD SFBTPOT 5IF VTF PG FQPOZNT IBT FWFO CFDPNF FOUBOHMFE
JOXPSMEQPMJUJDT*UTFFNTUIBU)BOT3FJUFS 3FJUFSTZOESPNF

BOE 'SJFESJDI 8FHFOFS 8FHFOFS HSBOVMPNBUPTJT
CPUI IBE
TPNF/B[JUJFT BOE8PZXPEUBOE.BUUFTPOIBWFXSJUUFOUIBU
nUIF DPOUJOVFE VTF PG UBJOUFE FQPOZNT JT JOBQQSPQSJBUF BOE
XJMMOPUCFBDDFQUFECZQBUJFOUT SFMBUJWFT PSUIFQVCMJDo<>
5IFNFEJDBMXSJUFSTIPVMEGPMMPXUIFDVSSFOUDVTUPNJONPTU
DBTFT TUBUJOH UIF BDDFQUFE (SFDP-BUJO QISBTF QFSIBQT GPM
MPXFE CZ UIF IJTUPSJD FQPOZN JO QBSFOUIFTFTrGPS FYBNQMF
SFMBQTJOHGFCSJMFOPEVMBSOPOTVQQVSBUJWFQBOOJDVMJUJT 8FCFS
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LOPX NVDI BCPVU JUo $PVME UIF QFSTJTUFODF PG BO FQPOZN
TVDI BT )PEHLJO EJTFBTF CF B NBSLFS PG B NFEJDBM LOPXM
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DPOUBJOTBOFSSPS$BOZPVGJOEJU
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DPVMECFEFWFMPQFEJOPSBMGPSN
*T OPU B MJRVJE BMTP BO PSBM GPSN * UIJOL UIBU UIF BVUIPS
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QSJOU
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TQFFEJOHQSPYJNBMMZ
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TQSFBEJOH OPUTQFFEJOH
5IF JODJEFODF PG VSFNJD QFSJDBSEJUJT PDDVST JO q PG
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TJPMPHJTU BO BOFTUIFUJTU PS SFGFS UP B GBNJMZ QIZTJDJBO BT B
GBNJMZ QSBDUJUJPOFS /FWFS XSJUF BCPVU UIF PSUIPQFEJD TVS
HFPOBTBOPSUIPQPE4PNFPGUIFXPSETUIBUBSPTFBTNBO
BHFEDBSFKBSHPODBOJSSJUBUFWBSJPVTDMJOJDJBOT BOEXSJUFST
TIPVME UIJOL UXJDF CFGPSF VTJOH UIFN 5BCMF MJTUT XPSET
UIBUNJHIUHSBUFPOTPNFSFBEFST
0OF DPOTJEFSBUJPO VOEFS UIF IFBEJOH PG QPTTJCMZ BOOPZ
JOH XPSET JT XIBU XF DBMM UIPTF XIP SFDFJWF NFEJDBM DBSF
5ISPVHIPVU NZ DBSFFS UIFZ IBWF CFFO QBUJFOUT 3FDFOUMZ
IPXFWFS *IBWFIFBSEUIFNDBMMFEnDMJFOUTo5IFSFDFOUFNFS
HFODFPGnDMJFOUoNFSJUTTDSVUJOZ*OQBSU BUMFBTU UIFXPSEJT
BO PVUHSPXUI PG NBOBHFE DBSF XIJDI BMTP IFMQFE CSJOH VT
nQSPWJEFSoBOEnDPWFSFEMJWFTo*UBMTPNBZCFUIFEJTDJQMJOF
TQFDJGJDTUZMJTUJDDIPJDFPGTPNFDMJOJDJBOBVUIPST5IFSFGPSF
MFUVTUSZUPVOEFSTUBOEnDMJFOUoWTnQBUJFOUoCZHPJOHUPUIF
PSJHJOTPGUIFXPSET
WORDS
TABLE 2.3.
61
Annoying words (and abbreviations)
Words that may annoy
Why the word annoys some readers
Provider
Our readers are physicians, nurse practitioners,

physician assistants, clinical psychologists and
other clinicians. Provider is a lumping term
that originated with third-party payers. Many are
offended by this term, and the journal American
Family Physician has specifically ceased its use
This is supposed to refer to primary care
provider or primary care physician.
The abbreviation can also stand for phencyclidine
(phenylcyclohexyl piperidine) also called angel dust,
pulmonary capillary pressure, prochlorperazine, and
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
This phrase is another illegitimate spawn of the
managed care payers. We treat patients, or perhaps clients if that is your disciplines preference.
We do not care for covered lives, a term that
only dehumanizes those persons that we serve in
our practices
Nurse practitioners and physician assistants do not
like this term, which is perceived as disrespectful
The sick person is a patientor perhaps a man,
woman, child, or personbut not a case. Cases
are what lawyers argue in court
Administrators like to talk about customer service,
as though we were selling used cars
PCP
Covered lives
Mid-level provider
Case
Customer
n1BUJFOUoJO&OHMJTIDPNFTGSPN-BUJOQBUJ UPTVGGFS
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BQBUJFOUBOEOPUBDMJFOU
62
.JTVTFE8PSET
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UPMPHZXIFOXFNFBOTZNQUPNT VTJOHJNQBDUBTBWFSCXIFO
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IPQFGVMMZTPNFXIFSFJOBOPUIFSXJTFQFSGFDUMZHPPETFOUFODF
*ODPSSFDUVTF 5IFQBUJFOUIPQFGVMMZXJMMSFDPWFS
$PSSFDUVTF 5IF DMJOJDJBOT BOE GBNJMZ BMM IPQF UIBU UIF
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BEWFSCTTVDIBTIBQQJMZ TBEMZ PSUSBHJDBMMZUPXBOEFSBCPVU
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5BCMFMJTUTTPNFXPSETUIBU *IPQF ZPVBOE*XJMMOPU
NJTVTFJOUIFGVUVSF
TABLE 2.4. Some words (and phrases) we misuse
Word or phrase
How we misuse the word
Data
This is a plural word. To write that the data shows is

incorrect. The correct phrase is: The data show
Mitigate means to lessen in intensity or force. Thus it is
wrong to say that an infusion of dextrose in water mitigated
against the insulin-induced hypoglycemia. The addition of
against is redundant and, in a sense, is a double negative
An arbitrary constant in a mathematical equation is a
parameter. Other uses of this statistical term in scientific
writing are generally incorrect
When used in a scientific paper, this word has a statistical connotation. For this reason, other use of this word in
medical writing can be confusing, even misleading
Remember that -ology at the end of any word means
the study of. Therefore, we should not write about
S. pneumoniae as the etiology of pneumococcal
pneumonia when we are really discussing the cause
The word unique means that there is only one (from
Latin unus, meaning one). Thus, it is one of a kind or it is
not, and no modifier is appropriate
Halves cannot be unequal
Mitigate
Parameter
Significant
Etiology
Very unique
Equal halves
REFERENCES
63
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REFERENCES
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73
TP GPSUI CVU UIFSF JT POF NPSF UIJOH ZPV XJMM OFFE GPS BO
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OFFE TFWFSBM IPVST PG VOJOUFSSVQUFE UJNF 4FF $IBQ GPS
TPNFIJOUTPOIPXUPGJOEUIJTFMVTJWFCMPDLPGUJNF
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NJOPSHSBNNBUJDBMFSSPST PSQFSGFDUXPSEDIPJDF5IJTJTOPU
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8IFSFBOE)PXUP#FHJO
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N "TUIF,JOHBEWJTFE"MJDF TUBSUBUUIFWFSZCFHJOOJOHBOE
LFFQ HPJOH 4PNF WFSZ FYQFSJFODFE BVUIPST DBO EP UIJT
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DMF*BENJSFUIFTFHJGUFEJOEJWJEVBMT BOEIPQFTPNFEBZUP
BDIJFWFUIJTFYBMUFETUBUF
N &YQBOEUIFPVUMJOFXJUIDIVOLTPGXPSET KVNQJOHBCPVU
BT UIF TQJSJU NPWFT ZPV *O UIF FEFNB BSUJDMF PVUMJOFE
BCPWF * NJHIU XSJUF B QBSBHSBQI BCPVU B QBUJFOU * TBX
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N $SFBUF UIF UBCMFT BOE GJHVSFT 5IJT JT POF PG NZ GBWPSJUF
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XBZUPUIFFOEPGUIFCPPL
N 8SJUFUIFBCTUSBDU*OHFOFSBM *BEWJTFXSJUJOHUIFBCTUSBDU
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75
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MJTUTFYBNQMFTPGPUIFSXBZTUPTUBSUBOBSUJDMFPSBDIBQUFS
TABLE 3.1. Some ways to begin an article or chapter
The beginning
Example
Purpose of the article
This paper presents an evidence-based approach to

the management of the common cold.
This paper discusses five causes of generalized
edema.
Calling clinicians providers insults our
professionalism.
In a recent report in Lancet, Smith et al. report
that
What is the best way to reduce teen pregnancy?
Glucosamine and chondroitin do not reduce joint
pain or have an impact on narrowing
of joint space. So why do physicians continue to
recommend these substances?
Now is the time for physicians to speak out
on the proposed changes in Medicare.
Some physicians prescribe antibiotics empirically
for adult patients with acute bronchitis manifested
as fever and severe cough. Others do not.
The next patient you see may have pertussis. Will
you recognize the symptoms and signs?
Up to one-third of Americans with hypertension are
undiagnosed, and only about half of those known to
have hypertension are adequately controlled.
Scope of the article

Viewpoint of the paper
Quotation from
a respected source
Framing a question
Challenging a current
opinion
Focus on action
Compare and contrast
Beginning with a question
The startling statistic
76
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THE MIDDLE: REVISING YOUR WORK
77
N 1SFQBSF B MFDUVSF *NBHJOF UIBU ZPV NVTU QSFTFOU ZPVS

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N 3FXSJUF *G EFTQFSBUF USZ SFTUBUJOH B LFZ TFDUJPO PG XIBU
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BDUVBMMZ SFTU ZPVS NJOE 5BLF B XBML MJTUFO UP DMBTTJDBM
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78
UIBUNBKPSDIBOHFTBSFJOPSEFS ZPVDBOOPUCFTVSFUIBUBOZ
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FWFS ZPVBSFJODPOUSPMBUBMMUJNFT:PVIBWFDPNQMFUFGSFF
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5IF GJSTU QSJODJQMF JT UIF OVNCFS PG SFWJTJPOT 5IF BTUVUF
SFBEFSIBTOPUFEUIBUUIFQSFWJPVTTFDUJPOPGUIFDIBQUFSXBT
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BU MFBTU UISFF QSFMJNJOBSZ ESBGUT CFGPSF UIF GJOBM WFSTJPO *O
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MPXUIJTQBUUFSO
N 'JSTUSFWJTJPO*OUIFGJSTUMPPLBUZPVSDSFBUJWFGJSTUESBGU
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XPSEZDPOTUSVDUJPOT FMJNJOBUFUIFN
N 5IJSE SFWJTJPO #Z OPX ZPV IBWF DIFDLFE GPS BOZ NBKPS
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ZPVGSPNUIFXSJUJOH BOEXIFOZPVSFBEUIFQBQFSBHBJO
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79
*O UIF UIJSE SFWJTJPO ZPV WJHPSPVTMZ QPMJTI ZPVS XPSL UP
NBLF JU TIJOF 5IF FNQIBTJT IFSF JT PO DMBSJUZ BOE TUZMF
:PV XJMM TJNQMJGZ XPSET TFFL UIF CFTU XBZ UP FYQSFTT ZPVS
UIPVHIUT BOEFMJNJOBUFVOOFDFTTBSZWFSCJBHF:PVXJMMBMTP
CF MPPLJOH GPS EBOHFS TJHOT JOBQQSPQSJBUF TUBODF GBWPSFE
CVUJOBQQSPQSJBUFQISBTFT BOEDVUFOFTT
4UZMFBOE$MBSJUZ
4UZMF JO XSJUJOH EFTDSJCFT UIF XBZ JEFBT BSF FYQSFTTFE *U
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JOUP TFOUFODFT BOE IPX UIF TFOUFODFT BSF MJOLFE UPHFUIFS
UP DSFBUF QBSBHSBQIT 8IFUIFS PS OPU RVPUFT BOE CPSSPXFE
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PSBCTFODFPGIVNPS QMBZGVMOFTT BOEFWFOPOFmTTFMGJOUIF
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NBOVTDSJQUT DSFBUFE CZ UXP PS UISFF BVUIPST *G POF BVUIPS
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BCVOEBOU QISBTFT TUSVOH UPHFUIFS KVTU TP UIBU FWFSZUIJOH JT
JODMVEFECFGPSFHFUUJOHUPUIFUFSNJOBMQFSJPE 4VDIDPOWPMV
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CVUDBOPDDVSBOZXIFSFJOBNFEJDBMBSUJDMF+VTUUPJMMVTUSBUF
XIBU*NFBO IFSFJTBTFOUFODFUIBUJTDPNQMFUF CVUJTMFTT
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80
MJLFMZUPCFUBVHIUCZMFDUVSFSTUIBUVTFUIFTBNFOPUFTGSPN
ZFBS UP ZFBS QSPNQUJOH DPNQMBJOUT UIBU UIF UFBDIJOH JT OPU
SFTQPOTJWFUPBEWBODFTJODMJOJDBMQSBDUJDF CVUPOUIFPUIFS
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FEHFUIBUUIFMFDUVSFDPOUFOUIBTOPUDIBOHFE BOEBMMPXJOH
UIFN UP TLJQ DMBTTFT XIJMF TUVEZJOH GPS FYBNJOBUJPOT GSPN
OPUFTUIBUNJHIUPUIFSXJTFOPUCFDPOTJEFSFEPVUEBUFEJGPOMZ
UIF QSPGFTTPS VQEBUFE UIF DPOUFOU B MJUUMF FBDI ZFBS B UBTL
VOMJLFMZ UP CF TFFO BT B IJHI QSJPSJUZ CZ B QSPGFTTPS XIPTF
DIJFG JOUFSFTU BOE XIPTF NBJO TPVSDF PG TBMBSZ TVQQPSU JT
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CFJOHUPPMPOH
8FJHIUZ8PSETBOE4FOUFODFT
(PPETUZMFDBMMTGPSDBSFGVMXPSETFMFDUJPO%VSJOHSFWJTJPO
ZPV TIPVME TFFL BMM UIF IFBWZXFJHIU XPSET JO ZPVS BSUJDMF
BOE XIFOFWFS QPTTJCMF SFQMBDF UIFN XJUI UIPTF UIBU BSF
TIPSUFS BOE QFSIBQT MFTT n-BUJOJ[FEo %PJOH TP XJMM NBLF
ZPVS BSUJDMF FBTJFS UP SFBE TUZMF
BOE VOEFSTUBOE DMBSJUZ

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XSJUJOH NPSF UIBO B
DFOUVSZ BHP SFNBSLFE * LOPX UIFSF BSF QSPGFTTPST JO UIJT
DPVOUSZXIPnMJHBUFoBSUFSJFT0UIFSTVSHFPOTPOMZUJFUIFN
BOEJUTUPQTUIFCMFFEJOHKVTUBTXFMM<9>5BCMFMJTUTTPNF
XFJHIUZXPSETBOEHPPEDIPJDFTUPSFQMBDFUIFN
"MUFSOBUJWF8BZTUP&YQSFTT:PVS5IPVHIUT
&YQFSJFODFE XSJUFST IBWF B CBOL PG BMUFSOBUJWF XPSET BOE
DPOTUSVDUJPOT UP FYQSFTT UIFJS JEFBT 5IF CFHJOOJOH XSJUFS
EPFT BMTP CVU JO B EJGGFSFOU MPDBUJPO 'PS UIF FYQFSJFODFE
BVUIPS UIF SFTFSWPJS JT JO IJT PS IFS IFBE EFQPTJUFE UIFSF
CZZFBSTPGFYQFSJFODF'PSUIFOFPQIZUF UIFSFTFSWPJSJTUIF
5IFTBVSVT XIFUIFS B CPPL PS BT QBSU PG UIF .4 8PSE QSP
HSBN*XJMMGJSTUEJTDVTTBMUFSOBUJWFGPSNTPGFYQSFTTJPO BOE
UIFOUIFVTFBOENJTVTFPGUIF5IFTBVSVT
*OUIFMBTUQBSBHSBQI *XSPUFPGUIFnCFHJOOJOHXSJUFSoJO
UIFTFDPOETFOUFODF BOEUIFOSFGFSSFEUPUIJTQFSTPOBHBJO
JO UIF GPVSUI TFOUFODF * VTFE UIF XPSE OFPQIZUF UP BWPJE
81
TABLE 3.2. Selected heavyweight words and suggested replacements

Heavyweight word
Good choice as a replacement
Initiate
Terminate
Sufficient
Perform
Ultimate
Transpire
Individual
Institution
Predominate
Etiology
Numerous
Diminutive
Start, begin
Stop, end
Enough
Do
Last
Happen
Person
Hospital
Chief
Cause
Many
Small
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TVCTUJUVUFE5IFTFBSFBMUFSOBUJWFXPSET
*OUIFQBSBHSBQIKVTUBCPWFBSFUXPBMUFSOBUJWFDPOTUSVD
UJPOT$BOZPVGJOEUIFN
*OUIFGJSTUTFOUFODFnXSPUFPG oJOUIFGJSTUQBSUPGUIFTFO
UFODF CFDBNF nSFGFSSFE UPo JO UIF TFDPOE QBSU *O UIF UIJSE
TFOUFODF UIF BDUJWF UFOTF n* VTFE UIF XPSEo BMUFSOBUFT XJUI
UIFQBTTJWFnXBTTVCTUJUVUFEo
*NVTUTQFBLTUFSOMZBCPVUVTFBOEBCVTFPGUIF5IFTBVSVT
UIF CFTULOPXO WFSTJPO CFJOH UIF XPSL PG QIZTJDJBO 1FUFS
.BSL3PHFU QVCMJTIFEJO1SPQFSMZVTFE UIF5IFTBVSVT
JTBOFYDFMMFOUTPVSDFPGTZOPOZNTBOEDBOHJWFBMJTUPGBMUFS
OBUJWF XPSET XIFO ZPV GJOE ZPV IBWF VTFE GBWPSJUF XPSET
SFQFBUFEMZ 'PS FYBNQMF TFBSDIJOH NZ .4 8PSE 5IFTBVSVT
GPSnXPSEoZJFMEFEUIFGPMMPXJOH
6UUFSBODF
4PVOE
4UBUFNFOU
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82
$IBOHJOHUIFTFBSDIUPUIFQMVSBMGPSNnXPSEToHBWFBWFSZ
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TFMFDU TUBUFNFOU PS FYQSFTTJPO GSPN UIF GJSTU MJTU BOE UFSN
GSPN UIF TFDPOE MJTU * QSPCBCMZ XPVME OPU VTF VUUFSBODF
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XPVME*DIPPTFUPVTFMFYJT XIJDIEFOPUFTUIFUPUBMTUPDLPG
XPSETPOBMBOHVBHF
0OUIFPUIFSIBOE JUJTQPTTJCMFUPNJTVTFUIF5IFTBVSVT
#Z DPOTVMUJOH UIF 5IFTBVSVT GPS TZOPOZNT GPS POMZ UISFF
XPSET UIJTTJNQMFTFOUFODF
5IFQBUJFOUIBEBEVMMQBJOJOUIFMPXCBDL
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5IF PQQPSUVOJUJFT GPS NBMBQSPQJTNT BSF FOEMFTT FTQFDJBMMZ

XIFOPOFUSJFTUPVTFUIF5IFTBVSVTUPDSFBUFBOBJSPGFSVEJ
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XPSE UP SFQMBDF B TIPSU POF n5IFTBVSVT BCVTFo 5IJT JT NZ
UFSN BOEZPVSFBEJUIFSFGJSTU*IPQFUIBUOPSFBEFSPGUIJT
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UP QPOEFS CFTU XPSET BOE JEFBM TFOUFODF TUSVDUVSFrOFFET
UP CF ECSJEFE EVSJOH SFWJTJPO 3FNFNCFS GSPN BCPWF UIBU
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83
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BTTVNQUJPOTVTFEUPFYQMBJOUIJOHT>TIPVMEOPUCFNVMUJQMJFE
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4PNFUJNFT ZPV NVTU SFNPWF FOUJSF QBSBHSBQIT BOE TFD
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SFBMJ[FUIBUUIFQBSBHSBQIJTJOBQQSPQSJBUF JSSFMFWBOUUPUIF
84
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TABLE 3.3. Red-flag phrases
Red-flag phrase
Tongue-in-cheek translation
There are no prior published

studies on the topic of
Authorities agree that
It is well known that
One can reasonably
assume that
It is interesting to note that
The data clearly show that
Actually, I didnt spend much time

searching the literature.
We discussed this over coffee.
I think I am right about this.
I really hope that what I am about to
say is true.
At least I think it is interesting.
My intuition makes me believe that what
I am about to write is correct.
Ditto above, and my statistics are shaky.
I am about to repeat myself.
It must be done this way! Trial attorneys
love this language.
I need another research grant.
It is evident that
In other words
Based on the results presented,
all practicing clinicians should
Further studies are required
to further investigate
85
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UP ZPVS SFTFBSDI ZPV SFBMMZ XBOU UP JODMVEF JU TPNFXIFSF
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SFBE TP QPPSMZ "MTP DPOTJEFS FMJNJOBUJOH UIF UFOEFODZ UP
nOBNF TPNFUIJOHo "T * UZQF UIJT * BN DPOTJEFSJOH UBLJOH
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86
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BMNPTUSFBEZUPQSFQBSFUIFGJOBMESBGU JUJTUJNFUPQBTTUIF
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JT TPNFUJNFT DBMMFE nJOGPSNBM SFGFSFFJOHo *G ZPVS DSJUJDBM
SFBEFSEPFTUIFKPCZPVFYQFDU ZPVXJMMMFBSOBUMFBTUTPNF
PG UIF XFBLOFTTFT JO ZPVS QBQFS BOE CF BCMF UP DPSSFDU
UIFN CFGPSF TVCNJTTJPO UP ZPVS UBSHFU KPVSOBM #FMJFWF BO
FYQFSJFODFEXSJUFSXIFO*TBZUIBUJUJTNVDICFUUFSUPGJOE
UIF NBOVTDSJQUmT GMBXT CFGPSF JU MFBWFT NZ PGGJDF UIBO UP
IBWF UIF FSSPST EJTDPWFSFE CZ UIF KPVSOBMmT QFFS SFWJFXFST
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DPMMFBHVF NVTU VOEFSTUBOE UIF TDJFODF JOWPMWFE BOE LOPX
UIF QSJODJQMFT PG HPPE XSJUJOH .PSF JNQPSUBOU UIF DSJUJDBM
SFBEFS NVTU OPU CF JOUJNJEBUFE PS PWFSMZ JNQSFTTFE XJUI
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UPUXPUZQFTPG SFBEFST0OFXPVMEUIFMPDBMFYQFSUJOZPVS
GJFME XIP XJMM QPJOU PVU ZPVS FSSPST PG DPNNJTTJPO BOE
PNJTTJPO 5IF PUIFS NBZ CF UIF OBWF SFBEFS TPNFPOF OPU
BO FYQFSU JO ZPVS GJFME 5IF OBWF SFBEFS XJMM CF BCMF UP MFU
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BCPVU ZPVS GJFME PG NFEJDJOF CVU OPU UPP NVDI * B GBNJMZ
QIZTJDJBO IBWF TFSWFE BT DSJUJDBM SFBEFS GPS B HZOFDPMPHJD
PODPMPHJTU XIP XBT BO JOUFSOBUJPOBM NFEJDBM HSBEVBUF BOE
XIPTF &OHMJTI MBOHVBHF TLJMMT MBDLFE TPNF PG UIF TVCUMFUJFT
OFFEFEGPSQSFDJTFXSJUUFOQSPTF"UPUBMMZOPONFEJDBMQFSTPO
NBZ BMTP SFWJFX UIF BSUJDMF MPPLJOH GPS DMFBS &OHMJTI BOE
GETTING FINISHED: THE FINAL DRAFT
87
MPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF NFTTBHF 'PS EFDBEFT NZ CFTU

DSJUJDBM SFBEFS IBT CFFO NZ XJGF B OPOQIZTJDJBO NFEJDBM
FEVDBUPSXIPJTBTVDDFTTGVMBVUIPSJOIFSPXOSJHIU
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BSF OPU BTLJOH GPS SFEBDUJPOrUIF QSPDFTT PG XPSECZXPSE
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UPTBZ
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TPVOE
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N *TNZQSPTFDMFBS
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GETTING FINISHED: THE FINAL DRAFT
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GFSFOU JEFBT BCPVU DPOUFOU TUSVDUVSF TUZMF BOE PDDBTJPOBMMZ
FWFOTQFMMJOH 5IJOLPSUIPQFEJDWTPSUIPQBFEJD

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)FNJOHXBZ BOE $BSTPO *O UIF RVFTU GPS UIF GJOBM ESBGU EP
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DPNF B UJNF XIFO ZPV NVTU TBZ n5IJT JT BT HPPE BT * DBO
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88
TABLE 3.4. Excuses that have been offered for late or missing manuscripts
Illness or injury: A wide variety of maladies was reported in authors and their
families. These included nervous breakdown, depression, cancer, auto
accidents, and more.
Divorce: My wife has left me and I dont know what I am going to do. But I am
sure I will not get the book chapter done.
Technical problems: I was almost done and then my computer crashed,
and I had not backed up the file.
An act of God: We had a fire in our house and the manuscript burned.
Blame the other guy: My coauthor hasnt completed his half of the manuscript yet.
Job change, especially when it was involuntary: Dr. Smith doesnt work here
anymore, and I dont know where she might be.
I have to pay the light bill: Sorry, but I am way behind on writing grants, which
I need to support my salary.
A report from the administrative assistant: Dr. Jones is away at a conference
again. I dont know anything about a manuscript.
Academy Award excuse: The manuscript was washed away by a flood.
My favorite: You werent really serious about a deadline, were you?
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
89

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4
Technical Issues in Medical Writing
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91
92
TECHNICAL ISSUES IN MEDICAL WRITING
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TABLES
93
TABLE 4.1. Characteristics of a good table

Characteristic
What I mean to say is
Not too long or wide
The ideal table fits on a single journal or book

page. Tables that run over to a second or even
third printed page are difficult to fit into the
publication and for the reader to follow
The title should make sense without referring
back to the text
If you are inserting long paragraphs into a table,
maybe the information should be in the text
and you dont need a table at all
Probably the ideal table has three to five columns.
More than five columns may be needed, but
sometimes at the expense of easy reading
Even if the abbreviations are explained in the text,
present what they represent again in the table
footnote
Excessive use of abbreviations can compromise
readability; this is especially true in a table
As a reader, I dont like jumping from table
to footnotes and back
Clearly written title

Not too much text
Not too many columns
All abbreviations explained
in the table footnote
Not too many abbreviations
Not too many footnotes
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94
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FIGURES
95
BOE FBDI DPMVNO NVTU IBWF B TIPSU IFBEJOH *G UIF UBCMF JT
CPSSPXFE UIF TPVSDF TIPVME CF JEFOUJGJFE JO UIF UBCMF GPPU
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FIGURES
4JS "SUIVS $POBO %PZMF +BOF "VTUFO BOE +BNFT +PZDF EJE
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96
SBXJOHT SFQSFTFOUFE WJTVBM EJTUPSUJPOT FYQFSJFODFE EVSJOH

