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SSC Mentors

ENGLISH GRAMMER

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Letter
Words
Phrase
Clause
Sentence

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection.

NOUN
Noun is name of a person, place, thing, State/Condition, Expression, quality
and metal.
Example:

Ram
Raja
Pen
Book
Agra
Delhi
Happiness Honesty
Laughter
Poverty
Zinc
Copper etc. -

Person
Person
Thing
Thing
Place
Place
Condition (State)
Quality
Expression
Condition
Metal
Metal

There are 5 Types of Noun

Proper Noun
Common Noun
Collective Noun
Abstract Noun
Material Noun

Proper Noun
Proper noun denotes a particular person, place or thing.
Example:

Kapil, Redfort, Tajmahal, Moon, Sun etc.

Common Noun
A common noun is a name which is given in common to every person or
thing of the same class or kind.
Example : Boy, Girl, Pen, Book etc.
Collective Noun
A collective noun is a name which is used to describe a number of things
which are considered a whole group or collection.
Examples :
1. Our team won the match.
2. Indian Army fought bravely.
Abstract Noun
An abstract noun is a name which defines a quality or state or expression.
Example : Honesty, Laughter, Poverty etc.
Material Noun
Material noun is the word which defines a material.
Examples : Wood, Gold, Silver etc.

MODERN CLASSICATION OF NOUN

Countable Noun

Uncountable Noun

Countable Noun
Countable noun is used in singular and plural form/number. The countable
noun includes Common noun and Proper noun.
Example :
Pen Chair Boy -

Pens
Chairs
Boys

Uncountable Noun
Uncountable noun is used only in singular number and includes Abstract
Noun, Material Noun and Collective Noun.
Example : Ink, Milk, Team, Crowd, Love, Sadness etc.
Rule 1
Noun which ends in S, SS, Ch, Sh, X and Z is made plural by placing es at
the end of the noun.
Example :
1.
2.
3.

Batch
Fox
Class

- Batches
- Foxes
- Classes

Exception :
Stomach
Monarch

-Stomachs
-Monarchs

Rule 2
Some nouns are ended in Y and Y is preceded by a constant.
form of the noun is made by converting into ies.

The plural

Example :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Baby
Lady
Army
Story

- Babies
Ladies
Armies
- Stories

Rule 3
The noun which ends in Y and Y is preceded by vowel, are made plural noun
by placing S at the end of the noun.
Example :
1. Boy
2. Journey
3. Key

Boys
Journeys
Keys

Rule 4
The noun which ends in F or Fe, is converted into plural form by converting F
or Fe into ves.
Example
Wife
Life
Calf
Wolf

Exception
Wives
Lives
Calves
Wolves

Belief
Grief
Chief
Mischief
Dwarf
Roof
Wharf
Handkerchie
f
Hoof
Safe

Beliefs
Griefs
Chiefs
Mischiefs
Dwarfs
Roofs
Wharfs
Handkerchiefs
Hoofs
Safes

Rule 5
Noun which ends in O and O is preceded by consonant is made plural by
placing es at the end of the noun.
Example

Exception

Buffalo
Tomato
Mango

Buffaloes
Tomatoes
Mangoes

Photo
Zero
Dynamo
Motto
Portfolio

Photos
Zeros
Dynamos
Mottos
Portfolios

Rule 6
When a noun ends in double vowels the plural of the noun is made by
placing s at the end of the noun.
Example
Bamboo
Studio
Tree
Woe

Bamboos
Studios
Trees
Woes

Rule 7
There are some noun which are ended with man or woman. The plural form
of the noun is formed by converting Man into Men and Woman into
Women.
Example:
Chairman
Milkwoman

- Chairmen
-Milkwomen

Rule 8
The plural form of the noun which ends in um, on, is us and es is made by
converting us into i or ii, UM into a, On into a, is into es and ex into
ices.
Focus
Medium
Phenomenon
Basis
Vertex

Foci
Media
Phenomena
Bases
Vertices

Rule 9
The plural form of letters (a, b, c .) and figures is formed by placing is at
the end of the letter or figure.
Example :
5

PM4-

Ps
Ms
4s

B.A. M.L.A-

B.As
M.L.As

Rule 10
The plural form of compound noun is made by placing s at the end of the
principal word.
Example :
Singular
Brother-in-law
Sister-in-law
Mother-in-law

Plural
Brothers-in-law
Sisters-in-law
Mothers-in-law

Rule 11
There are some noun which do not follow any rule to make plural form:Singular
Mr. (Mister)
Mrs.
Madam
Miss
Man
Woman
Foot
Tooth
Mouse
Louse
Goose
Rule 12.

