Seminar report

On
Dark energy and its effect on the black holes and other
cosmic structure
What is dark energy?
In Physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is the form of energy which is
unknown and hypothesized to permeate all of space tending to accelerate the
expansion of the universe, and also the most accepted hypothesis to explain the
observation since 1990s indicating that universe is expanding at an
accelerated rate.

The dynamics of our universe is best explained by the EINSTEIN GTR

Einstein General theory of relativity implies the existence of black holes
regions of space in which space and time are distorted in such a way that
nothing, not even light, can escapeas an end-state for massive stars. There is
ample evidence that the intense radiation emitted by certain kinds of
astronomical objects is due to black holes. The bending of light by gravity can
lead to the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, in which multiple images of the
same distant astronomical object are visible in the sky. General relativity also
predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have since been observed
directly by physics collaboration LIGO. In addition, general relativity is the basis
of current cosmological models of a consistently expanding universe.

Cosmological principle
Astronomer William Keel explains: The cosmological principle is usually stated
formally as 'Viewed on a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the universe
are the same for all observers.' This amounts to the strongly philosophical
statement that the part of the universe which we can see is a fair sample, and
that the same physical laws apply throughout.
In modern physical cosmology, the cosmological principle is the notion that
the distribution of matter in the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when
viewed on a large enough scale.
Expansion of universe proved by Hubble
Hubble observed that:1. Objects observed in deep space (extragalactic space, 10 megaparsecs
(Mpc) or more) are found to have a Doppler shift interpretable as relative
velocity away from Earth
2. This Doppler-shift-measured velocity, of various galaxies receding from the
Earth, is approximately proportional to their distance from the Earth for
galaxies up to a few hundred megaparsecs away.
There was strong observational evidence given by Hubble. By measuring the
luminosity and radiance that is Universe is expanding with acceleration.

{In this figure we can see that velocity is directly propotional to }

Hubbles law is often expressed by the equation v = H0D, with H0 the constant of
proportionality (Hubble constant) between the "proper distance" D to a galaxy

(which can change over time, unlike the comoving distance) and its velocity v
(i.e. the derivative of proper distance with respect to cosmological time
coordinate. The SI unit of H0 is s1 but it is most frequently quoted in (km/s)/Mpc,
thus giving the speed in km/s of a galaxy 1 megaparsec (3.0910 19 km) away.
The reciprocal of H0 is the Hubble time.
Rate of expansion equations
Cosmological Constant? Cannot ignore it in GR as it effects space time. Denoted
as vacuum energy density
Matters field E-P tensors VEV: VE -> Positive for bosons
Negative for fermions.
Energy budget diagram of our universe.5% is known to us rest is not.
(Lambda)CDM Model.
Gravity waves + the solar system data_ o change in Einstein theory in small
scale.
Alternate Gravity/dark energy models?
Length scales is used to distinguish between the different models
De sitter space? ; Maximum distance travelled by radial light is some constant!!
CEH: Surface to which light gets tangent. No casual communication beyond that
constant.
Maximum turn around radius?
Cosmological event horizon?
Maximum turn around radius is the maximum possible structure? How?
Observation and maximum turn around radius?
If alternative gravity model predicts the Maximum turning around radius to be
less than 10 % of (lambda)CMD Then?
CEH and the black holes no hairs theorem
Matter fields has no variation outside the stationary BH, except the
electromagnetic field.
A 3+1- foliation of the space time between BEH & CEH

U(1) gauge theory?- with a double well potential-> a charge solution at the false
vacuum- an unstable solution. Decays to the stable, -uncharged one-> charged
to uncharged transition. non trivial boundary effect of CEH.
Alternate gravity: Brans-DIcke theory?
He asked -> does BD fit with (Lambda)CDM at large scale? Prove could not be
made!

Relation between the maximum turn around radius and alternate

gravity?
Cubic galileon mode?