E
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5IJT JT B CSPBE EFGJOJUJPO CFDBVTF GJHVSFT JODMVEF QIPUP
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FIGURES
97
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98
FIGURE 4.1. High-quality halftones with good contrast showing the consequences
of a fracture (From Taylor [10], with permission).
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FIGURES
99
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FIGURE 4.2. A line drawing hand drawn by the author to illustrate a laceration
repair (From Taylor [10], with permission).
100
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MARY
NELSON
HAROLD
NELSON
Retired Teacher
Hypertension,
Depression
Retired Welder
Osteoarthrilfs.
Diabetes
JOHN
McCARTHY
Restaurant
51
54
48 SAMUEL KEN 46
RUTH
McCARTHY
NELSON NELSON
Restaurant
Owner
Owner
Ischemic
Heart Disease.
Diabetes
MARK
McCARTHY
28
26 ELLEN
HARRIS
Waiter
HIV positive
Secreta!)'
Farm
Worl<er
COPD
NELSON
Truck
us.
Driver
Army
44
Accountant
Home
Builder
27 ANDREW MICHAEL
HARRIS
NANCY 40
NELSON
LOIS
MARTINO
Paralegal
Migraine
19
16 KENDRA
NELSON
High
School
Student
22
45
RALPH
MARTINO
Attorney
Peptic Ulcer
LUKE
ANN
22
PRIESTLEY
MARTINOGraduate
PRIESTLEY
Nurse!)'
Student,
School
MBA
Teacher
JASON
HARRIS
A line drawing created on computer showing a family genogram (From Taylor [10], with permission).
101
FIGURE 4.3.
I!.!J, male, age 76; ,female, age 71;
FIGURES
Nelson family genog~: fa~~ members, occupations, chronic health problems. Symbols used:
L_l-7'----\_), divorce; 0, deceased.
D-0, marriage;
102
Hormonal levels
LH
FSH
Progesterone
Estradiol
10
14
16
20
24
28
Days of menstrual cycle
FIGURE 4.4. A line graph that illustrates hormone changes through the menstrual
cycle (From Taylor [10], with permission).
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FIGURES
103
Vulva
Abnormal
Normal
Cervix
Biopsy
Rx on results
Normal
Abnormal
Wet Prep
Evaluate for
Chlamydia,
GC, Herpes
Trichomonas
Clue cells
Whiff
Dx:
Trichomoniasis
Dx: Bacterial
Vaginosis
Dx: Fungal
Species
Rx: metronidazole
2g po once
Rx: metronidazole
500 mg po
bid 7d
Rx: topical or
oral azoles
Hyphae
FIGURE 4.5. An algorithm that illustrates a decision tree for vaginitis symptoms
(From Taylor [10], with permission).
NBUIFNBUJDJBO BOE BTUSPOPNFS BM,IXBSJ[NJ XIPTF XSJU

JOHT HBWF VT UIF EFDJNBM QPTJUJPO OVNCFS TZTUFN XF VTF
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104
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COPYRIGHT
%POPUXPSSZUPPNVDIBCPVUDPQZSJHIU5IFMBXBOEUIFFUIJDT
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FYUFOETCFZPOEUIFQSJOUFEXPSE*GZPVDSFBUFB1PXFS1PJOU
COPYRIGHT
105
TMJEF XSJUF BO VOQVCMJTIFE UIFTJT PS FWFO ESBX B DMFWFS

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106
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OBMT(FUUJOHTVDIQFSNJTTJPOJOWPMWFTTFOEJOHBSFRVFTU TFF
BORROWED MATERIALS AND PERMISSIONS
107
CFMPX
BOE UIJT IBT OPU CFFO B MBSHF QSPCMFN 5IF TFDPOE
UJNF DPQZSJHIU PXOFSTIJQ DPNFT UP NZ BUUFOUJPO JT XIFO
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Letterhead
Date:
Dear:
In the forthcoming book, Medical Writing: A Guide for Clinicians, Educators,
and Researchers, to be published by Springer-Verlag New York Publishers,
I request permission to reprint the following material:
Author(s):
Book/Journal/Article Title:
Specific Material:
I request your permission to reprint the material specified, with nonexclusive world
rights in the forthcoming book and all future editions, translations and revisions,
including electronic media. If you agree, please indicate by signing and returning this
letter. Full credit will be given to the author and publisher. If you do not control these
rights in their entirety, please let me know with whom I should communicate and
kindly provide me with an address.
Consideration of this request at your earliest convenience will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you,
Robert B. Taylor, MD
Please return to:
Robert B. Taylor, MD
Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code FM
3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road
Portland, Oregon 97239-3098
We grant the permission requested on the terms stated in this letter

By: .............................................................
Date: .......................................
FIGURE 4.6. Sample permission letter. This letter should be modified by substituting
your article or book name, identifying the requested material, and adding your name
as the requester. Then print on your own letterhead or submit online.
111
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REFERENCE CITATIONS
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REFERENCE CITATIONS
113
TABLE 4.2. Examples of the three most common types of references

Article citation: If six authors or fewer list all; if seven or more authors list the
first three and then add et al.:
1. Mortimer JA, Borenstein AR, Ding D, et al. High normal blood
glucose is associated with dementia in Chinese elderly. Alzheimer Dement.
2010;6(6):440447.
Book citation, noting chapter and authors:
2. Arevalo JA, Nesbitt TS. Medical problems during pregnancy. In: Taylor RB,
ed. Family medicine: principles and practice. 6th ed. New York: SpringerVerlag; 2003:109116.
Electronic source:
3. Journal of the American Medical Association. Instructions for authors.
Available at: http://manuscripts.jama.com/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_
type=display_auth_instructions. Accessed 5 Jan 2011.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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REFERENCES
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Whats Special About Medical Writing?
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WHATS SPECIAL ABOUT MEDICAL WRITING?
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TABLE 5.1. Impact factors of some leading medical journals
Journal
Impact factor
New England Journal of Medicine

Journal of the American Medical Association
Annals of Internal Medicine
Circulation
British Medical Journal
Archives of Surgery
47.050
28.899
16.225
14.816
12.827
4.323
Data from: http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/fmj/INDEX60.HTM#top
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8FXSJUFSTXPVMEMJLFUPUIJOLUIBUFBDISFBEFSQPOEFSTFWFSZ
XPSE XF XSJUF 5P EP TP XPVME CF UP HPSHFrUP UBLF JO XBZ
UPPNVDI1FSIBQTUIFNPTUTFEFOUBSZ TFNJSFUJSFE MJUFSBSJMZ
PNOJWPSPVT FNFSJUVT QSPGFTTPS IBT UIF UJNF UP SFBE FWFSZ
HPMEFOXPSEPGFWFSZBSUJDMFJOFWFSZKPVSOBM'FXPGVTIBWF
UIJTMVYVSZ
GETTING IT RIGHT
*OBTQFFDIJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT4FOBUFJO )FOSZ$MBZ
TUBUFE n* XPVME SBUIFS CF SJHIU UIBO CF QSFTJEFOUo * IPQF
UIBUIFXBTSJHIU CFDBVTFIFOFWFSCFDBNFQSFTJEFOU
'PSUIFNFEJDBMXSJUFS CFJOHnSJHIUoJTQBSBNPVOU.PSF
UIBOQSPCBCMZBOZPUIFSEJTDJQMJOF NFEJDBMTDJFODFJTVOGPS
HJWJOHBCPVUFSSPST1SJOUFSmTJOLJTJOEFMJCMFBOEUIFSFRVJSF
NFOU UP QSFTFOU USVUIGVM JOGPSNBUJPO JT POF PG UIF TQFDJBM
BTQFDUT PG NFEJDBM XSJUJOH :PVS EBUB NVTU CF GBDUVBM ZPVS
DPODMVTJPOT KVTUJGJFE ZPVS SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT CBTFE PO UIF
CFTU FWJEFODF BWBJMBCMF ZPVS PQJOJPOT VOCJBTFE BOE ZPVS
XSJUJOHnSJHIUo
.FEJDBM+BSHPOBOE4MBOH
8FDMJOJDJBOTMPWFNFEJDBMKBSHPO8FUVSOOPVOTJOUPWFSCT
TVDI BT nUP TDPQFo PS nUP TVSHFSJ[Fo B QBUJFOU 8F VTF DVUF
QISBTFT TVDI BT nHBT QBTTFSTo JO SFGFSFODF UP BOFTUIFTJPMP
HJTUT 8F nUVSG o B QBUJFOU XIFO NBLJOH B USBOTGFS PG DBSF
/PU TVSQSJTJOHMZ NVDI NFEJDBM KBSHPO PSJHJOBUFT XJUI
ZPVOH DMJOJDJBOT TPNFUJNFT TMFFQEFQSJWFE BT UIFZ CVTJMZ
DBSF GPS QBUJFOUT 5IF UFSNT BSF PGUFO TIPSUIBOE TPNF
UJNFTJOUFOEFEUPTQFBLUPPOFBOPUIFSJODPEFXJUIPVUUIF
QBUJFOU VOEFSTUBOEJOH nMVFTo VTFE UP SFGFS UP TZQIJMJT GPS
FYBNQMF
BOE NBZ CF EFSPHBUPSZ nDJSDMJOH UIF ESBJOo PS
124
$5% GPSTIPSU VTFEUPEFTDSJCFTPNFPOFJOXIPNEFBUIJT

JNNJOFOU

+PSEBO BOE 4IFQBSE <> QSPQPTF B OJDFMZ XSJUUFO EFGJOJ
UJPO PG KBSHPO n+BSHPO SFGFST UP UFDIOJDBM FYQSFTTJPOT VTFE
CZ B QSPGFTTJPO PS DVMU XIJDI CZ OP TUSFUDI PG UIF JNBHJOB
UJPO DBO CF DPOTJEFSFE HPPE &OHMJTI BOE XIJDI BSF PGUFO
DPOGVTJOH OPUPOMZUPUIPTFPVUTJEFUIFGPME CVUPGUFOBMTPUP
UIPTFXJUIJOJUo"NFSJDBONFEJDBMKBSHPODBOCFFTQFDJBMMZ
CFXJMEFSJOHUPQIZTJDJBOTGPSXIPN&OHMJTIJTOPUUIFJSGJSTU
MBOHVBHF )PX XPVME TVDI B QIZTJDJBO JOUFSQSFU UIF TMBOH
UFSNT CPVODFCBDL DSVNQ BOE GSFRVFOU GMJFS UFSNT BDUVBMMZ
VOMJLFMZ UP DPOGVTF BOZ "NFSJDBO DMJOJDJBO 5BCMF MJTUT
TPNF FYBNQMFT PG NFEJDBM KBSHPO BOE TMBOH 5IF DBSFGVM
NFEJDBM XSJUFS VTFT TVDI UFSNT SBSFMZ *G KBSHPO PS TMBOH JT
VTFE JO ZPVS XSJUJOH GPS TPNF TQFDJBM SFBTPO CF TVSF ZPVS
QVSQPTF JT DMFBS BOE QSPWJEF ZPVS SFBEFS XJUI UIF NFBOJOH
PGUIFXPSEVTFE
TABLE 5.2. Medical jargon and slang: some selected examples
Jargon or slang
What you probably mean to say
Digitalize
To initiate therapy with a digitalis derivative; or perhaps

to perform a digital rectal examination
When one thing after another has gone wrong
Prepared for surgery
Acute disease affecting an abdominal organ, often
requiring surgery
Absence of abnormalities
Lymph node
To perform an appendectomy
To be sure the medical record is complete and accurate
Indicating that the patient has an infection that warrants
antibiotic use
The act of referring a patient to another clinician
or institution
A term that clinicians really should not use,
meaning funny-looking kid
Ordering a wide range of tests, hoping to hit
upon a diagnosis
Train wreck
Prepped
Acute abdomen
Negative
Gland
To appendectomize
To buff (a chart)
Antibiotic deficiency
To turf (a patient)
FLK (pronounced
flik)
Shotgunning
GETTING IT RIGHT
125
"DDVSBDZBOE1SFDJTJPO
8IFO * BN GSBOUJDBMMZ TFBSDIJOH GPS UIF USFBUNFOU PG B EJT
FBTF JUIFMQTNFMJUUMFUPSFBEUIBUUIFQBUJFOUTIPVMESFDFJWF
nB GJSTU PS TFDPOEHFOFSBUJPO DFQIBMPTQPSJO q NH
FWFSZ UP IPVSTo .JHIU UIF XSJUFS IBWF JEFOUJGJFE POF
PSUXPQSFGFSSFEESVHTJOUIJTDSPXEFEQIBSNBDFVUJDBMDBU
FHPSZ $PVMEUIFSFIBWFCFFOBMJUUMFNPSFTQFDJGJDJUZJOUIF
EPTF BOE GSFRVFODZ PG BENJOJTUSBUJPO "OE XIBU NJHIU CF
UIFSFDPNNFOEFEEVSBUJPOPGUIFSBQZ *UJTFWFONPSFGSVT
USBUJOHJGBESVHJTNFOUJPOFEXJUIPVUBSFDPNNFOEFEEPTF
8PSTUPGBMM CZGBS XPVMECFBXSPOHEPTF
*O NZ GJMFT JT BO &SSBUB /PUJDF SFDFJWFE GSPN B NBKPS
NFEJDBM QVCMJTIFS BOE SFGFSSJOH UP XIBU XBT B OFXMZ QVC
MJTIFENBKPSNFEJDBMSFGFSFODFCPPL)BQQJMZ*XBTOPUUIF
BVUIPSPSFEJUPSPGUIFQPUFOUJBMMZGBUBMFSSPSUIBUQSPNQUFE
UIFGPMMPXJOHOPUJDF
5BCMFqPOQBHFBOEUIFCPUUPNMJOFJOUIFMFGUIBOE
DPMVNOPOQBHFFSSPOFPVTMZJOEJDBUFUIBUUIFEJMVUJPOPG
FQJOFQISJOF UP CF VTFE GPS JOUSBDBSEJBD JOKFDUJPO JO DBTFT PG
DBSEJBDBSSFTUJT5IFDPSSFDUEJMVUJPOJT
"SFDFOU/&+.JTTVFDPOUBJOFEBOFSSPSOPUJDFBTGPMMPXT
&NFSHFODF PG .VMUJESVH3FTJTUBOU 1BOEFNJD *OVFO[B "
)/
7JSVT $PSSFTQPOEFODF /&OHM+.FEq

*O UIF HVSF QBHF
UIF UFSN n )JTUBNJOFo
TIPVMEIBWFCFFOn)JTUJEJOFo8FSFHSFUUIFFSSPS
n3FBEJOH NBLFUI B GVMM NBO DPOGFSFODF B SFBEZ NBO BOE

XSJUJOH BO FYBDU NBO o XSPUF 'SBODJT #BDPO q

5IF WBMVF PG NPOUIT PG SFTFBSDI BOE XSJUJOH DBO CF VOEFS
NJOFECZBTJOHMFGBDUVBMFSSPSJOBQVCMJTIFEQBQFS*GZPV
IBWFQVCMJTIFEBCPPLXJUIBOFSSPS BSFWJFXFSXJMMVOGBJM
JOHMZ EJTDPWFS UIJT NJTUBLF BOE SFQPSU UP UIF XPSME XIFO
XSJUJOHUIFDSJUJDBMSFWJFX*OUIFNBOZTUBHFTCFUXFFOZPVS
LFZTUSPLF BOE UIF QSJOUFE QBHFrDPQZFEJUJOH UZQFTFUUJOH
BOE DPSSFDUJOH QSPPGTrUIFSF BSF BNQMF PQQPSUVOJUJFT GPS
FSSPST 5IF DBSFGVM BVUIPS XJMM QBZ DMPTF BUUFOUJPO BU FBDI
TUBHF
126
"CCSFWJBUJPOTBOE"DSPOZNTBT4PNFUJNFT
.JTMFBEJOH4IPSUDVUT
"NPOH UIF JUFNT UIBU DBO DMPVE NFBOJOH BOE JOUSPEVDF
FSSPST BSF BCCSFWJBUJPOT BOE BDSPOZNT ""
5IFZ DBO BMTP
BOOPZSFBEFSTBOEDBVTFFZFTUPHMB[FPWFS
"CCSFWJBUJPOT
"T B SFBEFS * XJTI UIBU XSJUFST XPVME VTF GFXFS BCCSFWJB
UJPOT 5IF SVMF JT UIBU ZPV DBO DSFBUF BOZ BCCSFWJBUJPO ZPV
XJTI BT MPOH BT ZPV JEFOUJGZ JU XJUI GJSTU VTF 'PS FYBNQMF
*DSFBUFEBOBCCSFWJBUJPOr""rGPSUIFQISBTFBCCSFWJBUJPOT
BOEBDSPOZNT'SPNOPXPOJOUIJTDIBQUFS*BNGSFFUPVTF
FJUIFS UIF QISBTF PS UIF BCCSFWJBUJPO 5IF QSPCMFN JT UIBU
*NBZOPUVTFUIFBCCSFWJBUJPOGPSBOPUIFSTJYQBHFT BOEUIF
SFBEFSVTJOHUIJTCPPLBTBSFGFSFODFTPVSDFBOEFODPVOUFS
JOHUIJTBCCSFWJBUJPOMBUFSPONVTUTFBSDIUIJTFOUJSFDIBQUFS
UPEJTDPWFSUIBU POUIFTFQBHFT ""EPFTOPUNFBO"MDPIPMJDT
"OPOZNPVT BQMBTUJDBOFNJB PS"VTUSBMJBBOUJHFO
)FSFBSFTPNFPGNZHVJEFMJOFTGPSUIFVTFPGBCCSFWJBUJPOT
N %POmUVTFNPSFUIBOPOFBCCSFWJBUJPOJOBTFOUFODF5IJOL
UXJDF JG ZPV BSF UFNQUFE UP XSJUF TPNFUIJOH MJLF n5IF
QBUJFOUXIPIBT*6(3PS1130.IBTBOJODSFBTFESJTLPG
15-BOE15#o 5SBOTMBUJPOGPSUIPTFXIPEPOmUEPNBUFS
OJUZDBSF5IFQBUJFOUXIPIBTJOUSBVUFSJOFHSPXUISFUBSEB
UJPOPSQSFUFSNQSFNBUVSFSVQUVSFPGUIFNFNCSBOFTIBT
BOJODSFBTFESJTLPGQSFUFSNMBCPSBOEQSFUFSNCJSUI

N %POPUVTFBOBCCSFWJBUJPOJOBOBSUJDMFUJUMF4VSF UIFSF
XJMM CF FYDFQUJPOT TVDI BT nd QSFWBMFODF JO UIF 64o
)PXFWFS HFOFSBMMZ ZPV TIPVME TQFMM PVU BMM XPSET JO UIF
UJUMF 3FNFNCFS UIBU ZPV TIPVME FYQMBJO BO BCCSFWJBUJPO
XJUIGJSTUVTF BOEUIFUJUMFJTOPUUIFQMBDFUPEPUIJT
N 5SZUPBWPJEBCCSFWJBUJPOTJOUIFBCTUSBDU)FSFJUXJMMCFQPT
TJCMFUPFYQMBJOUIFBCCSFWJBUJPO CVUTJODFNPTUPGZPVSSFBE
FSTXPOmUSFBEUIFCPEZPGZPVSQBQFSBOZIPX XIZCSFBLUIF
GMPXCZJOUSPEVDJOHZPVSBCCSFWJBUJPONFBOJOHIFSF
N #F XBSZ PG nTUBOEBSEo BCCSFWJBUJPOT 8IBU JT TUBOEBSE
UPEBZDBODIBOHF%PZPVSFNFNCFSXIFOnNHoXBTUIF
TUBOEBSE
GETTING IT RIGHT
127
TABLE 5.3. Examples of abbreviations that may mislead readers

Abbreviation
What the abbreviation might mean
BP
This abbreviation means blood pressure, doesnt it?

Not always. BP may also indicate bedpan, bathroom privileges,
bullous pemphigoid, or even British Pharmacopoeia
When you see DI, think of diabetes insipidusor perhaps
diagnostic imaging, detrusor instability, drug interaction, or
date of injury
When you ponder this abbreviation, choose from among
identification, infectious disease, intradermal, or initial dose
Possibilities include intensive therapy, inhalation therapy, or
even incentive therapy. Confusion between intrathecal and
intratracheal when administering medication could be harmful
MI might mean myocardial infarction or mitral insufficiency
This might stand for range of motion, right otitis media, or
rupture of membranes
Think of test dose, tardive dyskinesia, transverse diameter,
tetanus-diphtheria toxoid, temporary disability, or travelers
diarrhea. But, in a medical setting, not touchdown
DI
ID
IT
MI
ROM
TD
8IFO QSPQFSMZ TFMFDUFE BCCSFWJBUJPOT DBO CF B TQBDF

TBWJOH DPOWFOJFODF *G VTFE JNQSPQFSMZ UIFZ DBO JOUSPEVDF
DPOGVTJPO5BCMFMJTUTTPNFFYBNQMFTPGBCCSFWJBUJPOTUIBU
DBO CF NJTVOEFSTUPPE *O BEEJUJPO BU UIF FOE PG UIJT CPPL
*IBWFJODMVEFEJO"QQFOEJYBIBOEZMJTUPGDPNNPOMZVTFE
BCCSFWJBUJPOT
"DSPOZNT
5IFTF BSF XPSET NBEF VQ PG JOJUJBM MFUUFST PS TZMMBCMFT PS B
HSPVQPGXPSET"OBDSPOZNVTVBMMZJTUZQFEJOBMMDBQJUBMMFU
UFST'PSFYBNQMF 4$6#"JTBOBDSPOZNGPSnTFMGDPOUBJOFE
VOEFSXBUFS CSFBUIJOH BQQBSBUVTo 8SJUJOH TDVCB PS 4DVCB
JTJODPSSFDU8PSME8BS**HBWFVTBSJDIUSPWFPGBDSPOZNT
"80- "CTFOU8JUI0VU-FBWF
40/"3 40VOE/"WJHBUJPO
3BOHJOH
BOE$*/$64 $PNNBOEFS*O$IJFGPGUIF6OJUFE
4UBUFT/BWZ

8F QSPOPVODF UIF BDSPOZN BT B XPSE $*/$64 JT QSP
OPVODFE n4JOLVTo5631 SFQSFTFOUJOHUSBOTVSFUISBMSFTFD
UJPO PG UIF QSPTUBUF JT QSPOPVODFE nUVSQ o SIZNJOH XJUI
128
nCVSQo *O DPOUSBTU BCCSFWJBUJPOT BSF QSPOPVODFE MFUUFS

CZ MFUUFS IVNBO JNNVOPEFGJDJFODZ WJSVT JOGFDUJPO JT QSP
OPVODFE n)*7 o TPVOEJOH PVU BMM UIF MFUUFST #VU BDRVJSFE
JNNVOPEFGJDJFODZTZOESPNFIBTCFDPNFUIFBDSPOZN"*%4
4PNFEBZXFNBZ JOGBDU IBWFGPSHPUUFOXIBUUIFGPVSMFUUFST
PODFTUPPEGPS KVTUBTNPTUQFSTPOTUPEBZLOPXPG40/"3
CVUEPOmUSFDBMMUIFPSJHJOPGUIFXPSE
)FSFBSFTPNFFYBNQMFTPGNFEJDBMBDSPOZNT
N "$&JOIJCJUPSTBOHJPUFOTJODPOWFSUJOHFO[ZNFJOIJCJUPST
BSFVTFEUPUSFBUIZQFSUFOTJPOBOEPUIFSJMMOFTTFT
N $"#( QSPOPVODFE nDBCCBHF o UIF BDSPOZN TUBOET GPS
DPSPOBSZBSUFSZCZQBTTHSBGU
N $3&45 TZOESPNF B DMVTUFS PG MJNJUFE TDMFSPEFSNB TLJO
NBOJGFTUBUJPOTBOEMBUFWJTDFSBMJOWPMWFNFOUUIBUJODMVEFT
DBMDJOPTJT 3BZOBVEmT QIFOPNFOPO FTPQIBHFBM EZTNPUJM
JUZ TDMFSPEBDUZMZ BOEUFMBOHJFDUBTJB
N &-*4"XJUIUIFFO[ZNFMJOLFEJNNVOPTPSCFOUBTTBZ UIF
BEEJUJPOPGnUFTUoJTSFEVOEBOU
N (0.&3 GSPN n(FU 0VUUB .Z &NFSHFODZ 3PPNo 5IF
TPNFXIBUDZOJDBMBVUIPS4IFNEFTDSJCFTUIF(0.&3BT
nB IVNBO CFJOH XIP IBT MPTUrPGUFO UISPVHI BHFrXIBU
HPFTJOUPCFJOHBIVNBOCFJOHo<>
N 11"$"5IF1BUJFOU1SPUFDUJPOBOE"GGPSEBCMF$BSF"DUPG
XIJDITPNFCFMJFWFXJMMQSPWFUPCFBQSJNFFYBNQMF
PGUIFMBXPGVOJOUFOEFEDPOTFRVFODFT
N 3*$&SFTU JDF DPNQSFTTJPO BOEFMFWBUJPOBSFBMMVTFEUP
USFBUBDVUFJOKVSJFT
1SPCMFNTXJUI4UBODF
#PUI CFHJOOJOH BOE FYQFSJFODFE NFEJDBM BVUIPST DBO IBWF
QSPCMFNT XJUI TUBODF #Z UIJT * NFBO PWFSTUBUJOH PS VOEFS
TUBUJOHZPVSDPODMVTJPOT FTQFDJBMMZJOSFTFBSDISFQPSUT
0WFSTUBUFNFOUBOE)VCSJT
)VCSJT JT FYDFTTJWF TFMGDPOGJEFODF *U SFQSFTFOUT QSJEF UIBU
NBZ BQQSPBDI BSSPHBODF *U DBO UBLF TFWFSBM GPSNT 5IF
DMJOJDJBO XIP IPMET GBTU UP B TIBLZ EJBHOPTJT SFGVTJOH UP
GETTING IT RIGHT
TABLE 5.4.
129
Hubristic words and phrases
Meaningful
Important
Key
Landmark
Foremost
Ground-breaking
Consequential
Central
Essential
Substantial
Major finding
Paradigm changing
It is certainly true that
One must conclude that
We can all agree that
TFFLDPOTVMUBUJPO JTFYIJCJUJOHIVCSJT8IBUBCPVUIVCSJTJO
NFEJDBMXSJUJOH 0OFNBOJGFTUBUJPOPGIVCSJTJTBUUFNQUJOHUP
XSJUFGBSCFZPOEZPVSQSPGFTTJPOBMFYQFSJFODFBOEBWBJMBCMF
EBUB )FSF JT B GBODJGVM FYBNQMF n#BTFE VQPO PVS TUVEZ PG
TVCKFDUT XIP EFWFMPQFE GBUJHVF GPMMPXJOH VTF PG UIF ESVH
QMBDFCPNZDJO XFSFDPNNFOEUIBUDMJOJDJBOTVTFHSFBUDBV
UJPOJOQSFTDSJCJOHUIJTNFEJDBUJPOo8FMM UIBUXPVMECFBO
FYUSFNF FYBNQMF PG IVCSJT CVU ZPV HFU UIF JEFB &EJUPST
DBORVJDLMZTOJGGPVUXIFOUIFZBSFCFJOHTIPWFMFEBMPBEPG
CBETNFMMJOHTUVGG"OPUIFSIVCSJTUJDBDUJTNBLJOHDPOGJEFOU
TUBUFNFOUTBCPVUXIBUUIFGVUVSFIPMET XIJDIZPVTIPVMEOPU
EPJOBOZNFEJVNUIBUDBOCFSFBEBEFDBEFMBUFS
*O NFEJDBM XSJUJOH UIF NPTU DPNNPO NBOJGFTUBUJPO PG
PWFSTUBUFNFOU BOE IVCSJT PDDVST JO QSFTVNQUVPVT QISBTFT
TVDIBT n"MMDMJOJDJBOTTIPVMEdoBOEn*UTIPVMECFBQQBSFOU
BUUIJTQPJOUUIBUdo
5BCMFMJTUTNPSFTVDIXPSETUIBUTIPVMEHJWFZPVQBVTF
JGZPVVTFUIFNJOZPVSDPODMVTJPOT
6OEFSTUBUFNFOUBOE8BGGMJOH
+VTUBTCBEBTPWFSTUBUFNFOUJTVOEFSTUBUFNFOU#ZVOEFSTUBU
JOH QFSGFDUMZ HPPE XPSL ZPV VOEFSNJOF ZPVS WBMJE GJOEJOHT
130
TABLE 5.5. Waffle words and phrases

