Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

A new efficient BBO based method for simultaneous placement

of inverter-based DG units and capacitors considering harmonic limits
Navid Ghaffarzadeh , Hassan Sadeghi
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 23 June 2014
Received in revised form 8 August 2015
Accepted 14 January 2016
Available online 3 February 2016
Keywords:
Inverter-based distributed generation
Shunt capacitor
BBO algorithm
Nonlinear load
Power system harmonics

a b s t r a c t
In recent years, nonlinear load and inverter-based distributed generation (like photovoltaic and fuel cells)
have been increasing rapidly. This type of DGs can amplify and propagate the harmonic level of network.
Shunt capacitor banks and DG units allocation without considering harmonic limits will increase harmonic pollution. In this paper the biogeography-based optimization (BBO) algorithm is applied in simultaneous optimal sitting and sizing of inverter-based DGs and capacitor banks regarding multi-level and
nonlinear loads. The objective of problem are reduction of active and reactive power loss, reduction of
purchased energy from transmission line and improvement of voltage profile considering equal and
unequal constrains. Also, effect of total harmonic distortion (THD) constraint according to IEEE 519 standard has been investigated in the objective function which is one of the main advantages of the proposed
method. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 33 bus and IEEE 69 bus radial distribution systems (RDS).
Comparing BBO method results with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA)
results will indicate the high capability of the proposed method in simultaneously optimal sitting and sizing of DGs and capacitors.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Introduction
Electricity distribution companies are always trying to provide
required load by proper designing and operation of network.
Distribution Generation (DG) and shunt capacitor placement in
network is one of the approaches to achieve this goal.
Among various DG interface types, inverter-based DG units are
becoming more common since the majority of renewable
resources are interconnected to unity through power electronic
converter [1,2]. DG optimal placement objectives are reduction of
active and reactive power loss, improvement of voltage profile,
enhancing reliability of network, reduction of harmonic and its
destructive effects and even reduction of environment pollution
[3]. Reduction the active and reactive power loss is one of the common objectives of DG optimal placement [47]. Improvement of
voltage profile is considered in [8,9]. The reactive of shunt capacitors can reduce losses, improve voltage profile, extricate system
capacity and enhance power factor [1013].
The limited power and size of DG and its high cost of installation, maintenance and operation will restrict the widespread use
of this source, so it is necessary to use another element like capac-

Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 28 33901294.

E-mail address: ghaffarzadeh@eng.ikiu.ac.ir (N. Ghaffarzadeh).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.01.030
0142-0615/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

itor banks to improve power quality parameters. The cost of the

shunt capacitors installation is the less than DGs; so the optimal
placement of DGs and capacitors should be performed simultaneously. Decreasing the losses is considered as an important factor
in simultaneous placement problem of capacitors and DGs [14
17]. In [3] further to power losses, voltage profile improvement
and voltage stability index is considered in objective function. Sensitivity analysis is employed to reduce searching space in [15,17].
Load model is assumed constant value in [3,1719] and multilevel in [14,20]. Memetic [16], BF-PSO [14], GA [6], ABC [21] and
ICA-GA [3] algorithms are employed in order to solve optimal
placement problem.
In [2225] the harmonic of network is considered in the capacitors allocation and DG planning, respectively. Usually to inject the
harmonic of DG to network, six-pulse are used in predefined buses
although the DG harmonics should be injected in the same bus
which DG is allocated. In different researches the harmonics of distribution network is rarely considered in simultaneous allocation
of DGs and capacitor banks problem.
In this paper, the effect of distribution network harmonic is considered to find the optimal size and location of capacitor banks and
inverter-based DGs simultaneously. The nonlinear load and
inverter-based DG units may inject harmonic to the network. Harmonics of DG are injected in the same bus which DG is allocated. So

38

N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

in optimal allocation, the DG harmonics injection bus will be determined with determining the DG place. The BBO algorithm is proposed to reduce active and reactive power loss, enhance voltage
profile, decrease purchased active power from network and maximize the rate of interest in planned time. The load is assumed
multi-level and the goal function includes equal and unequal constraints such as holding voltage and THD in acceptable range. The
effects of harmonic constraints on results has been investigated
and the results of the proposed algorithm is compared with PSO
and GA algorithms results.
Load model
Accurate optimization of objective function is resulted based on
input data and correct analysis of this data. One important data is
definition of load pattern. Distribution system load varies in different time of day. In this article the load is assumed in tree levels
(light, medium and peak load) and the nonlinear load is assumed
in tree types of fluorescent, adjustable speed drive (ASD) and
non-specific load as shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Objective function
The purpose of optimal placement of DG units and capacitors
simultaneously is to obtain maximum benefit during their lifecycles. Thus the objective function considering the costs and benefits
can be explained with the following equation:

OF CPVEC CPVR
 INVC DG CPVMC CPVOC INVC Ca 

Table 2
Harmonic current injection of nonlinear loads.
Harmonic source type
harmonic order

ASD
Mag
(%)

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15

100
84.6
68.3
47.8
27.7
0.2
6.1
4.2

Costs evaluation

NB
X
Y i  Ci

INVC Ca

MC

Mag
(%)

Phase
(deg)

Mag
(%)

Phase
(deg)

1.45
8.34
14.23
20.13
29.02
27.91
158.2
122.3

100
19.2
10.7
2.1
1.4
0.9
0.6
0.5

107
76
10
37
31
36
47
20

100
3.6
3.2
0
0
0
0
0

105.5
44.4
139
0
0
0
0
0

N DG X
K DG
X
Costmain;ik

i1 k1

MC is the maintenance cost for one year which is formulated by

following equation considering interest rate and inflation rate:

t
T 
X
1 InfR

CPVMC MC 

1 IntR

where CPVMC is cost of present worth; ($/MW h); Cost main;ik is the
maintenance cost of DG ($/MW-year); InfR, IntR and T are inflation
rate, interest rate and planning period, respectively.
Operation cost of DG
The operation cost consists of the fuel cost of DG units and can
be formulated as:
NDG X
kDG
X

T J  DGJ;ik  CGik

i1 k1

FC  NC

Phase
(deg)

Maintenance cost of DG
This term consist of DG units maintenance cost. This cost is not
related to placement of DG and is equal for all DG placement.
Maintenance cost is formulated as follow:

OC

Investment cost of capacitor

The cost of capacitor includes fixed cost and yearly cost:

Non-specific

where N DG is the number of DG units installed in the network; K DG is

capacity of DG units and Cost inv ;ik is installation cost of ith DG source
($/MW).

t1

where CPVEC includes benefit of reduction in active power loss

and reduction in purchasing cost of active power from transmission
line and CPVR is benefit of reduction in reactive power loss. Also
INVC DG ; INVC Ca ; CPVMC and CPVOC are cost of DGs and capacitors installation, cost of maintenance of DGs and cost of operation of
DGs, respectively.

Fluorescent

i1

CPVOC OC 

t
T 
X
1 InfR
t1

1 IntR

where Y i is the yearly cost of a capacitor with C i reactive power; FC

is the fixed cost of a capacitor, N B and NC are the number of candidate buses and number of capacitor banks installed in the network,
respectively.

where OC is the operation cost of DG sources ($/year); T J is the passing time (h/year); DGJ;ik is the generated power by ith DG source in
Jth load level (MW), CGik is the operation cost of DG source ($/
MW h) and CPVOC is the cost of present worth.

Investment cost of DG
The cost of DG unit, site preparing for installation, monitoring
equipment, etc. are included in investment cost. Investment cost
can be formulated as following equation:

Benefits evaluation

INVC DG

N DG X
K DG
X

Costinv ;ik

i1 k1

Active power demand reduction from transmission line

Electric utility distribution company purchases its power
demand from transmission grid. Portion of this power demand is
for distribution system customer and another one is spent in line
and equipment loss. This power demand is defined as:

PT NDG;J PDJ LossNDG;J

Table 1
Load level information.
Load level

Percentage of peak load

Time duration (h/year)

Light
Medium
Peak

80
90
100

2190
4746
1825

where PT NDG;J and LossNDG;J are purchased active power and active
power loss in Jth load level without DG sources in the network,
respectively and PDJ is the consumed active power of loads.

PT WDG;J PDJ LossWDG;J 

N DG X
K DG
X
i1 k1

DGJ;ik

N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

39

where CPVEC is cost present worth ($); C MW h;J is energy market

price in load level J ($/MW h) and n is the number of load levels.
It should be noted that daily energy curve and active power
price is variant in different hours. In this paper multi-level electricity price proportional to receiving active power from transmission
network is used.
Reduction of active and reactive power losses
The optimal placement of DGs and capacitors has noticeable
effect on reduction of active and reactive power loss. The economic
benefit of reduction reactive power losses for each year evaluated
by following equation:

Fig. 1. Immigration and emigration.