Plural
Messers
Mesdames
Mesdames
Misses
Men
Women
Feet
Teeth
Mice
Lice
Geese

Some uncountable noun which are always used singular:-

Furniture
News
Baggage
Luggage
Paper
Work
Business
Evidence
Fruit
Information

Mathematics
Physics
Politics
Ethics
Athletics
Classics
Linguistics
Statistics
Types of diseases
Meastes
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Innings
Scenery
Machinery
Advice
Food
Knowledge
Equipment
Behavior
Nonsense
Barracks
Summons
Mischief
Hair
Traffic
Electricity
Apparatus
Stationary
Rule 13.
words.

Mumps
German
Rackets
Type of play
Billiards
Draughts
Crockery
Postage
Breakage
Jewellery
Money
Wastage
Bread
Vacation
Employment
Material

These nouns may be used to denote singularity using following

A piece of / An article of / An item of


Example :
1. A piece of information
2. An article of luggage
3. An item of furniture
Rule14.
words:-

These nouns may be used to denote plurality using following

Two or three pieces of / items of / articles of / kinds of


Example-:
1. All pieces of information.
2. Many pieces of advice
3. Two items of furniture.
1. Nouns which are used in plural form.
Goods
Thanks
Looks
Savings
Earnings
Means

Customs
Troops
Remains
Valuables
Contents
Grievances
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Fireworks
Clergy
Cavalry
Infantry
Nobility
Poceltry

Wages
Arrears
Auspices
Letters
Outskirts
Particulars
Spirits
Manners
Surroundings
Lodgings
Outgoings
Belongings
Plaudits
Odds
Annals
Assets
Archives
Quarters
Headquarters
Amends
Ashes

Funds
Alms
Credentials
Proceeds
Stairs
Wits
Clothes
Requirements
Clippers
Tongs
Bellows
Gallows
Fangs
Breeches
Braces
Goggles
Dregs
Entrails
Embers
Fellers
Bowels

Peasantry
Peasantry
Admiralty
Yeomantry
Gentry
People
Vermin
Cattle
Posse
Tidings
Nuptials

Example :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Alms are not given to the beggar by him.


His trousers are dirty.
This cattle has been in trouble since the famine. (
These cattle have in trouble since the famine. ( )

2. Noun which are found same in both singular and plural form.
Cannon, Sheep, Deer, Fish, Score, Cod, Salmon, Trout, Offspring.
Example :
1. A sheep is roaming in the garden.
2. Three sheep are roaming here also.
3. There are some nouns which have singular form and plural form
and in the plural form, the meaning of the noun is differed
completely from its normal meaning.
Quarter (One fourth part)
Air
Water
Wood
Iron

Quarters (Small house for living)


Airs (Behavior)
Waters (Sea)
Woods (Forest)
Irons
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Custom
Abuse
Good
Color
Pain
Manner
Force
Advice
Asset
Sand
Work
Effect
Fruit
Arm
Ground
Return
Alphabet
Compass
Force
Premise
Physic (medicine)
Respect
Strait
Provision

Customs (A type of tax)


Abuses
Goods
Colors (Flags)
Pains
Manners
Forces
Advices (Information)
Assets (Property)
Sands (Land)
Works (Literary writings)
Effects (Goods)
Fruits
Arms
Grounds
Returns
Alphabets
Compasses
Forces
Premises
Physics (A subject)
Respects
Straits
Provisions

Example :
1.
2.
3.
4.

She gives herself airs whenever at a party.


Air is blowing fast.
Forces were brought into curb the militant activities.
Force is a part of physic.