Possibly
Probably
Potentially
Perhaps
Maybe
Might
May
Apparently
It appears that
It is conceivable that
It is very possible that
BOEZPVSPXODSFEJCJMJUZ5BCMFMJTUTTPNFXPSETUIBUTIPVME
BMFSUZPVUIBUZPVNJHIUCFVOEFSTUBUJOHZPVSDPODMVTJPOT
WRITING AS A TEAM SPORT
.FEJDBM XSJUJOH JT PGUFO EPOF JO UFBNT *O SFTFBSDI UFBNT
BSF JNQPSUBOU CFDBVTF WBSJPVT QFPQMF DBO CSJOH EJGGFSFOU
BCJMJUJFT FYQFSUJTF JO SFTFBSDI NFUIPET BDDFTT UP TVCKFDUT
HSBOUXSJUJOHFYQFSJFODF QFSTPOBMDPOUBDUTJOHSBOUGVOEJOH
BHFODJFT BOE TUBUJTUJDBM TLJMMT 8SJUJOH HSPVQT NBZ CF DMJOJ
DJBOT XJUI TJNJMBS BCJMJUJFT BOE FYQFSJFODF PS NBZ JODMVEF
UIF ZPVOH QFSTPO XJUI BNCJUJPO BOE FOFSHZ UIF NJEMFWFM
QSPGFTTJPOBM XIP LOPXT IPX UP HFU UIF KPC EPOF BOE UIF
TFOJPS QFSTPO XIPTF QBSUJDJQBUJPO IFMQT BTTVSF FWFOUVBM
QVCMJDBUJPO
8SJUJOHBTBUFBNIBTPUIFSBEWBOUBHFT*G*IBWFBHPPE
XSJUJOHPSSFTFBSDIJEFBBOETIBSFJUXJUIPUIFSTPOBUFBN
BU B MBUFS UJNF POF PG UIFN JT MJLFMZ UP IBWF IJT PS IFS PXO
HPPE JEFB BOE * NJHIU CF JODMVEFE *O UIJT XBZ XF BMM HBJO
XSJUJOHFYQFSJFODFBOEFOUSJFTPOPVSDVSSJDVMVNWJUBF $7

"OE WFSZJNQPSUBOU PVSQVCMJDBUJPOTVDDFTTFTIFMQBEWBODF
NFEJDBMLOPXMFEHFBOEVOEFSTUBOEJOH
8PSLJOHBTQBSUPGBUFBNDBOIFMQHFUUIFKPCEPOFJOB
QSBDUJDBM XBZ 8IFO FWFSZPOF PO UIF UFBN IBT B UBTL WJUBM
UP UIF TVDDFTT PG UIF QSPKFDU OP POF JT HPJOH UP XBOU UP MFU
UIFHSPVQEPXO*ONZDPMMFHFTPDJPMPHZDMBTT UIFQSPGFTTPS
WRITING AS A TEAM SPORT
131
DBMMFEUIJTBnHSPVQFGGFDUo*UDFSUBJOMZIFMQTLFFQUIFXSJUJOH
QSPKFDUNPWJOH
(VJEFMJOFTGPSUIF8SJUJOH5FBN
&WFSZ XSJUJOH UFBN IBT JNQMJDJU SVMFT GPS IPX FBDI QFSTPO
XJMMBDU4PNFHSPVQTIBWFNPSFFYQMJDJUSVMFT5IFGPMMPXJOH
BSFNZTVHHFTUFEHVJEFMJOFTGPSUIFXSJUJOHUFBN
N $IPPTF B MFBEFS 5IF MFBEFS JT VTVBMMZ UIF POF XJUI UIF
nHPPE JEFBo BOE UIF POF XIP DBMMT UIF NFFUJOHT 5IF
QFSTPO XIP MFBET OFFE OPU CF UIF NPTU TFOJPS QFSTPO
CVU UIF MFBEFS NVTU IBWF B TUSPOH DPNNJUNFOU UP UIF
QSPKFDU
N "HSFFUPSFHVMBSNFFUJOHTPGUIFXSJUJOHUFBN5IFTFNFFU
JOHT NBZ CF NPOUIMZ PS FWFSZ XFFLT 5IF GSFRVFODZ JT
OPUBTJNQPSUBOUBTUIFGBDUUIBUUIFNFFUJOHTBSFBDDPSEFE
QSJPSJUZ PO FWFSZPOFmT TDIFEVMF "MTP BMM UFBN NFNCFST
NVTUTIPXVQPSBUMFBTUTFOEBQSPHSFTTSFQPSU*GTPNF
POFNJTTFTTFWFSBMNFFUJOHT UIFHSPVQNVTURVFTUJPOUIBU
QFSTPOmTDPNNJUNFOUUPUIFQSPKFDU
N %FDJEF PO UIF SPMF PG FBDI NFNCFS PG UIF UFBN 5IF LFZ
QFSTPOJTUIFPOFXIPXJMMMFBEUIFXSJUJOH*ONPTUDBTFT
UIJTQFSTPOXJMMDPNQPTFUIFGJSTUESBGU CBTFEPODPOUSJCV
UJPOTGSPNBMM5IFOBMMUFBNNFNCFSTXJMMTVCNJUSFWJTJPO
TVHHFTUJPOT*OBOFGGJDJFOUUFBN UIFMFBEXSJUFSIBTEJT
DSFUJPOUPBDDFQUPSSFKFDUSFWJTJPOTVHHFTUJPOT
N &TUBCMJTIEFBEMJOFTBOEUIFOTUJDLUPUIFN#SFBLJOHBOZ
XSJUJOHQSPKFDUJOUPBDIJFWBCMFEFBEMJOFTNBLFTJUTFFN
NVDINPSFNBOBHFBCMF"OFYBNQMFPGBENJUUFEMZUJHIU
EFBEMJOFT GPS B SFWJFX BSUJDMF NJHIU MPPL TPNFUIJOH
MJLF
%BUBDPMMFDUFECZFOEPGNPOUI
0VUMJOFDPNQMFUFECZUIFFOEPGNPOUI
'JSTUESBGUDPNQMFUFECZUIFFOEPGNPOUI
4FDPOEESBGUDPNQMFUFECZFOEPGNPOUI
5IJSESFWJTFEESBGUGJOJTIFEBOESFBECZQFFSSFWJFXFST
CZFOEPGNPOUI
'JOBMESBGUDPNQMFUFEBOEJOUIFNBJMJONPOUI
132
N %FDJEFFBSMZPOUIFPSEFSPGBVUIPSTIJQ5IFQFSTPOXIP
IBT EPOF NPTU PG UIF XSJUJOH TIPVME VTVBMMZ CF UIF GJSTU
BVUIPS CVUOPUBMXBZT
8IZ1SPCMFNT%FWFMPQJO8SJUJOH5FBNT
1SPCMFNT DBO EFWFMPQ JO XSJUJOH UFBNT GPS B OVNCFS PG
SFBTPOT
N $POGVTJPOBCPVUMFBEFSTIJQ*OUIJTJOTUBODF UIFUFBNNFN
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TIPVME CF UBTLFE XJUI UIF KPC PG UBLJOH DIBSHF BTTJHOJOH
SPMFT TFUUJOHBHFOEBTBOELFFQJOHUIFHSPVQNPWJOH
N %JTBHSFFNFOUT BCPVU IPX BVUIPST XJMM CF MJTUFE 5FBNT
IBWF CFFO LOPXO UP EJTTPMWF JO BOHFS PWFS UIJT JTTVF
$POTJEFS UIF JOUSJHVF UIBU TVSSPVOEFE UIF BVUIPSTIJQ PG
UIF PSJHJOBM (SBZmT "OBUPNZ QVCMJTIFE JO *U TFFNT
UIBU UIF CPPL XBT B DPMMBCPSBUJWF FGGPSU PG TVSHFPO BOE
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B TVSHFPO BQPUIFDBSZ XIP XPVME MBUFS CFDPNF B QIZTJ
DJBO*OIFSCPPL 3JDIBSETPOEFTDSJCFTUIFQPMJUJDBMTIF
OBOJHBOTUIBUMFEUP(SBZmTFOEVSJOHGBNFBOE7BOEZLFmT
PCTDVSJUZ BUMFBTUJOSFHBSEUPUIFCPPL(SBZmT"OBUPNZ

<> *O TIPSU FWFSZ QFSTPO XIP DPOUSJCVUFT UP UIF XPSL
TIPVME CF DPOTJEFSFE GPS BVUIPSTIJQ BOE FWFSZ QFSTPO
XIPTFOBNFJTMJTUFEBUUIFUPQPGBQBQFSBTBVUIPSTIPVME
RVBMJGZGPSBVUIPSTIJQ5IBUJT FBDIMJTUFEBVUIPSTIPVMECF
SFBEZUPBTTVNFQSPGFTTJPOBMSFTQPOTJCJMJUZGPSTPNFQPS
UJPOPGUIFXPSL<>
N 5IFSF JT B TMBDLFS JO UIF HSPVQ 4PNFPOF JT OPU HFUUJOH
UIFKPCEPOF BOEUIFQSPCMFNJTFTQFDJBMMZPOFSPVTJGUIF
TMBDLFS IBT B WJUBM SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ TVDI BT HFUUJOH GVOEJOH
PSQFSGPSNJOHTUBUJTUJDBMBOBMZTJT8IFOUIJTPDDVST NFN
CFST PG UIF XSJUJOH UFBN OFFE BO nJOUFSWFOUJPO o XJUI B
HFOUMF CVUGJSNDPOGSPOUBUJPO
N (SPVQXPSETNJUIJOH8PSETNJUIJOHCZUXPQFPQMFJTUFEJ
PVT "UUFNQUJOH XPSETNJUIJOH CZ NPSF UIBO UXP QFPQMF
DBO CF MJLF GJOHFSOBJMT PO B DIBMLCPBSE 8PSETNJUIJOH JT
BOETIPVMECFBTPMJUBSZBDUJWJUZ CBTFEPOXSJUUFO SFQFBU
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ETHICAL ISSUES
133
N 5IFQPXFSQMBZ4PNFPOFJOUIFHSPVQJTFYFSUJOHVOEVFGPSDF
5IFQPXFSQMBZNBZCFBDIBMMFOHFUPUIFMFBEFS PSJUNJHIU
CFBOBUUFNQUFEWFUPn*XPOmUMFUUIJTQBQFSCFTVCNJUUFEXJUI
NZ OBNF PO JU VOMFTT UIJT TFOUFODF JT PNJUUFEo 8IFO UIJT
IBQQFOT UIF XIPMF UFBN NVTU CF JOWPMWFE JO OFHPUJBUJOH B
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ETHICAL ISSUES
5IFSFBSFFUIJDBMJTTVFTJOWPMWFEJOBMMUZQFTPGXSJUJOH.FEJDBM
XSJUJOHIBTNPSFUIBOBOZPUIFSLJOE NBOZPGUIFTFSFMBUFEUP
UIFSVMFTPGUIFSPBEGPSDPOEVDUJOHBOESFQPSUJOHSFTFBSDI
$POGMJDUPG*OUFSFTU
" DPOGMJDU PG JOUFSFTU PDDVST XIFO B NFEJDBM BVUIPS IBT
TPNF UJF UP BDUJWJUJFT UIBU DPVME CF QFSDFJWFE BT JOGMVFODJOH
PCKFDUJWJUZPSWFSBDJUZ"DPOGMJDUPGJOUFSFTUNBZCFGJOBODJBM
BT JO SFDFJWJOH GVOEJOH TVQQPSU GPS B QSPKFDU PS BDDFQUJOH
IPOPSBSJBBTBTQFBLFSGPSBQIBSNBDFVUJDBMDPNQBOZXIPTF
QSPEVDUJTSFDPNNFOEFEJOUIFBSUJDMFPSMFDUVSF*UNBZBMTP
JODMVEFCFJOHBDPOTVMUBOU QSPWJEJOHFYQFSUUFTUJNPOZ PXO
JOHTUPDLJOBDPNQBOZ PSBDUVBMMZCFJOHFNQMPZFECZBDPN
QBOZUIBUNBLFTBQSPEVDUNFOUJPOFEJOBOBSUJDMF$POGMJDUT
NBZ FWFO JOWPMWF GBNJMZ NFNCFST BDBEFNJD DPNQFUJUJPO
BOEQFSTPOBMSFMBUJPOTIJQT#FDBVTF*XSJUFPONFEJDBMUPQJDT
*EPOPUTFSWFPOUIFTQFBLFSQBOFMTGPSBOZQIBSNBDFVUJDBM
DPNQBOJFTBOE*EPOPUCVZJOEJWJEVBMTUPDLTPGESVHDPNQB
OJFTPSTVSHJDBMTVQQMZNBOVGBDUVSFST
5IFDPOGMJDUPGJOUFSFTUQSPCMFNJTQFSWBTJWF*OBTVSWFZPG
PSUIPQFEJDTVSHFPOTQSFTFOUJOHPSTFSWJOHJOBOPUIFSSPMFBUB
BOOVBMNFFUJOHPGUIF"NFSJDBO"DBEFNZPG0SUIPQBFEJD
4VSHFPOT SFQPSUFE EJSFDUMZ SFMBUFE QBZNFOUT BOE
SFQPSUFEJOEJSFDUMZSFMBUFEQBZNFOUTGSPNNBOVGBDUVS
FST PG KPJOU QSPTUIFTFT <> *O OFX TUSJDUFS HVJEFMJOFT
GPSTFSVNDIPMFTUFSPMMFWFMTXFSFSFMFBTFECZUIFQSFTUJHJPVT
/BUJPOBM $IPMFTUFSPM &EVDBUJPO 1SPHSBN PG UIF /BUJPOBM
*OTUJUVUFTPG)FBMUI /*)
4VCTFRVFOUMZXFMFBSOFEUIBUNPTU
NFNCFST PG UIF QBOFM IBE DPOGMJDUT PG JOUFSFTU EFTDSJCFE BT
nGJOBODJBMUJFTUPUIFQIBSNBDFVUJDBMDPNQBOJFTUIBUTUPPEUP
HBJOFOPSNPVTMZGSPNJODSFBTFEVTFPGTUBUJOTo<>
134
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TVSFGPSNBOEQMBDFEJUJOUIFQVCMJDEPNBJO:PVDBOGJOEUIJT
BUUIFXFCTJUFIUUQXXXJDNKFPSHFUIJDBM@DPOGMJDUTIUNM
/PUPOMZBVUIPSTDBOIBWFDPOGMJDUTPGJOUFSFTU1FFSSFWJFX
FSTBOEFEJUPSTNBZBMTPIBWFFUIJDBMEJMFNNBT*EJTDVTTUIJT
JO$IBQ
1SPKFDU4QFDJGJD*OEVTUSZ'JOBODJBMBOE.BUFSJBM4VQQPSU
5IJTXFFL*DBNFBDSPTTBSFQPSUEFTDSJCJOHJOBUSJBMJOWPMW
JOHIFBMUIZZPVOHBEVMUTXIPFYQFSJFODFEnSPCVTUXPSLJOH
NFNPSZFOIBODFNFOUGPMMPXJOHBENJOJTUSBUJPOPG"NFSJDBO
HJOTFOH o 'PS UIF DPOWFOJFODF PG UIF BSUJDMFmT BVEJFODF UIF
BSUJDMFJEFOUJGJFTUIFESVHCZCPUIHFOFSJDOBNF 1RVJORVFGP
MJVT
BOECSBOEOBNF $FSFCPPTU
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TFFNJOHMZTBGFXBZUPCPPTUDPHOJUJWFGVODUJPO VOUJM*OPUFE
UIBUUIFnXPSLXBTTVQQPSUFECZBHSBOUGSPN/BUVSFY *OD
NBLFSPG$FSFCPPTU oBOPUBUJPOUIBUVOEFSNJOFEUIFSFQPSUmT
DSFEJCJMJUZ GPSNF BUMFBTU BTXFMMBTUFNQFSJOHNZVSHFUP
SFDPNNFOE UIF QSPEVDU UP NZ ZPVOHFS QBUJFOUT PS SVTI UP
UIFQIBSNBDZUPQVSDIBTFUIFESVHGPSQFSTPOBMVTF
*OEJTDVTTJPOTPGDPOGMJDUPGJOUFSFTU QSPKFDUTQFDJGJDJOEVT
USZTVQQPSUGPSSFTFBSDINBZFWFOTFFNUPBGGFDUPVUDPNFT
" TVSWFZ PG SBOEPNJ[FE DMJOJDBM USJBMT DPOEVDUFE PWFS B
EFDBEF SFWFBMT UIBU nUSJBMT GVOEFE CZ GPSQSPGJU PSHBOJ[B
UJPOTXFSFNPSFMJLFMZUPSFQPSUQPTJUJWFGJOEJOHTUIBOUIPTF
GVOEFE CZ OPUGPSQSPGJU PSHBOJ[BUJPOT "T B HSPVQ UIFTF
TVSWFZT SBJTFE RVFTUJPOT SFHBSEJOH UIF EFTJHO BOE DPOEVDU
PGJOEVTUSZGVOEFEDMJOJDBMUSJBMT BTXFMMBTFUIJDBMDPODFSOT
BCPVU QPUFOUJBM WJPMBUJPOT PG DMJOJDBM FRVJQPJTFo <> "T B
QIZTJDJBO *WBMVFUIJTTUVEZGPSUIFQFSTQFDUJWFQSPWJEFEBOE
BTBXSJUFS *BENJSFUIFGJOFMZDSBGUFEQIBTFnQPUFOUJBMWJPMB
UJPOTPGDMJOJDBMFRVJQPJTFo
5IF+"."SFRVJSFTUIBUBMMGJOBODJBMBOENBUFSJBMTVQQPSU
GPSSFTFBSDIBOEUIFXPSLnCFDMFBSMZBOEDPNQMFUFMZJEFOUJ
GJFEJOUIF"DLOPXMFEHNFOU5IFSPMFPGUIFGVOEJOHPSHBOJ
[BUJPOPSTQPOTPSJOUIFEFTJHOBOEDPOEVDUPGUIFTUVEZ JO
UIF DPMMFDUJPO BOBMZTJT BOE JOUFSQSFUBUJPO PG UIF EBUB BOE
JO UIF QSFQBSBUJPO SFWJFX PS BQQSPWBM PG UIF NBOVTDSJQU
TIPVMECFTQFDJGJFEo<>
ETHICAL ISSUES
135
#FDBVTFUIJTJTTVFJTTPDSVDJBM BOEBUUIFSJTLPGSFEVO
EBODZ * BN OFYU HPJOH UP RVPUF UIF *$.+& <> PO QSPKFDU
TQFDJGJDJOEVTUSZTVQQPSU
&EJUPST TIPVME SFRVJSF BVUIPST UP EFTDSJCF UIF SPMF PG PVU
TJEF TPVSDFT PG QSPKFDU TVQQPSU JG BOZ JO B TUVEZ EFTJHO JO
UIFDPMMFDUJPO BOBMZTJTBOEJOUFSQSFUBUJPOPGEBUBBOEJOUIF
XSJUJOH PG UIF SFQPSU *G UIF TVQQPSUJOH TPVSDF IBE OP TVDI
JOWPMWFNFOU UIF BVUIPST TIPVME TP TUBUF #FDBVTF UIF CJBTFT
QPUFOUJBMMZJOUSPEVDFECZUIFEJSFDUJOWPMWFNFOUPGTVQQPSUJOH
BHFODJFT JO SFTFBSDI BSF BOBMPHPVT UP NFUIPEPMPHJDBM CJBTFT
PGPUIFSTPSUT FH TUVEZEFTJHO TUBUJTUJDBMBOEQTZDIPMPHJDBM
GBDUPST
UIFUZQFBOEEFHSFFPGJOWPMWFNFOUPGUIFTVQQPSUJOH
BHFODZ TIPVME CF EFTDSJCFE JO UIF .FUIPET TFDUJPO &EJUPST
TIPVMEBMTPSFRVJSFEJTDMPTVSFPGXIFUIFSPSOPUUIFTVQQPSU
JOHBHFODZDPOUSPMMFEPSJOVFODFEUIFEFDJTJPOUPTVCNJUUIF
OBMNBOVTDSJQUGPSQVCMJDBUJPO
1MBHJBSJTN
*XBTJOBXSJUJOHXPSLTIPQJOXIJDITPNFPOFBTLFEBNFEJ
DBMCPPLFEJUPSXIBUIFUIPVHIUXBTUIFCJHHFTUQSPCMFNIF
GBDFE)JTBOTXFSTVSQSJTFENFQMBHJBSJTN
*OBQQSPQSJBUF VTF PG UIF XPSET PG BOPUIFS NBZ TUBSU FBSMZ
"TUVEZCZ4FHBMFUBMGPVOEFWJEFODFEPGQMBHJBSJTNJOPG
BQQMJDBUJPOFTTBZTUPSFTJEFODZQSPHSBNTBUBTJOHMFMBSHFBDB
EFNJDNFEJDBMDFOUFS<>/PPOFJTJNNVOFGSPNUIFBDDVTB
UJPO&WFO"NFSJDBOBVUIPS)FMFO,FMMFS q
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BDDVTFEPGQMBHJBSJTN/PSBSFUIPTFPGIJHISBOLJNNVOF*O
UIF )BSWBSE $SJNTPO /FXTQBQFS DBSSJFE B IFBEMJOF
n)BSWBSE.FEJDBM4DIPPM1SPGFTTPS$BVHIU1MBHJBSJ[JOHo<>
5IF DMJOJDJBO XJUI B HPPE BSUJDMF JEFB TIPVME XSJUF JU VQ
-FUmT MPPL BU UIF TFOUFODF * KVTU XSPUF *O UIF MPOH IJTUPSZ
PGMJUFSBUVSF *CFMJFWFUIBUJUJTNBUIFNBUJDBMMZQPTTJCMFUIBU
*BNUIFGJSTUQFSTPOUPQVUUIPTFXPSETUPHFUIFSJOFYBDUMZ
UIJTXBZ0OCBMBODF NZXPSETFOUFODFEPFTOPUEFTDSJCF
BCSJMMJBOUMZJOWFOUJWFUIPVHIU BOEBDMBJNUPCFJOHUIFGJSTU
UP XSJUF UIJT TFOUFODF NVTU SFNBJO B QSFTVNQUJWF HVFTT
)PXFWFS BOE NPEFTUZ BTJEF JG ZPV PS BOZ PUIFS BVUIPS
XJTIFTUPVTFNZTFOUFODFZPVTIPVMENBLFDMFBSUIBUJUJTB
RVPUBUJPOGSPNUIJTCPPLBOEHJWFGVMMDSFEJUUPUIFTPVSDF
136
/PUBMMBDDVTFEPGQMBHJBSJTNBSFUSVMZHVJMUZ*IBWFGBJUI
JOUIFHPPEOFTTPGNZGFMMPXIVNBOTBOE*DIPPTFUPCFMJFWF
UIBU TPNF FSSPST BSJTF GSPN EPJOH SFTFBSDI XJUIPVU OPU
JOH DBSFGVMMZ XIBU XFSF QFSTPOBM UIPVHIUT BOE XIBU XFSF
TPNFPOF FMTFmT XPSET * UIJOL PG UIJT BT nBDDJEFOUBM QMBHJB
SJTNo:FT TVDIQMBHJBSJTNJTVOBDDFQUBCMF CVUZPVDBOTFF
XIBUIBQQFOFE*TVTQFDUUIBUBDDJEFOUBMQMBHJBSJTNJTNPTU
MJLFMZ UP PDDVS XIFO BVUIPST EFQFOE PO PUIFST TUVEFOUT PS
SFTFBSDIBTTJTUBOUT
UPEPUIFJSSFTFBSDIGPSUIFN
5IF SVMFT PG VTJOH CPSSPXFE NBUFSJBM BOE IPX UP PCUBJO
QFSNJTTJPOBSFDPWFSFEJO$IBQ*GUIFMJUUMFWPJDFJOZPVS
TVCDPOTDJPVTXIJTQFSTUIBUZPVNBZCFVTJOHTPNFPOFFMTFmT
XPSLJOBQQSPQSJBUFMZ MJTUFODBSFGVMMZUPUIFNFTTBHF
(IPTUBOE)POPSBSZ"VUIPST
'MBOBHJOFUBM<>EJEBTUVEZPGDPSSFTQPOEJOHBVUIPST
UIF BVUIPS TFMGJEFOUJGJFE BT UIF POF UP DPOUBDU BCPVU BO
BSUJDMF
PGBSUJDMFTQVCMJTIFEJO+"." /&+. BOE"OOBMTPG
*OUFSOBM .FEJDJOF QMVT UISFF PUIFS QFFSSFWJFXFE TNBMMFS
DJSDVMBUJPO KPVSOBMT UIBU QVCMJTI TVQQMFNFOUT "NFSJDBO
+PVSOBM PG $BSEJPMPHZ "NFSJDBO +PVSOBM PG .FEJDJOF BOE
"NFSJDBO+PVSOBMPG0CTUFUSJDTBOE(ZOFDPMPHZ
5IFBVUIPST
GPVOEUIBUPGBSUJDMFTIBEFWJEFODFPGIPOPSBSZBVUIPST
IBE FWJEFODF PG HIPTU BVUIPST BOE IBE FWJEFODF
PG CPUI )POPSBSZ BVUIPST XFSF NPSF QSFWBMFOU JO SFWJFX
BSUJDMFT UIBO JO SFTFBSDI SFQPSUT 5IF KPVSOBMT JO UIF TUVEZ
EFTDSJCFEBSFBNPOHUIPTFDPOTJEFSFEUPCFTPNFPGPVSCFTU
5IF TVTQFDUFE QSFWBMFODF PG IPOPSBSZ BOE HIPTU BVUIPST JT
BQQBMMJOH FTQFDJBMMZTJODFBVUIPSTQVCMJTIFEJOUIFTFQSFTUJH
JPVTKPVSOBMTBSFHFOFSBMMZSFTQFDUFEBDBEFNJDJBOT
"GVSPS BOEMJUJHBUJPO BSPTFBGFXZFBSTBHPSFHBSEJOHUIF
ESVHSPGFDPYJC NBSLFUFECZ.FSDLBOE$PNQBOZ3PTTFUBM
SFWJFXFEEPDVNFOUTQFSUJOFOUUPUIFJTTVF5IFZDPODMVEFE
n5IJT DBTFSFWJFX PG JOEVTUSZ EPDVNFOUT EFNPOTUSBUFT UIBU
DMJOJDBM USJBM NBOVTDSJQUT SFMBUFE UP SPGFDPYJC XFSF BVUIPSFE
CZTQPOTPSFNQMPZFFTCVUPGUFOBUUSJCVUFESTUBVUIPSTIJQUP
BDBEFNJDBMMZ BGMJBUFE JOWFTUJHBUPST XIP EJE OPU BMXBZT EJT
DMPTF JOEVTUSZ OBODJBM TVQQPSU 3FWJFX NBOVTDSJQUT XFSF
PGUFOQSFQBSFECZVOBDLOPXMFEHFEBVUIPSTBOETVCTFRVFOUMZ
ETHICAL ISSUES
137
BUUSJCVUFE BVUIPSTIJQ UP BDBEFNJDBMMZ BGMJBUFE JOWFTUJHBUPST

