Village Assessment For Ockenden Cambodia - Sreng Sopheap

Village Needs Assessment
in
Ratanakiri Province
Assessment facilitated and consolidated by:

Sreng Sopheap
With contributions and assistance from Mith Chanratha, Tania Heath, Mich Kosal, Pheaoun,
Romam Yong , Sol Chan and Sol Pil
All views written here do not necessarily reflect the views of Ockenden Cambodia
Ockenden Cambodia: Village 5, Banlung Town, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
3rd Jan 2010
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Acknowledgements
I would like to convey my sincere thanks to the cooperation and collaborations by all the
village chiefs, deputy village chiefs and elderly respected community members of the eight
villages who permitted us to engage with the villagers of all gender and classes of the
society.
I would like to extend my thanks to the Ockenden Cambodia Ratanakiri Office team who
have made all necessity arrangements and logistics for the assessment to be conducted,
particularly my most humble appreciation to Mr. Mich Kosal and Mith Chanratha who have
been very helpful in all the assessment processes started from a very early to a very late
night by 10pm. Their enormous commitments are greatly acknowledged. I also would like
to extend my thanks to Tania Heath for her invaluable input and some proof checking.
Last but not least, my greatest acknowledgement is also handed all men and women of
community representative members as well as children who contributed their active
participation in making the assessment a real possible of the actual needs from the bottom
of their hearts. Without their most welcoming and allowing us to understand their situations,
feeling their needs and be a part of their solutions by listening to their wishes and problems,
the assessment would not have been able to accomplish. And I sincerely would like to
dedicate this assessment for those women, men and children who have shared portion of
their busy schedule to participate without any complaints or compensations.
I really hope that this assessment can be a useful piece of document which can be used to
identify further development programs reflected based on the needs and visions of those
men, women and children who have been ready to participate. Yet, these must be carefully
rethinking before adapting any programs requested.
Sreng Sopheap
Assessment Coordinator
Ockenden Cambodia-Ratanakiri Office
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About Ratanakiri Province:
Ratanakiri province is located to the Northeast of Cambodia with approximately 588Km

from the Capital City Phnom Penh. It is a home of many communities of 9 different ethnic
minorities consists of 80% of the total population of 149.997 people, with distinct culture,
tradition and languages (Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact Foundation, 2006; General
Population Census, 2008). It is the remotest and isolated area with majority of the
population does not have proper access to institutional support services, poor access to local
transportation and information system as well as other development initiatives. Their solely
livelihoods rely on the traditional subsistence farming of swidden cultivation and on natural
resources such as gathering non-timber forest products, fishing, hunting and practicing their
animism ritual beliefs. Besides, Ratanakiri is the most fertile land of red volcanic soils with
great biodiversity of natural resources including mines and gold, which attract quite
intensive investments from the outsiders (Suzuki, 2005).
The province has been recently considered as one of the focuses for national economic
development with great emphasis on timber production, agriculture development and
tourism (ADB, 2001). To get this forward, the plan for infrastructure development has been
established to improve road and highway from Phnom Penh to Ratanakiri and from
Vietnam passing thought Ratanakiri to Steung Treng province and Laos. The economic
development of Cambodia for Ratanakiri has quickly opened up the way for investments to
the province for industrial plantation and immigration from lowland areas caused very
serious issue facing the local communities of Ratanakiri with rapid of land losses and
natural resources that they normally collect to support their living (ibid).
Lowland Khmers and Khmer from other provinces, many of them came for gold mining and
rubber plantation activities, saw economic development as opportunities and encouraged by
the government to migrate to isolated areas or less populated such as Ratanakiri province
(General Population Census, 2008). The Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact Foundation (2006)
in its Indigenous People and Human Rights report that the migrants who came to Ratanakiri
exploring big amount of land, which traditionally used by the ethnic communities, now
given away by the government as concessions to individuals and commercial companies for
exploitation. These exploitation and conversion of resources lead to environmental
degradation and the denial of access by local communities to their resources that they have
been reliance on centuries.
During last decade, Ratanakiri has been so much affected by deforestation, illegal logging,
land transformation and concession which threatens the people way of living as well as their
only source of survival, which is forest and land, are at risk (Fox, McMahon, Poffenberger,
Vogler, 2008). In additional, influential factors such as good soil quality for agriculture,
infrastructure improvement and government economic development policy has encouraged
influx of in-migration and establishment of small and large scale industrial plantation
searching for better soil quality farming, investment, forest clearing and land encroachment
(ADB, 2001; Bunthavin, 2000). From above factors, forests are being illegal logged or
cleared and traditional lands for the subsistence farming are getting smaller and with
prevalence of illegal land selling even has continued to threaten the local livelihoods as they
are lesser and even further away from their settlements(John and Irwin, 2005). Besides,
such rapidly changes in environmental settings, flood has been frequently identified as a
major hazard (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 2009) that could pose a major
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exposure to vulnerabilities (Abramovitz et aj, 2002) if the communities are badly affected
by such external shocks (Chiwaka and Yates, 2004).
Current publications by International Organization for Migration (2009) on natural hazard

vulnerability mapping in Ratanakiri and the Indigenous Rights Active Members (2008) on
the pressuring issues that the indigenous are facing possess serious concerns for the
indigenous communities Ratanakiri such on inconsistency of flood, drought, pesticides, land
concession on the traditional indigenous land and other land encroachments.
This Se San river flood has severely affected communities living along the river such many
as more than 18,000 people whose dependent on this resource as their mainly survival
combine with other traditional farming (Sithirith, 2000). From the inception of this dam
construction in 1993 in Vietnam, there have been irregular tragedies in the downstream such
as flood, lost of properties and animals in the fluctuating water as it is no longer run its
current speed in the way that it used to be (Baird, 2002). As result, various biodiversity that
used to sustain people‟s living along the river is discovered to be more severe and posed
serious health problems from the poor water quality (Ibid; Mekong Watch, 2007).
Likewise, livelihood insecurity and food shortage has been a major cause of natural
resources degradation in Cambodia (Scheuer, 2008) especially for whose survival are
natural resources and agricultures dependent. Facing such livelihood situations in the time
of flood and other natural resource related risks do not affect men and women equally, nor
are impacts and vulnerabilities of such shocks undifferentiated (Denton, 2002). These sorts
of natural and man-made factors are severely and can be negatively changing the way
women and men have traditionally practiced and require some knowledge of certain
measures to mitigate the impacts on their livelihoods as well as to address gender relations
(Akerkar, 2007).
Village Needs Assessment:
Methodologies
The assessment was conducted through focus group discussions selected randomly in the
eight previously selected villages. The team first met with the village chief and elderly
community members. Next the team was introduced to the deputy chief (Anuk Phum) who
also holds a leading role in various community mobilization initiatives and community
public awareness. The active discussion composed of between eight and twelve members.
Groups were asked separately men, women and children. A local interpreter was used to
translate from Khmer into the indigenous languages and vice-versa, as which helped explain
the questions we were asking.
The research team asked the following questions;

1) What are you current problems and needs
2) What are your expectations for you and your village in the next five years
3) What are your expectations for you and your village in the next ten years
These questions are hard to answer, as they require thinking into the future in which most of
the villagers have expressed that they rare think of what would be the future. This was quite
challenging for many of the villages as the massive migration into the province and the
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interest in Ratanakiris‟ land is making the future lives of the indigenous population of
Ratanikiri very vulnerable. So to think five and ten years into the future was a challenge.
In addition, language and situation of the local communities which the translator provided
to the team we would not have been able to extract the information clearly. Also the local
translators were especially able to re-word our questions to seek out information. Asking the
three questions above helps create simple understanding of the immediate issues and future
plans and problems. By understanding this, it is possible to turn the needs and desires into
five year village plans, which are relevant at the households and village level. Furthermore,
the assessment also plays as a platform that offers chances for the team to assess group‟s
situation and needs of the future that may not be possible to manage in the mixture of
gender and ages.
After each of the focus group discussion, short debriefing/summarization of the needs is
recalled and clarification or additional points may be added as needed. It was also important
that the assessment stages emphasized that “no promises” were being made to the
communities. It was very clear to note that the discussion being taken is the commitment of
the organization to understand the needs and pressuring issues from the villagers and
seeking consultation with them to find a common solution which may be used for a strategic
plan.
It was made clear that the needs and problems are first needed to understand and realized
the actual situation that the community is facing. The next step is to spend time with the
community giving them the skills needed to develop their plan. The community members
were clearly made aware of the no commitment to promise anything, still they gladly
participated with no financial incentives.
Respondents Profile
The women and men proportion is 40% to 60% with age ranging from early 20 to early 70
years old; while children is nearly equally in number composed of boys and girls under 17
years old. About 50% of all children we have talked to have not been able to attend school
or have quitted due to various reasons. Among them, girls suffered more chances of dropout
of school due to some cultural constraints such as farm works and household tasks which
tend to keep them away from school.
According to the discussion, main occupation of the respondents is subsistence rice farmers
with NTFPs supplementary collections such as wild leaves, roots, meat and fishing.
Seasonal soybeans, potatoes, cashew nuts are extra seasonal income earning while livestock
such as chicken, ducks and pigs proven to be the social safety in time of sick or food
shortages. However, great challenges of diseases outbreaks and inconsistency of rainfall and
insufficient water supplies, these seasonal income earning activities are at risk. More are to
be listed later on in each village below;
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1- Sakrieng Village: Village Situation
Sakrieng village is majority populated by indigenous people from the Tompoun ethnic city
with a few households of Khmer families. The village is located in Ke Chong Commune,
Angdongmeas District, Ratanakiri Province. It lies fifty kilometers north-east of Banlung
town, the last 15km from the main road is hardly assessable in both the rainy and dry
seasons.
The village population is about 133 families with total of 680 people of 325 females. Their
main occupation is subsistence farmers mainly focusing on rice field (chamkar) while two
options of cash productions include soybeans and potatoes. While lacking of other
diversified livelihoods and agriculture productions, the NTFPs products are the
supplemental food over the years, yet remain of one of the most challenging as the lands
seem to be getting less productive and less availabilities.
Besides the physical environment setting such as surrounded by external and few local
families owned rubber trees, the village is situated on the food of a mountain (about 70
meter height) and protected forestry areas. Furthermore, a stream of 5 meters width well
running water over the year around the village provide a rich water source for both
agriculture and even a potential of 3 kilowatt hydro electricity development, which was
once tested and operated on 1.5 kilowatt by local villagers provided 6 households (10
lamps). And as even within a 10 kilometers of walking distance where a 10 meters height
waterfall and together with a well running stream over the year round have implied that the
village has a rich water source that can be used for variety of purposes. Below are the key
findings of their problems and needs to be addressed classified by current needs, 5 and 10
years needs plan.
 Key assessment findings: Women Group