Fig. 2. The relationship between the fitness of habitats (number of species),

emigration rate and immigration rate.

where PT WDG;J and LossWDG;J are purchased active power and active
power loss in Jth load level with DG sources in the network, respectively. Therefore reduction of active power demand can be evaluated by:

DPT PT NDG;J  PT WDG;J

LossNDG;J  LossWDG;J

NDG X
K DG
X

DGJ;ik

10

i1 k1

And loss reduction based on presence of DG can be formulated

as following equation:

DLossJ LossNDG;J  LossWDG;J

11

Therefore Eq. (10) can be defined as:

DPT PT NDG;J  PT WDG;J

DLossJ

NDG X
K DG
X

DGJ;ik

12

i1 k1

Based on above mentioned notes, active power reduction benefit for each year that distribution company can achieve is evaluated
by:

EC

n
X

C MW h;J  DPT  T J

13

J1

Present worth value of (13) can be calculated as:

CPVEC EC 

t
T 
X
1 InfR
t1

1 IntR

14
Fig. 3. Flowchart of the BBO algorithm.

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N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

Fig. 4. (a): Single line diagram of IEEE 33-bus test system and (b): Single line diagram of IEEE 69-bus test system.

Table 3
Bus number and combination of nonlinear load in 33 bus and 69 bus systems.

Table 4
Harmonic current injection of DGs.

System

Bus number

Passive (%)

Fluorescent (%)

ASD (%)

Other (%)

Harmonic order

Mag (%)

Phase (deg)

33 BUS

5
6
11
26
29

10
5
20
10
15

25
15
60
20
50

60
70
10
65
30

5
10
10
5
5

69 BUS

11
18
29
37
49
64

20
10
5
15
0
5

10
10
40
30
80
25

50
80
50
45
10
70

20
0
5
10
10
0

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15

100
20
15
10
8
5
3
2

2.34
15.29
20.74
30.85
140.36
65.54
42.62
153.28

RC C R Q 0  Q 1

15

Table 5
Objective function values of the systems before installation of DG and capacitor
(harmonic power flow).
System

where C R is cost of reactive power ($/kVar) and Q 0 and Q 1 are consumed reactive power of grid before and after equipment installation, respectively. Also RC is benefit of reactive power loss
reduction for one year. The benefit during planning period is calculated as below:

CPVRC RC 

t
T 
X
1 InfR
t1

1 IntR

16

33 BUS

69 BUS

Constraints

Active power
loss (kW)

Reactive power
loss (kVar)

Purchased active
power (kW)

Peak
load
Medium
load
Light
load

212.60

141.64

3926.00

169.39

112.91

3511.62

131.72

87.85

3102.72

Peak
load
Medium
load
Light
load

225.66

100.74

4029.28

179.31

80.21

3601.79

139.23

62.39

3181.82

Bus voltage limits

The RMS bus voltage magnitude is limited by its specified lower
and upper limit:

v min

v
u
hmax
u 1 2 X
6 t vi

jv hi j2 6 v max

17

h2

where v min and v max are the minimum and maximum bus voltage
limits and are taken to be 0.95 p.u and 1.05 p.u, respectively; v i fundamental voltage at bus i. and h is harmonic order.
Total harmonic distortion limits
The IEEE-519 standard impose limit on the total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage at each bus i which can be expressed as
follows:

THDv ;i %

q
Phmax h
h2 jv i j
jv i j

6 THDmax
v

THDmax
is considered to be equal to 5%.
v

18

DG capacity constraint
The DG capacity should not exceed certain percentage of total
feeder load of the network:
n q
n q
X
X
2
2
2
DG 2

PDG
6
0:5

PLi Q Li
i
i
i1

19

i1

where P DG
and Q DG
are real and reactive power generation at bus i;
i
i
PLi and Q Li are real and reactive power demand at bus i and n is the
number of buses.
The inverter-based DG units are designed to operate at unity
power factor as per the IEEE standard 1547 [26]. Therefor there
is no reactive power supplied by the DG units.
Capacitor capacity constraint
The capacity of capacitor should not exceed the total reactive
power load of network:

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N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

Table 6
GA, PSO and BBO algorithms parameters.
PSO

GA

BBO

Population size = 50
Maximum
iteration = 250
Damping ratio = 0.99

Population size = 50
Maximum
iteration = 250
Crossover
Percentage = 0.7
Mutation
Percentage = 0.4
Mutation rate = 0.02

Population size = 50
Maximum iteration = 250

C1 = 2.05
C2 = 2.05

Maximum immigration
rate = 1
Maximum emigration
rate = 1
Mutation
probability = 0.15
Keep rate = 0.2
Fig. 5. Voltage profile in peak load of a 33-bus RDS.

n
n
X
X
Q Ci 6 1:0 
Q Li
i1

20

i1

Q Ci is capacitor reactive power at bus i. Active and reactive

power of each DG and capacitor are between the maximum and
minimum level as follows:

PDG 0; Pmax
DG 

21

Q Capacitor 0; Q max
capacitor 

22

Biogeography-based optimization (BBO)

Biogeography based optimization (BBO) algorithm is a new and
powerful optimization technique. This algorithm is developed by
Dan Simon in 2008 which is derived from bio organics distribution
way in different habitats [27].
A set of candidate solutions called habitats (or islands), habitats
that are well suited as habitats for biological species are said to
have a high Habitat Suitability Index (HSI). Different specifics like
rainfall rating, vegetation density, temperature and the soil type

Fig. 6. Voltage profile in peak load of a 69-bus RDS.

determining HSI rating. Each solution feature is called a Suitability

Index Variable (SIV). SIVs are independent variables of habitat and
HIS is dependent variable. A good approach depicts a habitat with
high HSI and a weak one describes low HSI habitat. The high HSI
approaches have more tendency to share feature with low HSI

Table 7
Results of simultaneous optimal sitting and sizing of DGs and capacitor banks.
System

Optimal
placement bus
for DG

DG size
(kW)

Optimal placement
bus for capacitor

Maximum
THD (%)

Maximum bus
voltage (pu)

Minimum bus
voltage (pu)

Real power losses for

peak load (kW)

Benefit ($)

2.99

0.90

212.60

150
1200
300

4.99

1.00

0.97

50.91

4048636.21

Base
33
BUS

BBO 33
BUS

7
10
25

1276.52
429.19
470.80

6, 31
30
7, 29

GA 33
BUS

7
13
25

617.84
316.96
1374.48

6, 7, 19, 22
28, 31
17

150
300
450

4.75

1.00

0.96

78.55

3882066.07

PSO 33
BUS

7
14
23

414.76
216.84
1546.60

14, 17, 18, 21, 26

5, 10
15

150
300
450

5.00

1.01

0.95

108.78

3715080.49

Base
69
BUS

1.93

0.92

225.66

BBO 69
BUS

10

814.08

2, 7, 9, 15, 49, 56

150

4.99

1.00

0.97

54.90

4354119.11

23
61
10

155.92
1356.20
1265.57

60, 67, 69
6, 27, 50
8, 9, 17, 41, 47, 55

300
150

5.00

1.00

0.95

70.79

421709.60

30
57
10

362.29
896.59
1093.40

62, 63
6, 67
7, 8, 39, 49, 50, 54

450
150

4.85

1.00

0.95

86.55

4140081.72

29
50

460.83
740.27

55, 66, 68
6, 60

300

GA 69
BUS

PSO 69
BUS

Capacitor
size (kVar)

42

N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

approach and it is performed by immigration and emigration operators as shown in Fig. 1. Immigration to low HSI habitat can
increase its HSI.
Emigration and immigration
Emigration and Immigration are basic concepts of mentioned algorithm and they are:

ls E
Fig. 7. Loss reduction for different load levels in a 33 bus RDS.

Fig. 8. Loss reduction for different load levels in a 69 bus RDS.