XIPPGUFOEJEOPUEJTDMPTFJOEVTUSZOBODJBMTVQQPSUo<>
/PS BSF NFEJDBM SFGFSFODF CPPLT FYFNQU GSPN HIPTU

BVUIPSTIJQ "T QBSU PG B SFDFOU MFHBM EJTDPWFSZ JO MBXTVJUT
BHBJOTUUIFESVHDPNQBOZOPXLOPXOBT(MBYP4NJUI,MJOF
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EPDVNFOUTFNFSHFEUIBU UPVTFUIF/FX:PSL5JNFT
IFBEMJOF n%SVH .BLFS 8SPUF #PPL 6OEFS %PDUPSTm
/BNFT %PDVNFOUT 4BZo <> *O UIFJS /PWFNCFS
SFQPSU UIF 5JNFT HPFT PO UP TUBUF n5IF QBHF
CPPL 3FDPHOJUJPO BOE 5SFBUNFOU PG 1TZDIJBUSJD %JTPSEFST
"1TZDIPQIBSNBDPMPHZ)BOECPPLGPS1SJNBSZ$BSF JTTPGBS
UIFGJSTUCPPLBNPOHQVCMJDBUJPOT OBNFMZNFEJDBMKPVSOBM
BSUJDMFT UIBU IBWF CFFO DSJUJDJ[FE JO SFDFOU ZFBST GPS IJE
EFO ESVH JOEVTUSZ JOGMVFODF DPMMPRVJBMMZ LOPXO BT HIPTU
XSJUJOHo 5IF CPPL MJTUJOH BT DPBVUIPST UXP QSPNJOFOU
BDBEFNJD QTZDIJBUSJTUT IBT CFFO DPOTJEFSFE CZ TPNF UP
CF FTQFDJBMMZ GBWPSBCMF UP BO BOUJEFQSFTTBOU NBOVGBDUVSFE
CZ(4,*OUIF5JNFTBSUJDMF %S%BWJE",FTTMFS GPSNFS
DPNNJTTJPOFSPGUIF64'PPEBOE%SVH"ENJOJTUSBUJPOXBT
RVPUFE BT GPMMPXT n5P HIPTUXSJUF BO FOUJSF UFYUCPPL JT B
OFXMFWFMPGDIVU[QBIo<>
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XSPUFJUPSPUIFSXJTFDPOUSJCVUFETVCTUBOUJBMMZ QVUZPVSOBNF
POJU*GOPU EPOPUBMMPXZPVSTFMGUPCFMJTUFEBTBOBVUIPS
8IP2VBMJGJFTBTBO"VUIPS
$FSUBJOMZOFJUIFSZPVOPS*XPVMEBMMPXPVSTFMWFTUPCFMJTUFE
BTBOBVUIPSrBOEFTQFDJBMMZBMFBEBVUIPSrPOBQBQFSXSJU
UFOCZTPNFPOFJOBQIBSNBDFVUJDBMDPNQBOZXIFOXFIBE
IBE OP IBOE JO UIF XSJUJOH QSPDFTT /PS XPVME XF XBOU UP
TVGGFSUIFGBUFPGTFWFSBMPGUIFDPBVUIPSTPGBQBQFSCZ4VECP
FUBM 4VECP+ FUBM-BODFU

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UP4XFECFSH nTFWFSBMPGUIFDPBVUIPSTDMBJNFEUIFZXFSF
OPUBXBSFPGUIFTVCNJTTJPOPSUIFGVMMSFTVMUo<>#VUOPU
BMMRVFTUJPOTPGBVUIPSTIJQBSFRVJUFBTDMFBS
1FSIBQT JU XJMM CF IFMQGVM UP JEFOUJGZ XIBU EPFT OPU DPO
TUJUVUF BVUIPSTIJQ $PMMFDUJOH EBUB BDRVJSJOH GVOEJOH BOE
QSPWJEJOH BENJOJTUSBUJWF TVQFSWJTJPO EPFT OPU DPOTUJUVUF
BVUIPSTIJQ <> /FJUIFS EPFT CFJOH UIF EFQBSUNFOU IFBE
138
XIP JT BXBSF PG UIF TUVEZ CVU UBLFT OP BDUJWF SPMF JO UIF
JOWFTUJHBUJPOPSBDUVBMQSFQBSBUJPOPGUIFSFQPSU
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CVUJPOT UP DPODFQUJPO BOE EFTJHO BDRVJTJUJPO PG EBUB PS
BOBMZTJTBOEJOUFSQSFUBUJPOPGEBUB
ESBGUJOHUIFBSUJDMFPS
SFWJTJOHJUDSJUJDBMMZGPSJNQPSUBOUJOUFMMFDUVBMDPOUFOUBOE

GJOBMBQQSPWBMPGUIFWFSTJPOUPCFQVCMJTIFE"VUIPSTTIPVME
NFFUDPOEJUJPOT BOEo5IFSFQPSUHPFTPOUPTBZn"MM
QFSTPOTEFTJHOBUFEBTBVUIPSTTIPVMERVBMJGZGPSBVUIPSTIJQ
BOEBMMUIPTFXIPRVBMJGZTIPVMECFMJTUFEo<>
3JDIBSE 4NJUI GPSNFS FEJUPS PG UIF #SJUJTI .FEJDBM
+PVSOBM PGGFST VT B QSBDUJDBM DPODFQU PG XIBU DPOTUJUVUFT
BVUIPSTIJQ DJUJOH UIBU FBDI BVUIPS NVTU BTTVNF GVMM JOUFM
MFDUVBMBDDPVOUBCJMJUZn*GZPVSQBQFSJTBCPVUUPCFQSFTFOUFE
BUBCJHDPOGFSFODFJO"DBQVMDPBOETVEEFOMZUIFMFBEBVUIPS
JTUBLFOJMMPSESPQTEPXOEFBE DPVMEZPVHFUPOBQMBOFBOE
HPUP"DBQVMDP NBLFBQSFTFOUBUJPOBOEBOTXFSBMMUIFRVFT
UJPOT *GZPVDPVMEOmUZPVBSFOPUJOUFMMFDUVBMMZBDDPVOUBCMFo
%POOJOHIJTFEJUPSJBMIBU 4NJUIHPFTPOUPPQJOF n"CPVUIBMG
PGBVUIPSTEPOmUNFFUUIPTFDSJUFSJBo<>
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*O UIF +PVSOBM PG (FOFSBM *OUFSOBM .FEJDJOF +(*.

EFTDSJCFE UIF GPMMPXJOH TFSJFT PG DJSDVNTUBODFT n3FDFOUMZ
JUDBNFUPUIFBUUFOUJPOPG+(*.mTFEJUPSTUIBUBNBOVTDSJQU
KVTU QVCMJTIFE POMJOF JO BOPUIFS KPVSOBM "SUJDMF #
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BQQSPYJNBUFMZ TJY NPOUIT FBSMJFS "SUJDMF "
0O DMPTFS
JOTQFDUJPO UIFSF XBT B SFBTPO GPS DPODFSO #PUI QBQFST
SFQPSUFE PO B RVBTJFYQFSJNFOUBM FWBMVBUJPO PG B RVBMJUZ
JNQSPWFNFOUJOUFSWFOUJPO5IFUJUMFT CZMJOFT BOEBCTUSBDUT
XFSF TJNJMBS BOE UIF NFUIPET TFDUJPOT BMNPTU JEFOUJDBM
.PSFPWFS FOUJSFQBSBHSBQITPGUIFJOUSPEVDUJPOBOEEJTDVT
TJPO TFDUJPOT XFSF BMNPTU UIF TBNFo <> 5IF BVUIPST HP
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WHAT MAKES GREAT MEDICAL WRITING?
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TABLE 6.1. Selected journals that publish review articles

Advanced Studies in Medicine
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Galen Publishing, LLC
PO Box 340 Somerville, New Jersey 08876
Telephone: (908) 253-9001
http://www.jhasim.com
American Family Physician
Publication Division
American Academy of Family Physicians
11400 Tomahawk Parkway
Leawood, Kansas 66211-2672
Telephone: (800) 274-223
http://www.aafp.org
ConsultanU
Cliggott Publishing
330 Boston Post Road, Box 4027
Darien, Connecticut 06820-4027
Telephone: (203) 662-6400
http://www.ConsultantLive.com
Cortlandt Forum
114 West 26th Street, 4th Floor
New York, NY 10001
Telephone: (646) 638-6091
http://www.cortlandtforum.com
Emergency Medicine
7 Century Drive, Suite 302
Parsippany, NJ 07054-4069
Telephone: (973) 206-2347
http://www.quadrantem@emscirc.com
Hospital Physician
Turner White Communications, Inc.
125 Strafford Ave., Suite 220
Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-3391
Telephone: (610) 975-4541
http://www.turner-white.com/hp/hp01.php
Infections in Medicine
Cliggott Publishing
330 Boston Post Road, Box 4027
Darien, Connecticut 06820-4027
Telephone: (203) 662-6582
http://infections.consultantlive.com/home
(Contd)
147
148
TABLE 6.1. (Contd)

Journal of General Internal Medicine
Room M200-OPW, Wishard Memorial Hospital
1001 West Tenth Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
Telephone: (317) 630-6911
http://www.wiley.com/bw/editors.asp?ref=0884-8734
Postgraduate Medicine
1235 Westlakes Drive Suite 320 Berwyn, PA 19312
Telephone: 610-889-3730
http://www.postgradmed.com/index.php?page=editor_in_chief
Primary Psychiatry
MBL Communications, Inc.
333 Hudson Street, 7th Floor
New York, New York 10013
Telephone: (212) 328-0800
http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/
Primary Care Womens Health Journal
Sherborne Gibbs, Ltd.
3 Arrow Court, Adams Way
Springfield Business Park
Alcester, B49 6PU
United Kingdom
Telephone: + 44(0) 1789 766098
http://www.pcwhj.com/contactus
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150
TABLE 6.2. Structure of selected review articles

Article title
Article concept and structure
Reexamining the physical examination

Guidelines as to how to perform
for obese patients (JAMA. 2011;305:193) physical diagnosis effectively when
the patient is obese
A review of common eyelid conditions
Diagnosis and treatment of blephafor the primary care physician
roptosis (drooping upper eyelid) and
(Adv Stud Med. 2003;3:563)
four other conditions; several photos
Health effects of climate change
An overview of the health effects
(JAMA. 2004;291:99)
of heat waves, floods and droughts,
air pollution, water-related diseases,
and more
Heart failure: update on therapeutic
An overview of what experts now
options (Consultant. 2003;43:1649)
consider optimum therapy with
beta- blockers, ACE inhibitors,
diuretics, angiotensin receptor
blockers, and more
The health of prisoners (The Lancet.
Describes various aspects of the
Published online November 19,
health of prisoners, including mental
2010. DOI:10.1016/S0140illness, infectious diseases, and cancer,
6736(10)61053-7)
including a discussion of medical
services provided
How to assess and treat erectile
Uses traditional review article
dysfunction (Emerg Med. 2004;36:28)
headings of pathophysiology,
causes, diagnosis, and therapy
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TABLE 6.3. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) sources on the Web

Resource
Web site
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

(AHRQ), previously known as the Agency for
Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR):
a good source for clinical
guidelines and evidence reports
Bandolier: contains summaries of articles
on EBM
Clinical Evidence, BMJ Publishing Group:
presents general EBM information, EBM tools,
and summaries of evidence;
registration is required
Cochrane Database of Systematic Review:
contains systematic reviews from the Cochrane
Collaboration
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement
(ICSI): a good site for disease management
and prevention guidelines
Netting the Evidence: offers access to EBM
organizations and learning resources, such
as EBM software and virtual library
United States Preventive Services Task Force:
presents up-to-date preventive services clinical
recommendations, based on systematic reviews
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic
http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/
bandolier/
http://www.clinicalevidence.org
http://www.cochrane.org
http://www.ICSI.org
http://www.
nettingtheevidence.org.uk
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/
uspstfix.htm
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BOOK REVIEW
179
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180
TABLE 7.1.
Questions for the book reviewer
Is the books topic important?

Is the information timely?
Is the content appropriate for the intended audience?
Is the book appropriately organized?
Is the writing clear?
Is the style consistent throughout the book?
Is my favorite topic covered appropriately?
Has the author included appropriate tables and figures?
Are there misspellings and minor errors?
Are there significant errors of fact?
What has been left out?
Is the index adequate to find what I want to find?
Are the paper and binding of good quality?
Is the book worth the cost?
Does the book fulfill its stated purpose?
How does this book compare to other similar books?
Do you recommend the book and, if so, for which readers?
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BOOK CHAPTERS
191
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BOOK CHAPTERS
193
TABLE 8.1. Questions to ask the volume editor when invited to contribute a
chapter to an edited book
Who is going to publish the book, and do you have a signed contract?
What other books have you edited and who has published them?
May I review a full table of contents or topic outline, to see what others will
cover?
Who will be some of the other authors in the book?
What will be the topic of my chapter?
Is there a special way you, as editor, want the topic handled?
What is the space allocation for my chapter (stated in double-spaced manuscript
pages)?
What is the deadline for manuscript submission?
May I engage one or more coauthors?
Will I receive payment for my chapter?
Will I receive a copy of the finished book?
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TABLE 8.2. Writing a book chapter: what is negotiable and what is not
Possibly negotiable:
Exact title of the chapter
Inviting coauthors
How the topic will be handled
Headings in the chapter
Paying for artwork and permissions
Future use of a specific figure or other item in the chapter without specific permission from the publisher
Probably not negotiable:
General topic of your chapter
Deadline for manuscript submission
Payment for the chapter
Definitely not negotiable:
Copyright assignment
Future use of all chapter content without permission from the publisher
BOOK CHAPTERS
195
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2. Review the literature
3. Select the appropriate readership and journal
4. Organize and outline the content of the article
5. Select a title
6. Write the first draft
7. Write the first revision
8. Submit the manuscript for review by selected colleagues
9. Write a final draft
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EDITED BOOKS
197
TABLE 8.3. Classic headings in book chapters on medical diseases

Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology/pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis, including history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
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EDITED BOOKS
*O UIF BSFB XIFSF * MJWFE JO VQTUBUF /FX :PSL QFPQMF IBE
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*If my memory is correct, I read this tale of three authors in the preface to a book published
about 25 years ago. I cannot recall the name of the author or book and, to help me avoid
accidental plagiarism, I would be grateful if a reader could supply this information for the next
edition of Medical Writing.
EDITED BOOKS
199
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EDITED BOOKS
201
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202
TABLE 8.4.
What to include in a book proposal
The cover letter describing the proposed book should include the
following topics:
Title and any subtitle
Anticipated length of the manuscript, expressed in double-spaced
pages
Number of tables and figures that will be in the book
The books audience, that is, who will buy the book
The chief competing books, and how the proposed book is different
Why you are qualified to write (or edit) the book
Anticipated date of manuscript submission
The proposal should also include:
A description of the book, including the intent and scope of coverage
A table of contents
A sample chapter, to show your style and that you can actually write
Your curriculum vitae
Optional, but desirable, items to include:
Expanded outline, showing headings and subheadings
Annotated table of contents, describing the contents of each chapter
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EDITED BOOKS
203
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EDITED BOOKS
205
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EDITED BOOKS
207
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EDITED BOOKS
209
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AUTHORED BOOKS
.VDI PG XIBU * IBWF QSFTFOUFE BCPWF BCPVU FEJUFE CPPLT

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AUTHORED BOOKS
211
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RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT MEDICAL BOOKS
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TABLE 9.1. Format for a research protocol
Project title
Primary investigator (PI) and co-investigators
Project summary: A short overview to orient the reader
Background and rationale: Analogous to the Introduction in a research report
Study goals and objectives: What do you hope to accomplish?
Study design: What type of study is proposed?
Study description: Who will be the subjects and what you will do to them?
Safety considerations: What are the risks to subjects and what will you do about
these risks?
Follow-up: What happens after the study is complete?
Data management: How will you deal with the data obtained?
Quality assurance: How will you assure that what is done reflects high standards?
Expected outcomes: What do you think might be found, and why might it matter?
Dissemination of results: Who will be told about your findings?
Problems that may occur: What are potential difficulties and possible solutions?
Project management: In this project, who is in charge of what?
Ethical considerations: What might be ethical concerns and how will subjects be
informed of these issues?
References: What are prior studies that are pertinent to this project?
Budget: What funding will be needed and how will it be used?
Other support: Are there any funding sources that should be disclosed?
Collaborations planned: Will you be working with colleagues outside your designated team?
Links to other projects: Is this proposal the next step in a series of investigations?
Curriculum vitae of investigators
Other research activity of investigators
Clinical Trial Registration status
Appendix
223
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TABLE 9.2. Sample timeline for a not-very-complicated 18-month project

Research Question:
Are patients who have bariatric gastric surgery at risk of developing serum copper
deficiency?
Year one:
Months 13
Identify potential subjects who have had a history of partial gastric resection
Identify potential control population with no history of partial gastric resection
Assure that controls match study subjects relative to age, gender, and concurrent illnesses
Months 46
Recruit study and control subjects
Months 79
Collect serum samples from study and control subjects
Months 1012
Analyze data and determine conclusions
Year two:
Months 1315
Plan report of study
Months 1617
Present report at national meeting
Month 18
Submit final report for publication
Project Activity
M onths M onths M onths M onths M onths M onths

1-3
Identify study subjects
Identify control subjects
Assure matching study/control subjects
R ecruit study and control subjects

Collect serum samples from study and
control subjects
Analyze data; determine conclusions
Plan report of study
4-6
7-9
10-12
13-15
16-18
8
8
8
8
R eport study at national meeting
Submit final report for publication
FIGURE 9.1. Sample timeline presented as a figure. Research question: Are patients
who have bariatric gastric surgery at risk of developing serum copper deficiency?
230
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4. Comparing the likelihood of each potential interventionrelated harm with what might occur with a comparable
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REFERENCES
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239
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HOW TO WRITE A GRANT PROPOSAL
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TABLE 10.1.
Selected funding databases and web sites
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Grants On-Line Database
(GOLD): http://www.GOLD@ahrq.gov
Community of Science (COS): A comprehensive source of funding information
that lists more than 400,000 possibilities. http://www.cos.com
CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects): Provides
access to information on NIH funded projects. http://www.crisp.cit.nih.gov
Federal Register: http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/index.html
The Foundation Center: http://www.fndcenter.org
Grants.gov: A portal to search for federal grants in diverse areas.
http://www.grants.gov
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA): http://www.hrsa/gov
National Institutes of Health, Office of Extramural Research home page: Go here
to hunt for NIH medical and behavioral research grant policies, guidelines,
and funding opportunities. http://www.grants.nih.gov/grants/oer.htm
WHERE THE MONEY IS
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THE GRANT PROPOSAL
TABLE 10.2.
249
Basic outline of a grant proposal
Executive summary (abstract): Briefly describe the proposal

Overview of institution: Describe your institution and project team
Problem/Background: The problem and rationale for what you plan, typically
based on a literature review and/or preliminary studies
Project objectives: Your hypothesis or the aim of the project
Project method: What do you plan to do?
Subjects, methods and analysis
OR
The proposed educational program or other activity
Timeline: Show what you plan to do when.
Budget and budget justification
Other funding
Plans for future funding
Appendix/supplementary items:
Support Letters
Affiliation agreements
Biographical summaries of investigators
References
Other items
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REFERENCES
TABLE 10.3.
263
Information sources about grant seeking
Articles and Books

Bauer DG. The how to grants manual: successful grant seeking techniques for
obtaining public and private grants. 6th ed. Westport, CT: Praeger; 2010.
Browning B. Perfect phrases for writing grant proposals. New York: McGraw
Hill; 2007.
Carlson M. Winning grants: step by step. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008.
Coley SM, Scheinbert CA. Proposal writing: efficient grantsmanship. 3rd ed.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage; 2008.
Kotchen TA, Lindquist T, Malik K, Ehrenfeld E. NIH peer review of grant applications for clinical research. JAMA. 2004;291:836843.
Ogden TE, Goldberg IA. Research proposals: a guide to success. 3rd ed.
New York: Academic Press; 2002.
Reef-Lehrer L. Grant application writers handbook. 4th ed. Boston: Jones &
Bartlett; 2005.
Web Sites
Developing and writing grant proposals. Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.
U.S. General Services Administration: http://www.cfda.gov/public/writing.pdf
National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research, Award trends: http://
grants1.nih.gov/grants/award/awardstr.htm
National Institutes of Health Office of Extramural Research: http://www.grants.
nih.gov/funding/funding_program.htm
Selected Organizations
Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ)
John M. Eisenberg Building
540 Gaither Road
Rockville, MD 20850.
http://www.ahrq.gov
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
http://www.nih.gov
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Boulevard,
Arlington, Virginia 22230
http://www.nsf/gov
REFERENCES
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5IF SJHJE GPSNBU GPS UIF SFQPSU PG PSJHJOBM SFTFBSDI

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THE EXPANDED IMRAD MODEL
269
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SJTL PG DPMPSFDUBM DBODFS JODJEFODF BOE NPSUBMJUZ *O GBDU

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CFJOHOBNFEBTBOBVUIPSVOMFTTUIFSFIBTCFFOBTJHOJGJDBOU
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TABLE 11.1.
279
Sources of statistical information for medical writers
Armitage P, Colton T. (eds) Encyclopedia of biostatistics. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ:

Wiley; 2005.
Bland M. An Introduction to medical statistics. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford
University Press; 2000.
Campbell MJ. Statistics at square two. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books; 2006.
Everitt BS. Medical statistics from A to Z: a guide for clinicians and medical students.
2nd ed. London: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
Good PI, Hardin JW. Common errors in statistics (and how to avoid them) 2nd
Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2003.
Kirkwood B, Sterne J. Essential medical statistics. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: WileyBlackwell; 2003.
Lang TA, Secic M. How to report statistics in medicine: Annotated guidelines for
authors, editors and reviewers (medical writing and communication). 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2006.
Lindley DV. Understanding uncertainty. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2006.
Peacock J, Kerry S. Presenting medical statistics from proposal to publication.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION
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294
TABLE 12.1. Contents of cover letter accompanying an article manuscript

submitted to a medical journal
Letter item
What to include
Introductory
paragraph
Identify the accompanying manuscript and indicate that

you are submitting it to be considered for publication.
In some instances, you should identify the type of paper
you are submitting, e.g., report of original research, brief
report, case report, or other format
Cite the number of words in the manuscript. Your word
processing program will give you the needed number
Many journals ask that you describe each authors specific
contribution to the research and writing. For example, did
an author recruit the subjects, collect data, provide statistical analysis, or edit the manuscript?
Identify the one author who will respond to correspondence and who can answer questions about the study.
Provide full contact information
Many journals insist that the cover letter relinquish
copyright if the article is published. See the journals
instructions to authors to determine if this is needed in the
letter and, if so, to note the exact wording to be used
Describe any industry sponsorship of the study, contractural agreements with industry, consulting or speaking
agreements, or even stock ownership if there might be a
perceived conflict of interest
State that the manuscript has been read and approved by
all the authors, that the requirements for authorship have
been met by each
State that the contents of the paper have not been
published previously and that the manuscript has not been
submitted elsewhere. State if an abstract has been presented at a scientific meeting
Try to avoid special requests. However, in the case of
cutting-edge scientific research, there may be a valid reason for requesting that a certain individual not be used as
a peer reviewer
Thank the editor for considering your manuscript for publication
All authors should sign the submission letter
Be sure to send the requested number of manuscript copies, and also any required compact disk or other materials.
Consider sending a copy of your one-page, abbreviated
curriculum vitae
Word count
Specific author
contributions
Contact author
Copyright
relinquishment
Conflict of interest
disclosure
Author approval
Duplicate
submission
or publication
Special requests
Thank you
Signatures
Enclosures
295
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296
TABLE 12.2.
Manuscript checklist for journal article or book chapter submission
_____ Double-space the entire manuscript, including references unless

otherwise instructed
_____ Use 12-point font unless the instructions specify otherwise
_____ Leave the right margin of the manuscript unjustified (i.e., ragged)
_____ Identify all abbreviations when first used in the text
_____ Use nonproprietary names of drugs
_____ Check all references for accuracy and completeness
_____ Confirm that all references are cited in the text
_____ Be sure you have disclosed any possible conflict of interest
_____ For all borrowed materials, send a consent form signed by the copyright
holder
_____ Include informed consent to use images that may identify human subjects
_____ If submitting online, include text, tables, and figures in a single file, if
possible
_____ Keep a copy of everything, which will be used later to check proofs
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UIF NBOVTDSJQU JT QVCMJTIFE 5IF QPJOU JT UIBU ZPV TIPVME
EP ZPVS WFSZ CFTU XIFO XSJUJOH B QBQFS )PXFWFS EP OPU
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THE REVIEW PROCESS
:PVS NBOVTDSJQU IBT CFFO SFDFJWFE CZ UIF KPVSOBM BOE IBT
CFFOTFOUGPSSFWJFX:PVSBSUJDMFXBTOPUTVNNBSJMZSFKFDUFE
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BUFGPSDPOTJEFSBUJPOCZUIFKPVSOBMo5IBUXPVMEIBWFNFBOU
UIBUUIFFEJUPSCFMJFWFEUIFXPSLUPCFPVUTJEFUIFKPVSOBMmT
GJFMEPSUIBUJUJTMJCFMPVT CMBTQIFNPVT PSUPUBMMZJSSBUJPOBM
<>:PVIBWFQBTTFEUIFGJSTUIVSEMF5IJOHTBSFOPXJOUIF
IBOETPGUIFQFFSSFWJFXFST
THE REVIEW PROCESS
299
1FFS3FWJFX
5IF3PMFBOE%VUJFTPGUIF1FFS3FWJFXFS
5IFKPVSOBMFEJUPSDPOTJEFSTUIFQFFSSFWJFXFSTXIPXJMMSFBE
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PG QFFS SFWJFXFST XIP IBWF CFFO SFDSVJUFE CZ UIF FEJUPS *G
ZPVXJTIUPCFBQFFSSFWJFXFS TFOEBMFUUFSBOEZPVSDVSSJDV
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UPSFWJFXQBQFST5IFFEJUPSXJMMSFQMZ BOEQFSIBQTBEEZPV
UPUIFSFWJFXUFBN&EJUPSTXBOUUIFJSQFFSSFWJFXFSTUPIBWF
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UPQJD VOEFS DPOTJEFSBUJPO JOUFMMFDUVBMMZ IPOFTU BOE UJNF
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UP JNQSPWF UIF QBQFS NBLJOH JU DMFBSFS NPSF JOGPSNBUJWF
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UIF KPVSOBM 3FNFNCFS UIBU UIF QBQFS XJMM UIFO CF SFWJTFE
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5IFTF BSF
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N "HSFF UP SFGFSFF QBQFST POMZ JO BSFBT PG UIF SFWJFXFSmT
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N 8SJUFBUIPVHIUGVMSFWJFXUIBUJTIPOFTUBOEGSFFPGCJBT
N "JNUPNBLFUIFQBQFSUIFCFTUJUDBOCF CBMBODJOHDSJUJ
DJTNXJUITVHHFTUJPOTGPSJNQSPWFNFOU
300
N "WPJE FYDFTTJWFMZ IBSTI DPNNFOUT FTQFDJBMMZ UIPTF UIBU