- Current needs/problems:
Agriculture extension and seedling provision: Cucumbers, cabbages, beans, eggplants,
pumpkin and corns. Gardening tools and techniques are also needed to ensure the
sustainable of the vegetables and crops.
Livestock Raising: Pig, chicken, cattle and duck raising and how to raise effectively are
worth to implement. Without additional techniques or training, offering livestock raising
can be a waste of resources and may even downgrade any potential animal raising programs
Animal Health Support: For emergencies such as animal sickness or sudden death of
animals. There are skill local villagers who can inject treatment but lacking the tools and
drugs to be injected
- Next five years plans
Limited livelihoods and not enough capital: Off farm livelihoods are not available.
Therefore skills and capital investment which allow further livelihoods developments are
needed to supplement the household such as sewing cloth, small business skills and
accessible to small fund/grant for livelihood investment. Some potential vegetable growing
was also frequently commenting as local accessible to water is easy.
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- 10 years vision
Through an active discussion among women group, the following is the list key finding of
the five years beyond dreams which women wish to see and achieve
Rice milling machine: To lighten up the heavy work of women on rice pounding. Women
occupied most of their time on rice pounding, firewood collecting, water fetching and other
household tasks. Identifying the rice milling machine as the needed is hoping to reduce
some burdens on women‟s shoulders.
Water storage devices: Water containers that helped women better at carrying their water in
a bigger amount of water in a time slot. The current water containers which women bring
from the stream to their kitchen via the calabash/gourd are too small and not durable.
Water Pumper/Generator: To help facilitate women in accessing to water in a closer

distance with a less time spent.
Water boiling tools: It is well understood that drinking fresh water is a habit of many
indigenous communities; however, these Tompoun women are widely aware that boiling
water is essential but not boiling port is available to do so. This may be the good start to
introduce clean water via water storage, water pumper and eventually the use of boiling
water.
 Key assessment findings: Men Group

- Current needs/problems
Water consumption: Water has not been filtered properly and their sources of water are not
clean. It is important that existed non-operation well should be fixed and a possible of a
water storage tank in the village to be built so that the villagers can access to better cleanse
water.
Schooling for kids: Children do not attend school regularly due to insufficient teachers.
Teacher also charged each student 100 Riels per day or two cane of rice as a supplement
support for teacher. Yet, frequent absent of teachers remain exist among weekdays. This has
led to a further dropped off kids.
Village Meeting House: Quite often that the meeting house is a point where all village
ceremonies and discussions are taken place. With the absent of this house, the engagement
or discussions among the villagers in various issues related to development or issues
affecting themselves could not be hold publicly.
Livestock raising and cash crop growing: As much as disease outbreak occurs every year,
more animals such as pigs, cows and chickens would need to be replaced. Together, animal
health experts and training is needed to ensure that these animals are survived. Similarly as
growing cash crops which to provide village extra fruits, they can be additional cash earning
in years to come.
Community Forestry Recognition Formally: The community forestry is in need of urgent

attention as outsiders may intrude any time destroying the forest. This can be a danger if the
community forestry by-laws have not been draft and they are not formally recognized.
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Small grant for agriculture extension: There is potential where men group belief that
soybeans and potatoes could be profitable, but there has not been enough capital to do so. It
might be a thing to consider where small grant can be useful for such purposes.
Small market in the village: The village is isolated from other village and public services.
Though there is small shop runs by some local villagers, but the men group thinks that small
market run by the community members as the community properties are more beneficiaries
to the needs to the communities, rather than a private shop own by individual.
Health centre: Sickness and urgent matter related to health become a major problem as
infrastructure is bad and no service of health support is being made within the village.
Health center is identified by the men group as a really need for the future of the people of
the village.
Fish raising and fish pond: As the village is well water sourced and other livestock is hard
to sustain, the fish development farming is seen as a good livelihood option where men
group members assume to have always food for family if there is fish pond.

Secondary school: Current primary school is hardly functioning due to limited number of
teachers and their inactive in teaching. Even though, the village five years plans wish to
have another secondary school as by that time the children would have grown up and that is
needed to be considered.
New road construction the protected forestry: Current walking distance to the protected
areas is not easy to access and that discourages some men in patrolling the forest.
Ecotourism: There is a small potential where local based tourism can be developed with a
reachable to a water of 10 kilometers from the village. The need to develop the ecotourism
is not just about income generation but also for the possible of increasing the number of
protected areas.
Hydro electric plant: With a very nearby stream where previous hydro power was once
developed and implemented by the local villagers, this can be a continual of the power plant
that meet the energy demand of this rural village.
- Ten years vision

Job employment for family members: The wish to have more permanent jobs rather than
just rice farming is derived from the idea that as children grown up, educated and needed
job in town as the children may no longer rely on agriculture.
Irrigation and tractor: The swidden farming may not be longer available as forests and land
became smaller. It is a dream where men wish to have an alternative source of permanent
farming. This is possible only via a better access to water sources such as irrigation and
techniques. Together, a tractor is a desired tool to supplement the heavy work of plowing
replacement of the buffalos
New skills in sewing cloth and sewing tools: It is no longer to useful to rely on second hand
clothes or hand weaving clothes as more population increased. It is therefore needed that
new skills in sewing and sewing machines are employed to help supply clothing.
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 Key assessment findings: Children Group
Discussing with children in understanding their needs and issues are rather so obvious that
they find the discussion a very strange and almost no comments. However, allowing enough
time and with help of the interpreters, the children eventually expressed their desires as
following.
Teacher in primary education: The current teacher has quitted the teaching position and it is
a need that new teacher must be replaced as soon as possible. By no means that if the
teacher is not accessible within a given time frame, students would continue to drop off
their classes.
Uniforms and study materials: Uniforms and studies kits remain one of the most family
expenditure for children. Given so little income or not at all put children and parents in a
hard situation to afford primary education. Uniforms may be reduced or additional uniforms
and materials are provided.
The future of these children is likely to rely on this village schooling before moving to
Brokeo district school or Banlung. Without a concrete foundation of their basic education,
children potential to a higher level is invisible. Though their dreams becoming a doctor,
teacher and cloth sewer is needed to ensure first schooling is met. Sv f…
2- La Ork Village: Village Situation
La Ork village is one of the La Ork Commune administrative, O Chom District. It is located
in the north of Banlung. With about 15 Kilometers from Banlung town, La Ork village is
well positioned and aware of various development programs as most of the key
administrative of the commune such as commune councilor and deputy councilors are based
in La Ork village.
The village population is about 139 families with total numbers of 568 village members.
Among the total villagers, male composed of 311 persons and 140 children. Similar to other
part of the indigenous communities, this Kreung ethnicity main occupation is rice
cultivation with supplementary of cashew, soybeans, potatoes, NTFPs collection and
livestock raising. A current community market being set by Ockenden Cambodia Small
Grant is slowly running.
Below are the key findings of their problems and needs to be addressed classified by current
needs, 5 and 10 years needs plan.
Raise food yield: At least most of the key focus group discussion members agreed on the
idea that a lot of households did not have enough food over the years. In such cases, it is
their most priority to improve their rice yield and boost other agriculture activities some
techniques and trainings.
Enhance elderly sense of respectable figures: Losing sense of solidarity and respected for
elderly is often visible among both boys and girls of younger age. There have been some
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increasingly numbers of young adolescents whom do not give respect or listen to elderly
village members. These elderly who used to be very influential in the village now their roles
are seen as not valued.
Additional revolving fund: To support more livelihoods options especially to those who are
much poorer than other village members. The fund must make sure not directly to the better
off but for those need it the most.
Improve health support for women mid wives: Modern medical and hospital delivery is
expensive and far away from the village makes the delivery processes a very complicated
among women and their household members. Training traditional midwives and supplies
extra techniques as well as tools to help women delivery is seen as one of the main
pressuring demands.
Water consumption: Some of the current opening wells do not operate well due to limited
maintenance or not at all. It is needed that the existed open wells are repaired, plus two new
extra wells pumper to be built for other 125 family.
Non-formal education for women and elderly: It is realized that women and elderly do not
access to any educational support as heavy and busy schedule at fields and home during day
time. Therefore, non-formal education at night time with a local teacher for women and
elderly is needed to help these group accesses to literacy and numerical lessons.
Animal health and livestock training: most of the livestock die over the period of
months/years and so far there have had no any permanent actions taken yet. It is more
important to establish a local based animal health trainer who is closely monitoring and
provide training on how livestock raising.
Teacher of 5th grade and teacher of traditional music: With increasing of more children
enrolling into classes and some moved to upper class, teachers of those classes should be
provided. At the same time, traditional music in which nearly lost must maintain. To do so,
a teacher of traditional music should be provided to ensure the continual traditional music
teams and instruments for the next generations.
Latrine Construction: Currently, nearly all of the villagers defecate their human waste in the
bush behind or nearby their houses. This practice has been on for years. It is identified as
not healthy but with limited ideas awareness, this latrine uses are not at all implemented.
Develop eco-tourism site: A potential of ecotourism from a 4 meter waterfall height is about
30 minutes walk passing fields and valley. This could be an extra communal income
earning if properly developed. Furthermore, this is seen as to strengthen the community
ownership in working together.
Traditional cloth weaving: the identification of this community is much strongly based on
their cloth homemade weaving. The weaving outputs can be put on sales as well as allowing
their existing skills to be developed and shared. There have seen some foreign tourists
visiting the village and the long groom house, but there are no souvenirs. The good point
that the villagers expect to develop this can be a complement with the ecotourism.
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Timbers planting: Various forested lands had been cleared and logged. The previous woods
are now nearly gone. The next generation may no longer to recognize such woods. With the
new timbers planting allow their younger generation to know how beautiful the previous
woods are. Furthermore, the planting of extra fruit trees in which provide fruit for villagers
would be also extra cash crops to be used in seasonal income generation.
- Ten years vision
Secondary school: There is no current secondary school within a close distance to the
village. It would very hard if children have to walk in longer distance to attend their
education in O Chom District as they need also to share some of their times for households
and farm works. It makes sense that a secondary school building is needed to accommodate
this demand of the increasing numbers of students and grade.
Health post center and village health volunteer: When people get sick, a 5 kilometer health
center does not operate well and poorly staffed. Within a local health center within the
village distance would allow greater access to health and treatment services including
delivery and other sickness. Together also with local village health volunteer may even
encourage more visits to the hospital as well as the uses of health center in the event of
sickness.
Electricity and fence around the village: As most of the Ratanakiri province dose not access
to reliable electricity and La Ork is in particular has not access to electricity, except their
own firewood and batteries. With provision of electricity helps villager to utilize both for
household needs and other purposes. At the same time, the current village has no fence to
protect from any animal. It might be good that in the future the village would have fence
and protect from other entries.