Rule15:
Some of the nouns, mentioned before, have two different meaning in
plural form. The formation of the plural form is same but meaning is
different: 1. Colour
Singular
(Colour)hue

Plural: Colours
Hues
The flag of a regiment

2. Custom
Singular
Habit

Plural: Customs
Habits
Duties levied on import

3. Spectacle
Singular

Plural : Spectacles
Sights
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A sight

Eye glasses

4. Mean
Singular
way

Plural : Means
Ways
wealth
5. Moral
Plural : Morals
singular
Moral lessons
moral lesson
Sexual conduct
6. Number
Plural : Numbers
Singular
Numbers
(
in
Number ( in sense
sense of quantity)
of quantity)
Verses
7. Pain
Plural : Pains
Singular
Sufferings
suffering
Careful efforts
8. Practice
Plural : Practices
Singular
Habits
Habit
Exercise
of
a
profession
Note : When practice
means habit , both the
forms are applicable but
when it means exercise
of a profession only the
singular form is used
9. Quarter
Plural : Quarters
Singular
Many fourth parts
Fourth part
Lodgings
There are some nouns which have one meaning in singular form but In
plural form, it has two meaning and Both the meanings and the information
are both different.
Brother
Singular
Brother

Cloth
Singular
A piece of cloth

Plural
Brothers (Sons of the same
parents)
Brethren (Members of a society
or a community)
Plural
Cloths (many pieces of cloth)
Clothes (Garments)

Die
10

Singular
Stamp for coining

Genius
Singular
Maker of a thing

Plural
Dies (stamps for coining)
Dice (a small cubes used in
games)
Plural
Geniuses (Makers of the things)
Genii (Spirits)

NOUN-GENDER
Gender

Feminine gender
A word that denotes a female, is called feminine gender.
Example: Girl, cow, hen etc.
Masculine genderA word that denotes a male is called masculine gender.
Example: Boy, dog, cock etc.
Neuter gender
A word that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female.
Example- Book, pen, room.
Common genderA noun that denotes either a male or female is said to be common
gender (collective noun)
Example- Friend, servant, thief, student.

Rule1. Objects without life are often PERSONIFIED (To personify means
when something is assumed as if they were living beings). We regard them
as male or female.
Rule2.
Object that shows STRENTH and VIOLENCE are considered
masculine gender.
Form: sun, summer, winter, time, death etc.
Rule3. Objects that shows BEAUTY, GENTLENESS and GRACEFULNESS are
considered FEMININE GENDER.
Example: Moon, earth, spring, autumn, nature, justice, mercy, piece, hope.
Rule4. Young children and the lower animals are also referred to as of the
NEUTER GENDER.

Example-The baby loves his toys.


The baby loves its toys.
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Formation of Gender
Rule A masculine gender can be transformed into feminine gender by
adding ess, ine , trix, or a at the end of the masculine gender.

Type 1. By adding

ESS

Author authoress
Baron Baroness
Count- countess
Giant- Giantess
HeirHeiress
Host- Hostess
JewJewess
Lion- Lioness
Manager- manageress
Waiter-waitress

Type2. By adding

Hunter-hunteress
Tiger- tigeress
instructor-instructress
negro-negress
abbot- abbess
duke- duchess
emperor-empress
marquis- marchioness
traitor- traitress

INE, TRIX , A

Masculine- feminine

Hero- heroine
Administrator- administratix
Executor- executrix
Sultan sultana
Signor signora
Fox- vixen
Type 3. A masculine gender can be transformed into feminine gender by
placing a word either before or after the masculine gender.
Masculine- feminine
Bull- calf _cow-calf
He-goat_she-goat
Jack-ass_jenny-ass
Man-servant_maid- servant
Cock- sparrow_hen- sparrow
Grand-father_grandmother
Landlord landlady
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Milkman- milkmaid
Peacock-peahen
Washerman- washerwoman

Type 4. There are some masculine gender , the feminine gender of which
is completely different.

Bachelor- Maid / Spinster


Boy Girl
Brother- Sister
Buck Doe
Bull / ox cow
Hart Roe
Horse Mare
Husband Wife
King Queen
Lord Lady
Bullock Heifer
Cock Hen
Colt Filly
Dog Bitch
Drake Duck
Drone- Bee
Earl Countless
Father Mother
Gander Goose
Gentleman Lady
Man Woman
Monk/Friar- Nun
Nephew- Niece
Sir- Madam
Ram Ewe
Stay Hind
Son Daughter
Wizard Witch

NOUN : THE POSSESSIVE CASE(GENITIVE CASE)


DEFINATION
A noun is said to be in the possessive case if it denotes POSSESSION,
AUTHORSHIP, and ORIGIN.
Its answers the question whose.
Example- Rams watch, the charger of mobile etc.
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RULES FOR MAKING THE POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUN.