DPVMECFJOUFSQSFUFEBTBQFSTPOBMBUUBDLPOUIFBVUIPS T

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QBQFST DBO CSJOH UP UIF TVSGBDF IFSFUPGPSFTVCNFSHFE
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N 4VCNJUUIFSFWJFXQSPNQUMZ5IFBVUIPSTPGUIFQBQFSBSF
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DBTFT CVUOPUBMM UIFOBNFPGUIFBVUIPSJTOPUQSFTFOUPOUIF
QBQFSCFJOHSFWJFXFE3FNFNCFSUIBUUIFBVUIPSmTOBNFHPFT
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5IFSFBSFFYDFQUJPOT5IFMBTUQBQFS*SFWJFXFEDPOUBJOFEUIF
OBNFTPGUIFBVUIPSTBOEUIFSFIBECFFOOPFGGPSUUPnCMJOEo
UIFSFWJFX&WFOXIFOUIFOBNFTPGBVUIPSTBOEJOTUJUVUJPOT
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JOH BDUJWFMZ JO UIF GJFME DBO PGUFO EFEVDF UIF TPVSDF PG UIF
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* UIJOL PG UIF SPMFT PG B QFFS SFWJFXFS BOE B QSBDUJDJOH
DMJOJDJBO BT TPNFXIBU TJNJMBS #PUI BSF FYQFDUFE UP FYIJCJU
FUIJDBM CFIBWJPS BOE UP CF DPNNJUUFE UP QSPWJEJOH IJHI
RVBMJUZ TFSWJDF #PUI UIF SFWJFXFS BOE DMJOJDJBO TIPVME CF
LOPXMFEHFBCMF DBQBCMF BOEUIPSPVHIJOXIBUUIFZEP#PUI
IBWF UIF BCJMJUZ UP FYBNJOF EFUBJMT XIJMF LFFQJOH B CSPBE
QFSTQFDUJWF #PUI BSF SFMJBCMF BOE USVTUXPSUIZ BOE CFMJFWF
UIBUUIFZTFSWFBXPSUIZQVSQPTF"OE JGDBSFMFTT CPUIDBO
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5IF3PMFBOE%VUJFTPGUIF&EJUPS
5IF FEJUPS NBLFT UIF GJOBM EFDJTJPO BCPVU BDDFQUBODF PS
SFKFDUJPOPGBOBSUJDMF0GDPVSTF BOFEJUPSmTEFDJTJPOJTCBTFE
TUSPOHMZ PO UIF SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT PG UIF QFFS SFWJFXFST
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THE REVIEW PROCESS
301
5IFFEJUPSTFSWFTBTUIFCVGGFSCFUXFFOUIFBVUIPSBOEUIF
QFFSSFWJFXFST"TTVDIUIFFEJUPSNVTUCFBCMFUPEFBMXJUI
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UIFJS NBOVTDSJQU USBDLJOH TZTUFN GPMMPXJOH XIJDI ZPV XJMM
TFOE ZPVS NBOVTDSJQU PO MJOF :PVS BSUJDMF XJMM CF BTTJHOFE
BO JEFOUJGJDBUJPO OVNCFS BOE ZPV NBZ CF BTLFE GPS TPNF
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TFOUUPSFGFSFFTGPSQFFSSFWJFX BQSPDFTTUIBUIBTDIBOHFEMJUUMF
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UIF BVUIPS 5IF QBSU TFOU UP ZPV DBO CF RVJUF WBMVBCMFrPS
OPUrBTEJTDVTTFECFMPX
8IFO BMM SFWJFXT BSF SFDFJWFE UIF FEJUPS NBLFT B EFDJ
TJPO BOE MFUT ZPV LOPX UIF PVUDPNF PG UIF QSPDFTT *G ZPV
IBWF OPU IFBSE BCPVU B EFDJTJPO JO B SFBTPOBCMF UJNF MFUmT
TBZqXFFLTGSPNUIFUJNFPGTVCNJTTJPO JUJTBHPPEJEFB
UP DPOUBDU UIF KPVSOBM 'PS FYBNQMF ZPVS QBQFS NBZ CF JO
B QFOEJOH GJMF XIJMF UIF BTTJTUBOU BXBJUT SFDFJQU PG B UIJSE
SFWJFX EVFGSPNBSFGFSFFXIPIBTMFGUGPSBNPOUIUSFLJO
/FQBM4PNFKPVSOBMTPGGFSBXBZUPLFFQUSBDLPGUIFQSPD
FTT'PSFYBNQMF UIF/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOFBMMPXT
BVUIPSTUPUSBDLUIFTUBUVTPGNBOVTDSJQUTUISPVHIUIF"VUIPS
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302
1PTTJCMF3FTQPOTFTGSPNUIF+PVSOBM&EJUPS
5IFKPVSOBMFEJUPSmTEFDJTJPOXJMMDPNFBTBMFUUFSUIBUJOEJ
DBUFTPOFUIFGPMMPXJOHSFKFDUJPO SFWJTJPO PSBDDFQUBODF
3FKFDUJPO-FUUFS
5IFSFKFDUJPOMFUUFSJTUIFPOFZPVSFBMMZEPOmUXBOUUPSFDFJWF
5IFFEJUPSXJMMQSPCBCMZBWPJEUIFXPSEnSFKFDU oBOEJOTUFBE
XJMMFVQIFNJTUJDBMMZTUBUFUIBUJUnEPFTOPUNFFUUIF+PVSOBMmT
OFFETo /PUFUIBUFEJUPSTBMXBZTSFGFSUPUIFJSQVCMJDBUJPOBT
nUIF+PVSOBM oXJUIBDBQJUBMn+o
5IFFEJUPSJTOPUPOMZTBZJOH
UIBU BGUFSDBSFGVMSFWJFX ZPVSQBQFSXJMMOPUCFQVCMJTIFEJO
UIFJS +PVSOBM 5IJT SFTQPOTF BMTP DPOOPUFT UIBU JU DBOOPU CF
JNQSPWFEUPNBLFJUDPOTJTUFOUXJUIUIFJSTUBOEBSET5IFFEJ
UPSTJNQMZEPFTOPUXBOUUPTFFZPVSQBQFSBHBJO
6OMFTT ZPV IBWF IBE UIF CBE MVDL UP DPNQFUF XJUI BO
BSUJDMFJOQSFTTUIBUJTWFSZTJNJMBSUPZPVST UIFSFKFDUJPOXJMM
CFBUUSJCVUFEDIJFGMZUPUIFFWBMVBUJPOTPGUIFSFGFSFFT5IFTF
DPNNFOUT XJMM VTVBMMZ CF TFOU UP ZPV BOE ZPV TIPVME SFBE
UIFN WFSZ DBSFGVMMZ 5IF EFDJTJPO UP SFKFDU XJMM CF CBTFE PO
POFPSNPSFPGUIFSFBTPOTMJTUFEJO5BCMF
:PVSGJSTUSFBDUJPOXJMMQSPCBCMZCFEFOJBM$PVMEUIJTFEJ
UPSSFBMMZIBWFSFKFDUFENZQBQFS $PVMEUIFSFCFBNJTUBLF
.BZCF UIJT SFKFDUJPO OPUJDF XBT NFBOU GPS TPNFPOF FMTF
5IFOZPVSFBEUIFSFWJFXFSDPNNFOUTBOECFDPNFBOOPZFE
BDUVBMMZGVSJPVT)PXDPVMEUIFZNJTTUIFQPJOUPGNZQBQFS
%JEUIFSFGFSFFTSFBEUIFQBQFSBUBMM
/FYUZPVTFUUMFEPXOBOEDPOTJEFSBQQFBMJOHUIFEFDJTJPO
4IPVMEZPVSFRVFTUSFDPOTJEFSBUJPO "DUVBMMZ UIJTTPNFUJNFT
TABLE 12.3.
Classic causes of article rejection
Topic considered unimportant or outside the area of interest of the journals

readers
Outdated or inaccurate information
Inadequate literature review
Faulty scientific method or statistical analysis
Conclusions that are inconsistent with the data
Clumsy structure to the article
Poor writing
Suspected bias, plagiarism, duplicate publication, inappropriate criticism of
colleagues and their work, or other ethical concerns
THE REVIEW PROCESS
303
XPSLT8IJNTUFS<>FTUJNBUFTTVDDFTTnJOQFSIBQTPG
DBTFTo:PVSBQQFBMNVTUCFSBUJPOBMBOEDJWJMJ[FE%FTDSJCJOH
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QBQFS XJMM CF FTQFDJBMMZ JNQPSUBOU UP UIF KPVSOBMmT SFBEFST
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JUT UFDIOJDBM SFRVJSFNFOUT XIJDI BSF TVSF UP EJGGFS GSPN
UIPTF PG UIF QSFWJPVT KPVSOBM #BTJDBMMZ UIF TFDPOE TVCNJT
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304
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LOPX XIFSF XF BSFo 4PVSDF 1FBOVUT DBSUPPO JO 5IF
0SFHPOJBO .BSDI

N n:PVS XPSL XBT HPPE BOE PSJHJOBM 6OGPSUVOBUFMZ UIF
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N n* BN SFUVSOJOH UIJT PUIFSXJTF HPPE UZQJOH QBQFS UP ZPV
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THE REVIEW PROCESS
305
ZPVmESFBMMZSBUIFSOPU 3FGFSFODFTBOEPUIFSUPSUVSFT5IF
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UJPO JOBDDVSBUF JOGPSNBUJPO NJTQMBDFE JOGPSNBUJPO BOE
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XIJDITIPVMECFVTFEJOBOZMFUUFSSFTQPOEJOHUPSFWJFXFSDPN
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KPVSOBMIJHIPOZPVSMJTU0OUIFPUIFSIBOE ZPVIBWFUPHJWF
306
VQ PO GVMM QSFTFOUBUJPO PG ZPVS EBUB BOE DPODMVTJPOT * DBO
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4PNFEBZZPVNJHIUSFDFJWFUIFGPMMPXJOHMFUUFS
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8FBHSFFUIBUZPVSNFUIPETBSFBXMFTT ZPVSSFTVMUTBSFCSJM
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BSUJDMFUPBNBKPSSFGFSFFEDMJOJDBMKPVSOBMBOEJUJTBDDFQUFE
VQPO GJSTU TVCNJTTJPO XJUIPVU B TJOHMF SFWJTJPO MFU NF
LOPXBOE*XJMMUBLFZPVUPEJOOFSUIFOFYUUJNFZPVBSFJO
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SFWJFXFSDPNNFOUT VTVBMMZSFTVMUJOCFUUFSQBQFSTJOQSJOU
8IPTF1BQFST"SF1VCMJTIFEBOE8IZ
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PG NFEJDBM QVCMJDBUJPO FTQFDJBMMZ JO SFHBSE UP SFTFBSDI
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THE REVIEW PROCESS
307
CFVOFUIJDBM CVU*TVTQFDUUIBUJUNJHIUIBQQFO0SNJHIUB
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308
JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPOUSJCVUPST *NBHJOF ZPVSTFMG BT TPNFPOF

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THE REVIEW PROCESS
309
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310
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FIGURE 12.1. (A) has an error in labeling. (B) is correctly labeled. Can you
spot the error in (A)? (The original captions were: (A) Average apparent quality
of publications versus career age for the 4-year sample. (B) Average yearly
publication rate versus career age for the 4-year sample. (From Krumland
and Gorry. [] Used with permission)) Note to reader: The original legends
have been included, to explain what the graphs are meant to show
Average Apparent Quality of Publications
25
MD+
PhD
20
15
All
MD
10
05
611
1217 1823 2429 3035 3641

Career Age
Average Yearly Publication Rate
7
6
MD+
All
3
2
PhD
MD
05
611 1217 1823 2429 3035 3641

Career Age
313
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REFERENCES
)PMNFT 08 4PNF PG NZ FBSMZ UFBDIFST *O .FEJDBM FTTBZT
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REFERENCES
327
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and Researchers, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8234-6,
329
Appendix 1. Glossary of Medical

Writing Words and Phrases
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331
332
332
APPENDIX 1. GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL WRITING WORDS AND PHRASES
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-JCSBSJFTPG.FEJDJOFGPSUIFGVMMUFYUDPQZPGBOBSUJDMFGPVOE
PO.&%-*/&
.BSLVQ 5IJT SFGFST UP CPUI UIF QSPDFTT BOE UIF TZNCPMT
CZ XIJDI DPQZFEJUPST DPNNVOJDBUF TQFDJGJD JOTUSVDUJPOT UP
UZQFTFUUFST
.%$POTVMU " TVCTDSJQUJPOCBTFE 8FC TJUF UIBU BMMPXT
POF UP TFBSDI NFEJDBM SFGFSFODF CPPLT NFEJDBM KPVSOBMT
.&%-*/& BOEESVHJOGPSNBUJPO5IFTJUFJODMVEFTDMJOJDBM
QSBDUJDFHVJEFMJOFTBOEQBUJFOUFEVDBUJPOIBOEPVUT*UDBOCF
GPVOEBUXXXNEDPOTVMUDPN
.&%-*/& .FEJDBM -JUFSBUVSF "OBMZTJT BOE 3FUSJFWBM
4ZTUFN 0OMJOF
5IF 64 /BUJPOBM -JCSBSZ PG .FEJDJOFmT
/-.
MFBEJOH CJCMJPHSBQIJD EBUBCBTF *U DPOUBJOT NJMMJPOT
335
PGSFGFSFODFTUPKPVSOBMBSUJDMFTJOUIFMJGFTDJFODFT DIJFGMZJO
CJPNFEJDJOF*UDBOCFTFBSDIFEWJB1VC.FEPSUISPVHIUIF
/-.HBUFXBZXXXOMNOJIHPW
.F4) .FEJDBM 4VCKFDU )FBEJOHT
5IF /BUJPOBM -JCSBSZ
PG .FEJDJOFmT DPOUSPMMFE WPDBCVMBSZ UIFTBVSVT *U DPOTJTUT
PGTFUTPGUFSNTUIBUQFSNJUTFBSDIJOH.&%-*/&BUWBSJPVT
MFWFMTPGTQFDJGJDJUZ
.FUBBOBMZTJT "NFUIPEPGDPNCJOJOHUIFSFTVMUTPGTFWFSBM
TUVEJFTJOUPBTVNNBSZDPODMVTJPO VTJOHRVBOUJUBUJWFTUSBUF
HJFTUIBUXJMMBMMPXDPOTJEFSBUJPOPGEBUBJOEJWFSTFSFTFBSDI
SFQPSUT
.POPHSBQI "TQFDJBMJ[FECPPL VTVBMMZSFMBUJWFMZTIPSUBOE
HFOFSBMMZXSJUUFOCZPOFQFSTPOPSBTNBMMHSPVQPGTQFDJBMJTUT
/BUJPOBM -JCSBSZ PG .FEJDJOF /-.
5IF XPSMEmT MBSHFTU
NFEJDBM MJCSBSZ XJUI DPMMFDUJPOT JO BMM NBKPS BSFBT PG UIF
IFBMUITDJFODFT BOEUIFIPNFPG.&%-*/&BOE1VC.FE
/FUXPSL SFTFBSDI 5IF QSPDFTT PG VTJOH TFRVFOUJBM DPO
UBDUTUPGJOEPVUBOFFEFEGBDU5IFLFZRVFTUJPOJOOFUXPSL
SFTFBSDIJT n8IPEPZPVSFDPNNFOEUIBU*DBMMOFYU o 'PS
NPSFEFUBJMT TFF$IBQ
0GGQSJOUT 4FF3FQSJOUT
0QFOBDDFTT 1VCMJTIJOHUIBUJTSFBEJMZBDDFTTJCMFPOMJOFBOE
GSFF UP BMM 'PS B EJTDVTTJPO PG PQFO BDDFTT QVCMJTIJOH TFF
$IBQ
0WFSMBZ " USBOTQBSFOU TIFFU XJUI HSBQIJD NBUFSJBM UP CF
TVQFSJNQPTFEPOBOPUIFSQBHF
1BHFQSPPGT "DPQZPGUZQFTFUUFYUMBJEPVUBTJUXJMMBQQFBS
JOQSJOU JODMVEJOHIFBEJOHTBOEQBHFOVNCFST
1BHJOBUJPO 5IFQSPDFTTPGOVNCFSJOHUIFQBHFTPGBNBOV
TDSJQU:PVSXPSEQSPDFTTJOHQSPHSBNDBOEPUIJTGPSZPV
1%' "O BCCSFWJBUJPO GPS 1PSUBCMF %PDVNFOU 'PSNBU UIF
GJMFGPSNBUVTFECZ"EPCF"DSPCBU
1FFS SFWJFX QFFS SFWJFXFS 5IF FWBMVBUJPO PG B TVCNJUUFE
NBOVTDSJQU CZ JOEJWJEVBMT XJUI BQQSPQSJBUF DSFEFOUJBMT
336
336
VTVBMMZQFSGPSNFEXJUIPVUUIFQFFSSFWJFXFSTLOPXJOHXIP
XSPUFUIFNBOVTDSJQUPSUIFBVUIPSLOPXJOHXIPQFSGPSNFE
UIFSFWJFX"QFFSSFWJFXFSNBZBMTPCFDBMMFEBSFGFSFF
1PTJUJWF PVUDPNF CJBT %FTDSJCJOH IPX B SFTFBSDI TUVEZ
XJUIBQPTJUJWFPVUDPNFrESVH9XBTCFUUFSUIBOQMBDFCPrJT
NPSFMJLFMZUPCFQVCMJTIFEUIBOBTUVEZUIBUTIPXOPEJGGFS
FODFCFUXFFOJUFNTUFTUFE
1SPPG " DPQZ PG B XPSL UIBU IBT CFFO TFU JO UZQF TFOU UP
BVUIPST PS FEJUPST UP SFWJFX GPS FSSPST 1SPPG NBZ CF HBM
MFZQSPPGT XIFOOPUZFUTFUBTQBHFT PSNBZCFBDUVBMQBHF
QSPPGTPGUIFBSUJDMFPSCPPLQBHFT
1SPPGSFBEFSmTNBSLT "TFUPGTZNCPMTVTFEUPJEFOUJGZFSSPST
PSDIBOHFTPOQSPPGT4FF"QQFOEJY
1VCMJD-JCSBSZPG4DJFODF 1-P4
"OPOQSPGJUPSHBOJ[BUJPO
PG TDJFOUJTUT BOE QIZTJDJBOT UIBU EFTDSJCFT JUTFMG BT DPNNJU
UFEUPNBLJOHUIFXPSMEmTTDJFOUJGJDBOENFEJDBMMJUFSBUVSFB
GSFFMZBWBJMBCMFQVCMJDSFTPVSDF
1VCMJTIFS 5IF QFSTPO GJSN PS TPDJFUZ XIP NBOBHFT UIF
CVTJOFTT BDUJWJUJFT SFMBUFE UP CSJOHJOH CPPLT PS KPVSOBMT UP
QSJOUPSUPB8FCTJUF
1VC.FE "8FCTJUFUIBUJTBTFSWJDFPGUIF/BUJPOBM-JCSBSZ
PG.FEJDJOF XJUINPSFUIBONJMMJPODJUBUJPOTGPSCJPNFEJ
DBM BSUJDMFT GSPN .&%-*/& BOE PUIFS TPVSDFT 1VC.FE JT
EJTDVTTFE JO $IBQ BOE DBO CF BDDFTTFE BU IUUQXXX
QVCNFEDPN
3#( "DPMPSNPEFGPSJNBHFTCBTFEPONJYUVSFTPGSFE 3

HSFFO (
BOECMVF #
MJHIU
3FEBDUJPO 5IF QSPDFTT PG XPSECZXPSE TFOUFODFCZTFO
UFODFNPEJGJDBUJPOPGBQBQFS
3FGFSFF 4FF1FFSSFWJFX QFFSSFWJFXFS
3FQSJOUT "MTP TPNFUJNFT DBMMFE PGGQSJOUT UIFTF BSF TFQB
SBUFMZ QSJOUFE DPQJFT PG JOEJWJEVBM KPVSOBM BSUJDMFT +PVSOBMT
HFOFSBMMZQSPWJEFUIFTFUPBVUIPSTGPSBGFF
3FRVFTU GPS QSPQPTBM 3'1
" GVOEJOH BHFODZmT JOWJUBUJPO
UPTVCNJUHSBOUQSPQPTBMT
337
3FTFBSDISFQPSU "MTPDBMMFEBnTDJFOUJGJDQBQFS oUIFSFTFBSDI

SFQPSUEFTDSJCFTUIFSFTVMUTPGBSFTFBSDITUVEZ
3FWJFXBSUJDMF "QBQFSUIBUEFBMTXJUILOPXOJOGPSNBUJPO
JO B UIPVHIUGVM XBZ CVU EPFT OPU QSFTFOU OFX EBUB TVDI BT
UIFSFTVMUTPGBDMJOJDBMSFTFBSDITUVEZ
3VOOJOH IFBE " TIPSUIBOE MJTUJOH PG JUFNTrVTVBMMZ BO
BCCSFWJBUFEUJUMFPGUIFBSUJDMFPSDIBQUFSUIBUBQQFBSTBUUIF
UPQ PG FBDI QBHF PG B NBOVTDSJQU PS CPPL *O UIF DBTF PG B
NBOVTDSJQU UIFSVOOJOHIFBEBMMPXTUIFFEJUPSUPSFBTTFNCMF
UIFQBHFTJGCMPXOBCPVUCZUIFXJOE#FDBVTFPGUIFBOPOZN
JUZPGQFFSSFWJFX NPTUKPVSOBMTEPOPUXBOUBVUIPSOBNFT
JODMVEFEJOBNBOVTDSJQUmTSVOOJOHIFBE
4DJFODF $JUBUJPO *OEFY 4$*
" QSPQSJFUBSZ EBUBCBTF PG
DJUBUJPOTPGQVCMJTIFEBSUJDMFT UIF4$*JTBMTPVTFEUPDBMDV
MBUFUIFKPVSOBMJNQBDUGBDUPS
4UPQ " VOJU PG QVODUVBUJPO UIBU CSFBLT UIF GMPX PG XPSET
4UPQTJODMVEFUIFDPNNB DPMPO TFNJDPMPO RVFTUJPONBSL
BOEFYDMBNBUJPONBSL
4UVC )FBEJOHBOEMJOFDBQUJPOTBQQFBSJOHBUUIFTJEFPGB
GPSNBMUBCMF VTFEUPEFTDSJCFUIFSPXTPGGJHVSFTQSFTFOUFE
5BSHFUKPVSOBM "TZPVQSFQBSFBOBSUJDMF UIFUBSHFUKPVSOBM
JT OVNCFS POF PO ZPVS QVCMJDBUJPO XJTI MJTU 5IJT JT XIFSF
ZPVXPVMEMJLFZPVSQBQFSQVCMJTIFE BOEUIFBSUJDMFmTGPSNBU
BOETUZMFTIPVMENJSSPSUIPTFPGUIFUBSHFUKPVSOBM
5FBS TIFFUT 1BHFT SFNPWFE GSPN B QSFWJPVTMZ QVCMJTIFE
CPPL HFOFSBMMZ VTFE XIFO SFWJTJOHrPO QBQFSrB QSFWJPVT
FEJUJPOPGUIFCPPL
5SBEFCPPLT #PPLTQVCMJTIFEUPCFTPMEUPUIFHFOFSBMQVC
MJD OPU UP UIF NBSLFU PG QSPGFTTJPOBM DMJOJDJBOT BOE FEVDB
UPST #PPLT GPS DMJOJDJBOT TDJFOUJTUT BOE PUIFS TDIPMBST BSF
DBMMFEQSPGFTTJPOBMCPPLT
5ZQFTFUUJOH 5IF QSPDFTT PG DPNQPTJOH UIF FEJUFE NBOV
TDSJQU BT JU XJMM BQQFBS JO UIF GJOBM QBHFT 5IJT UFSN JT
CFDPNJOHPCTPMFUF
338
338
6OJGPSN 3FRVJSFNFOUT GPS .BOVTDSJQUT 4VCNJUUFE UP

#JPNFEJDBM +PVSOBMT " TUBUFNFOU CZ UIF *$.+& BWBJMBCMF
POUIF8FC EFTDSJCJOHIPXUPQSFQBSFBQBQFSGPSBNFEJDBM
KPVSOBM*UBMTPDPWFSTSFMBUFEFUIJDBMJTTVFTJOSFTFBSDIBOE
XSJUJOH4FFGVSUIFSEJTDVTTJPOJO$IBQ"DDFTTUIFMBUFTU
WFSTJPOBUXXXJDNKFPSH
6Q5P%BUF "TVCTDSJQUJPOCBTFE8FCTJUFUIBUQSPWJEFEUJNFMZ
SFWJFXTPODMJOJDBMUPQJDTIUUQXXXVQUPEBUFDPN
Appendix 2. Proofreaders Marks

5IFGPMMPXJOHTZNCPMTBSFVTFEXIFODPSSFDUJOHHBMMFZ BOE
QBHFQSPPGT
Meaning
Delete; take out
Close up
Delete and close up
Insert space
Equal space between words
Insert word(s)
Insert period
Insert comma
Insert semicolon
Insert hyphen
Insert parentheses
Insert apostrophe
Insert as superscript
Make subscript
Straighten line(s)
Make new paragraph
No paragraph run in
Transpose
Move left as indicated
Move right as indicated
Capital
Small capitals
Lower case
Roman type
Italic
Capital italic
Boldface type
Spell out
Let stand as is
339
Appendix 3. Commonly Used Medical

Abbreviations*
"CCSFWJBUJPO
.FBOJOH
"$&
"$5)
"*%4
"-5
"/"
"45
CJE
#1
CQN
#4
#6/
$#$
$)%
$)'
$Mq
$0
$01%
$13
$4'
$5
DVNN
$93
E
E%.
&$(
&43
"OHJPUFOTJODPOWFSUJOHFO[ZNF
"ESFOPDPSUJDPUSPQJDIPSNPOF
"DRVJSFEJNNVOPEFGJDJFODZTZOESPNF
"MBOJOFBNJOPUSBOTGFSBTF 4(15
"OUJOVDMFBSBOUJCPEZ
"TQBSUBUFBNJOPUSBOTGFSBTF 4(05
5XJDFBEBZ
#MPPEQSFTTVSF
#FBUTQFSNJOVUF
#MPPETVHBS
#MPPEVSFBOJUSPHFO
$PNQMFUFCMPPEDPVOU
$PSPOBSZIFBSUEJTFBTF
$POHFTUJWFIFBSUGBJMVSF
$IMPSJEF
$BSCPOEJPYJEF
$ISPOJDPCTUSVDUJWFQVMNPOBSZEJTFBTF
$BSEJPQVMNPOBSZSFTVTDJUBUJPO
$FSFCSPTQJOBMGMVJE
$PNQVUFEUPNPHSBQIZ
$VCJDNJMMJNFUFS
$IFTUYSBZ
%BZ EBJMZ
%FDJMJUFS
%JBCFUFTNFMMJUVT
&MFDUSPDBSEJPHSBN
&SZUISPDZUFTFEJNFOUBUJPOSBUF
5IJTMJTUNBZCFVTFEJOZPVSNFEJDBMXSJUJOH/PTQFDJGJDQFSNJTTJPOGPSN
JTSFRVJSFEGPSVTF CVUQMFBTFHJWFGVMMDSFEJUUPUIJTCPPLBTUIFTPVSDF
341
342
342
APPENDIX 3. COMMONLY USED MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS
'%"
H
(*
)C
)%-$
)'
)H
)*7
).0
IS
IT
)5/
*.
*/3
*6
*7
,
LH
-%PS-%)
-%-$
N&R
NDH
NH
NJO
NNN
NN
.3*
/B
/4"*%
QP
15
155
R
RE
RJE
RPE
3#$
4$
6OJUFE4UBUFT'PPEBOE%SVH"ENJOJTUSBUJPO
(SBN
(BTUSPJOUFTUJOBM
)FNPHMPCJO
)JHIEFOTJUZMJQPQSPUFJODIPMFTUFSPM
)FBSUGBJMVSF
.FSDVSZ
)VNBOJNNVOPEFGJDJFODZWJSVT
)FBMUINBJOUFOBODFPSHBOJ[BUJPO
)PVS
)PVSPGTMFFQ BUCFEUJNF
)ZQFSUFOTJPO
*OUSBNVTDVMBS
*OUFSOBUJPOBMOPSNBMJ[FESBUJP
*OUFSOBUJPOBMVOJU
*OUSBWFOPVT
1PUBTTJVN
,JMPHSBN
-JUFS
-BDUBUFEFIZESPHFOBTF
-PXEFOTJUZMJQPQSPUFJODIPMFTUFSPM
.JMMJFRVJWBMFOU
.JDSPHSBN
.JMMJHSBN
.JOVUF
.JMMJMJUFS
.JMMJNFUFS
$VCJDNJMMJNFUFS
.BHOFUJDSFTPOBODFJNBHJOH
4PEJVN
/POTUFSPJEBMBOUJJOGMBNNBUPSZESVH
#ZNPVUI QFSPT
1SPUISPNCJOUJNF
1BSUJBMUISPNCPQMBTUJOUJNF
&WFSZ
&WFSZEBZEBJMZ
'PVSUJNFTBEBZ
&WFSZPUIFSEBZ
3FECMPPEDFMM SFECMPPEDPVOU
4VCDVUBOFPVT
APPENDIX 3. COMMONLY USED MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS
TFD
4(05
4(15
45%
5#
UJE
54)
6
6"
8#$
4FDPOE
4FF"45
4FF"-5
4FYVBMMZUSBOTNJUUFEEJTFBTF
5VCFSDVMPTJT
5ISFFUJNFTBEBZ
5IZSPJETUJNVMBUJOHIPSNPOF
6OJU
6SJOFBOBMZTJT
8IJUFCMPPEDFMM XIJUFCMPPEDPVOU
343
Appendix 4. Laboratory Reference