Open well construction: With limited of clean water, extra open well construction would
supply more water and reduce less burden on their wife‟s labor in fetching water.
Health post center: Men identified of being so difficult in visiting health center due to the
distance and the transportations. Providing health post support within a village allows more
access to health treatment and consultation.
Eco-tourism development site: As much as agreed among the women group, men group also
expect to establish an ecotourism site of a water fall of 30 minute walk from the village may
provide extra sources of income and enhance community access to financial capital.
Trainings on moral and basic legal aspects: The way the community sense of respected to
the elderly is lost as younger generation prefers modern way of living. In addition, overall
understandings of some basic legal aspects are identified as the key principal to meet the
current situation of abuses.
By-law on youth governance: The current youth behaviors downgrade the community
governance where elderly are the most respected in the village. Developing local
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appropriate governance by-law where elderly still have the power to lead the village is
needed to have a longer community ownership where youth respect the key principal of
their elderly.
Establish arts group: Traditional arts have long been an identity of their culture. With a
current development of modern music, their traditional arts are slowly lost. To restore them,
group of arts committees who would be set up and teach the younger generations about their
own culture and traditions through arts.
Make the community forestry legalized by the ministry: The community forestry is long
process to achieve the complete ownership of the community. If this continues to be much
longer, the forest maybe in a great danger from outsiders who are intruding every day since
there is no particular recognized bylaws in which the community can exercise their
complete rights on forest management.
Fish and livestock raising: Pigs and chickens die every year due unknown diseases. If this
continues so, it is a threat to the community income and burden on the current existing
poverty since these livestock provide additional safety during the emergencies or lack of
food. This also applies to fishing pond raising.
Water tank storage: In the time of water scarcity and non-availability of cleanse water, the
identification having a water tank stores in the middle of village where every household can
connect their pipe and use appropriately to meet their basic needs and reduce time
constraints in collecting the water.
Cow Bank/Cow Raising: On top of their livestock, cow seems to be facing more diseases
resistance and less die than other animals. Therefore, cow is more preferred than other
livestock for also the more income than others.
Machineries: Generally, La Ork villagers pound their rice by hands, especially women. Men
don‟t accept in doing this. This puts women in a more busier and heavy task. In recognizing
such effort, men are aware that this rice milling machine is surely a great need in the next
five years. Similarity, a generator where sources of energy can supply to the entire village
household at night time would help better villagers organize other important social events or
use it for household needs.
Teacher of English: A potential of tourism development into the village shows a greater
demand in language skill like English which can be used to communicate with tourists or be
a guide showing tourists around.
Cash crops: As cashew is proven to be one of the main cash crop plants, these men realize
also that diversify other eatable crops would be useful for the village as well as provide nice
shadows for the children.
- Ten years vision

Non-formal education: The members of the discussion agreed that non-formal education for
both children and middle age/elderly are needed to ensure that knowledge and general
understanding are up to date like other Khmer. Reliance the formal education is not
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sufficient due to the current lacking teachers and the busy schedule of the villagers. For
example, in the wet seasons most of the villagers would spend their times in the field and
only come back to the village at night in at least few days.
Timbers planting: Various forested lands had been logged and these logs destroyed almost
all of the previous woods. The generation may not longer to recognize such woods. With
the new trees planting allow their younger generation to testify the previous woods and as
lesson learned that the young ones understand such important of these woods
Tractor (Kour Yorn): Increase rice production reliance on the traditional farming alone may
not be sufficient to the current soil erosion or fertility degradation. Also this collective Kour
Yorn would add additional rice farming improvement and possible also a different rice
farming techniques, for example paddy fields. Ten years is too long to predict the shift of
agriculture, but if the current threat of forest clearing, the traditional farming would no
longer adaptable.
New roads to Kam and Pie villages: As La Ork village is closely located nearby Kam and
Pei village but has no direct road links to these villages. The discussion revealed that this
new road can be a new opportunity to increase business and livelihood diversifications and
communication interactions such on rice harvest ceremony invitation, drinking and other
socializations.

Insufficient Teacher: Over 140 children who usually attend classes of primary school but
with insufficient teachers in the village/school remains a great obstacle for children whose
dreams to have achieved education foundations which are the key success for further
grades.
Study materials and tool kits: Children are concern over their uniforms and study materials
which require fulfilling the class requirements. To meet this, the major expenses are on the
parents which are quite expensive among those whose income mostly reliance on limited
agriculture outputs.
3- Kmeng Village: Village Situation
Kmeng village is about 30 kilometers to the north of Banlung town, O Chum District. It is
among other isolated village from other main road and public services such as schooling
and health service supports.
The approximate total population is 330 people of Kreung ethnicity, among in which 180
are females. Totally makes up of 66 families with about 30 children in the age of schooling.
The main occupation of these Kreung populations is rice farmer in combination with other
cash crops such as cashew nut and livestock raising.
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Well pumper: The water collection is a heavy work and time consuming. It is better if a well
pumper can be available within the village distance and a proper maintenance procedure
must be developed to avoid non-operation of the well.
Provide additional revolving funds for weaving groups. Lot of potential where weaving can
be developed, but limited access could not allow further chances weaving groups to
establish more than the current groups
Training on how to raise fish: Some families really want to take into fish pound as extra
income activities or livelihood options, due to limited understanding of how to feed and
raise them, this cannot be well started.
Food shortage: Rice is the main food. But as farm lands are being less productive, the yield
is also not sufficient. Looking at how rice growing can be improved would be an extremely
important case.
Education for children: Children do not attend class regularly. It is not about the children
but mostly as the teacher is not regularly present. The absent of teacher was identified
because of the low salary and the teacher is not a local indigenous person. Training local
indigenous community to be a community teacher is a key to improve better access to
education and language preservation.
- Five needs plans:

Need more teachers for night education: Education is seen currently as only the need for
children but adult and elderly are not included in to the education plan. It is likely that an
extra curriculum for elderly should be developed and a teacher is provided.
Village school: A current village school is poorly maintenance. A repairing is needed to

ensure full operation of the classrooms. The repairing can be done via the support (labor,
food, etc… voluntarily) of the community, rather the complete support of the organization.
Build fence around the village: Lot of issues surrounding the animal roaming into the
village and defecate their waste everywhere. With the fence protecting the entry help keep
the village keep and nice.
- Ten years vision:
Electricity in the village: Having connected into the village with electricity is a sign of
development and provides conveniences for the household consumptions.
Clean village: The current village status is occupied by animal waste and brings bad smell
to the entire village. This some time has caused sickness among the villagers.
Road Construction around the community forestry: this road helps better access to forestry
and taking various NTFPs. At the same time, also provide more quick and convenience for
visiting the forests.
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- Current needs//problems
Well pumper: Having not enough water supplies in the village remains not just an issue
among women but for me who usually use the water for their own needs neglecting the
burden on women works in collecting water. It is well understood that additional well
pumper would help both women and men.
Open well maintenance: The existed open well is not function due to the dryness and
broken down. It can be useful to fix it rather than digging a new one. The village has no
capacity to dig it deeper nor repair it. It would be a usable source of water if this well can be
restored.
Water filter: Many villagers drink fresh water from a stream or well without boiling. The
tradition of boiling water is rarely used, while some households did practicing water
boiling. Though, the water filters would at least help those families who do not like boiling
water access to clean water filtered.
Forest demarcation pole: The likelihood of forest being illegal logged remain among a great
threat to the villagers. With the current support of Ockenden Cambodia to demarcate the
community forestry is a good step in ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources.
However, the demarcation poles provided are too heavy if village men have to carry them to
every forestry boundaries. The requests would be to have a carrier (truck) brought these
poles (currently keep at the village) to the last point entrance into the forest, and then carry
by villagers to demarcate in respective areas.
Village boundary conflict with Kourn village: Not just as the community forestry which is
at risk, the Kmeng village boundaries are also at danger from other intrusion by Kourn
village. Without focusing on agreement in which both (Kmeng and Kourn village) accept a
common village boundaries, the conflict of natural resources uses maybe continue to occurs
as community forests and communal lands become smaller and smaller.
Support the most vulnerable families (10 families): Even in such a small village of 66
families, at least 10 of them are identified by men group as the most vulnerable to poverty
having no dependencies and supports. Improving these 10 families living conditions to meet
some of their basic needs are essential for the current needs.
School maintenance: About 15 children attend schooling at the communal school while
other 15 attend the village schooling assisted by DPA. However, the village school building
condition is quite poorly maintenance and therefore some rebuilding and construction is
needed.
Village health volunteer and health and medical support for livestock: There used to be a
village volunteer support in the village but this has no longer operated. It is found to be very
hard to have access to health services if no local village health volunteers as assistance.
Similarity, animal diseases outbreaks threatening the household livestock badly as
previously example showed that no animal health support for their livestock led to a
disastrous death among most of their chickens. In this case, the village health volunteer is
needed not just for villagers but also for the livestock raising techniques/maintenances that
are among the income generation in time of shocks and food shortages.
15
Village fence: Constructing fences around the village to protect animal entries are some of
the key to keep village clean. As the way of raising cattle among the villagers, these cattle
are let free roaming everywhere. And in most cases, they come into the village and defecate
badly. With the fence to protect these entries help keep village in good environment and
clean. Finding ways to raise their cattle differently would be also good to ensure the closely
monitoring of their cattle sickness and symptom in cases of some disease outbreaks.
Meeting house maintenance: For long time, the village meeting plays a role to bridge the
gap among the villagers who usually share and debate on various issues related to the
community. However, the village meeting house is needed some restoration/fixing in order
to accommodate more work of either among the communities, NGOs or the government
development meetings.
Road construction to the village: Road connecting the village to the main public area such
as health center and primary education remain quite poor. The village is most reliance on
this road to reach to the public services where livelihoods and other necessity provisions.
- Five years plan
Finalization of the community forestry with complete by-law: The long running of the
current community forestry finalization is still pressuring the community sense of
ownership to their natural resources. By the next five years, this community forestry should
be well recognized legally to ensure well protection and sustainably used among the
villagers.
Natural resources mapping (protected area, cemetery, and farm lands): Using natural
resources among the villagers have not been well allocated as external threats continue to
take place. Involving long discussion among each man emphasized that the resources
mapping should be locally developed and managed properly among the members. To do so,
the resources mapping cover the reserved farm lands, community forestry protected areas
and cemeteries must visibly display as the villagers need to be aware of such plans.
Currently, no proper plan has been made regarding natural resources mapping.
- Ten years plans