Rule 1. The possessive case of a singular living thing is made by
adding s
Example:
1. Rams house

2. Rajus watch

Rule2. The possessive case of a plural noun is made by placing only


apostrophe ( ) at the end of the noun .
Example:
1. Girls school

2. Boys room

Rule3. The possessive case of plural noun which ends without s, is


formed by placing & at the end of the noun.
Example.1. Childrens school
2. Crowds picture
Rule4. The possessive case of the non living thing is made using of .
Example:
1. The leg of table

2. The charger of mobile

Rule5. The possessive case of the small animals, vermin and the
animals ,which are rarely used, is made using of .
Example:
1. Wings of a butterfly
2. Sting of a scorpion.
Rule6. The possessive case of the NOUNS which denote TIME, PLACE,
DISTANCE, WEIGHT, is formed by using s.
Example:
One days leave
At a yards distance
At minutes rest
At a stones throw
Rule7. There are some singular nouns which end in hissing sound . The
possessive case of such nouns is made only using apostrophe ().
Example:

For conscience sake


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For justice sake

Rule8. When a noun consists of many words, the possessive case of such
noun is formed using s at the last word.
Example:

The Rama of Mewar s place


The govt of Indias order
Rule9. When two or more nouns are connected for a single purpose, the
possessive case is formed adding only s at the NOUN which is used at last.
Example: Randy and Martins book of grammar.
Note: But when two or more noun represents different purpose or thing, the
possessive case of such nouns is formed placing s separately in both
nouns.
Example:
Rams and Mohans house.
Rajus and Sohans car.
Rule10. The use of double s is avoided. The possessive case is formed
first using s and second using of .

Rams fathers house


The house of Rams father
The father of Sohan s father
Rule11. There are some possessive phrases which are in use though they
do not fit the above rules.

At his fingers ends


At his wits end
A boats crew
For mercys sake
To his hearts content
NOUN : NOUN IN APPOSITION
Definition
When one NOUN follows another to describe it the noun which follows is
said to be in APPOSITION to the noun which comes before it.
Example
Narender Modi, the prime minister of India, has come here.
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Note: the prime minister is in apposition to the noun (Narender Modi).

Delhi, the capital of India, is my home town.

NOUN: SUB AND VERB AGREEMENT


Rule1.
Proper noun is sometimes used as common noun.
When a proper noun is used as common noun, it should be preceded by
THE .
Example- Neelesh is the gandhiji of our class.
Proper noun used as common noun.
Note: Here gandhiji does not mean mahatma Gandhi, the father of the
nation. The word gandhiji stands for the person who contains the quality
that gandhiji is most known for truth and non violence.
Rule2
Units of counting PAIR, DOZEN, SCORE, GROSS, HUNDRED THOUSAND, etc.
when used after numbers remain in singular form.
Example:

My friend bought two dozen eggs.


I gave him five hundred rupees.
Rule3
When two subjects are connected with one of the following conjunctions,
THE VERB OR HELPING VERB for the subject is determined according to the
FIRST SUBJECT. The conjunction is following:

Like
Unlike
Along with
Together with
Rather than
Other than
Including
Excluding
Besides
Except
In addition to
As well as
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Example:
You
along
with
your
mother
are
coming
He together with his friends is about to reach here.

to

my

house.