23

Smax



S
ks I 1 
Smax

24

where I is the maximum feasible immigration rate, which occurs

when there are zero species on the habitat and E is the maximum feasible emigration rate, which occurs when the habitat contains the largest number of species Smax (Fig. 2). As the number of species
increases, fewer species are able to enter the habitat so the immigration rate decreases. The point at which the immigration rate becomes
zero is the largest feasible number of species in the habitat Smax .
For emigration curve, if there are no species in the habitat then
the emigration rate must be zero. As the number of species
increases, more species will quit the habitat so the emigration rate
increases. Whenever the habitat contains the largest number of
species, the maximum emigration rate occurs. The equilibrium
number of species is the point at which the immigration and emigration rates are equal.
Mutation

Table 8
Objective function values of the systems after installation of DGs and capacitor banks
(proposed method).
System
33 BUS

69 BUS

Peak
load
Medium
load
Light
load
Peak
load
Medium
load
Light
load

Active power
loss (kW)

Reactive power
loss (kVar)

Purchased active
power (kW)

50.91

31.52

1583.33

44.86

29.44

1206.37

43.24

29.27

833.66

54.90

18.57

1522.74

42.79

13.618

1130.93

35.09

10.70

In the BBO algorithm, sudden changes caused by happenings

like natural disasters are modeled as mutation. The SIV of habitat
mutate with a determined probability and changes the HIS of that
habitat.
The mutation operation prevents the algorithm from trapping
into local minimum after sudden changes. The rate of mutation
is calculated as below:



Ps
ms mmax 1 
Pmax

25

In which, mmax is the maximum rate of mutation which is determined by user considering the problem condition, P S is the probability which habitat included exactly S species and P max MaxP S ;
S 1; 2; . . . ; Smax . The BBO algorithm can be described in the
following steps as shown in Fig. 3.

743.46

Table 9
Results of optimal placement of DGs and capacitors, with and without considering THD limit.
System
33 BUS

69 BUS

Optimal placement bus

for DG

DG size
(kW)

Optimal placement bus for

capacitor

Capacitor size
(kVar)

With considering THD

limit

7
10
25

1276.52
429.19
470.80

6, 31
30
7, 29

150
1200
300

4.99

4048636.21

Without considering THD

limit

6
14
30

613.80
621.51
942.77

9, 11, 15, 20, 24

25, 29, 30, 33

150
300

16.74

4205517.91

With considering THD

limit

10
23
61

814.11
155.89
1356.20

2, 7, 9, 15, 49, 53
60, 67, 69
6, 27, 50

150

4.99

4354119.11

13
39
61

655.81
372.39
1299.21

1, 7, 11, 23, 55, 59

60, 61, 63, 65, 69
48, 50, 64

150

9.55

4518312.53

Without considering THD

limit

Maximum THD
(%)

Benefit ($)

300

300

N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

43

and GA algorithms parameters used in this paper are presented

in Table 6.

Test system and simulation result

Test system
Proposed method for simultaneous optimal sitting and sizing of
DGs and capacitors is tested on two different systems. IEEE 33 bus
RDS is the first case study and the total active and reactive power
which the total active and reactive power are 3.7 MW and
2.3 MVar, respectively and it is shown in Fig. 4(a). The second case
study is IEEE 69 bus RDS which total active and reactive power are
3.8 MW and 2.69 MVar and it is shown in Fig. 4(b).
Number of nonlinear loads in 33 bus and 69 bus systems are
assumed five and six, respectively which are combination of tree
type of loads (Table 3). The harmonic current of DGs is given in
Table 4.

Assumption and constraints

(1) The DGs are inverter-based type and capacitor are fixed.
(2) The maximum number of DGs is tree but there is no limitation on capacitor banks number.
(3) Injected power limitation for each DG and capacitor is [0,
2 MW] and [0, 1.5 MVar], respectively.

Simulation results related to network performance and technical

advantage
In this part, as the first step, the proposed algorithm is applied
to both systems and optimal allocation results is compared with
PSO and GA algorithms. In the next step, effect of ignoring the harmonic constrain on the allocation results and THD level of buses is
investigated. The parameters of objective function before installation of DG and capacitor can be seen in Table 5 and the BBO, PSO