Village kindergarten for children (don‟t let kids walk afraid of accident): The idea of
keeping children at school seems no longer a practice among this Kreung male. In fact, due
to the likelihood of accident for the children who decided to walk to school in a distance,
the better idea would be to have village kindergarten where kids and parents always feel
secured.
Village meeting house: It is not really well possible to hold development works meeting in
the next 5 to 10 years as the meeting has been poorly maintenance. Much previous NGOs
works included meeting and community debates took place here. For better meeting and
supporting these activities, the meeting house is requested for the community continual
services and development activities.
Village fencing around the village: The village has no specific fence protecting from entries
of cattle. These cattle enter village and create chaotic and mess up everywhere from their
defecated waste. Keeping the way it is does not keep the village clean as the villagers
16
always want to achieve is clean village and sanitation/hygienic environment among their
members.
Children of both boys and girls usually walk or being accompanied by their siblings or
parents to attend class in the commune compound area where primary education is offered.
Facing a longer distance may discourage children from taking class regularly, though a
village schooling maybe an option where children can be sure to attend the class with close
watch of their parents. Most children engaged in the discussion expressed way to have
better access to their education, education tools and supports as well as the vision to go
higher if possible of becoming a teacher, health staff and village chief. These visions of the
children can only be sustained if the foundation of primary education is maintained and
provision of necessary tools and supports are given over the period of their primary
education.
4- Pril village: Village Situation
Pril village is a Jarai ethnicity of about 86 families with total population of 337, consisted of
169 females and nearly 50 children during the age of schooling. The village located eastern-
south of Banlung with approximately over 50 kilometers on a paved new road, when
additional around 5 kilometer into the village compound. It is based in Borkam commune,
O Ya Dao district. Pril is like other part of the village in the commune where most wooden
houses are built on still with a road running in the middle to meet other villages.
Beside the village chief who is the most direct contact to every villager, the village is also a
station of commune council chief and the commune clerk who are among the key dominant
in commune administrative functions but their main roles in community developments tend
to hand over to the existed community based organization which has been established by
local NGOs such as RDCNRM and Ockenden Cambodia.
The village is mostly surrounded by newly planted private industrial rubber tree. Yet, the
villagers do not seem to benefit from such rubber tree plantations as most of their laborers
are taken from outsiders. In the case, the villagers still remain to continue on their existing
agriculture practices of rice farming that poorly harvested, potatoes and soybeans are
recently adopted while cashew nuts have long been the main cash contribution. As part of
additional income beside these potatoes, soybeans and rice; the NTFPs collections together
with livestock raising and few cases of wage labor are the key to supplement their incomes.
- Current needs//problems
Revolving fund for agriculture: Women expressed that their insufficient credit/cash did not
allow her to really diversify their agriculture outputs. Those such as the potential of
17
exploring potatoes, soybeans and improving soil quality. These are the expenses that they
must fulfill. Reliance on such chamkar alone does not ensure sufficient food over the year.
Agriculture training and small grant for pesticide management: The notion challenges on
how many years the indigenous farming has been developed. Yet, such techniques are only
useful if no external factors influence/involve. Such factors in continuing illegal logging,
forestry clearing, pesticides and insufficient/too much rain fall do not tend to meet the
maximum output in which the current needs must be fulfilled. As environmental factors
evolved, some training techniques on agriculture productions (rice, livestock, soybeans,
potatoes) should be required to cope with such changes. Yet, carefully analysis on how
these changes affect them and their responding solutions must be first studied.
Sign post around community forestry: The current community forestry under support by
RDCNRM/Ockenden Cambodia are limited. The worries are so much as that the forest
maybe gone so soon.
Rice milling machine: Women burden on household works remain existence in most part of
the village studied. Rice milling machine is seen as a tool to reduce their burden from heavy
rice pounding and time constraint which may have been use for their leisure or business
opportunities.
Animal health support staff, training and animal health treatment: Disease outbreak and
insufficient medical treatment for animal is agreed to derive from limited animal health staff
and local training. As most families‟ assets include such chickens, cattle, pigs, dogs etc..
Therefore these animals must get as much attention as the people who are quite often rely
on them for their livelihoods.
Community market development: The village is a quite far distance from other market and
facilitating to establish a local market where local women can manage would seen as an
extra opportunity for the communities to cut off their expenses on travelling.
Well pumper and water storage tank: Water scarcity and water management within the
village is poor. Few wells are accommodated by the entire village. Some villagers decide to
use and consume water from the stream in a far distance. As women‟ most roles to collect
water, it make senses that whatever means such as well pumpers and water tanks available
would help women and general villagers to better access to clean and sufficient water for
varieties of purposes.
Supporting women in delivery and injection services: Every delivery if is not seen as
happiness but worries come along due to inaccessible to reliable health post center and
midwife. In addition, vaccinations are poorly implemented.
Non-formal education and extra teacher: Women complaint of their innocence in

understanding some basic reading and numerical calculation. In such their busy schedules,
non-formal education is realized to be needed as some interactions with local Khmers being
associated. Extra teachers for their children are another key in which the kids would
continue to the last available grade.
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- Five years plans
Supporting fund to the poorest villagers: Some villagers identified by the women groups as
“too poor”. In the next five years expectation is to support and bring these “too poor” out of
their current status. This requires some financial supports which means directly towards
these families.
Provide additional fund for weaving traditional clothes: Fund for extra businesses such as
weaving and maintain traditional practice would prove to be another step for not just skills
to be practiced, but income and traditions which to be enhanced.
Provide training to women on sewing skills and revolving fund for livelihood purposes:
Together with traditional means of weaving may see far beyond output based business.
Adopting modern sewing skills and fund for its development would work hand in hands for
such demand of sewing, weaving and perhaps basic income earning.
- Ten years vision
Secondary school: Current school compound will not be able to support the growing
demands of the education by current population growth. A secondary education and teacher
should be prepared.
Water storage tank for the community: Water tank for common use among the villagers
would not just allow better utilization of household but possibly for the other agriculture
purposes such vegetable gardening and home crops.
Tractor for land preparation and plowing: By the ten years to come, traditional farming may
no longer acceptable due to land degradation; insufficient land and possibly those modern
tools must be employed to cope with such modern problems.
New well, water storage tanks and generator: As water is limited especially in the dried
season, the current needs of identifying water tank and generator to pump the water and use
for the village are seen as needed. Like an example from Takok Chraiy, these men
explained how the similar water tank can be developed in their village.
Additional fund for potatoes and soybeans growing: As an extra of income generation
which has seen among some village households, this drives further needs that some cash
investment into the soybeans and potatoes are needed to really increase their economic
status and improve food supplies.
Demarcate more poles around the protected forests: Community forestry can be any time at
risk of exploitation from outsiders. Continue to immediately demarcate the boundaries
would help ensure greater local management where so much of their livelihoods and
traditions are based on these forests.
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Village meeting house: Currently, the meeting between various NGOs and development
workers take place either at a CBOs house or commune chief‟s house. The sense of
community participation is limited and can be a failure if meeting house is neglected.
Non-formal education for both elderly and children: Non-formal education for elderly such
as basic reading, numerical and calculation are needed as they engage quite often with other
traders.
Fish pond: Great interests in fish development but limited access to skills and techniques on
how to do so. These men give great priorities to food through fish as they think the fish will
not die easily.
Rice milling machine: As similar as to women expectation, the rice milling has been several
times proposed and given. However, with lacking of management, the rice millings lose its
stance and resulted in malfunction. Now the current propose and expectation by the village
men on this manner “rice milling machine” must be properly assessed.
Disease outbreak among animals: Every year, there are number of death chickens, pigs and
cow due to some diseases and improper way of raising. Making sure there are less diseases
attacking animal will really help balance the income as well as food security.
- Five years plan

Night time education: Committing to day time education may not so possible as most
villagers are busy at field. Yet, at night time non formal education is a key to provide them
with basic education. Their dreams of being able to read and write basic Khmer strongly
agreed upon the current interactions with other Khmer such as development works and
trading.
Additional teacher for children and salary support: There has already been insufficient
teachers‟ providing education for children. The commitment to send kids to school would
even increased if sufficient teacher to be provided. This is the hope for the next five years.
Agriculture training and exposure visit: Indigenous peoples have long been practicing their
tradition agriculture but continue to do the same thing is not applicable in the current
context such as farm land is now being smaller and less productive. There is a need to
identify other modern options where local agriculture can be enhanced through some
trainings and exposure visits to some of the best agriculture producers in other parts of the
province.
- Ten years plan

Water storage tank with 10mx10m and pumper: The demands for water tank in the middle
of the village and water pumper/generator are among the main most concern for every man
that participated. They realized of inconsistent rain falls that would have been horrible by
the next 10 years if no sufficient water storage to be made available. Furthermore, the pipe
lines connected to each household in which water can run directly into their kitchen is
needed.
Fence around the houses: As the current village households have no particular fence or
marks to identify which housing lands belong to which families, only that everyone knows
20
accept the practice. Building fence around their house not just help identify their properties
but also protect cattle entering and defecate.
Skills on how to fix motor, radio and TV: As most villagers now access to modern
technologies, they face maintenance problems and this requires that some local
communities knowledge in repairing such tools. Bringing the tools to Banlung or O Ya Dao
is costing more time and money.