Rule4

When two subjects are connected with one of the following conjunctions, the
selection of VERB or HELPING VERB for the subject is determined according
to the second subject. The conjunctions are following:
Either or
Neither nor
Not only-but only
Example:
1. Neither he nor his friends have done this work.
2. Either he or his friends have done this work.
Rule5. When a subject is preceded by A NUMBER OF the subject should be
plural and the helping verb or verb also be plural.
Example:
1. A number of students are playing in the garden.
Rule5.
When a subject is preceded by THE NUMBER OF the subject
should be in plural form but the helping verb or verb for the subject should
be singular.
Example:
1. The number of students is playing in the garden.
Rule 6
Either is used to describe only two persons or things in a positive sense.
While neither is used to describe two persons or things in a
negative sense.
Note: when a subject is preceded by either or neither , the subject should
be in plural form but the helping verb for the subject should be singular.
Example:
1. Either of two boys can solve this question.
2. Neither of two boys has committed this crime.
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Rule7.
When a subject is preceded by MANY A, the subject should be
singular and the helping or verb for the subject should be singular too.
Example:
1. Many a dog is barking on the road.
Rule8. NONE OF is used to describe each member of a group in a negative
sense.
While EACH or EVERY is also used to describe each member of a group
in a positive sense.
Note: when the subject is preceded by NONE OF the subject should be in
plural form but the helping verb or verb should be in singular form.But when
the subject is preceded by EACH or EVERY the subject should be in plural
form helping verb or verb should be in singular form.
Example
1. None of thirty students is able to speak French.
2. Each of fifty girls has completed the work.
Rule9. When a sub is preceded by ONE OR TWO the subject should be in
plural form and the helping or main verb also should be in plural form.
Example:
1. One or two students are responsible for this blunder.
Rule10.
When a subject is preceded by ONE OF The subject should be
plural but the helping verb or verb should be in singular form.
Example:
1. One of four boys is my friend.
Rule11. When ONE OF is used in the middle of a sentence and it should be
followed by a plural subject and the helping verb or verb should be in plural
form.
Example:
1. He is one of these students who play only football.
Rule12. When a subject consists of two or more nouns and each noun is
preceded by EACH or EVERY. Each noun should be singular and the
helping help or verb also should be singular.
Example
18

1. Each boy and each teacher will represent his class.


2. Every boy and every girl is invited for the party.
Column 1

Column 2

A number of
A large number of
A great many
many

A lot of
Half of
Most of
One/two third of

Column 3
Much
A great amount of
A large amount of
A good deal of
A great deal of

All the words of column 1 are used with countable noun.


All the words of column 3 are used with uncountable noun.
All the words of column 2 are used with either countable noun or
uncountable noun.
Example:
One of four boys is my friend.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A number of students are playing in the garden.


The number of students is playing in the garden.
Either of two boys is playing in the garden.
Neither of two boys is playing in the garden.
Many a boy is playing in the garden.
Every/Each boy is eating the food.
One or two boys are eating the food.
Each boy and each teacher will represent his class.

Noun with Numeral Adjective


Definite numeral adjective one, two, ten, five, nouns which are used after
numeral adjective should always be in singular form.
Example:

Five thousand rupees.


Four-numeral adjective
Dozen pencil noun

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Rule1. By joining a definite numeral adjective and a noun with hyphen (-) ,
a compound noun is formed and noun used to form a compound noun will
always be in singular number.

Example:
Ten- rupee note
Five year plan
Five judge bench
Rule2- When a same noun is placed after and before a preposition it should
be placed in singular form.
Example:

Mistake after mistake was committed.


Ship after ship
door to door
Rule3.
When any numeral adjective and any fraction are used with a
noun, it should be as follows:

The train is late by one hour and a half.


The train is late by two hours and a half.
The train is late by one and a half hour.
Rule 4
A noun, which is formed with numeral adjective and fraction and is used for
multiplication, should be in plural number and it should be as follows.
Example1. The amount will grow one and a half times two and a half times.

Rule 5
A subject which consists of two different nouns and each noun is followed by
different or same article, subject is understood plural subject addressing two
different person and the VERB or HELPING VERB should in plural form.
While subject is understood singular subject if both the nouns are followed
only by one article and The VERB or HELPING VERB of the subject should be
in SINGULAR FORM.
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Example:
1. The principal and the teacher were present yesterday.
2. The principal and teacher was present yesterday.
Rule 6
Adjectives are treated as plural noun when THE is placed before adjectives
and the adjectives related to color (back white etc) are transformed into
plural by placing THE before it and adding s at the end of the adjective.
Example: The poor are helped.
1. The black are found in West Indies.
2. The black- adjectives as plural subject or noun.

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