Values for Adults*
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY TESTS
REFERENCE VALUES
"MBOJOFBNJOPUSBOTGFSBTF "-5 4(15
"MCVNJO
"MLBMJOFQIPTQIBUBTF "-1
"NZMBTF TFSVN
"TQBSUBUFBNJOPUSBOTGFSBTF "45
4(05
#JMJSVCJO DPOKVHBUFE
#JMJSVCJO UPUBM
$BMDJVN
$BSCPOEJPYJEF $0
UPUBM
$IMPSJEF
$SFBUJOFLJOBTF $, $1,
$SFBUJOJOF
(BNNBHMVUBNZMUSBOTGFSBTF ((5
(MVDPTF GBTUJOH
)FNPHMPCJO"$
*SPO TFSVN
*SPOCJOEJOHDBQBDJUZ UPUBM 5*#$
-BDUBUF TFSVN WFOPVT
-BDUBUFEFIZESPHFOBTF -%)
-JQBTF
.BHOFTJVN
1PUBTTJVN
1SPTUBUFTQFDJGJDBOUJHFO 14"
1SPUFJO UPUBM
4PEJVN
5SPQPOJO*
q6qHEq6q6q6qNHEqNHEqNHEqN&RqN&Rq6qNHEq6qNHEqPGUPUBM)C
qNHEqNHEqNHEq6q6qNHEqN&RqOHNqHEqN&ROHN-
5IJTMJTUNBZCFVTFEJOZPVSNFEJDBMXSJUJOH/PTQFDJGJDQFSNJTTJPOGPSN
JTSFRVJSFEGPSVTF1MFBTFHJWFGVMMDSFEJUUPUIJTCPPLBTUIFTPVSDF
345
346
346
APPENDIX 4. LABORATORY REFERENCE VALUES FOR ADULTS
5SPQPOJO5
6SFBOJUSPHFO
6SJDBDJE
OHNqNHEqNHE-
LIPID PANEL
$IPMFTUFSPM UPUBM
)%-DIPMFTUFSPM
-%-DIPMFTUFSPM
5SJHMZDFSJEFT
qNHENHENHEqNHE-
THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
5IZSPJETUJNVMBUJOHIPSNPOF 54)
5IZSPYJOF GSFF '5
5IZSPYJOF UPUBM 5
5SJJPEPUIZSPOJOF 5
5SJJPEPUIZSPOJOF 5
SFTJOVQUBLF 536
qN6NqOHEqNDHEqOHEq
BLOOD GASES
#BTFFYDFTT
#JDBSCPOBUF )$0
Q0
0TBUVSBUJPO
Q$0
5PUBM$0
Q)
"SUFSJBM
UP
N&RqN&RqNN)H
q
qNN)H
qN&Rq
7FOPVT
UP
N&RqN&RqNN)H
q
qNN)H
qN&Rq
HEMATOLOGY AND COAGULATION TESTS
8IJUFDFMM 8#$
DPVOU
)FNPHMPCJO )C )CH
)FNBUPDSJU )DU
3FEDFMM 3#$
DPVOU
q,NN
qHEq
qNJM
MJPONN
APPENDIX 4. LABORATORY REFERENCE VALUES FOR ADULTS
.FBODPSQVTDVMBSWPMVNF .$7
.FBODPSQVTDVMBSIFNPHMPCJO .$)
.$)DPODFOUSBUJPO .$)$
3FEDFMMEJTUSJCVUJPOXJEUI 3%8
1MBUFMFUDPVOU
3FUJDVMPDZUFDPVOU
347
qDV
NJDSB
qQHDFMM
qHEq
q,
NN
qPG
3#$T
8#$EJGGFSFOUJBM
/FVUSPQIJMT
-ZNQIPDZUFT
.POPDZUFT
&PTJOPQIJMT
#BTPQIJMT
q
q
q
q
q
4FEJNFOUBUJPOSBUF
"EVMUNBMF
"EVMUGFNBMF
qNNI
qNNI
$PBHVMBUJPOUFTUT
'JCSJOPHFO
1BSUJBMUISPNCPQMBTUJOUJNF 155
"DUJWBUFE155
1SPUISPNCJOUJNF 15
qNHEqT
qT
qT
/PUF5IFSFGFSFODFJOUFSWBMTTIPXOBSFGPSBEVMUT BOENBZ
WBSZBDDPSEJOHUPUFDIOJRVFPSMBCPSBUPSZ PSBTOFXNFUIPET
BSFJOUSPEVDFE"MXBZTDPOTVMUUIFSFGFSFODFSBOHFGPSZPVS
PXOMBCPSBUPSZ
Appendix 5. Methodological and

Statistical Terms Used in Research
Studies
5IF GPMMPXJOH JT B MJTU PG UFSNT DPNNPOMZ VTFE JO XSJUJOH
SFTFBSDI QSPUPDPMT HSBOU BQQMJDBUJPOT BOE SFQPSUT PG DMJOJ
DBMTUVEJFT
"CTPMVUF SJTL 5IJT JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TPNFUIJOH TVDI BT
NZPDBSEJBMJOGBSDUJPOPSEFBUI PDDVSSJOH XJUIPVUSFGFSFODF
UPBOZTQFDJBMDPOUFYU TVDIBTDPNQBSJTPOUPBOPUIFSTFUUJOH
"CTPMVUF SJTL SFEVDUJPO "33
5ZQJDBMMZ SFGFSSJOH UP
BEWFSTFFWFOUT BCTPMVUFSJTLEFTDSJCFTUIFQSPCBCJMJUZPGBO
FWFOU JO UIF QPQVMBUJPO VOEFS TUVEZ BOE "33 JT UIF BSJUI
NFUJD EJGGFSFODF JO UIF SBUFT PG FWFOUT CFUXFFO TUVEZ BOE
DPOUSPM HSPVQT *U JT UIF JOWFSTF PG UIF OVNCFS OFFEFE UP
USFBU //5
3FMBUJWF SJTL SFEVDUJPO 333
JT UIF QFSDFOU
BHF EJGGFSFODF JO PVUDPNFT CFUXFFO UIF TUVEZ BOE DPOUSPM
HSPVQT)FSFJTBOFYBNQMF*GBUSFBUNFOU TVDIBTVTFPGBO
BOUJQMBUFMFU BHFOU EFDSFBTFT UIF SJTL PG B TUSPLF GSPN QFS
UIPVTBOEUPQFSUIPVTBOE UIBOUIFBCTPMVUFSJTLSFEVDUJPO
JT "OE JO UIJT TDFOBSJP UIF SFMBUJWF SJTL SFEVDUJPO
EFTDSJCFECFMPX
JT
#JBT "MTPDBMMFETZTUFNBUJDFSSPS CJBTEFTDSJCFTTPNFUIJOH
UIBU NJHIU DPOGPVOE UIF WBMJEJUZ PG B TUVEZ 0OF FYBNQMF
JT FYDMVTJPO CJBT XIJDI PDDVST XIFO QFSTPOT XJUI TQFDJGJD
DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT TVDI BT B DPFYJTUJOH EJTFBTF BSF FYDMVEFE
GSPN B TUVEZ TBNQMF "OPUIFS UZQF PG CJBT JT BUUSJUJPO CJBT
JO XIJDI UIFSF JT B QBUUFSO UIBU BSJTFT BNPOH QFSTPOT XIP
ESPQPVUPGBTUVEZ5IFSFJTBMTPSFDBMMCJBT SFGFSSBMCJBTBOE
TFMFDUJPOCJBT EFTDSJCFECFMPX
$BTFDPOUSPM TUVEZ " SFUSPTQFDUJWF DPNQBSJTPO PG B HSPVQ
PG TVCKFDUT XJUI B EJTFBTF PS PVUDPNF PG JOUFSFTU XJUI B
349
350
350
APPENDIX 5. METHODOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL TERMS
HSPVQXJUIPVUUIFEJTFBTFPSPVUDPNFPGJOUFSFTU TFFLJOHB
QSPCBCMFDBVTFGPSUIFEJTFBTFPSPVUDPNFJOUIFTUVEZ DBTF

HSPVQ UIBU JT BCTFOU JO UIF DPOUSPM HSPVQ *O PUIFS XPSET
UIJT TUVEZ EFTJHO TUBSUT XJUI UIF EJTFBTF PS PVUDPNFrTVDI
BTUSPLFBOEMPPLTCBDLUPJEFOUJGZBOUFDFEFOUFWFOUT FYQP
TVSFT PSSJTLGBDUPST
$PDISBOF $PMMBCPSBUJPO " OFUXPSL PG QIZTJDJBOT BOE
TDIPMBSTXIPQFSGPSNTZTUFNBUJDSFWJFXTBOENFUBBOBMZTFT
PG SBOEPNJ[FE DMJOJDBM USJBMT BOE PUIFS SFTFBSDI TUVE
JFT 5IF SFTVMUT PG UIFJS FGGPSUT BSF GPVOE JO 5IF $PDISBOF
%BUBCBTF PG 4ZTUFNBUJD 3FWJFXT XIJDI DBO CF BDDFTTFE
BU IUUQXXXDPDISBOFPSH 5IF OBNF DPNNFNPSBUFT
UIF #SJUJTI QIZTJDJBO BOE FQJEFNJPMPHJTU "SDIJF $PDISBOF
q
XIP BEWPDBUFE GPS TZTUFNBUJD TVNNBSJFT PG
CFTU FWJEFODF UP JNQSPWF UIF FGGFDUJWFOFTT BOE FGGJDJFODZ
PGDBSF
$PIPSU "EFGJOFEHSPVQPGQFPQMF TVCKFDUT
"TUVEZHSPVQ
BOEBDPOUSPMHSPVQNJHIUFBDICFDBMMFEBDPIPSU"TUVEZ
DPIPSUNBZPSNBZOPUTIBSFPOFPGNBOZUZQFTPGBUUSJCVUFT
BHF SBDF FYQPTVSFUPBEJTFBTF QSFTFODFPGBEJTFBTF VTFPG
BESVH PSTPNFUIJOHFMTF
$PIPSU TUVEZ 4PNFUJNFT DBMMFE JODJEFODF PS MPOHJUVEJOBM
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351
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TVSWFZPGTVCKFDUT
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IBQQFOT JO BOPUIFS HSPVQ NFBTVSFE PWFS UJNF *O DBODFS
SFTFBSDI IB[BSE SBUJPT BSF PGUFO VTFE JO DMJOJDBM USJBMT UP
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XIPIBWFCFFOHJWFOBTQFDJGJDUSFBUNFOUDPNQBSFEUPBDPO
USPMHSPVQHJWFOBOPUIFSUSFBUNFOUPSBQMBDFCP HFOFSBUJOH
UIFGBNJMJBSnTVSWJWBMDVSWFTo*OUIJTTFUUJOH BIB[BSESBUJP
PGNFBOTUIBUUIFSFJTOPEJGGFSFODFJOTVSWJWBMCFUXFFOUIF
UXPHSPVQT"IB[BSESBUJP PGHSFBUFSUIBOPOF PS MFTTUIBO
POFNFBOTUIBUTVSWJWBMXBTCFUUFSJOPOFPGUIFHSPVQT
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PG QSFWJPVTMZ VOBGGFDUFE QFSTPOT XIP EFWFMPQ B DPOEJUJPO
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PSFWFOBMJGFUJNF,OPXJOHUIFJODJEFODFPGBEJTFBTFIFMQT
VT VOEFSTUBOE UIF MJLFMJIPPE UIBU B EJTFBTF XJMM PDDVS JO B
HJWFO QFSTPO PWFS B HJWFO UJNF GSBNF 'PS FYBNQMF UIJOL
PG B DSVJTF TIJQ DBSSZJOH QBTTFOHFST PO B XFFL MPOH
WPZBHF*G EVSJOHUIBUWPZBHF QFSTPOTEFWFMPQBDVUFHBT
USPFOUFSJUJT UIFOUIFJODJEFODFPGUIBUEJTFBTFJOUIBUQPQV
MBUJPOPGQBTTFOHFSTGPSUIBUEBZUJNFJOUFSWBMJT
PS
-JLFMJIPPE SBUJP -3
5IF PEET UIBU B HJWFO UFTU SFTVMU
XPVME CF FYQFDUFE JO B QBUJFOU XJUI UIF TQFDJGJD EJTFBTF
DPNQBSFE UP UIF DIBODFT UIBU UIBU TBNF SFTVMU XPVME CF
FYQFDUFE JO B QBUJFOU XJUIPVU UIF EJTFBTF JO RVFTUJPO 5IF
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FTUJNBUFPGIPXNVDI BUFTUSFTVMUXJMMDIBOHFUIFPEET PG
GJOEJOHBEJTFBTF BOEJODPSQPSBUFTCPUIUIFTFOTJUJWJUZBOE
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352
352
SFTVMU JT TFOTJUJWJUZ q TQFDJGJDJUZ 5IF MJLFMJIPPE SBUJP GPS

BOFHBUJWFUFTUSFTVMUJTqTFOTJUJWJUZTQFDJGJDJUZ"-3MFTT
UIBO JOEJDBUFT B MPXFS MJLFMJIPPE PG EJTFBTF XIJMF B -3
HSFBUFSUIBOJOEJDBUFTBIJHIFSMJLFMJIPPEPGEJTFBTF5FTUT
XJUI-3TMFTTUIBOPSHSFBUFSUIBOUFOEUPCFUIFNPTU
VTFGVMDMJOJDBMMZ
.FUBBOBMZTJT "UZQFPGTZTUFNBUJDSFWJFX TFFCFMPX
UIBU
JOWPMWFT RVBOUJUBUJWF NFUIPET BOE SJHPSPVT QPPMJOH PG EBUB
GSPN BQQMJDBCMF DMJOJDBM USJBMT 1FSIBQT UIF CFTU LOPXO
PG UIF NFUBBOBMZTFT BSF UIF SFQPSUT GSPN UIF $PDISBOF
$PMMBCPSBUJPO
.JYFENFUIPETSFTFBSDI 3FTFBSDIUIBUDPNCJOFTRVBOUJUB
UJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF NFUIPET JO B TJOHMF TUVEZ *U IBT CFFO
DBMMFEUIFUIJSESFTFBSDIQBSBEJHN
/VMMIZQPUIFTJT )
"OBTTFSUJPOUIBUOPTUBUJTUJDBMTJHOJGJ
DBODFFYJTUTJOBTFUPGHJWFOPCTFSWBUJPOT*UJTQSFTVNFEUP
CFUSVFVOUJMTUBUJTUJDBMFWJEFODFOVMMJGJFTJUGPSBOBMUFSOBUJWF
IZQPUIFTJT
/VNCFSOFFEFEUPUSFBU //5
5IFOVNCFSPGQFSTPOTXIP
NVTUSFDFJWFBOJOUFSWFOUJPOJOPSEFSGPSPOFNPSFQFSTPOUP
CFOFGJU *U DBO CF DBMDVMBUFE BT UIF JOWFSTF PG BCTPMVUF SJTL
SFEVDUJPO "33
5IF PUIFS TJEF PG UIF DPJO XPVME CF UIF
OVNCFSOFFEFEUPIBSN //)

0EET SBUJP 5IF PEET SBUJP JT B EFTDSJQUJWF TUBUJTUJD VTFE UP
BTTFTT UIF SJTL PG B QBSUJDVMBS PVUDPNF UZQJDBMMZ B EJTFBTF
JG B DFSUBJO SJTL GBDUPS PS FWFOU JT QSFTFOU 5IVT JU JT B SFMB
UJWF NFBTVSF PG SJTL UFMMJOH VT IPX NVDI NPSF MJLFMZ JU JT
UIBUTPNFPOFXIPJTFYQPTFEUPUIFGBDUPSCFJOHTUVEJFEXJMM
EFWFMPQUIFEJTFBTFPSPUIFSPVUDPNFBTDPNQBSFEUPTPNF
POFXIPJTOPUFYQPTFE
1PTUUFTUQSPCBCJMJUZ 5IFQSPQPSUJPOPGQBUJFOUTXJUIBQBS
UJDVMBS UFTU SFTVMU XIP IBWF UIF UBSHFU EJTPSEFS *O EFDJEJOH
XIFUIFSPSOPUUPSFDPNNFOEBTQFDJGJDUFTUGPSFYBNQMF B
NBHOFUJDSFTPOBODFTDBOJOBQBUJFOUXJUICBDLQBJOrLOPX
JOH UIF QPTUUFTU QSPCBCJMJUZ XJMM IFMQ UIF DMJOJDJBO EFDJEF JG
UIFUFTUSFTVMUJTMJLFMZUPNBLFBEJGGFSFODFJOUIFUSFBUNFOU
PGUIFQBUJFOU
353
1SFDJTJPO "O FYQSFTTJPO PGUFO EFTDSJCFE BT B DPOGJEFODF

JOUFSWBM TFFBCPWF
PGUIFQBVDJUZPGSBOEPNFSSPS
1SFEJDUJWF WBMVF " SBUJP TUBUFE BT B QFSDFOUBHF PG UIF
QBUJFOUTXJUIBQPTJUJWFUFTUTGPSBEJTFBTFXIPBDUVBMMZIBWF
UIF EJTFBTF QPTJUJWF QSFEJDUJWF WBMVF
1SFEJDUJWF WBMVF JT
TUSPOHMZ BGGFDUFE CZ UIF QSFWBMFODF PG B EJTFBTF FWFO JG UIF
TFOTJUJWJUZBOETQFDJGJDJUZPGUIFUFTUSFNBJODPOTUBOU5IFSF
JTBMTPOFHBUJWFQSFEJDUJWFWBMVF UIFQSPCBCJMJUZUIBUBQFSTPO
XJUIBOFHBUJWFUFTUEPFTOPUIBWFUIFEJTFBTFJORVFTUJPO
1SFUFTU QSPCBCJMJUZ " NFBTVSFNFOU PG UIF MJLFMJIPPE PG B
QPTJUJWF UFTU SFTVMU EFUFSNJOFE CFGPSF UIF SFTVMU PG B UFTU JT
LOPXO 'PS FYBNQMF JG XF LOPX IZQPUIFUJDBMMZ UIBU JO B
MBSHF QPQVMBUJPO PG ZFBS PME BTZNQUPNBUJD XPNFO UIF
WJUBNJO%MFWFMXJMMCFMPXJOPGTVCKFDUT UIJTGJHVSFSFQSF
TFOUTUIFQSFUFTUQSPCBCJMJUZPGGJOEJOHBMPXWJUBNJO%TFSVN
MFWFMJOUIFOFYUBTZNQUPNBUJDZFBSPMEXPNBOUFTUFE
1SFUFTUQPTUUFTUDBTFTFSJFT "OPCTFSWBUJPOBMTUVEZJOXIJDI
PVUDPNFT BSF NFBTVSFE JO TVCKFDUT CFGPSF BOE BHBJO BGUFS
FYQPTVSFUPTPNFTPSUPGJOUFSWFOUJPO$MJOJDJBOSFTFBSDIFST
BSFGPOEPGVTJOHUIJTNFUIPEUPNFBTVSFDMJOJDJBOCFIBWJPS
TVDI BT QSFTDSJCJOH CFGPSF BOE BGUFS CFJOH FYQPTFE UP OFX
JOGPSNBUJPO
1SFWBMFODF "NFBTVSFNFOUPGUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGDBTFTPG
UIFEJTFBTFJOUIFQPQVMBUJPOBUBHJWFOUJNF*UNBZCFTUBUFE
BTBQFSDFOUBHFUIFUPUBMOVNCFSPGDBTFTJOUIFQPQVMBUJPO
UIFOVNFSBUPS
EJWJEFECZUIFOVNCFSPGJOEJWJEVBMTJOUIF
QPQVMBUJPO UIF EFOPNJOBUPS
)ZQFSUFOTJPO GPS FYBNQMF
JT PGUFO TUBUFE BT IBWJOH B q QSFWBMFODF JO UIF 64
QPQVMBUJPO1SFWBMFODFUFMMTVTIPXDPNNPOBEJTFBTFJT*O
DPOUSBTU JODJEFODFUFMMTVTIPXNBOZOFXDBTFTPDDVSJOB
HJWFOUJNFGSBNF
1SJNBSZ PVUDPNF 5IF GJOEJOH DPOTJEFSFE NPTU DMJOJDBMMZ
SFMFWBOUJOBTTFTTJOHUIFFGGFDUPGBOJOUFSWFOUJPO"TBOFYBN
QMF JOBTUVEZPGUIFVTFPGBOFXBOBMHFTJDJOUSFBUJOHMPX
CBDLQBJOUIFQSJNBSZPVUDPNFXPVMEMPHJDBMMZCFCBDLQBJO
SFMJFG BOEOPU GPSJOTUBODF SFQPSUTPGJNQSPWFNFOUJOHFO
FSBMXFMMCFJOHPSBSFEVDFEJODJEFODFPGUFOTJPOIFBEBDIFT
354
354
1SPTQFDUJWF TUVEZ " nMPPLJOHGPSXBSEo TUVEZ JO XIJDI UIF

PVUDPNFFWFOUIBTOPUZFUPDDVSSFE"OFYBNQMFNJHIUCFB
TUVEZPGXIBUIBQQFOTXIFOBHSPVQPGPWFSXFJHIUQFSTPOT
BSF USFBUFE XJUI B OFX BQQFUJUF TVQQSFTTBOU WFSTVT UIF PVU
DPNF JO B TJNJMBS HSPVQ PG QFSTPOT XIP EP OPU SFDFJWF UIF
ESVH 3BOEPNJ[FE USJBMT BSF BMM QSPTQFDUJWF TUVEJFT BT BSF
TPNFDPIPSUTUVEJFT
QWBMVF 4FF4UBUJTUJDBMTJHOJGJDBODF CFMPX
2VBMJUBUJWFSFTFBSDI 3FTFBSDIVTFEXIFOUSBEJUJPOBMRVBOUJ
UBUJWFNFBTVSFNFOUTXPVMEOPUCFIFMQGVM6TVBMMZFNQMPZFE
JO TUVEJFT PG IVNBO TVCKFDUT RVBMJUBUJWF SFTFBSDI FYQMPSFT
JTTVFT QIFOPNFOB BOE UIF SFBTPOT VOEFSMZJOH EFDJTJPO
NBLJOH
3BOEPNJ[BUJPO " QSPDFTT TPNFUJNFT DBMMFE SBOEPN
MMPDBUJPO CZ XIJDI TVCKFDUT BSF BTTJHOFE UP HSPVQT CZ
B
DIBODF PGUFOVTJOHBUBCMFPGSBOEPNOVNCFST"UUIFPUIFS
FOEPGUIFTQFDUSVNJTUIFDPOWFOJFODFTBNQMF XIJDINJHIU
CFUIFOFYUQBUJFOUTUPXBMLUISPVHIUIFEPPS
3BOEPNJ[FE DPOUSPMMFE USJBM 3$5
5IF HPME TUBOEBSE PG
DMJOJDBMTDJFOUJGJDSFTFBSDI UIF3$5JTBOFYQFSJNFOUBMTUVEZ
EFTJHOUIBUJOWPMWFTSBOEPNBMMPDBUJPOPGTVCKFDUTBOEJOUFS
WFOUJPOT 8JUI TVDDFTTGVM SBOEPNJ[BUJPO PG TVCKFDUT TUVEZ
BOE DPOUSPM HSPVQ IBWF DPNQBSBCMF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT FWFO JG
XF EPOmU LOPX XIBU UIF SFMFWBOU DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT BSF
BOE
TFMFDUJPOCJBTJTBCTFOU
3FDBMM CJBT " TZTUFNBUJD FSSPS JO B SFTFBSDI TUVEZ UIBU
PDDVSTXIFOFWJEFODFJTDPMMFDUFECZSFMZJOHPOUIFQBUJFOUmT
NFNPSZ 5IJOL PG B TUVEZ UIBU JOWPMWFT BENJOJTUSBUJPO PG B
OFXWBDDJOFFWBMVBUFECZBOJOUFSWJFXBGFXXFFLTMBUFS BTL
JOHBCPVUQPTTJCMFTJEFFGGFDUT
3FGFSSBM CJBT " UZQF PG TZTUFNBUJD FSSPS SFMBUFE UP XIP JT
BTTJHOFEUPUIFTUVEZWFSTVTUIFDPOUSPMHSPVQ UZQJDBMMZTFFO
XIFO QBUJFOUT BSF SFGFSSFE GSPN UIF DPNNVOJUZ UP B TUVEZ
JO B UFSUJBSZ DBSF DFOUFS BOE EFDJTJPOT BSF NBEF CBTFE PO
QBUJFOUDIBSBDUFSJTUJDTBTUPXIPTIPVMECFJOXIJDIDPIPSU
5IFSFTVMUJTBOPOSBOEPNJ[FETUVEZ
355
3FMBUJWFSJTL 33
"MTPTPNFUJNFTDBMMFEUIFSJTLSBUJP5IF
QSPCBCJMJUZPGBOBEWFSTFPVUDPNFPDDVSSJOHEVSJOHBTQFDJ
GJFE UJNF JOUFSWBM JO B TUVEZ HSPVQ FYQPTFE UP TPNF TPSU PG
FWFOUWFSTVTUIFPVUDPNFXJUIPVUUIFFYQPTVSF'PSFYBNQMF
XFNJHIUCFDPODFSOFEXJUIUIFSFMBUJWFSJTLPGTUSPLFBNPOH
QFSTPOTXJUIBOEXJUIPVUIZQFSUFOTJPO
3FMBUJWFSJTLSFEVDUJPO 333
"OFYQSFTTJPOPGUIFEFHSFF
UP XIJDI BO JOUFSWFOUJPO EFDSFBTFTUIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG EFWFM
PQJOHBEJTFBTF DPNQMJDBUJPO PSPUIFSBEWFSTFPVUDPNF'PS
FYBNQMF XF NJHIU DPOEVDU B TUVEZ UP TFF XIBU QSPUFDUJPO
BHBJOTU NBKPS DBSEJPWBTDVMBS FWFOUT JT BGGPSEFE CZ WBSJPVT
DBUFHPSJFTPGBOUJIZQFSUFOTJWFBHFOUT
3FMJBCJMJUZ 5IFDPOTJTUFODZPGBOBTTFTTNFOUNFUIPE*GUIF
TQFFEPNFUFSPONZDBSIBQQFOTUPCFTFUUPSFBENJMFTQFS
IPVS NQI
XIFOUIFBDUVBMTQFFEJTNQI JUXJMMSFGMFDU
UIJT FSSPS FWFSZ UJNF BOE UIVT CF SFMJBCMF FWFO UIPVHI JU JT
OPU BDDVSBUF 5IJT XJMM NBLF TDBOU EJGGFSFODF UP UIF USBGGJD
PGGJDFSXIPXSJUFTUIFTVNNPOTGPSTQFFEJOH
3FUSPTQFDUJWF DPIPSU TUVEZ "O FYBNJOBUJPO PG XIBU IBT
BMSFBEZIBQQFOFEUPBHSPVQPGJOEJWJEVBMTXIPFYQFSJFODFE
BO FYQPTVSF PS JOUFSWFOUJPO DPNQBSFE XJUI BO PUIFSXJTF
TJNJMBSHSPVQXIPEJEOPUFYQFSJFODFUIFFYQPTVSFPSJOUFS
WFOUJPO "O FYBNQMF PG TVDI B TUVEZ NJHIU CF UIF SFDPSE
SFWJFXUPEFUFSNJOFUIFVUFSJOFDBODFSSJTLUIBUIBTBMSFBEZ
PDDVSSFEJOXPNFOFYQPTFEUPIPSNPOFSFQMBDFNFOUUIFSBQZ
)35
DPNQBSFEUPBTJNJMBSHSPVQXJUIOP)35FYQPTVSF"
QSPTQFDUJWF DPIPSU TUVEZ JO DPOUSBTU XPVME GPMMPX FYQPTFE
BOEVOFYQPTFEXPNFOJOUPUIFGVUVSF
4FMFDUJPO CJBT *O B DPIPSU PS DBTF DPOUSPM TUVEZ TFMFDUJPO
CJBT PDDVST XIFO GPS POF SFBTPO PS BOPUIFS TUVEZ HSPVQT
BOE DPOUSPM HSPVQT EJGGFS GSPN UIF TUBSU 4VQQPTF GPS
JOTUBODF UIBUJOBDPIPSUTUVEZUPEFUFSNJOFUIFPVUDPNFPG
USFBUJOH IFBSU GBJMVSF XJUI B TQFDJGJD ESVH UIF JOUFSWFOUJPO
HSPVQIBEGBSNPSFEJBCFUJDQBUJFOUTUIBOUIFDPOUSPMHSPVQ
4FMFDUJPOCJBTNBZBMTPCFUFSNFEBMMPDBUJPOCJBT
4FOTJUJWJUZ 4O
" NFBTVSFNFOU PG UIF QPSUJPO PG JUFNT
DPSSFDUMZEFUFDUFEBTQSFTFOU5IJTVTVBMMZIBTUPEPXJUIUFTUT
356
356
VTFEUPEFUFDUEJTFBTF5IVTBUFTUXJUI BMTPTUBUFEBT