Having discussions with children who are attending school while some dropped off showed
a interrelation between the number of teacher to the children dropped off rate. What has
been a non-solved issue is a limited teacher for the current primary education in the village.
Even though, some children managed to continue their education as some quitted due to the
inconsistent absent of teacher (s).
Among the children involving in the discussion, their preferred expectation is to have
enough number of teachers in their primary school and the potential of teacher of English
where curiosity tends to derive their eagerness to come to class and learn new language.
With such pressuring issues, some of the main important which children could identify as
their future include;
Continue their education of either in O Ya Dao or in Banlung after finishing their primary
education here.
Clean drinking water: Some of the children realized that drinking fresh water from the well
or stream do not keep them healthy, but with limited care of their parents and the habit of
drinking water without boiling is seen as the result of having no boil water for them.
Enough teachers: enough number and committed teachers of either primary school or
English language is a great motivation where children may discover their more potential to
coming to school.
5- Katieng Village: Village Situation
Katieng village is about 12 Kilometer from Banlung town. It located in the Katieng Labang
II Commune, Lumphat district. The village is surrounded by several ecotourism sites such
as Katieng waterfall and Kachang Waterfall. The population is Prao ethnicity with over
around 400 members, divided into 103 families.
The main occupation of the villagers is varied. Some are doing both paddy rice field and
chamkar. Few household have adopted fish pond and livestock raising together with
additional subsistence NTFPs collection to supplement their daily food. Other small selling
business within the village is also found to be quite accessible in term of ingredients for
food. Wage laborer is mostly hired to external/within the villager farmers.
The village is very much closely situated next to the community forestry which is under the
current support of Ockenden Cambodia working in partnership with RDCNRM. Given such
rich in forest resources, pressuring on the illegal logging is still seen as a continual problem
with not much intervention from the authorities. Continue to ignore that would further
21
create a risk of failure in community forestry management as planned between the
communities and the local implementing NGOs partner.

Current needs/problems:
Medical support and health post center: Current inaccessible to health within the village is
not just seen in other villages but this Katieng is pressuring every day time then someone is
sick and most of the case must be brought to Banlung. Requesting a health post alone does
not help but together with a committed medical local doctor would ensure more
sustainability.
Two additional blocks of school buildings: Schooling is not sufficient in number of classes
and teachers. Building extra rooms and provided trained teachers are essential in meeting
the children demand to education. Furthermore, women and children expressed rules and
regulations set by the national schooling where uniforms must be wore and study materials
are on student‟s expenses. These have a huge burdens on family economic as well as
children interests to schooling.
New dirt road construction: Road was once approved to construct and now its condition is
quite poor. Many times villagers face motor crash or their motors are not able to move up
the high hill, especially when family member is sick or when carrying goods.
Mosquitoes nets: Most are aware of the mosquitoes bites and some even used them at night.
These do not apply to all villagers who are not able to afford. As rainy season may come in
5 months, they have thought of these nets as to protect from malaria. Throughout
discussions, they now realized that dried seasons must be also at risk if sleeping without any
nets.
Water well and water storage tank (dried season no water): Water is very hard to access in
dried seasons as even open well are difficult to dig due to concrete rocky underground. The
possible way is to store water in a bigger tank and pump it from somewhere nearby so that
the villagers can access better.
Electricity: At night time, each household has their own lighting system of either through
lamps, batteries or firewood. These are not a longer solution, but electricity connected into
the village that provide day and night.
Support widow and the poorest families: The participants accept that they are bit better off
than some other most poorest families who are in great need of livelihoods and self reliance.
NGOs and government should develop some programs to help these too poor families and
bring them out of such poverty.
Cash crops plantation: cash crops have seen great beneficiary such as cashew. Providing
more cash crops options to be planted in the village and farms are needed to have extra
income and support the family needs.
22
Livestock raising (chicken, ducks and pigs) and techniques: Lots of complains on why the
chickens, ducks and pigs die. Yet, commitment to raise them remain there.
15 Latrines: Having toilets ensure better sanitations and cleaner environment. As most of
the villagers defecate their waste every in the bush, this latrines are seen as new habit but
they are useful and needed for the entire village.
Improving rice/food yield: Food shortages have been a major problem facing most of the
villagers. Most of them have no alternative plans which they increase their food, some
suggested to have some tools such as plowing machines and techniques.
Protect forests: Illegal logging still is an ongoing problem even the community forestry
establishment is under way. The good option would be to facilitate the recognition as soon
as possible.
Potential of rape: The forest is no longer a suitable place for woman going alone. Some
cases of attempted rape identified previously. The women are now reluctant to go on
collecting NTFPs. The available solutions would be to look at how this attempted could be
prevented via some collection action and solving mechanism.
Domestic violence: Women are in almost everywhere could be facing domestic violence. In
this village, women suffered sometime from husband beating. Working towards to some
behavioral change and supporting women rights to domestic free slowly are needed.
Too many children: Some families have four to five children in a short sequence time. This
burden more on family health, economic and eventually food insecurity. Contraceptive
methods were once aware among male, but male disagreed that on such things are male‟s
responsibilities. Identifying some entry points into this contraceptive with locally adaptable
approach is needed to discussed and involved all key holders include men, women and
elderly.
- Five years plans:
Tools for plowing: Over 50% of households use paddy field farming. Reliance on the cattle
to plow is expensive and still very difficult to manage. With some machinery to plow their
rice help boost their rice yield outputs as well as reduce burden on labors. Also, a collective
plowing tool would help cost less but increase more productive.
Rice de-heading machines: Even with rice planted and grew, these women expected to have
rice de-heading machine to remove rice seeds from the rice-plants.
Family concrete containers: Individual family water concrete container helps store water at
home in a big amount each time they collected and improves the greater uses of water.
Generator to pump water for agriculture purposes: As paddy field need a lot of water to be
filled in the field, irrigation or generator to pump water improve better rice growing and
likely to have more food over the year.
- Ten years vision:

Road pavement: Connecting village to other public services via improving good conditions
like “paved road‟
23
Village market: Some household stalls are running within the village, but these are too
small and too limited in term of choices. A bigger village market where most of the things
can be found is viewed to be the impact in reducing their cost of travelling, yet increasing
village economic activities.

Water scarcity for agriculture and cash crop: No irrigation has been developed for the paddy
fields that constrain agriculture to be enhanced. Providing ways where water supplies can be
injected into the fields are the key to improving rice yield.
Medical support staff (malaria, diarrhea, itchy, cold): Health volunteer is available within
the village but things have been stopped as no incentive is provided. Enhance and provide
qualified health supports who understand about malaria, diarrhea, itchy problems are
needed to ensure malaria and related cases would be reported to the health departments.
Similarity, this applies animal health as well.
Illegal logging: The current committees on forestry management are weak and the local
authorities are neglecting the illegal logging. Working with local authorities and local
committees in identifying mechanism should be explored.
Improving income: Household faces no permanent income. Besides seasonal farming, more
opportunities to look at how income can be generated would be a better entry point in
improving their economic status. These have been suggested including fish pond and raising
livestock techniques.
Increasing land fertility and develop organic fertilizer: Land losing fertilities causing
dropping in rice yield. Some have used heavily chemical to enhance their productions. Such
practice of chemical may harmful to the sustainable rice farming if not used properly. The
actions plans can be developed and seek ways where organic fertilizer should be
encouraged or better techniques maybe applied.
School teacher: Teacher for the village kids remain absent for some times and insufficient
number of teachers are one of the main causes of dropped off students. Providing extra
teachers and support their allowance is ensured the long running of their teaching position
as well children attending classes.
- Five years plans

Contraceptive tools and techniques: Many children in a shorter time sequences no longer a
preferred wish, yet male complaints of women not knowing how to prevent pregnancy.
These contraceptives tools should be properly developed and worked with both men and
women.
Village electricity: Lacking energy and night time electricity is an obstacle where women
suffer burden and water collecting. With electricity, water can be pumped into their homes
and collecting firewood for lightening can be reduced.
24
Health center and qualified doctors: Current health center is not available within the village.
Everyone who is ill must either go to the commune where health staff are insufficient or
occurring more expenses by going to Banlung.
Provide training to village chief and commune chief about forestry law: the issues of illegal
logging and no finding solutions for such forest conflicts derive from the lacking knowledge
of forestry law among village chief and commune chief.
Develop fish pond and livestock development: Fish is rarely found among the villagers
except getting from the market. Having fish pond and techniques on how to raise them
provide better access to protein and food.
Water well pumpers: Water scarcity would remain an issue unless well and its pumpers to
store water in a tank where quick water collecting would be needed.
- Ten years plans:

Ensure sustainable use of forests: Current confusing among how forests should be
sustainably managed among men consider as the worries that forests may not be longer
under the community management.
Develop traditional music/art teams and their musical instruments: Potential of traditional
arts re-establishment to enhance cultural and traditional preservations.
Clearly demarcate the village boundaries with Labang II and Labang I: Village boundaries
conflicts are at risk of losing not just land but natural resources and creating further
conflicts among the neighboring village. Working towards a common resolving conflict
mechanism would be a desired where both find their own agreed solutions.
New road construction to Banlung: Poor road to access and be accessed by others
pressuring villagers to be isolated and inaccessible to other public services. Road up and
down the high hill are obstacles to other markets and opportunities.
Children have frequently complaint of insufficient teacher and the abnormal absent from the
class hours without any notices. With such behaviors discourage children to be punctual for
their schedules as well from attending class regularly.
Other issues which burden children are the child labor both at home and field. This sort of
work has been recognized as usual since family needs labor to help. Continuing pressuring
this issue would further affect children‟s education as well as create risk of child‟s growth.
As small as the age of 8-10 years old, children understand that their current status with
regards to education is not satisfactory. Their needs to have access their own transportation
such as bicycle and other study kits include pens, books and uniforms found to be greater
requirement in ensuring the proper education attainment.
Plus, health condition of the children is poorly maintained with no regular visit to the
doctors. Whatever circumstances of their current obstacles, their strong vision of becoming
a doctor is more repeated among some of the children. Be a NGO worker, teacher and
25
become a police officer are the second most rated to provide better social services into their
communities.
6- Kourn Village: Village Situation
Kourn village is situated along Sesan River, Vern Sai District, to the north of Banlung with
about 35 kilometers from the capital town. Total of 138 Kreung families with 549 members,
the village is quite well distributed of 258 females and 58 children with the age of
schooling.
Lies between one of the most difficult road to access (the road seems to be on the way of a
construction), the population main livelihoods are from combination of paddy fields and
chamkar rice cultivation. Fishing is among the most source of protein, yet the current dam
operation in upstream in Vietnam posses a huge risk to their livelihoods and health
problems from the use/consumption of river.
- Current Needs/problems:
Imbalance of household tasks with husband: Women repeatedly reported of burden on the
household work. They do not commit that their husbands are not helping them but the facts
that household works are too much. A good thing to start with this is to look at how gender
relations can be enhanced/shaped through some gender awareness programs.
Land encroachment from nearby village: Several cases reported by women that their farm
lands are being exploited by nearby villages as boundary conflict is still has not solved.
Working with relevant local authorities to finalize the boundary conflict is a key to ensure
the local governance of forest resources such as community forestry.
Livestock raising and disease control: Animal is often raised but frequent diseases killed
chickens, pigs and sometime cattle must be carefully monitored. There is a need where
diseases outbreak can be prevented, checked and treatment supports.
General population health: Health is a concern among women who expressed the long
distance walking to the health center in the commune. A local health center can be built so
that health condition can be improved and long walking distance maybe reduced.
Gangster (fast driving in the village), killing chicken and eat: some younger adolescents
have been disturbing the villagers by stealing chickens, village properties and causing
dangers to other with their fast motor driving. There must be a need to work in changing
and reshaping their behaviors
Lack of food/flooding: Insufficient food as current flooding destroyed almost rice and
crops. Looking at how drought resistance crops to be adapted in this area such as dried corn
season is the supplement to their food supplies.
26
Two well pumpers: Clean water scarcity have not been enough accessible. Most drink water
from the river which is generally populated by upstream dam. Therefore, two extra water
well pumpers are needed to meet such demand.
- Five years plans

Tractor (kour yorn) to carry harvested rice and bringing the ill to hospital: Bad road with
poor bridges are needed to be reconstructed. Current commune fund to build new road is
halted. These women believe that with strong Kour Yorn can really help both in carrying
out goods as well as transporting people in case of sick or emergencies.
Bicycle for children going to school: Some children do not go to school as they live far
from the village (they live at the fields). To commute to school by walk is really hard;
therefore bicycles for these children are needed.
Weeding machine and rice milling machine: Weed growing is very fast during cashew
harvesting and rice planting. Yet even if weeding is done, rice milling machine is needed to
help remove the rice husks, rather than pounding them by hands. Without doing so, women
are the biggest hit in term of labor and burden.
Sewing machine: Limited income generation and when cloth got damaged, there is hard to
fix and expensive to buy new one. With sewing machine, women can have new skills for
income generation and supply services for the local need.
- Ten years plans
Health post center: a health center and medical staff for women have been identified as
insufficient for a long term run such a health center should be establish. Another key
express of need is Kour Yorn for transporting rice harvested, plowing and taking the sick to
hospital.
Resolve conflict of village boundaries with Kachon village: ongoing boundary conflicts are
not just boundary issue but also natural resources (community forestry) which have been
shrinking. Resolving those conflicts would lead to better access to natural resources. Some
of the case reports on the weakness commune councils involvement even marginalized the
issue.
Further cooperation in preventing illegal logging: Some internal villagers cooperated for
illegal logging. This can be tackled through working with the CBOs, village chief and
commune councils where mutual understanding maybe met.
Health post center: Health problems have been a pressuring issue as no any health post
within the village. Every time villagers get ill, they must go to Kachon village which is
about 5 kilometer for health services.
Additional wells and latrine construction: Villagers defecate in no latrines. Some have done
so behind their bush. These reflected by the villagers that should no longer practiced, but
villagers need some support to build latrines and skills to implement them.
27
Vegetable gardening and equipments: great potentials for vegetable gardening where village
is based along the river and with no skills and equipments to do so, village requested to
have this important vegetable gardening to be further developed.
Water filters: As water is collected from either river or unclean sources, the water filters
would help filter water better.
Cattle for paddy fields: Villagers have been doing both chamkar and paddy fields, but these
paddy fields need cattle to prepare the land. And most villagers do not own their cattle or in
most cases these cattle die over some years due to diseases. Supply such as cow or buffalo
bank would help lots of labor spent on farming but animal health staff or vaccination on
animal should not be undermined.
Small grant to help raise livestock such as chickens, pigs and buffaloes: With the needs of
assisting labor in farming, extra fund for livestock raising would add the possible of income
generation as well as more food or even as a reserved social safety which these livestock
can be converted into cash in such of emergencies.
NFTPs died: Forests are dried and logged off quite often without so much prevention.
Sometimes, a timber was logged and fallen down destroyed varieties of wild vegetables.
These wild vegetables are more preferred then the vegetable sales at the market. The
villagers need agr0-forestry
- Five years plan:

Irrigation and water supplies for agriculture and household needs: Even the village is
closely by the river, the irrigation for the paddy fields are not available. As well as the need
of clean water for household consumption is insufficient. Accessing to irrigation and clean
water will facilitate on boosting the agriculture and assist better for household demand on
clean water.
Rice milling machines and rice de-heading machine: Villagers took extensive times on rice
processing/planting. The need of rice milling and de-heading machine would be expected to
employ in the next years so that times can be more managed and rice development can be
boosted.
- Ten years vision

Village market: Local market is poorly running by the some local individuals. The dream of
having a bigger market where most things can be available within the village is for all is
agreed up on. These men are hoping collective market can be established some times in the
next 10 years where common profit can be shared for developing the village and providing
the needs of the whole community.
Kour yorn for carrying goods: Transporting harvested rice and other goods have been
recognized as the heavy things for men. Expecting to have the Kour yorn to carry these
goods are the tools to lighten the burden.
Bicycle for children living away from village: Some children could not attend regular class
due to the distance far away from school. Those children stay at the fields with their parents.
By ignoring this factor future children would not be able to attain this education. Providing
28
the access to this transportation would ensure the better attainment for the children to have
classes.
Key assessment findings: Children Group
Children face several drops out and unable to attend class with the limited access to study
materials, food, transportation, working with parents at the field and insufficient teachers.
Discussing with among 6-8 children revealed that the possible way to help them achieve
better dreams of their future to become a teacher, doctor and NGOs staff is to working
towards bringing them back to school or ensuring their full participation in class. Ensuring
such big task requires working effectively with parents and elderly respected people so that
child labor can be reduced, sending girls to school can be accepted and number of children
attending can be increased.
7- Takok Phnog Village: Village Situation
Takok Phnong village is about 70 kilometers from Banlung, including approximately 25

kilometers from O Ya Dao district town. Takok Phnong village is the only Phnong ethnic
indigenous people in Ratanakir with total population of about 100 families, consisted of
nearly 90 children with the age of schooling.
The village main occupation is rice farming, fishing, wild life trapping and additional cash
crop income such potatoes and soybeans and animal raising. The village is completely
isolated with very poor infrastructure such as road, bridges, hospital, school, meeting house
and telecommunication system. With exception to water sources which is available all year
round from a stream behind the village, yet the water remain not so clean or not has been
filtered.

Livestock raising: Pig and chicken are popular among these women group. The interests
come from the possible of earning some income to buy medicine and rice. Even such
interests on livestock, they also convey their worries on the disease outbreaks on their
animals. The both skills of livestock raising and fund to raise these livestock are the only
hope for women to raise income.
Increase food yield: Women do not seem to have enough food to eat in most of the case we
interviewed. Some told of how their crops failure leads to insufficient rice. The express of
this limited yield was identified as the cause of flooding and not enough rain, together with
soil infertility.
Health problems: Women face not just normal health problems, but maternity health that
even difficult to reach for support with such inaccessible health center and bad road.
29
Clean water source: Water seems to be no a problem as it has all year running stream but
this is not clean. Most drink fresh without boiling is a risky to health problem of all
villagers. There is a need to support tools that allow them to have better and cleaner water
Fish pond: Fish is the second protein besides wild and local meat. But fish is seen to be
easier to raise than livestock. Women would both choose to raise fish and livestock compare
to men most prefer fish.
Teacher for children: A local house hosts some education program but this is not recognized
as a formal education. Women are worried that their children could find no future if no
education. It is really a good point to start where mother understood the important of their
children‟ education, this would mean that their kids will be allowed to go to school.
- Five years needs
Plowing machine: Even women do not plowing the field but their work is seen are bit lesser
if there is cattle or tools to plow and prepare their land. The needed is not a private own but
a common where every family can borrow and ploy for certain of time.
Improve rice yield:
Rice milling: Women in every village we discussed said their most busy task besides
farming is rice pounding. With an assistance of rice milling machine for the next five year
would reduce big amount of women labor as well as may help provide them with extra time
to perform some other tasks.
Saving: Women have no cash to save. Anytime if they or their members get sick, animal or
convertible properties will be sold to help bring member to hospital. Having access to
saving where group of women would develop a self help group is essential to sustain a long
term reserved for family emergencies and business opportunities.
- Ten years vision