Results of simultaneously sitting and sizing of DGs and capacitor banks

(considering THD constraint)
Simultaneously sitting and sizing of DGs and capacitors can
enhance the system performance. Table 7 shows the optimal sizing
and sitting of DGs and capacitors, the maximum and minimum
rate of RMS voltage, the maximum THD of buses and the rate of
active power losses in peak load for proposed algorithm, PSO and
GA algorithms. The voltage of some buses in both test systems is
out of allowable limitation before optimization but after optimization, the voltage profile has been improved (Figs. 5 and 6).
Figs. 7 and 8 shows the losses reduction percentage in 3 load
level of light, medium and peak for 33 bus and 69 bus systems,
respectively. For example, in 33 bus system, the losses reduction
percentage by the proposed method, PSO and GA methods is
75.60%, 48.83% and 63.05%, respectively. These results for 69 bus
system are 75.67%, 61.65% and 68.63%, respectively. The proposed
algorithm reduces the active and reactive power loss and purchased energy from transmission line in each tree load levels
(Table 8).
The effect of ignoring THD constrain on simulation results
The size and location of capacitors and DGs (specially the
inverter-based DGs which inject harmonic current to network)
can influence on the rate of network harmonic. The proposed algorithm is applied to investigate the effect of ignoring harmonic limitation (Table 9).
Ignoring harmonic constraint will cause the change in size and
place of DG units and capacitors, and cause increasing the value of
maximum THD from its allowable value. In 33 bus and 69 bus systems, the maximum THD in both systems are 4.99 with considering THD limitation, but these are 16.74 and 9.55 with ignoring
mentioned constraint, respectively. Figs. 9 and 10 show the THD

(b) PSO method

(a) Proposed method

(c) GA method
Fig. 9. THD levels for 33 bus RDS by using (a) proposed method, (b) PSO method, and (c) GA method.

44

N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

(a) Proposed method

(b) PSO method

(c) GA method
Fig. 10. THD levels for 69 bus RDS by using (a) proposed method, (b) PSO method, and (c) GA method.
Table 10
Cost of purchased active power from power market.

Table 12
Parts of objective function for the proposed method.

Load level

Network condition

Market price ($/MW h)

1
2
3

Light load
Medium load
Peak load

35
49
70

Table 11
Benefits of energy procurement reduction from electricity market.
Network condition

Peak load
Medium load
Light load
Total

Benefit of reduction in purchase energy

including network losses ($)
33 BUS

69BUS

4366848.03
7820674.99
2537773.40
14725296.42

4672285.69
8382549.47
2727128.44
15781963.6

level utilizing BBO, PSO and GA algorithms in two cases of considering and ignoring THD constraint. Before optimization, the THD of
network buses is low, attention to the nonlinear load magnitude.
After optimization and without considering harmonic limit, THD
of all buses has been greatly increased but this is in acceptable
range with considering mentioned constraint.
Simulation results relating to economical saving
In this part the economical of objective function is investigated.
The cost of purchased active power from the electricity market in
the specified load levels is seen in Table 10 and the commercial
information of DG and capacitor can be found in [28,29], respectively. Table 11 shows the benefit of reduction in purchased energy
from transmission line in tree load level of light, medium and peak
which includes the benefit of loss reduction in distribution

Economical cost

Network
condition

Costs ($)
33 BUS

69 BUS

Operation
Maintenance
DG installation cost
Capacitor installation
cost

Peak load

1680794.20
405708.21
692126.99
564.00

1796399.48
433613.667
739731.60
990.00

Operation
Maintenance
DG installation cost
Capacitor installation
cost

Medium load

4370064.89
1054543.25
692126.99
564.00

4670638.64
1127395.53
739731.60
990.00

Operation
Maintenance
DG installation cost
Capacitor installation
cost

Light load

2016953.03
486850.73
692126.99
564.00

2155679.37
520336.4
739731.60
990.00

network. The other part of objective function is the cost of installation, operation and maintenance of DGs and capacitors (Table 12).
Results show that by using the proposed algorithm, benefit of
device installation is noticeable value and is better than PSO and
GA algorithms for a period of 20 years. Final benefit is
4048636.21 ($) and 4354119.11 ($) for 33 bus and 69 bus systems,
respectively as shown in Table 7.
Conclusion
In this paper, simultaneous placement of inverter-based
DGs and capacitor banks with considering harmonic pollution in
distribution network has been studied. The objective function is
in type of the cost and includes active and reactive power loss
reduction, improving system voltage profile and reduction of

N. Ghaffarzadeh, H. Sadeghi / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 80 (2016) 3745

purchased energy from transmission line. The results indicate that

ignoring harmonic constraint will increase harmonic distortions
and emits THD level from acceptable range according to IEEE 519
standard. The proposed BBO algorithm is a practical and effective
method for optimal sizing and sitting of DGs and capacitors. The
benefit of optimal allocation using the proposed algorithm is
noticeable and more than optimal allocation using PSO and GA
algorithms.
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