TFOTJUJWJUZ GPS UVCFSDVMPTJT GPS FYBNQMF XPVME JEFOUJGZ
BMMQFSTPOTXJUIUIFEJTFBTF BOEBUFTUXJUIBTFOTJUJWJUZ
XPVMEEFUFDUIBMGPGUIPTFJOGFDUFE$PNQBSFUIJTUFSNXJUI
4QFDJGJDJUZ EFTDSJCFECFMPX"UFTUXJUIBIJHITFOTJUJWJUZXJMM
IBWFGFXGBMTFOFHBUJWFT
4QFDJGJDJUZ 4Q
"NFBTVSFNFOUPGUIFQSPQPSUJPOTPGJUFNT
DPSSFDUMZ JEFOUJGJFE BT OPU QSFTFOU PGUFO SFQSFTFOUFE BT UIF
QFSDFOUBHFPGIFBMUIZQFPQMFXIPBSFDPSSFDUMZJEFOUJGJFEBT
OPU IBWJOH B QBSUJDVMBS EJTFBTF 5IVT B UFTU XJUI PS
BMUFSOBUJWFMZ
TQFDJGJDJUZ GPS UVCFSDVMPTJT GPS FYBNQMF
XPVME OPU JEFOUJGZ JODPSSFDUMZ
BOZPOF GSPN UIF IFBMUIZ
HSPVQBTTJDL"UFTUXJUIBIJHITQFDJGJDJUZXJMMIBWFGFXGBMTF
QPTJUJWFT
4UBUJTUJDBMTJHOJGJDBODF 5IFUFSNSFGFSTUIFMJLFMJIPPEUIBUB
SFTVMUDPVMEPDDVSCZDIBODF VTVBMMZFYQSFTTFEBTBQWBMVF
5IF TNBMMFS UIF QWBMVF UIF MFTT MJLFMZ JU JT UIBU UIF GJOEJOHT
SFQPSUFE BSF UIF SFTVMU PG DIBODF *G UIF MFWFM JT UIFO
UIFSF JT B DIBODF UIBU UIF GJOEJOHT PDDVSSFE CZ DIBODF
*O SFTFBSDI UFSNJOPMPHZ B TFUUJOH JO XIJDI B TPDBMMFE OVMM
IZQPUIFTJT TFF BCPWF
JT PGUFO FNQMPZFE UIF TNBMMFS UIF
QWBMVF UIFMFTTMJLFMZUIFOVMMIZQPUIFTJTJTUSVF BOEDPOTF
RVFOUMZUIFNPSFTUBUJTUJDBMMZTJHOJGJDBOUUIFSFQPSUFESFTVMUJT
DPOTJEFSFE5IVTBQWBMVFPGSFQSFTFOUTBIJHIFSMFWFMPG
TUBUJTUJDBMTJHOJGJDBODFUIBOBQWBMVFPG
4USBUJGJDBUJPO 5IF QSPDFTT PG TFQBSBUJOH SFTFBSDI TVCKFDUT
JOUPDMJOJDBMMZSFMFWBOUTVCHSPVQTGPSBOBMZTJT'PSFYBNQMF
XF NJHIU TUSBUJGZ UIF BOBMZTJT PG B ESVH GPS USFBUJOH IZQFS
UFOTJPO CZ TFQBSBUFMZ FYBNJOJOH QBUJFOUT XJUI BOE XJUIPVU
FMFWBUFE DSFBUJOJOF MFWFMT 5IJT JT POF TUSBUFHZ GPS SFEVDJOH
DPOGPVOEJOH BOPUIFS TUSBUFHZ XPVME CF UP TJNQMZ FYDMVEF
QBUJFOUTXJUIIJHIDSFBUJOJOFMFWFMTGSPNBTUVEZ
4ZTUFNBUJDSFWJFX "HFOFSBMUFSNEFTDSJCJOHBMPPLCBDLBU
NVMUJQMFQVCMJTIFESFQPSUTPOBTJOHMFUPQJDJOBOBUUFNQUUP
BOTXFSPOFPSNPSFGPDVTFERVFTUJPOTSFMFWBOUUPUIFUPQJD
6TJOH B SFQSPEVDJCMF TFBSDI TUSBUFHZ JO CJCMJPHSBQIJD EBUB
CBTFT BOE TFMFDUJOH BMM BSUJDMFT UIBU NFFU TQFDJGJFE DSJUFSJB
FH TBNQMF TJ[F SBOEPNJ[BUJPO PS PUIFS EFTJHO GFBUVSFT
357
BSF UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT UIBU NBLF B SFWJFX nTZTUFNBUJD o JO

DPOUSBTUUPnXIBUmTJONZGJMFESBXFSo
7BMJEJUZ "EFTDSJQUJPOPGUIFFYUFOUUPXIJDIBTUVEZBDDV
SBUFMZNFBTVSFTXIBUUIFSFTFBSDIFSTFUPVUUPNFBTVSF5IFSF
BSF WBSJPVT UZQFT PG WBMJEJUZ 'BDF WBMJEJUZ JT UIF SFTFBSDI
nTOJGGUFTUo%PUIFTUVEZEFTJHOBOESFTVMUTSFQPSUFETFFNUP
NBLFTFOTF *OUFSOBMWBMJEJUZIBTUPEPXJUIUIFJOUFHSJUZPG
UIFSFTFBSDIEFTJHO&YUFSOBMWBMJEJUZJTBEFTDSJQUJPOPGUIF
FYUFOU UP XIJDI UIF TUVEZ DPODMVTJPOT BSF HFOFSBMJ[BCMF UP
PUIFSQPQVMBUJPOT5IFTFBMMEJGGFSGSPNSFMJBCJMJUZqUIFSFQSP
EVDJCJMJUZPGUIFBDUVBMNFBTVSJOHJOTUSVNFOUPSQSPDFEVSF
Index
"
"DBEFNJDNFEJDBMDFOUFS ".$
DPSQPSBUFTQPOTPSFESFTFBSDI
q
HSBOUPGGJDF
"DDFQUBODFMFUUFS
".$4FF"DBEFNJDNFEJDBMDFOUFS
"NFSJDBO.FEJDBM8SJUFST
"TTPDJBUJPO ".8"

".8"4FF"NFSJDBO.FEJDBM
8SJUFST"TTPDJBUJPO
"SUJDMFTUSVDUVSF
DPNQPOFOUT
DPODFQU
DPOUSPWFSTJFT
*.3"%NPEFM
JOGPSNBUJPOQSFTFOUBUJPO
MJTU
NJTUBLFT
QSFMJNJOBSZPVUMJOF
RVFTUJPOTBOEBOTXFST
SFQPSUXSJUJOH
SFWJFXGPSNBU
SVMFT
"SUJDMFTVCNJTTJPOQMBO
BJNJOHIJHI q
FEJUPST KPVSOBM
BVUIPSJOTUSVDUJPOT q
QFFSSFWJFXTZTUFN
SBQJESFWJFX
HPPEBOECBENBOVTDSJQUT
DIBJOMFUUFSBOEBUUFOUJPO
HSBCCFS
DMPOF q
FEJUPSmTWJFX
TIFMMHBNFBOEBNCVTI
;PNCJF
KPVSOBMTFMFDUJPO
BSUJDMFGPSNBUTBOEJNQBDU
GBDUPS
QBQFSUPQJDT q
"VUIPSFECPPLT
BEWBOUBHF
DPOUSBDUT q
WTFEJUFE
FOSJDINFOUCPPLT TJOHMFBVUIPS
q
QSPQPTBMQBDLFU
#
#BCZBOE$IJME$BSF
n#FOJHOCSVUBMJUZo
#)14FF#VSFBVPGIFBMUI
QSPGFTTJPOT
#JBT
BUUSJUJPO
FYDMVTJPO
SFDBMM
SFGFSSBM
TFMFDUJPO
#MVFQSJOU
#.+4FF#SJUJTI.FEJDBM+PVSOBM
#PPLDIBQUFST
%JGGJDVMU%JBHOPTJT q
JOWJUBUJPO XSJUJOH
BDBEFNJDJBOBOEDMJOJDJBO
BHSFFNFOU q
EFTDSJQUJPO q
OFHPUJBCMFBOEOPOOFHPUJBCMF
JUFNT
359
360
360
INDEX
#PPLDIBQUFST $POUJOVFE
QSFQBSBUJPOBOETVCNJTTJPO
DIFDLMJTUSFWJFX
TUSVDUVSF q
SFWJFXBSUJDMFT
#PPLSFWJFX
BQQSPQSJBUFFOUSJFT
BSUPGXSJUJOH
CFHJOOJOH q
DMBSJUZBOECPPLmTBCJMJUZ
GBDUVBMBDDVSBDZ
GPMMPXQBUUFSO
HPPEBOECBEQPJOUT
q
RVFTUJPOT SFWJFXFS
TVNNBSJ[FSFWJFXFSmTPQJOJPO
q
DBVUJPOT q
DPOUSJCVUJPO
EJGGJDVMUJFT
FYDFMMFOUSFWJFX
BSHVNFOUT q
BXBSF
NFSJUTBOEBUUFNQU
UPPVUTIJOF
XJUUZBOEUBTUF
GBDUVBMBDDVSBDZ
KPVSOBMTBOEFEJUPST q
NJEUXFOUJFUIDFOUVSZ
UPEBZmTSFWJFXT
UZQFT
DMBTTJDTUBOEBSE
DPNQBSJTPO
GBWPSJUFUPQJDT
HPPEGFBUVSFTCBMBODJOH
q
SFMBUJPOTIJQ
#SJUJTI.FEJDBM+PVSOBM #.+
#SJUJTI.FEJDBM+PVSOBMGPSUIF
"NFSJDBO1IZTJDJBO
#.+64"

MFUUFST FEJUPS
0"QVCMJTIJOH q
QVCMJDBUJPOGFF
XFFLMZDJSDVMBUJPO
#VSFBVPG)FBMUI1SPGFTTJPOT
#)1

$
$BSWFEJMPM1SPTQFDUJWF3BOEPNJ[FE
$VNVMBUJWF4VSWJWBM
$01&3/*$64
4UVEZ
$BTFSFQPSU
DBTFSFMBUFEBOBMZTJT
GPSNBU q
MFUUFSTUZMF
MJUFSBUVSFBOEBSUJDMFSFWJFX
PCTFSWBUJPOT TJOHMFBOETFWFSBM
QBUJFOUT
QBUJFOU EJTFBTF
JOQSBDUJDF q
SFDPSEJOH
$MBSJUZ
DSZTUBMDMFBS q
NFBOJOH
NJTVTF 5IFTBVSVT
.48PSE5IFTBVSVT
OFPQIZUF q
QMVSBMXPSET
XFJHIUZXPSETBOETFOUFODFT
XPSETBOEDPOTUSVDUJPOT
nXSPUFPG oBOEnSFGFSSFEUPo
$MJOJDBMTUVEZSFQPSU
FQJEFNJPMPHZ
*.3"%NPEFM
BCTUSBDU q
BDLOPXMFEHNFOUT q
BVUIPST q
EJTDVTTJPO q
FMFNFOUT
GPSNBU
JOUSPEVDUJPO q
LFZXPSET
NFUIPET q
SFGFSFODFT q
SFTVMUT q
UJUMF q
USJBMSFHJTUSBUJPO
+"."
5IF-BODFU
NJTUBLFT
DIFDLMJTU q
HSPVQXPSETNJUIJOHBOE
NJEOJHIUFEJUJOH
PSJHJOBMSFTFBSDI
QSFQBSBUJPO
INDEX
SJHJEGPSNBU
1FEJBUSJDT
SFTFBSDI
BDBEFNJDDBSFFST
BVUIPSPQJOJPOT q
IZQPUIFTJTCBTFE q
NFOUPST
QSJOU
RVBMJUZXSJUJOHBOEEFTJHO
RVFTUJPOT q
$PNQVUFSQSPHSBNT
ESVHSFGFSFODF
FMFDUSPOJDNFEJDBMEJDUJPOBSZ
q
TQFMMDIFDLFS.4QSPHSBN
UIFTBVSVT
$POUFTUT q
$01&3/*$644FF$BSWFEJMPM
1SPTQFDUJWF3BOEPNJ[FE
$VNVMBUJWF4VSWJWBM4UVEZ
%
%BOHFSTJHOT
DVUFOFTT
SFEGMBHQISBTFT
TUBUFNFOU
%BUBDPMMFDUJPOBOEPSHBOJ[BUJPO
EBUBQIBTF
OPUFT q
PVUMJOFT
EFUFSNJOFUPQJDBOEDPODFQU
FYQBOEIFBEJOHMFWFMT
TVCIFBEJOHMFWFMT q
QSFQBSBUJPO
SFGFSFODFT q
SFTFBSDIUPPMT
%FOTJUZ
QSJOUFEQBHF
TFOUFODF q

%JGGJDVMU.FEJDBM.BOBHFNFOU
&
&DIPJDXPSET
&EJUFECPPLT
BGUFSQVCMJDBUJPO q
DPNQJMF
361
361
DIBQUFS q
NJTTJOHDIBQUFST q
DPNQJMJOHFEJUPS q
DPOUSBDU
EFTDSJQUJPO q
JUFNT SFWJFX
TVSQSJTFT
XPSLJOH BVUIPST
GJOESJHIUQFSTPO
BDRVJTJUJPOTFEJUPS
q
QPUFOUJBMQVCMJTIFST
JOJUJBUPS
QMBOOJOH
EFDJTJPO
QVCMJTIFS GJOBODJBMSJTL
q
TUFQT
UJNFDPNNJUNFOU q
QSPQPTBM q
QVCMJDBUJPO q
XPSLJOH BVUIPST
BHSFFNFOU q
EFWFMPQNFOUFEJUPS
SFDSVJUNFOU q
SFNJOEFST
&EJUPSJBM
FEJUPS
FEJUPSJBMPQJOJPO
UZQFT
BDDPNQBOZJOHDPNNFOU
FEJUPSmTPQJOJPO
KPVSOBMTQVCMJTIFS
TBMFTNBOTIJQ
TIBSJOHTQFDJBMJOTJHIU
q
WPMVOUFFSFE
XSJUJOH
DPVOUFSFWJEFODF
IFBEJOHT
PGGFSFWJEFODFBOETVQQPSU
PQJOJPOT
QFSTPOBMJOTJHIU
QSFTFOUQSPCMFN
QSPWJEFDMVF
SFGFSFODFTPVSDFTMJTU
TVNNBSZ
&SSBUB
362
362
INDEX
&SSPST
FSSBUB q
HBMMFZQSPPGT
HSBOUQSPQPTBMXSJUJOH q
SFWJFXBSUJDMF q
TZTUFNBUJD
&UIJDBMJTTVFT
BVUIPSRVBMJGJDBUJPO q
DPOGMJDUPGJOUFSFTUQSPCMFN
q
EVQMJDBUFQVCMJDBUJPO q
HIPTUBVUIPSTIJQ
IPOPSBSZBVUIPST q
*$.+&
+"."
QMBHJBSJTN q
QSPKFDUTQFDJGJDJOEVTUSZGJOBODJBM
BOENBUFSJBMTVQQPSU
q
TQJO
&WJEFODFCBTFEDMJOJDBMSFWJFX
"NFSJDBO'BNJMZ1IZTJDJBO
KPVSOBM q
BUUFOUJPO RVBMJUZ
&#.TPVSDFT
TJUFTMJTU
&WJEFODFCBTFENFEJDJOF &#.

'
'FMMPXTIJQT
'JHVSFT
BMHPSJUINT
DMJOJDBMSFBTPOJOH q
DPOTUSVDUJPO
EFDJTJPOUSFF
EFTDSJQUJPO q
TVCNJTTJPO NBOVTDSJQU
BSUJDMF
DPOTUSVDUJPOUJQT
EFTDSJQUJPO q
HSBQIT
DPNQVUFST
UZQFT
*$.+&JOTUSVDUJPOT
MJOFESBXJOHT
DPNQVUFS
JMMVTUSBUJPO
+"."BOE/&+. q
NFEJDBMJMMVTUSBUPS
QIPUPHSBQIJDJNBHFT
DPMPSBSU q
DPOTUSVDUJPOUJQT
IBMGUPOFBSU
QSJOUT
YSBZT
'JSTUESBGUCFHJOOJOH
EFMBZJOHUBDUJDT
HFUUJOHTUVDL
FBSMZESBGUXSJUJOH
VOTUVDLNFUIPET q
TUBHFTFUUJOH q
TUBSUJOH EJWFSTFXBZT q
UZQFGJSTUXPSET
XPSET q
'0*"4FF'SFFEPN
PG*OGPSNBUJPO"DU
'PSNBMUBCMFT
'SFFEPNPG*OGPSNBUJPO"DU '0*"

(
(SBOUQSPQPTBM
BQQFOEJYTVQQMFNFOUBSZJUFNT
BGGJMJBUJPOBHSFFNFOU
DPOTFOUGPSNBOECJPHSBQIJDBM
TVNNBSJFT
SFGFSFODFT
TVQQPSUMFUUFST
BXBSET
CVEHFUBOEKVTUJGJDBUJPO q
DPNQPOFOUT
FSSPST q
FYFDVUJWFTVNNBSZ q
GVOEJOHTPVSDFT
HPWFSONFOU q
OPOHPWFSONFOUBM q
GVUVSFGVOEJOHQMBOT q
HFUUJOHHSBOUT q
HSBOUTNBOTIJQ
JOGPSNBUJPOTPVSDFT
JOTUJUVUJPOPWFSWJFX
NFUIPET q
NPOFZ
/BUJPOBM*OTUJUVUFTPG)FBMUI
/*)
q
INDEX
PCKFDUJWFTSFTFBSDIRVFTUJPO
QSJODJQMFT q
QSPCMFNCBDLHSPVOE q
SFKFDUJPO q
SFTFBSDIQSPUPDPM q
SFWJFXQSPDFTT q
UJNFMJOF
nUPVSOBNFOUoNPEFM
XSJUJOHBQQMJDBUJPOT
"$&QSPHSBN
CVEHFUQMBOOJOH q
JOUFOUMFUUFS q
QSPHSBNPGGJDFS q
SFWJFX QBTU
3'1 q
UJUMF
(SBOUTNBOTIJQ
)
)"(44FF)ZQPDVQSFNJBBGUFS
HBTUSJDTVSHFSZ
)BSSJTPOmT1SJODJQMFTPG*OUFSOBM
.FEJDJOF
)FBMUI3FTPVSDFTBOE4FSWJDFT
"ENJOJTUSBUJPO )34"

)34"4FF)FBMUI3FTPVSDFTBOE
4FSWJDFT"ENJOJTUSBUJPO
)ZQPDVQSFNJBBGUFSHBTUSJDTVSHFSZ
)"(4
q
*
*$.+&4FF*OUFSOBUJPOBM
$PNNJUUFFPG.FEJDBM
+PVSOBM&EJUPST
*EFBJODVCBUJPO q
*-4$-"(44FF*ODJEFODFPGMPX
TFSVNDPQQFSMFWFMTBGUFS
HBTUSJDTVSHFSZ
*.3"%NPEFM4FF*OUSPEVDUJPO
NFUIPET SFTVMUTBOE
EJTDVTTJPONPEFM
*ODJEFODFPGMPXTFSVNDPQQFS
MFWFMTBGUFSHBTUSJDTVSHFSZ
*-4$-"(4
q
n*OGPSNBMSFGFSFFJOHo
*OGPSNBUJPOTPVSDFT HSBOU
TFFLJOH
363
363
*OTUJUVUJPOBM3FWJFX#PBSE *3#
DPOTFOUGPSN QPPSMZXSJUUFO

FUIJDBMJTTVFT
SFTFBSDIQSPUPDPMUFNQMBUF
*OUFSOBUJPOBM$PNNJUUFFPG.FEJDBM
+PVSOBM&EJUPST *$.+&
JOTUSVDUJPO BVUIPST q

JOTUSVDUJPOT
NFNCFSKPVSOBMT
NPEFM
6OJGPSN3FRVJSFNFOUT
*OUSPEVDUJPO NFUIPET SFTVMUTBOE
EJTDVTTJPO *.3"%
NPEFM
BCTUSBDU
BVUIPSTJOTUSVDUJPOT +"."
EFTDSJCFE
UFDIOJDBMCBTJT
6OJGPSN3FRVJSFNFOUT
XFMMXSJUUFOTUSVDUVSFE
q
BDLOPXMFEHNFOUT q
BVUIPST
JOGMBUJPO
JTTVFT q
MJTUJOH q
SBOLPSEFS
EJTDVTTJPO
CJBTFEDPMMFDUJPO q
HFOFSBMJ[BCJMJUZ
QISBTF
TVNNBSZ DPODMVTJPOT
FMFNFOUT
JOUSPEVDUJPO
CBDLHSPVOE
QSPCMFN q
SFTFBSDIRVFTUJPO q
UFDIOJDBMJTTVFT
LFZXPSET
NFUIPET
EFTDSJQUJPO TUBUJTUJDT
IFBEJOHT
*$.+&JOTUSVDUJPO q
QVCMJDBUJPOT
SFQSPEVDJCJMJUZ q
TVCKFDUT
TVSWFZJOTUSVNFOUT
PSJHJOBMSFTFBSDISFQPSU
SFGFSFODFT
364
364
INDEX
*OUSPEVDUJPO NFUIPET SFTVMUTBOE

EJTDVTTJPO *.3"%
NPEFM
$POUJOVFE
DJUBUJPO
EFTDSJQUJPO
nNFSJUCBEHFo BVUIPST
TVHHFTUJPOTBOEDPNNFOUT
q
SFTVMUT
GJOEJOHT MPHJDBMTFRVFODF
q
UBCMFTBOEGJHVSFT q
UJUMF
EFTDSJQUJPO
JOTUSVDUJPOT BVUIPST
+"."BSUJDMFBOEQISBTFT
NJTVOEFSTUBOEJOH BVUIPSmT
JOUFOU q
BTOFXTQBQFSIFBEMJOF
USJBMSFHJTUSBUJPO
*3#4FF*OTUJUVUJPOBM3FWJFX#PBSE
+
+"."4FF+PVSOBMPGUIF"NFSJDBO
.FEJDBM"TTPDJBUJPO
+PVSOBMPGUIF"NFSJDBO.FEJDBM
"TTPDJBUJPO +"."
BSUJDMFT
EFTDSJCFE
JOTUSVDUJPO
HSBQIBOEDIBSUSFRVJSFNFOUT
MJOFESBXJOHT
QIPUPHSBQIJDJNBHFT
SFGFSFODFDJUBUJPOT
UBCMFDPOTUSVDUJPOBOE
TVCNJTTJPO q
UBCMFTTVCNJTTJPO
UJUMF
,
,FZUMBX
-BCPSBUPSZSFGFSFODFWBMVFT BEVMUT
CMPPEHBTFT
MJQJEQBOFM
UFTUT
DMJOJDBMDIFNJTUSZ
IFNBUPMPHZBOEDPBHVMBUJPO
q
UIZSPJEGVODUJPO
5IF-BODFU
EFTDSJQUJPO
FEJUPSPG
*NQBDU'BDUPS
-FUUFSUPFEJUPS
FBSMZTUBHF
JOTUSVDUJPOMJTU
BOETVCNJTTJPO
KPVSOBMFEJUPST
QVCMJDBUJPOPQUJPO
SFBEFSTBOEQVCMJTIFST
UZQFT
BEEOFXJEFB q
"UUBCPZ
EJTBHSFFNFOU
(PUDIB
JTTVF TUBOEBSEPGDBSF
QFSTQFDUJWF
SFWJFXBSUJDMFUSBOTGPSN
q
TIBSJOH
nTPVOEJOHPGG o
TUBUFNFOU q
XSJUJOHMFUUFS
DJUFSFGFSFODF
JEFOUJGZQBQFS
MJUFSBUVSFCBTFEFWJEFODF
SFBTPO
TVDDFTTGVMMFUUFS
TVNNBSZTUBUFNFOU
UIJOLPG
-JUFSBUVSFSFWJFX
EJGGJDVMUJFT q
+PVSOBMPG(FOFSBM*OUFSOBM
.FEJDJOF +(*.