Individual buffalo for plowing: Having a community plowing machine is not so preferred
compare to individual own plowing tool. This has been referred as buffalo ownership to
plow rice field.
Water tank: Collecting water is hard and heavy. Plus, having it from the stream is not clean.
Storing water in the middle of the village and then transfer/collect from this point provide
better access, lesser time spent and lighter burden as this collecting water is mostly
women‟s works, not men‟s.
Health center and medical staff: Health remains inaccessible even for both women and men.
But women face over concern of maternity health, specially on delivery and stomach ache.
Working towards resolving health problem is not about health alone, but the surrounding
factors are needed to explore.
Livestock raising: Chicken and pigs are the next supplementary income and food over the
period of food shortage. However, these livestock include cattle face sickness every year
with no health support and vaccination. Improving these sectors with good animal health
technique and vaccination are needed.
30
Cash crops: Cash crop includes eatable fruits are identified with good potential with this
isolated village. At least the tree can provide fruit during some seasonal time. These men
expressed great commitment towards these eatable crops but lacking the means to grow
them, both financial and techniques.
School for children: The discussion also revealed that the needs to have their kids attend
class are the preferred for their next generation. But government school does not exist
leaves nearly on hundred kids unattended.
Well and tank: Even with accessible to water source is available within a close walk, the
need to clean water and reachable to their vegetable gardening is expressed to be assisted.
Health center: Villagers remain untouched when it comes to health. Poor road and non
available of health support within a suitable time continue to be a great obstacle for all of
these villagers.
Village demarcation: Village boundary conflict with neighboring is still pressuring this
community to handle their forest and farm lands. Attempted to solve the conflict has not
been successful. With the assistance of external support by working with village chief and
commune councils of related concerns are the key towards to resolving the conflicts
mutually.
Village market: There is one individual Vietnamese married Phnong villager‟s shop, but
food stuffs are expensive. The communities common market where profit can shared and
joint are among some keys to bring back the sense of togetherness and community
ownerships.
- Five years needs

Rice yields family: Insufficient rice yield is faced every year, particularly this year when
flood hit quite badly left some villagers with crop failure. Working towards some of the
recoveries on this agriculture and drought/wet resistant crops would be immediately needed.
Livestock: Most villagers rely on their livestock such as chicken but they die every year.
Some villagers even eat these death meats. The ways to look at how these livestock can be
more sustained are needed.
Road and bridges: most villagers have complaint of how their time spent on traveling on
buying food and accessing to other public services. Some potential of constructions are
under way, yet nothing sure has been made. The sooner the better for this road to be built.
School and teacher: The future of these children mostly relies on the education of these kids
attain. Some rumors of school to be built but not yet seem to be reliable. Kids also wish to
go to school. Such desire is suitable to implement some education programs.
- Ten years needs
Village conflict of boundaries: Ongoing boundaries conflict with Samoth village threatening
every day the potential lose the farms land and forest resources.
Plowing tools and carrying tools: As rice yield is getting lesser productive and land become
smaller, the employment of plowing tools would be needed to help with their rice farming.
31
These dreams seem that impossible among them but most believe that “ it is better than not
dreaming about it”.
Medical health staff for villagers and animal: Lacking such health support does not only
seen to be important for human, but animals which most villagers rely on for their farming
and livelihoods are as both equally important. And should not be underestimated.
Malaria and no net to sleep: Malaria is threatening villagers every year. Some face serious
illness from malaria especially kids, but also other illness of stomach ache is frequent
reported among elderly men.
Children face no recognition of schooling as the current non formal education is being
implemented irregularly with no permanent teacher and study tools. The future expectations
of these children are amazing ranging from becoming a teacher and continue to go as high
as possible with their education. This has to be solved from the current foundation years
where children should be going to regular class and receiving sufficient materials to fulfill
their studies demand.
8- Yeak Loam : Situation
Yeak Loam commune borders Bang Lung town. Since the capital of Ratanakiri province
moved from Lumpat to Bang Lung the Tampoun people who inhabit the area have had
increasing pressure to sell/hand over their land. The five villages have had their ability to
practice their shifting agricultural techniques revoked due to land losses, also the final of
their three sacred mountains is under threat to development. It is believed that once the final
mountain has been acquired by the company the company will desire to own Yeak Loam
Lake (Beoung Yeak Loam). Development plans have suggested cable cars, a road around
the lake and a casino.
Due its proximity to Bang Lung this commune is faced with many positive and negative
issues that relate to being so close to a Khmer modern town, also most of their land has
gone already. With the exception of the lake, this devastating situation will probably be
mirrored throughout the province.
This Tampoun community have been protecting and managing the lake for years. Without
active assistance to help them keep management rights to the lake, and advice on how they
can reap the benefits of the increasing number of tourists visiting the province the existence
of this Tampoun community is under immediate threat.
Beoung Yeak Loam is a beautiful volcanic lake only 5km North of the center of Bang Lung.
They are twelve years into a twenty-five year sustainable management agreement with the
government. Beoung Yeak Loam has special spiritual significance to the indigenous people
of Ratanakiri. However as infrastructure improves throughout Cambodia and Ratanakiri
and its commercial value rises.
The five villages that surround the lake are Sel, Chree, Phnom, La Por and Lone village,
with a population of approximately 2,000.
32
Similar to other indigenous communities, this Tampoun ethnicity main occupation is rice
cultivation with supplementary of cashew, soybeans, potatoes, NTFPs collection and
livestock raising. As mentioned before they have serious land issues. Lone Village has no
village land left now and the villagers live isolated their fields (chamkas) . All the other
villages have their land reduced. None have all their swidden farms.
Fourteen people receive a salary of less than $25 to work full time at the lake. Their
proximity to Bang Lung has significant more opportunities and treats than with other
communities. Also currently managing the lake brings hopes and fears to the local Tampoun
community. There is a core group of very active people who have kept positive in spite of
massive intimidations from outside parties to give the lake away.
There is much interest and excitement from the villages since the beginning of Ockenden
support. Ockenden supports Yeak Loam through its small grant system and will help Yeak
Loam register as an association. The community has some other assistance from the
Highlander Association and one village has technical support on fist raising from CEDAC.

A group of women were spoken to in Sel village, and some families in Lone village
- Current Needs:
o Education for their children. This was repeated throughout the discussions
and with every individual spoken to. Their ability to farm is limited due to
land losses. The women were concerned that their children would no be able
to farm at all. So they wanted good education for their children so they could
compete on the job market with the low Landers in Bang Lung
o Improved limited land farming techniques, some women had herd that some
NGOs were helping people develop new farming techniques, the lack of
water and seeds to grow in dry season was a problem. Outside the protected
area there are no areas of forest left for NTFPs
o Training for children to work with tourists at lake. Everyone was aware that
the area was getting busier. The newly paved road from Vietman was some
cause for concern, but the road improvements from Bang Lung to Stung Tren
were seen as a good thing for about half of the women
o Assistance finding trade for the woven products (Sel villages has traditional
weavers). They were very aware that while this product could be marketable
there were many NGOs in the province supporting weaving, and this was
bringing down the price. The women suggested they needed to work together
better, and try to make links with other traditional weavers to keep the price
constant. Especially as lots of outside sellers are selling machine woven
products as hand made
o Stop the mountain being taken (from woman in lone village whose only land
is a field at base of mountain)
o Clearer understanding of rights and forest and lake rights, there was some
confusion surrounding land rights, the agreement with the lake and
indigenous peoples human rights
33
o Less time pregnant, many women stated that they were pregnant so much of
the time it was limiting their ability to farm
o Numeracy skills, “we can not read and add up the numbers” there was
frustration from some that they were getting ripped off from middle men
when they were selling cashews
o Healthier chickens while some had no problem with there chickens some had
massive problems with chicken ill health premature mortality
o Opening cashew seed techniques, to sell the nuts. There was some
understanding that value could be added by going through the difficult task
of opening the seeds
o Womens rights and domestic violence. Two women stated that due to the
massive pressures their village is under, domestic violence had increased in
the past few years
o Children learning to listen and respect elder again. There was worry as to the
future of their children, as to whether they would follow their traditional
customs and animist way of life. Youths groups, information exchange was
widely supported
o Children need to learn the good and bad of Phnom Phen which is getting
nearer. The fear was that one-day Phnom Phen would spread to the whole of
Cambodia. While the minority felt that this could offer good opportunities
most felt this would completely destroy their culture and way of living with
out any hope of survival.

o Better local school and secondary
o More secured rights and benefits from the lake
o Part time or full time wage employment
o Learn Khmer and another language
o Better communications with other villages
o Sell in the Bang Lung market
o Sell weaving and other crafts
o Good education for children about their rights
o Lost of talking to the children about current and past cultures
o Getting more profit from goods
- Ten years vision

o Some children working in Phnom Phen and over seas
o Good schooling, teachers present and school free
o Respect for them as elders, more womens‟ rights than before
o Protection of their grand children from working for the Casino or other
companies
o More affordable luxury goods, e.g hair cuts
o Key assessment findings: Men Group