MPOHMJTUSFGFSFODFT
NFEJDBMXSJUJOH VTFGVM
QVSQPTFT q
NPEFSOUFDIOPMPHZ
SFDFOUBSUJDMF
TUBUFPGBSU
n5IF-JUUMF3FE#PPLo
.
.BOVTDSJQUTVCNJTTJPO
INDEX
DIFDLMJTU q
FMFDUSPOJD
BEWBOUBHFT
WTPMENFUIPE q
POMJOFDPNQPTJOH
NJTUBLFT
TQFMMDIFDLFS q
UPVUJOHBOEQFSGFDUJPOTFFLJOH

.FEJDBMBCCSFWJBUJPOT q
.FEJDBMCPPLT UIPVHIUT
FGGPSU q
NBSLFUSVMFT q
QSPGFTTJPOBMBOEUSBEF
EFTDSJQUJPO q
QVCMJTIJOHDPNQBOJFT
QVCMJTIJOHBOEQFSTPOBM
SFMBUJPOTIJQT
TFSFOEJQJUZBOEDIBODF
.FEJDBMKPVSOBMT
CSPBECBTFEQFFSSFWJFXFE
EFGJOJUJPO
/&+. #.+BOE+"." q
DMJOJDJBOT
HSB[JOHIBCJU q
IVOUJOHBOEHPSHJOH q
DPOUSPMMFEDJSDVMBUJPO
JOEFYJOHBOEJNQBDUGBDUPS
q
nUISPXBXBZTo q
JNQBDUGBDUPS
DMJOJDJBOT
EFTDSJQUJPO q
5IF-BODFU
WBSJBCMFT
JOEFYEBUBCBTFT
PWFSTUBUFNFOUBOEIVCSJT q
nSJHIUo
BCCSFWJBUJPOT q
BDDVSBDZBOEQSFDJTJPO
BDSPOZNT q
NFEJDBMKBSHPOBOETMBOH
q
TUBODFQSPCMFN
TQFDJBMUZPSJFOUFE
QFFSSFWJFXFE
VOEFSTUBUFNFOUBOEXBGGMJOH
q
365
365
.FEJDBMTVCKFDUIFBEJOHT .F4)

.F4)4FF.FEJDBMTVCKFDUIFBEJOHT
.FUIPEPMPHJDBMBOETUBUJTUJDBMUFSNT
BCTPMVUFSJTL
CJBT
DBTFDPOUSPMTUVEZ
$PDISBOFDPMMBCPSBUJPO
DPOGJEFODFJOUFSWBM $*

DSPTTTFDUJPOBMTUVEZ
IB[BSESBUJP )3

MJLFMJIPPESBUJP -3
q
QPTUUFTUQSPCBCJMJUZ
QSFDJTJPO
QSFUFTUQSPCBCJMJUZ
QSFWBMFODF
QSJNBSZPVUDPNF
QSPTQFDUJWFTUVEZ
RVBMJUBUJWFSFTFBSDI
SFMBUJWFSJTLSFEVDUJPO 333

SFUSPTQFDUJWFDPIPSUTUVEZ
TUBUJTUJDBMTJHOJGJDBODF
TUSBUJGJDBUJPO
TZTUFNBUJDSFWJFX
.JDSPTPGU .4
8PSEQSPHSBN

.JTUBLFT
BSUJDMFTUSVDUVSF
MPOHBSUJDMF
PVUMJOF NBKPSIFBEJOH
SFGFSFODFT
TUBMFSFIBTI
TVCNJTTJPO XSPOHKPVSOBM
UJNFMZUPQJD
VOJNQPSUBOUUPQJD
.JTVTFXPSET
.44FF.JDSPTPGU
/
/&+.4FF/FX&OHMBOE
+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF
/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBM
PG.FEJDJOF /&+.
FMFDUSPOJDEPDVNFOU
FSSPSOPUJDF
JOTUSVDUJPOT
+"."BOE q
NFEJDBMTUVEFOUTUFBDIJOH
366
366
INDEX
/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF
/&+.
$POUJOVFE
POMJOFQVCMJTIJOH
QSFTVCNJTTJPOJORVJSJFTGBTU
USBDL
SFRVJSFNFOUT q
SFTFBSDISFQPSU
0
0DDBNmTSB[PSQSJODJQMF
0OPNBUPQPFJDXPSET
0QFOBDDFTT 0"
QVCMJTIJOH
BEWBOUBHFT q
#.+ q
DPNNFSDJBMBOEOPOQSPGJU
QVCMJTIFST
EFTDSJCFE
1
1BSBHSBQIEFWFMPQNFOU
FYDFQUJPO DMBTTJDGPSNBU q
NFBOJOH
PSHBOJ[JOH
SFBEFSDPOTJEFSBUJPO q
TNBMMFTTBZ q
TUFQT
UPQJDTFOUFODF
VTJOHDPODSFUFFYBNQMFT q
1FFSSFWJFX q
1*4FF1SJNBSZJOWFTUJHBUPS
1SJODJQBMJOWFTUJHBUPS
1SFXSJUJOH
BSUJDMFDPODFQUBOETUSVDUVSF
DPQZFEJUPSXPSL
QJDLBSFB
TJOVTJUJT HFOFSBMUPQJD q
UPQJDUIJOLJOH
1SJNBSZJOWFTUJHBUPS 1*

1SJODJQBMJOWFTUJHBUPS 1*
FYQFSJFODFBOESFTPVSDFT
HSBOUQSPQPTBM DPNQPOFOUT

5IF1SJODJQMFTBOE1SBDUJDFPG
.FEJDJOF
1SPPGSFBEFSmTNBSLT
1SPPGSFBEJOH
DPQZFEJUPSmTSPMF q
HBMMFZBOEQBHFQSPPGT
NBSLT
SFGFSFODFMJTU q
1VCMJDBUJPONPEFMT
FHBMJUBSJBO
JSPOZBOEIVNPS
NFEJDJOFIJTUPSZ
NPWJFSFWJFXT q
OFXTQBQFSDPMVNO q
QPFUSZ
QSBDUJDBMQPJOUFST q
QSBDUJDFUJQT q
QVCMJDBUJPOPQQPSUVOJUJFT
YSBZQIPUPRVJ[
1VCMJTIFS
n$MJOJDJBOmT$PSOFSo q
DPOUBDUJOGPSNBUJPOMJTU q
DPOUBDUJOH
&MTFWJFS
GBWPS OFXBVUIPS
.FE3FWJFXT
/FX&OHMBOE+PVSOBMPG.FEJDJOF
/&+.

QSFTUJHJPVTKPVSOBMT
SFHVMBSBSUJDMF
4QSJOHFS
TVQQMZ SFWJFXQBQFST
1VODUVBUJPO
DPNNBT
QFSJPETBOERVFTUJPONBSLT
q
TFNJDPMPOT
3
3BOEPNUIPVHIUT NFEJDBMXSJUJOH
IJTUPSZ q
SFBEJOH
EJWFSTFJUFNTBOEWBSJPVT
SFBTPOT
MBUFTULOPXOBEWBODFT
SFHVMBSBOEDPOTUBOU
TFFLJOGPSNBUJPOBOEHFOFSBM
LOPXMFEHF
TUSVDUVSF
TUZMFBOEOPONFEJDBMCPPLT
UJNFDBQTVMFJUFNTDPMMFDUJPO
XSJUJOH
DBSFFSUPQJDT q
DSFBUJWJUZ q
QSPGFTTJPOBMT
TUPSZUFMMJOH
INDEX
3FBEFST
BUUFOUJPO
DMJOJDJBOT FYQFSUTBOEBUUPSOFZT

DPOUFOUUIJOLJOH
OBUJPOBMMZLOPXOTQFDJBMJTUT
SFGFSSJOHQIZTJDJBOT
SFMBYBUJPOSFBEFST
3FKFDUJPOMFUUFS
BQQFBMJOHUIFEFDJTJPO q
DBVTFT BSUJDMF
FYBNQMFT q
SFWJFXFSTmSFNBSLT
TFDPOETVCNJTTJPO q
3F10354FF3FTFBSDIQPSUGPMJP
POMJOFSFQPSUJOHUPPMT
3FRVFTUGPSQSPQPTBM 3'1
EFTDSJQUJPO q
GPOUBOENBSHJO EPDVNFOU
JOTUSVDUJPOT
DVSSJDVMVNWJUBF
JOWFTUJHBUPST
XSJUJOH SFTFBSDIQSPUPDPM
q
MBOHVBHF
QSPKFDU
CVEHFU
TVNNBSZ
TJHOBMT
3FTFBSDIQPSUGPMJPPOMJOFSFQPSUJOH
UPPMT 3F1035

3FTFBSDIQSPUPDPM
CBDLHSPVOEBOESBUJPOBMF
CVEHFUBOEHSBOU
DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT q
DMJOJDBMUSJBMSFHJTUSBUJPOBOE
BQQFOEJY
DPMMBCPSBUJPOT
nDSJUJDBMSFBEFSoDPMMFBHVF
EJTTFNJOBUJPO SFTVMUT
ESBGUUJUMF
BDSPOZNOBNFESBOEPNJ[FE
USJBMT q
SFBEFSmTQFSTQFDUJWF
FUIJDBMDPOTJEFSBUJPOT
FYQFDUFEPVUDPNFT
GPMMPXVQBOEEBUB
NBOBHFNFOU
GPSNBU q
367
367
IZQPUIFUJDBMTUVEZ
JOWFTUJHBUPST
BDUJWJUZ
DVSSJDVMVNWJUBF
*3#
MJOLT QSPKFDUT q
1*BOEDPJOWFTUJHBUPST
QPTTJCMFQSPCMFNT q
QSPCMFNT q
QSPKFDUNBOBHFNFOU
QSPKFDUTVNNBSZ
1*$0NPEFM
RVBMJUZ RVFTUJPOT q
3'1TBOEMBOHVBHF
WTQSPQPTBM
RVBMJUZBTTVSBODF q
3'1 q
TBGFUZDPOTJEFSBUJPOT
TFSVNDPQQFSMFWFMT q
TUVEZ
DPOUSPMHSPVQTBOETBNQMF
TJ[F q
EFTJHO
HPBMTBOEPCKFDUJWFT
TUBUJTUJDBMUFTUT
UJNFMJOF
UFBNBTTFNCMJOH
3FTPVSDFTBTTFNCMJOH
CPPLT
EJDUJPOBSJFT
JOUFSTQFDJBMUZSFGFSFODF q
TQFDJGJDSFGFSFODF
DPNQVUFSQSPHSBNT
ESVHSFGFSFODF
FMFDUSPOJDNFEJDBMEJDUJPOBSZ
q
TQFMMDIFDL
UIFTBVSVT
XFCTJUFT
#JP.FE-JCDPN q
CPPLMJTUBOEJOGPSNBUJPO
DIBSHFTVCTDSJQUJPOGFF
(PPHMFBOE(PPHMF4DIPMBS
q
.%$POTVMU
.&%-*/&1VC.FE q
.4VOJGPSNSFRVJSFNFOUT
CJPNFEJDBMKPVSOBM
QSPGFTTJPOBMTJOGPSNBUJPO
368
368
INDEX
3FTPVSDFTBTTFNCMJOH $POUJOVFE
TFBSDI#PPMFBO
6Q5P%BUF q
XSJUJOHBSFB q q
3FWJFXBSUJDMFXSJUJOH
DMJOJDBMQSFTFOUBUJPOBOEDVSSFOU
TUBUVT
DPNCJOFDBUFHPSJFT
DPODFQUBOETUSVDUVSF
q
FWJEFODFCBTFEDMJOJDBMSFWJFX
TFF&WJEFODFCBTFE
DMJOJDBMSFWJFX
KPVSOBMmTJNQBDUGBDUPS
MFBSOJOHEJTPSEFST FQJMFQTZ
MJUFSBUVSFSFWJFX
TFF-JUFSBUVSFSFWJFX
NBOBHFNFOU
NBUFSJBM q
NJTUBLFT TFF.JTUBLFT
QMBOOJOH
CFHJOXPSL
DPOTVMUJOH KPVSOBMFEJUPS
q
PSHBOJ[FUPQJD q
QVCMJTIFS TFF1VCMJTIFS
SFBEFST TFF3FBEFST
SFTQFDUBOEPSHBOJ[JOHEBUB
SFWJFXQBQFS
TQMFOPNFHBMZ
TZTUFNBUJDSFWJFX
BOENFUBBOBMZTJT
TFF4ZTUFNBUJDSFWJFX
BOENFUBBOBMZTJT
USBEJUJPOBMUZQFT
UZQFT
3FWJFXQSPDFTT
BSDIJWBMBVUIPS
BOEFWBMVBUJPOT
FEJUPSmTSPMF
KPVSOBMFEJUPSmTEFDJTJPO
BDDFQUBODFMFUUFS
SFKFDUJPOMFUUFS q
SFWJTJPOMFUUFS q
SPMFBOEEVUJFT
FEJUPS q
QFFSSFWJFXFS q
TFDSFUT
BVUIPSTBOEBGGJMJBUJPOT
q
FEJUPSJBMDPOGMJDU JOUFSFTU
KPVSOBMTQBDFBOEJOEVTUSZ
TQPOTPSFETUVEJFT q
OBUJWFMBOHVBHF q
QFFSSFWJFX q
3FWJTJPOMFUUFS q
3FWJTJPOXPSL
DMBSJUZ
DSZTUBMDMFBS q
NFBOJOH
NJTVTF 5IFTBVSVT
.48PSE5IFTBVSVT
OFPQIZUF q
QMVSBMXPSET
XFJHIUZXPSETBOETFOUFODFT
XPSETBOEDPOTUSVDUJPOT
nXSPUFPG oBOEnSFGFSSFEUPo
DSJUJDBMSFBEFS q
EBOHFSTJHOT
DVUFOFTT
SFEGMBHQISBTFT
TUBUFNFOU
TUVGGSFNPWJOH
DSJUJDBMSFBEFS q
EBOHFSTJHOT
FEJU
FEJUJOHWTSFWJTJPO
NFBOJOH
QBSBHSBQITBOETFDUJPOT q
QSFGJOBMESBGUT q
SFNPWJOHTUVGG q
UJNFUPNBLF
XPSET
TUZMF
EFTDSJQUJPO
TUSBJHIUGPSXBSEBOEVOBEPSOFE
XSJUJOH
3'14FF3FRVFTUGPSQSPQPTBM
4
4FMGQVCMJDBUJPO
BHFOUBOEQVCMJTIFS q
EFTDSJCFE
&SCPOJB#PPLT q
WBOJUZWTTVCTJEZQSFTT
INDEX
4FOUFODFT
BDUJWFWTQBTTJWFWPJDF q
DPOTUSVDUJPO
DBEFODF
EFOTJUZ q
WBSJBUJPO CFHJOOJOH UZQFBOE
MFOHUI
WFSCT
XPSETQFSTFOUFODF
NJTQMBDFEQISBTFT
QVODUVBUJPO
DPNNBT q
QFSJPETBOERVFTUJPONBSLT
q
TFNJDPMPOT
WFSCPTFQISBTFT q
4&334FF4ZTUFNBUJDFWBMVBUJPOPG
SFTFBSDISJTLT
4."354FF4QFDJGJD NFBTVSBCMF
BDIJFWBCMF SFMFWBOUBOEUJNF
4QFDJGJD NFBTVSBCMF BDIJFWBCMF
SFMFWBOUBOEUJNF
4."35

4UBSUVQJEFBTBOEIBOEMJOH
EBUBDPMMFDUJPOBOEPSHBOJ[BUJPO
CBTJDSFTFBSDIUPPMT
EBUBQIBTF
OPUFT q
PVUMJOFT q
PWFSQSFQBSF
SFGFSFODFT q
GJOBMESBGU q
GJSTUESBGU CFHJOOJOH
TUBHFTFUUJOH q
TUVDL q
UBDUJDTEFMBZJOH
XIFSFBOEIPXUPCFHJO q
XPSET q
QSFXSJUJOH
BSUJDMFDPODFQUBOETUSVDUVSF
DPQZFEJUPSXPSL
QJDLBSFB
TJOVTJUJT HFOFSBMUPQJD q
UPQJDUIJOLJOH
SFWJTJPOXPSL
DSJUJDBMSFBEFS q
EBOHFSTJHOT
FEJU
369
369
FEJUJOHWTSFWJTJPO
QSFGJOBMESBGUT q
SFNPWJOHTUVGG q
TUZMFBOEDMBSJUZ q
UJNFUPNBLF
4UFENBOmT&MFDUSPOJD.FEJDBM
%JDUJPOBSZ
4UPQT
4UVGGSFNPWBM
GJSTUESBGU
QBSBHSBQITBOETFDUJPOT BSUJDMF
q
XPSET
4VCNJTTJPOMFUUFS
4ZTUFNBUJDFWBMVBUJPOPGSFTFBSDI
SJTLT 4&33

4ZTUFNBUJDSFWJFXBOENFUB
BOBMZTJT
EBUBPSJFOUFE q
RVBMJUBUJWF
TBGFUZBOEFGGJDBDZ
TDJFOUJGJDJOWFTUJHBUJPO
TZTUFNBUJDSFWJFX q
WBMVF
5
5BCMFT
BEWBOUBHFT
CPSSPXJOH q
DPOTUSVDUJPOUJQT
EFTDSJQUJPO q
KPVSOBMFEJUPSmTFYQFDUBUJPO
GPPUOPUFTBOETVCNJTTJPO
+"." q
UZQFTBOEDIBSBDUFSJTUJDT

5BZMPSmTSVMFT NFEJDBMXSJUFST
q
5FDIOJDBMJTTVFT
CPSSPXFENBUFSJBMTBOE
QFSNJTTJPOT
BVUIPSmTSFTQPOTJCJMJUZ
EFTDSJQUJPO
JMMVTUSBUJPOTBOEQFSNJTTJPOT
DPTU
MFHBMJTTVF
OFDFTTJUZ
370
370
INDEX
5FDIOJDBMJTTVFT $POUJOVFE
POMJOFSFRVJTJUJPO q
nQVCMJDEPNBJOo
RVBMJGJDBUJPOT
TBNQMFMFUUFS q
UFYUVTBHF q
64$PQZSJHIU0GGJDFXFCTJUF
q
DPQZSJHIU
BDU
JOUFMMFDUVBMQSPQFSUZSJHIUT
q
PXOFSTIJQ q
QSPUFDUJPO q
EFTDSJQUJPO
GJHVSFT q
SFGFSFODFDJUBUJPOT
OVNCFS
UZQFT q
VTF q
UBCMFT q
5FYUUBCMF
5SBEFCPPLT
6
n6OJGPSN3FRVJSFNFOUTo

8
8FCTJUFT
#JP.FE-JCDPN q
CPPLMJTUBOEJOGPSNBUJPO
DIBSHFTVCTDSJQUJPOGFF
(PPHMFBOE(PPHMF4DIPMBS q
.%$POTVMU
.&%-*/&1VC.FE q
.4VOJGPSNSFRVJSFNFOUT
CJPNFEJDBMKPVSOBM
QSPGFTTJPOBMTJOGPSNBUJPO
TFBSDI#PPMFBO
6Q5P%BUF q
8PSET
CBTJDUPPM
DIPPTJOH
BOOPZBODF q
NJTVTFXPSET
QSFDJTFNBOOFS q
SJHIUXPSET
EJGGJDVMUJFT
NFEJDBMXPSETVOEFSTUBOEJOH
"OHMP4BYPOUPOHVFT
FUZNPMPHJDEFSJWBUJPO
-BUJOJOJ[BUJPO
MJUFSBUVSFNZUIPMPHZ
NJEEMF&OHMJTI
PSJHJOT NFEJDBMXPSET q
QPTUSFOBJTTBODFFSB q
VTJOH DMJOJDBMDBSF
TIPSU
UZQFPG
FQPOZNT q
NFUBQIPSBOETJNJMFT q
NPEJGJFST q
OPVOTBOEQSPOPVOT
POPNBUPQPFJBBOE
BMMJUFSBUJPO
WFSCT
8PSETBOEQISBTFT
BVUIPS
#PPMFBOMPHJD
DBNFSBSFBEZDPQZ
DPNQPTJUPS
DPQZFEJUPS
HSFZMJUFSBUVSF
*.3"%
+1&(
NBSLVQ
NFUBBOBMZTJT
QSPPGSFBEFSmTNBSLT
SVOOJOHIFBE
TDJFODFDJUBUJPOJOEFY 4$*

UBSHFUKPVSOBM
USBEFCPPL
UZQFTFUUJOH
8PSETQFSTFOUFODF
8SJUFS LFZRVFTUJPOT
SFBEFSBOEQBUJFOU
SFRVJSFNFOUBOEQVCMJTIJOH
BVUIPSBOEFEJUPS
SFGFSFFEKPVSOBMT
SJHIUBVEJFODF q
UBSHFUKPVSOBM
TJHOJGJDBODFXPSLBOEBUUFOUJPO
q
8SJUJOHBOEQVCMJTIJOH
BSUJDMFTVCNJTTJPOQMBO
INDEX
BJNJOHIJHI q
HPPEBOECBENBOVTDSJQUT
q
KPVSOBMTFMFDUJPO q
XPSLJOH KPVSOBMFEJUPST
q
FSSPST
MBCFMJOH q
PSJHJOBUJPO
QVCMJDBUJPOSBUFWTDBSFFSBHF
q
XBSOJOHMBCFM
HPBMT BVUIPSBOEFEJUPS
QBQFSSFWJTJPOBOEQSJOUJOH
q
QFSGPSNBODFBOESFTQPOTFT
q
QPTUQVCMJDBUJPOTUFQT
".8"
DPOUFTUT q
DSJUJDJTN q
GFMMPXTIJQT
GJMFTBWJOH q
SFQSJOUT
TFMGQVCMJDBUJPO q
XSJUJOHHSPVQTBOEDPVSTFT
q
QSPPGSFBEJOH q
SFWJFXQSPDFTT
BSDIJWBMBVUIPSBOE
FWBMVBUJPOT
FEJUPSmTSPMF
KPVSOBMFEJUPSmTEFDJTJPO
q
QFFSSFWJFX q
TFDSFUT q
UFDIOJDBMSFRVJSFNFOUT
MJUFSBUVSFSFWJFXVQEBUF
NBOVTDSJQUDIFDLMJTU q
q
TVCNJTTJPOMFUUFS
UJUMFQBHF
USBOTGPSNBUJPO
0" q
XFCBOE/&+.
XSJUFST
UBTL
371
371
5BZMPSmTSVMFT q
8SJUJOHCPPLT
BVUIPSFE q q
CPPLDIBQUFST q
FEJUFE q q
NFEJDBM q q
1SJODJQMFTBOE1SBDUJDFPG
.FEJDJOF
8SJUJOHHSPVQTBOEDPVSTFT
q
8SJUJOHNPUJWBUJPO
BCJMJUZUPFOEVSFSFKFDUJPO
BTQJSFBOEEFUFSNJOBUJPO
BTTFNCMJOHSFTPVSDFT
CPPLT q
DPNQVUFSQSPHSBNT q
FBSMZTUFQT q
XFCTJUFT q
XSJUJOHBSFB q
CFHJOOFST
CPPLSFWJFXT
DBTFSFQPSU
FEJUPST
MFBEJOHNPEFMT
OFFESFTFBSDIEBUB
SFTFBSDIUFBNBOETFOJPS
q
UPQJDT q
EFWFMPQJUDIXSJUJOH
FBSMZTVDDFTT q
FGGPSUBOEQSJOUXPSL
GPSNBOEDPOUFOU
LFZRVFTUJPOT XSJUFS q
LOPXMFEHFBOEUFDIOJDBMTLJMMT
NFEJDBMMJUFSBUVSFBOEBSUJDMFT
NJTUBLFT
SBOEPNUIPVHIUT
IJTUPSZ q
SFBEJOH q
XSJUJOH q
SFBTPOTGPSOPOXSJUJOH
DPMMFBHVFTBOETFDSFUBSJBMIFMQ

JTTVFT
MBDLJEFBT
TFMGDPOGJEFODF
UJNJOH q
8PSME8JEF8FCVTBHF
372
372
INDEX
8SJUJOHNPUJWBUJPO $POUJOVFE
SFBTPOTGPSXSJUJOH
CSPBEHFOFSBMJ[BUJPO
DMJOJDJBOJOWFTUJHBUPSTBOE
FEVDBUPST q
DPOEVDUJOHXPSLTIPQT
JOEFQUILOPXMFEHF
JOUFMMFDUVBMTUJNVMBUJPO
OPOQSPGJUNBLJOH
QMFBTBOUTJEFFGGFDU
SFBTPOT q
VOEFSTUBOEJTTVFT
XSJUFS DMJOJDJBOGBDVMUZ
8SJUJOHTLJMMT
BSUJDMFTUSVDUVSF q
EFTDSJQUJPO
GVOEBNFOUBM&OHMJTI
JEFBEFWFMPQNFOU
HPPEJEFB q
JODVCBUJPO q
UPQJDGPDVTJOH q
QBSBHSBQIEFWFMPQNFOU q
TFOUFODFT
BDUJWFWTQBTTJWFWPJDF q
DPOTUSVDUJPO q
NJTQMBDFEQISBTFT q
QVODUVBUJPO q
WFSCPTFQISBTFT q
UPQJD
XPSET
DIPPTJOH q
NFEJDBMXPSETVOEFSTUBOEJOH
q
UZQFPG q
8SJUJOHUFBN
BEWBOUBHFT
HVJEFMJOFT q
QSPCMFNT q
8SJUUFO$PNNVOJDBUJPO
JO'BNJMZ.FEJDJOF

;
;PNCJF

Medical Writing A Guide For Clinicians, Educators, and Researchers, 2nd Edition PDF

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 $BTF3FQPSUT &EJUPSJBMT -FUUFSTUPUIF

About This Book

ABOUT THIS BOOK

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R.B. Taylor, Medical Writing: A Guide for Clinicians, Educators,

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

8SJUJOH GPS UIF NFEJDBM MJUFSBUVSF IBT JUT PXO TQFDJBM

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TABLE 1.1. Reasons why we write

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

WHY WE DONT WRITE

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GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

TABLE 1.2. Reasons given for not writing

RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT MEDICAL WRITING

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GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT MEDICAL WRITING

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT MEDICAL WRITING

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

RANDOM THOUGHTS ABOUT MEDICAL WRITING

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

ASSEMBLING YOUR RESOURCES

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

ASSEMBLING YOUR RESOURCES

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

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ASSEMBLING YOUR RESOURCES

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ASSEMBLING YOUR RESOURCES

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

ASSEMBLING YOUR RESOURCES

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GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

WHERE DO I START IF I HAVE NEVER BEEN PUBLISHED?

WHERE DO I START IF I HAVE NEVER BEEN PUBLISHED?

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

WHERE DO I START IF I HAVE NEVER BEEN PUBLISHED?

GETTING STARTED IN MEDICAL WRITING

R.B. Taylor, Medical Writing: A Guide for Clinicians, Educators,

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

FOFSBM TUBUFNFOU FYQMBJOJOH UIF TJHOJGJDBODF PG UIF

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

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BASIC WRITING SKILLS

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

BASIC WRITING SKILLS

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BASIC WRITING SKILLS

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BASIC WRITING SKILLS

What you mean to say

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PG EBUB GSPN B DMJOJDBM JOWFTUJHBUJPO ZPV SFDFOUMZ DPNQMFUFE

$BTF3FQPSUT &EJUPSJBMT -FUUFSTUPUIF

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:PV DBO BDDFTT 5IF 'SFF %JDUJPOBSZ BU IUUQXXXUIF

EP B #PPMFBO TFBSDI PO 6Q5P%BUF 'PS UIF NFEJDBM XSJUFS

XFMGBSF QBUJFOUT DPVME QSFWJPVTMZ HFU UIF )CMPDLFS ESVHT

EJTDPWFSJFT "MTP BT UIFPSJ[FE CZ %JSDLY <> n#VU UIFSF

NFBOJOH nOBNFE BGUFSo 4PNF PG UIF NBOZ FQPOZNT XF

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.FEJDBM XSJUJOH BDUVBMMZ CFHJOT XJUI B QIBTF DBMMFE QSF

N 1SFQBSF B MFDUVSF *NBHJOF UIBU ZPV NVTU QSFTFOU ZPVS

" GBWPSJUF XSJUJOH QSJODJQMF JT DBMMFE 0DDBNmT SB[PS

4PNFUJNFT UIF XPSET UP CF SFNPWFE BSF WBDVPVT BEKFD

MPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF NFTTBHF 'PS EFDBEFT NZ CFTU

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