 Continued protection or lake and forest and more benefits from the tourists (home
stay etc.)
- Current Needs:
The group initially asked were the committee, (the committee currently are all male)
Followed by the currently active members of the Yeak Loam Advisory Group (who
are all male too)
34
Also some individual males were asked in Chree and Phnom village
o Keep lake (committee and others). This was the overriding main issue. With
out the lake the community felt they had nothing. In spite of all the outside
influences, animism is still string in the community. There is some fear that
the sprits are angry as they have lost so much land and their sacred forests.
However the village elders and others regularly go to the lake to summon the
sprit of the lake to ask is for a fruit full future and for forgiveness over the
land/sprit losses
o Begin talking to the 8 villages on the other side of the mountain about the
companies activities. There was some hope over the future of one of the
„taken‟ sprit mountains. There was an immediate need to join with the eight
villages on the other side of the mountain as both sides were being coerced
and lied to by the company
o One central meeting house for all five villages, the villages were saving $5
each for this, as they felt they needed one central place to meet. They are
looking for some outside support too
o Rowing boat and life saving skills at the lake
o Places to cut bamboo. Bamboo has 100s of uses for indigenous people.
Places are limited; this could be part of good management of the protected
area. It was agreed a management plan needs be compiled
o Fix wells in 3 villages, they broke very soon after instillation
o Training to get jobs as no animals to hunt, employment in Bang Lung and at
the lake, many men were lost as to what to do and their futures. While their
was some sadness that their traditional existence was no longer a viable
option (hunting forest animals, forest work), they were all keen and open to
learn new skills
o Affordable health care, Bang Lung too expensive Was a concern, no
traditional doctors were available for interview, This needs more research.
o Help getting rattan, as none here (from ex-village elder who is too old now to
walk to Vearn sai to get rattan to make traditional baskets)
o Youth project for kids. There was concern over the exposure their youth
were having form Bang Lung e.g. karoke. There were some reports that
some youth from the villages were turning bad and were stealing pigs from
the villages to sell pigs to have more money for Karoke
o Passing of knowledge from elder to youth about songs and stories, and
making new songs and stories, there was worry that some youth were turning
away from their culture
o Teaching youth about what forest animals there were, making the animals
out of mud
o Better road to link to paved road (1 to 3 km) would make wet season not
effect assess to market and bang lung
o Business understanding , how to make a business profitable
o Better understanding of human rights
o Making videos
o Re demarcate protected boundary and plant agreed area
o Link with other agencies who can assist in advocacy and legal assistance
o Boats and life guard training

o Linking small businesses around the lake with local produce
35
o Showing eco-living supporting eco-tourism, compost loos
o Traffic calming, making people drive slower
o Training courses for outsiders on how to cut an manage bamboo, how to
make a mat, a basket, a skirt, spin cotton
o Event management: Creating manageable crowds at the lake of people who
support indigenous products, i.e. food events, trade fairs, swimming events,
nature days, youth and video events
o Processing and value adding of produce
o Bung Yeak Loam continuing to be the leading eco-tourism area in Cambodia
(run by the local Tampoun community)
- Ten years vision

o Confidence to keep management rights beyond the 25 year lease
o Some land security beyond the protected area
o Some children studying in Phnm Phen
o Beoung Yeak Loam a excellent example of eco tourism in Asia (run by the
local Tampoun community)
Low attendance from teachers and school far away

In the future some children wanted to work at the lake, some in Bang Lung , many in
Phnom Penh and overseas. Only very few expressed an interest in farming
Conclusion: A key to consider
Throughout the entire discussion, the assessment found that common current and future
needs are similarity across every village. These include resolving basic needs in fulfilling
their food security, agriculture, cash crop (fruit trees), fish pond, water, education, health
and enhance natural resources local management. However, such similarity should not
dismiss the different culture, tradition, village surrounding factors and the common notion
of participation.
Some ideas of private land ownership have become a major preference in most villages to
fence their own house and mark their own properties. Unlike previous long tradition of land
sharing and collective ownership, this private fencing house would create the potential of
further conflict where each household demand an unclear marking of their properties. It is
making sense that as land became shorter, they must be aware and prepared of their
potential loses if they don‟t mark it clearly. This however seems to slightly violated the land
law where indigenous community do not own individual land. Such propose of private land
ownership should be clearly examined. Yet, working towards enhancing common
ownership where villagers can improve their community solidarity and cohesion would be a
step for the future of their sustainable use. As experience shows that once previous land
were marked under a particular ownership, chances of being illegal land sales tend to be
more prevalence. Though it did not deny that community land were also forced to sell.
Fulfilling the basic needs would involve more involvement with the local community to
help provide capacity building and encourage the skills to be shared. The capacity building
36
should as much as possible ensure more active participation of women in all level from the
identifying the needs to be trained and the skills to be shared.
Improving water access in aiming to reduce the women labor on water collection is in
questioned. If the aim to reduce the women burden, the good chance is also to work with
male in understanding who their wives have been burden. Only men are aware of this and
together the commitment to share, then women burden can be reduced.
The same thing with rice milling machine, as women did the rice pounding does not mean
that introducing the rice milling would necessarily enhance women time in leisure and
reducing less heavy work. Yet, the same principle would be considered to engage men in
helping them aware of such strong gendered culture where women would still be the most
hardest hit if continue without working with these men.
On the idea of education for children is widely agreed to be related to number of children,
classes and teachers. In most village discussed, education issue is discussed all the time.
Yet, child labor at field and home, especially girls, face the most dropped out and burden.
Toward achieving education is to ensure that parents complete allow their children to go to
school and take all actions to reduce child labor. This should be done as an aggressive
manner but slowly engaging parents, village chief and elderly respected figures to
understand the burden children facing. Working in all levels more closers with the
communities not just help better understanding their needs but fulfilling the needs which
they find ways to solve themselves with assistance of external support.
To end this important note, the most important consideration is not to assume that these
similarities result in similar outputs or meet similar needs. To go further is to allow more
time in studying more details of every basic needs and identifying more concrete discussion
and exploring on each key findings, providing the key solutions which discovered and
agreed as the solved solutions by the communities are more needed.
References
Abramovitz, J et al. ( 2002). “Adapting to Climate Change: Natural Resource Management

and Vulnerability Reduction”, Background Paper to the Task Force on Climate Change,
Adaptation and Vulnerable Communities. World Conservation Union (IUCN),
Worldwatch Institute, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD),
Stockholm Environment Institute /Boston (SEI-B)
Asian Development Bank. (2001). The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the impacts of
globalization on indigenous communities in Ratanakiri Province, Northeast
Cambodia; A paper Submission to the ADB annual meeting of the Board of
Governors and the Indigenous Peoples‟ Forum, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 2001
Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact Foundation. (2006). Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights
Cambodia, Report commissioned by: Asian Indigenous Peoples Pact Foundation,
Tambon Patan, Amphur Muang, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand
Baird, I. G. (2002). The Downstream Impacts of the Yali Falls Dam in the Central Highland
of Vietnam on Ratanakiri and Stung Treng Provinces, Northeast Cambodia
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Baird, Ian G. and Meach, M. (2005). Sesan River fisheries monitoring in Ratanakiri
province,northeast Cambodia: Before and after the construction of the Yali Falls dam
in the Central Highlandsof Viet Nam. 3S Rivers Protection Network and the Global
Association for People and the Environment. Ban Lung, Ratanakiri, Cambodia, 92 pp.
Bunthavin, C. (2000). Alternatives to existing shifting cultivation in Ou Chum District,
Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. AIT Master‟s thesis
Chiwaka, E. and Yates, R. (2004). Participatory Vulnerability Analysis: A step–by–step
guide for field staff. Action Aids International
Denton, F. (2002). Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: Why does gender
matter” in Rachel Masika (ed): Gender and Development Vol. 10, N0, pp. 11
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (2009a) What types of natural hazards?,
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries , Ratanakiri, Cambodia; Personal Interview
(17th May 2009).
Fox, J., McMahon, D., Poffenberger, M and John., V. (2008). Land for My Grandchildren:
Land-Use and Tenure Change In Ratanakiri: 1989-2007. Community Forestry
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General Population Census. (2008). General Population Census of Cambodia 2008,
National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Indigenous Rights Active Members .(2008). The issues that facing indigenous community.
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IOM. (2009). Mapping Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Ratanakiri, International
Organization for Migration (IOM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
John, A and Irwin, K. (2005). “An overview and history of natural resources management
project” in Kinakin, Rebecca (ed) Balancing the Change: Experience the natural
management in decentralization in Ratanakiri, Cambodia
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Northeastern Cambodia and Northern Thailand, Mekong Watch
Scheuer, J. (2008). UNDP Country Director's remarks at World Environment Day;
http://www.un.org.kh/undp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=177&Ite
mid=21 , website retrieved 28-01-2009:
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Village Assessment For Ockenden Cambodia - Sreng Sopheap

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Village Assessment For Ockenden Cambodia - Sreng Sopheap

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Village Needs Assessment

Assessment facilitated and consolidated by:

Ratanakiri province is located to the Northeast of Cambodia with approximately 588Km

Current publications by International Organization for Migration (2009) on natural hazard

Village Needs Assessment:

The research team asked the following questions;

 Key assessment findings: Women Group

- Next five years plans

Water Pumper/Generator: To help facilitate women in accessing to water in a closer

 Key assessment findings: Men Group

Community Forestry Recognition Formally: The community forestry is in need of urgent

- Next five years plans

- Ten years vision

2- La Ork Village: Village Situation

- Next five years plans

- Ten years vision

 Key assessment findings: Men Group

- Next five years plans

- Ten years vision

 Key assessment findings: Children Group

3- Kmeng Village: Village Situation

- Five needs plans:

Village school: A current village school is poorly maintenance. A repairing is needed to

- Ten years vision:

- Five years plan

- Ten years plans

 Key assessment findings: Children Group

4- Pril village: Village Situation

 Key assessment findings: Women Group

Non-formal education and extra teacher: Women complaint of their innocence in

- Ten years vision

 Key assessment findings: Men Group

- Five years plan

- Ten years plan

 Key assessment findings: Children Group

5- Katieng Village: Village Situation

 Key assessment findings: Women Group

- Five years plans:

- Ten years vision:

 Key assessment findings: Men Group

- Five years plans

- Ten years plans:

 Key assessment findings: Children Group

6- Kourn Village: Village Situation

 Key assessment findings: Women Group

- Five years plans

- Ten years plans

 Key assessment findings: Men Group

- Five years plan:

- Ten years vision

Key assessment findings: Children Group

7- Takok Phnog Village: Village Situation

Takok Phnong village is about 70 kilometers from Banlung, including approximately 25

 Key assessment findings: Women Group

- Five years needs

- Ten years vision

- Five years needs

 Key assessment findings: Children Group

8- Yeak Loam : Situation

 Key assessment findings: Women Group

- Next five years plans

- Ten years vision

o Key assessment findings: Men Group